List of colonies

This is a list of territories and polities that have been considered colonies.

## Colonies of European countries

[edit]

Main article: List of former European colonies

### British

[edit]

Main article: Territorial evolution of the British Empire

Harbour Street, Kingston, Jamaica, c. 1820 The Battle of Isandlwana during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. After an initial defeat the British were able to conquer Zululand.

Main article: British Empire

* French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies
* British Senegambia
* British Manila
* Aden
* British Sumatra (Bencoolen 1668–1824)
* Afghanistan (de jure)
* British America
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* East Florida
* Georgia
* Indian Reserve
* Jamaica
* Maryland
* Massachusetts Bay
* Mosquito Coast
* Newfoundland
* New Hampshire
* New Ireland (Maine)
* New Jersey
* New York
* North Carolina
* North-Western Territory
* Pennsylvania
* Quebec
* Rhode Island
* Rupert's Land
* South Carolina
* Virginia
* West Florida
* Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
* Emirate of Afghanistan
* Ascension Island
* Ashanti
* Australia
* New South Wales
* Victoria
* Tasmania (formerly Van Diemen's Land)
* Queensland
* South Australia
* Western Australia
* Bahamas
* Basutoland
* British Borneo
* Brunei
* Labuan
* North Borneo (protectorate)
* North Borneo (crown colony)
* Raj of Sarawak
* Crown Colony of Sarawak
* British East Africa
* British Guiana
* British Honduras
* British Hong Kong
* British Leeward Islands
* Anguilla
* Antigua
* Barbuda
* British Virgin Islands
* Dominica
* Montserrat
* Nevis The Delhi Durbar of 1877: the proclamation of Queen Victoria as Empress of India
* Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
* Saint Kitts
* British Malaya The First Anglo-Sikh War, 1845–46
* Federated Malay States
* Straits Settlements
* Unfederated Malay States
* British Somaliland
* British Western Pacific Territories
* British Solomon Islands
* Fiji
* Gilbert and Ellice Islands
* Phoenix Islands
* Pitcairn Islands
* New Hebrides (condominium with France)
* Tonga
* Union Islands
* British Windward Islands
* Barbados
* Dominica
* Grenada
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Canada
* British Columbia (1858–1866, 1866–1871)
* Lower Canada
* Newfoundland
* Province of Canada
* Queen Charlotte Islands
* Stickeen Territories
* Upper Canada
* Vancouver Island
* Cameroon
* Ceylon
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* British Cyprus
* Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* History of Egypt under the British
* Bioko
* Falkland Islands
* Falkland Islands Dependencies
* Graham Land
* South Georgia
* South Orkney Islands
* South Shetland Islands
* South Sandwich Islands
* Victoria Land
* Gambia Colony and Protectorate
* Gibraltar
* Somaliland
* Gold Coast
* British Raj
* Assam Province
* Bengal Presidency
* Bombay Presidency
* Burma
* Central Provinces and Berar
* Madras Presidency
* Punjab Province (British India)
* United Provinces (1937–1950)
* Ajmer-Merwara
* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Baluchistan Agency
* Coorg Province
* North-West Frontier Province
* Heard Island and McDonald Islands
* United States of the Ionian Islands
* British rule in Ireland
* Colony of Jamaica
* Kenya Colony
* Maldives
* Malta Colony

A view of shops with anti-British and pro-Independence signs, Malta, c. 1960

* Mandatory Palestine
* Emirate of Transjordan
* Mandatory Iraq
* British Mauritius
* Mosquito Coast
* Muscat and Oman
* New Zealand
* Norfolk Island
* Colonial Nigeria
* Lagos Colony
* Northern Nigeria Protectorate
* Southern Nigeria Protectorate
* Federation of Nigeria
* Rhodesia (region)
* Mashonaland
* Matabeleland
* Northern Rhodesia
* Nyasaland
* Southern Rhodesia
* Zimbabwe Rhodesia
* Oregon Country
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Shanghai International Settlement
* Singapore
* South Africa

The result of the Boer Wars was the annexation of the Boer Republics to the British Empire in 1902

*     * British Bechuanaland
* Cape Colony
* Griqualand East
* Griqualand West
* Natal
* Transvaal Colony
* Orange River Colony
* Southeastern Saudi Arabia
* Southern Rhodesia
* St Helena
* Swaziland
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Tristan da Cunha
* Trucial States
* Protectorate of Uganda
* Anglo-Russian Convention
* British Weihaiwei

### French

[edit]

