List of computing and IT abbreviations

This is a list of computing and IT acronyms, initialisms and abbreviations.

## Contents

* 0–9
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
* See also
* References
* External links

## 0–9

[edit]

* 0-day—Zero-day vulnerability
* 1GL—first-generation programming language
* 1NF—first normal form
* 10B2—10BASE-2
* 10B5—10BASE-5
* 10B-F—10BASE-F
* 10B-FB—10BASE-FB
* 10B-FL—10BASE-FL
* 10B-FP—10BASE-FP
* 10B-T—10BASE-T
* 100B-FX—100BASE-FX
* 100B-TX—100BASE-TX
* 100BVG—100BASE-VG
* 286—Intel 80286 processor
* 2B1Q—2 binary 1 quaternary
* 2FA—Two-factor authentication
* 2GL—second-generation programming language
* 2NF—second normal form
* 3DES—Triple Data Encryption Standard
* 3GL—third-generation programming language
* 3GPP—3rd Generation Partnership Project – 3G comms
* 3GPP2—3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
* 3NF—third normal form
* 386—Intel 80386 processor
* 486—Intel 80486 processor
* 4B5BLF—4-bit 5-bit local fiber
* 4GL—fourth-generation programming language
* 4NF—fourth normal form
* 5GL—fifth-generation programming language
* 5NF—fifth normal form
* 6NF—sixth normal form
* 8B10BLF—8-bit 10-bit local fiber
* 802.11—wireless LAN
* 8D—Eight disciplines problem solving

## A

[edit]

* A11Y—Accessibility
* AAA—Authentication, authorization, and accounting
* AABB—Axis Aligned Bounding Box
* AAC—Advanced Audio Coding
* AAL—ATM Adaptation Layer
* AALC—ATM Adaptation Layer Connection
* AARP—AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol
* ABAC—Attribute-Based Access Control
* ABCL—Actor-Based Concurrent Language
* ABI—Application Binary Interface
* ABM—Asynchronous Balanced Mode
* ABR—Area Border Router
* ABR—Auto Baud-Rate detection
* ABR—Available Bitrate
* ABR—Average Bitrate
* ABR—Adaptive Bitrate (Streaming)
* AC—Acoustic Coupler
* AC—Alternating Current
* AC—Authorization certificate
* ACD—Automatic Call Distributor
* ACE—Advanced Computing Environment
* ACID—Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability
* ACK—ACKnowledgement
* ACK—Amsterdam Compiler Kit
* ACL—Access Control List
* ACL—Active Current Loop
* ACM—Association for Computing Machinery
* ACME—Automated Classification of Medical Entities
* ACP—Airline Control Program
* ACPI—Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
* ACR—Allowed Cell Rate
* ACR—Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
* AD—Active Directory
* AD—Administrative Domain
* ADC—Analog-to-Digital Converter
* ADC—Apple Display Connector
* ADB—Apple Desktop Bus
* ADCCP—Advanced Data Communications Control Procedures
* ADDS—Applied Digital Data Systems
* ADO—ActiveX Data Objects
* ADSL—Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
* ADT—Abstract Data Type
* AE—Adaptive Equalizer
* AE—Authenticated encryption
* AEAD—Authenticated encryption with associated data
* AES—Advanced Encryption Standard
* AF—Anisotropic Filtering
* AFP—Apple Filing Protocol
* AGI—Artificial General Intelligence
* AGP—Accelerated Graphics Port
* AH—Active Hub
* AH—Authentication Header
* AHCI—Advanced Host Controller Interface
* AI—Artificial Intelligence
* AIS—Automated Indicator Sharing
* AIX—Advanced Interactive eXecutive