Main article: List of French possessions and colonies

* French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies
* Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia
* France Antarctique
* De Rays Expedition
* Equinoctial France
* Inini
* Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia
* Acadia
* Algeria
* Canada
* Clipperton Island
* Comoros Islands (including Mayotte)Siege of Constantine (1836) during the French conquest of Algeria.
* Corsica
* French Guiana
* French Equatorial Africa
* French Chad
* Oubangui-Chari
* French Congo
* French India (Pondichéry, Chandernagor, Karikal, Mahé and Yanaon)
* French Indochina
* Annam French officers and Tonkinese riflemen, 1884
* Tonkin
* Cochinchina
* Cambodia
* Laos
* French Polynesia
* French Somaliland
* French Southern and Antarctic Lands
* French West Africa
* Ivory Coast
* Dahomey
* French Guinea Contemporary illustration of Major Marchand's trek across Africa in 1898
* French Sudan
* Colonial Mauritania
* Colony of Niger
* Senegal
* Upper Volta
* Guadeloupe
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin
* La Réunion
* Louisiana
* Madagascar
* Martinique
* French Morocco
* French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon
* New Caledonia
* Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
* Saint-Domingue
* Shanghai French Concession (similar concessions in Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, Tientsin, Hankéou)
* Tunisia
* New Hebrides (condominium with Britain)
* Wallis-et-Futuna
* French concession of Hankou

### Russian

[edit]

See also: Russian colonization of America

The Russian settlement of St. Paul's Harbour (present-day Kodiak, Alaska), Russian America, 1814

* Sagallo
* Kauai (Hawaii) (1816–1817)
* Russian America (Alaska) (1733–1867)
* Fort Ross (California)
* Northern Iran
* Mongolia (Later conceded to the Soviet Union)
* Russian Dalian
* Tianjin

### German

[edit]

Main article: List of former German colonies

Kamerun (by R. Hellgrewe, 1908)

* Bismarck Archipelago
* Kamerun
* Caroline Islands
* German New Guinea
* German Samoa
* German Solomon Islands
* German East Africa
* German South-West Africa
* Gilbert Islands
* Jiaozhou Bay
* German concession of Tianjin
* Mariana Islands
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* Palau
* Togoland
* Tianjin
* Adelsverein
* Klein-Venedig
* Brandenburger Gold Coast
* Caroline Islands
* Wituland
* Mahinland
* German Congo Expedition
* German attempts to colonise the Somali Coast
* Kapitaï and Koba
* New Swabia

### Italian

[edit]

Main article: Italian Empire

The Italian invasion of Libya during the Italo-Turkish War, 1911

* Italian Aegean Islands
* Italian protectorate of Albania
* Italian governorate of Dalmatia
* Italian governorate of Montenegro
* Italian Concession of Tientsin
* Italian East Africa
* Italian Eritrea
* Italian Ethiopia
* Italian Somaliland
-Italian Trans-Juba (briefly; annexed)
* Italian Libya
* Italian Tripolitania
* Italian Cyrenaica

#### Roman

[edit]

* Aegyptus[1][2]
* Achaia
* Hispania
* Lusitania
* Illyricum
* Aquitania
* Gallia
* Galatia
* Raetia
* Moesia
* Judea
* Britannia

### Dutch

[edit]

Main article: Dutch colonial empire

View of Cape Town with ships of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), c. 1683

* Dutch Brazil
* Dutch Ceylon
* Dutch Formosa
* Dutch Cape Colony
* Aruba
* Bonaire
* Curaçao
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius
* Sint Maarten
* Surinam (Dutch colony)
* Dutch East Indies
* Dutch New Guinea
* Dutch Malacca
* Senegambia (Dutch West India Company)

### Portuguese

[edit]

Main article: Evolution of the Portuguese Empire

Portuguese women in Goa, India, early 18th century

* Portuguese Africa
* Cabinda
* Ceuta
* Madeira
* Portuguese Angola
* Portuguese Cape Verde
* Portuguese Guinea
* Portuguese Mozambique
* Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe
* Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá
* Portuguese Asia
* Portuguese India
* Goa
* Daman
* DiuBattle of Macau, 21–24 June 1622. Portuguese repel Dutch attack.
* Portuguese Macau
* Portuguese Nagasaki
* Portuguese Ceylon
* Portuguese Malacca
* Portuguese Oman
* Portuguese Oceania
* Flores
* Portuguese Timor
* Solor
* Portuguese South America
* Colonial Brazil
* Cisplatina
* Misiones Orientales
* Portuguese North America
* Azores
* Newfoundland and Labrador

### Spanish

[edit]

Main article: Spanish Empire

See also: List of countries that gained independence from Spain

An 18th-century casta painting from New Spain shows a Spanish man and his indigenous wife. The Battle of Tétouan, 1860, by Marià Fortuny Spanish General Arsenio Martínez Campos in Havana, Colonial Cuba, 1878

Main article: Spanish Empire

* Canary Islands
* Cape Juby
* Captaincy General of Cuba
* Spanish Florida
* Spanish Louisiana
* Captaincy General of the Philippines
* Caroline Islands
* Mariana Islands
* Marshall Islands
* Palau Islands
* Spanish Oran
* Spanish Tripoli
* Ifni
* Río de Oro
* Saguia el-Hamra
* Spanish Morocco
* Tunisia
* Algeria
* Libya
* Spanish Netherlands
* Oran
* Tripoli
* Tunis
* Béjaïa
* Peñón of Algiers
* Spanish Sahara
* Spanish Naples
* Spanish Sardinia
* Spanish Sicily
* Spanish Milan
* Southeast and Eastern Europe
* Viceroyalty of Peru
* Captaincy General of Chile
* Acre
* Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
* Spanish Guinea
* Annobón
* Fernando Po
* Río Muni
* Viceroyalty of New Granada
* Captaincy General of Venezuela
* Viceroyalty of New Spain
* Captaincy General of Guatemala
* Captaincy General of Yucatán
* Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
* Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
* Spanish Formosa
* Tidore
* Brunei

### Austrian

[edit]

Main article: Austrian colonial policy

Muslim Bosniak resistance during the battle of Sarajevo in 1878 against the Austro-Hungarian occupation

* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Tianjin
* Austrian Netherlands
* Nicobar Islands
* North Borneo

### Danish

[edit]

Main article: Danish colonial empire

Frederiksstad on Saint Croix, Danish West Indies, 1848 Map of the European Union in the world, with Overseas Countries and Territories and Outermost Regions.

* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Danish West Indies (now United States Virgin Islands)
* Danish Norway
* Orkney
* Piltene
* Shetland
* Faroe Islands
* Greenland
* Iceland
* Serampore
* Danish Gold Coast
* Danish India

### Belgian

[edit]

Main article: Belgian colonial empire

* Belgian Congo
* Ruanda-Urundi
* Tianjin
* Santo Tomás de Castilla, Guatemala (1843–1854)

### Swedish

[edit]

Main article: Swedish overseas colonies

* Baltic states
* Guadeloupe
* New Sweden
* Saint Barthélemy
* Swedish Pomerania
* Swedish Gold Coast
* Dominions of Sweden in continental Europe

### Norse

[edit]

See also: Scandinavian colonialism

* Vinland
* Helluland
* Markland
* Eastern Settlement
* Western Settlement

### Norwegian

[edit]

Main article: List of possessions of Norway

* Svalbard
* Jan Mayen
* Bouvet Island
* Queen Maud Land
* Peter I Island

### Polish

[edit]

See also: Colonization attempts by Poland

* New Courland
* James Island
* St. Mary's Island
* Fort Jillifree
* Toco

## Colonies by Oceanian countries

[edit]

### Australian

[edit]

Australian patrol officer in Australia's Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1964

* Papua New Guinea
* Christmas Island
* Cocos Islands
* Coral Sea Islands
* Heard Island and McDonald Islands
* Norfolk Island
* Nauru
* Australian Antarctic Territory

### New Zealander

[edit]

Governor Lord Ranfurly reading the annexation proclamation to Queen Makea on 7 October 1900.

* Cook Islands
* Nauru
* Niue
* Ross Dependency
* Balleny Islands
* Ross Island
* Scott Island
* Roosevelt Island
* Samoa

## Colonies by Asian countries

[edit]

### Japanese

[edit]

Main articles: Japanese colonial empire and List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan

* Aleutian Islands
* Bonin Islands Three Koreans shot for pulling up rails as a protest against seizure of land without payment by the Japanese
* Hokkaido
* Karafuto
* Korea
* Kuril Islands
* Kwantung Leased Territory
* Manchuria
* Nanyo
* Caroline Islands
* Marshall Islands
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Palau Islands
* Penghu Islands
* Ryukyu Islands
* Taiwan
* Volcano Islands

### Thai (Siamese)

[edit]

Siamese Army in Laos in 1893.

* Kingdom of Vientiane (1778–1828)
* Kingdom of Luang Prabang (1778–1893)
* Kingdom of Champasak (1778–1893)
* Kingdom of Cambodia (1771–1867)
* Kedah (1821–1826)
* Perlis (1821–1836)

### Korean

[edit]

* Manchuria during The Goguryeo period
* Noktundo during The Joseon period
* Gando

### Chinese

[edit]

Camp of the Qing Military in Khalkha in 1688.

* East Turkistan (Xinjiang) from 1884 – 1933, 1949–present
* Guangxi (Tusi)
* Hainan
* Nansha Islands
* Xisha Islands
* Manchuria
* Korea, partially, from 108 BC to 314 AD
* Inner Mongolia
* Outer Mongolia (Mongolia & Tuva) during the late Qing dynasty[3]
* Taiwan
* Tibet (Kashag)
* Tuva during the Qing dynasty
* Yunnan (Tusi)
* Vietnam during the Han, Sui, and Tang dynasties
* Chinese concession of Incheon

### Burmese

[edit]

* Siam (1569–1584, 1767–1776)
* Kingdom of Vientiane (1765–1778)
* Kingdom of Cambodia (1771–1776)
* Assam (1826)

### Indonesian

[edit]

Indonesian soldiers pose in November 1975 in Batugade, East Timor with a captured Portuguese flag.

* East Timor
* West Papua

### Thai/Siamese

[edit]

Siamese Army in Laos in 1893.

* Kingdom of Vientiane (1778–1828)
* Kingdom of Luang Prabang (1778–1893)
* Kingdom of Champasak (1778–1893)
* Kingdom of Cambodia (1771–1867)
* Terengganu (1800–1909)
* Kedah (1821–1826)
* Perlis (1821–1836)
* Kelantan (1844-1909)
* Principality of Phuan (1848–1893)

### Omani

[edit]

Omani Empire

Following the expulsion of the Portuguese colonizers, Sultanate of Oman was the preeminent power in the western Indian Ocean during the 17th century.[4]

* Swahili coast
* Zanzibar
* Qatar
* Bahrain
* Somalia
* Socotra

### Vietnamese

[edit]

See also: Nam Tiến, History of the Cham-Vietnamese wars, and Đại Việt-Khmer war

* Trấn Ninh (1828–1848)
* Tây Thành (1834–1847)
* Thuận Thành
* Principality of Thuận Thành
* Bình Định
* Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam
* Tây Thành

## Colonies by American (continent) countries

[edit]

### American

[edit]

Further information: List of Guano Island claims and United States territorial acquisitions

Governor General William Howard Taft addressing the audience at the Philippine Assembly in the Manila Grand Opera House

* American Concession in Tianjin (1869–1902)
* American Concession in Shanghai (1848–1863)
* American Concession in Beihai (1876–1943)
* American Concession in Harbin (1898–1943)
* American Samoa
* Beijing Legation Quarter (1861–1945)
* Corn Islands (1914–1971)
* Canton and Enderbury Islands
* Caroline Islands
* Cuba (Platt Amendment turned Cuba into a protectorate – until Cuban Revolution)
* Falkland Islands (1832)
* Guantánamo Bay
* Guam
* Gulangyu Island (1903–1945)
* Haiti (1915–1934)
* Hawaii
* Indian Territory (1834–1907)
* Isle of Pines (1899–1925)
* Liberia (Independent since 1847, US protectorate until post-WW2)
* Mexico City (1847)
* Midway
* Nicaragua (1912–1933)
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Palau
* Palmyra Atoll
* Panama (Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty turned Panama into a protectorate, protectorate until post-WW2)
* Panama Canal Zone (1903–1979)
* Philippines (1898–1946)
* Puerto Rico
* Veracruz
* Quita Sueño Bank (1869–1981)
* Roncador Bank (1856–1981)
* Ryukyu Islands
* Russian Far East
* Shanghai International Settlement (1863–1945)
* Sultanate of Sulu (1903–1915)
* Swan Islands, Honduras (1914–1972)
* Tangier International Zone (Now present-day Tangier, Morocco) (1924–1956)
* Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
* United States Virgin Islands
* Wake Island
* Wilkes Land

### Mexican

[edit]

* Californias
* Central America
* Chiapas
* Clipperton Island
* Revillagigedo Islands
* Texas
* Manila

### Guatemalan

[edit]

* Belize
* Chiapas

### Ecuadorian

[edit]

* Galápagos Islands

### Colombian

[edit]

* Panama
* Ecuador
* Venezuela
* Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina

### Venezuelan

[edit]

* Western part of Guyana

### Argentine

[edit]

Argentine C-130 and control tower, Marambio Airport The Conquest of the Desert extended Argentine power into Patagonia.

* Argentine Antarctica
* Asuncion (1873)
* California (1818)
* Chile (1817–1818 during the Chilean war of independence)
* Equatorial Guinea (1810–1815)[5]
* Falkland Islands and Dependencies (1829–1831, 1832–1833, 1982)
* Formosa
* Gobierno del Cerrito (1843–1851)
* Gonaïves, Haití.[6]
* Misiones
* Paraguay (1873)
* Patagonia
* Peru (1820–1822 during the Independence of Peru)
* Philippines (1818)
* Puna de Atacama (1839– )
* San Martin Camp, Cyprus.[7]
* Tierra del Fuego
* Uruguay (Cisplatine War)

### Paraguayan

[edit]

* Mato Grosso do Sul
* Formosa

### Bolivian

[edit]

* Puna de Atacama (1825–1839 ceded to Argentina) (1825–1879 ceded to Chile)
* Acre

### Chilean

[edit]

* Patagonia
* Tierra del Fuego
* Easter Island

### Brazilian

[edit]

* Uruguay
* Acre
* Cape Verde (Occupied for two years after independence)
* Angola (During the Angolan war of independence)
* Mozambique (During the Mozambican war of independence)
* Asuncion
* Brazilian Antarctica

## Colonies by African countries

[edit]

### Ethiopian

[edit]

* Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea
* Yemen

### South African

[edit]

* Namibia
* Prince Edward Islands

### Moroccan

[edit]

* Western Sahara

## Colonies by former countries

[edit]

### Ancient Greece

[edit]

See also: Ancient Greece

### Carthage

[edit]

See also: Carthage

### Ancient Egyptian

[edit]

* Canaan (present-day Israel)[8]
* Sudan

### Ottoman (Turkish)

[edit]

Further information: Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire

Territorial extent of the Ottoman Empire in 1683[9][10]

* Sultanate of Aceh
* Maldives
* Rumelia
* Ottoman North Africa
* Ottoman Arabia
* Ottoman Serbia
* Ottoman Bulgaria
* Ottoman Bosnia
* Ottoman Albania
* Ottoman Hungary
* Ottoman Greece

## See also

[edit]

* List of former European colonies
* Concessions and leases in international relations
* Punitive expedition
* Chartered company
* List of trading companies
* European colonisation of Southeast Asia
* European colonization of the Americas
* Berlin Conference
* Concessions in China
* Tangier International Zone
* Peking Legation Quarter
* Colonisation of Africa
* Colonies in antiquity
* Treaty Ports of China, Korea and Japan

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Terrenato, Nicola. The deceptive archetype: Roman colonialism in Italy and postcolonial thought. na, 2005.
2. ^ Peck, Joshua J. The biological impact of culture contact: a bioarchaeological study of Roman colonialism in Britain. Diss. The Ohio State University, 2009.
3. ^ In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese were prohibited from entering Mongolia to prevent the assimilation of the Mongols loss of combat effectiveness. The prohibition was abolished after the Late Qing reforms, and then Mongolia declared its independence from the Manchu Qing.
4. ^ Oman Country Profile. Oman Country Profile. British Library Partnership. Qatar Digital Library. 2014.
5. ^ "GUINEA ECUATORIAL". www.hubert-herald.nl. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
6. ^ "MINUSTAH". argentina.gob.ar. 20 November 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
7. ^ "Un equipo de la ONU visitó el Campo San Martín en Chipre". Gaceta Marinera. 9 November 2017.
8. ^ Naomi Porat (1992). "An Egyptian Colony in Southern Palestine During the Late Predynastic to Early Dynastic". In Edwin C. M. van den Brink (ed.). The Nile Delta in Transition: 4th.-3rd. Millennium B.C. : Proceedings of the Seminar Held in Cairo, 21.-24. October 1990, at the Netherlands Institute of Archaeology and Arabic Studies. Van den Brink. pp. 433–440. ISBN 978-965-221-015-9. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
9. ^ https://thearabweekly.com/rejection-ottoman-legacy-linked-turkish-behaviour-today [bare URL]
10. ^ Ben-Dror, Avishai (2017). "OTTOMAN COLONIALISM - the Ottoman Scramble for Africa: Empire and Diplomacy in the Sahara and the Hijaz. By Mostafa Minawi . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016. Pp. Xviii + 219. $85.00, hardback (ISBN 9780804795142); $24.95, paperback (ISBN 9780804799270)". The Journal of African History. 58 (3): 509–510. doi:10.1017/S0021853717000433. S2CID 165186569.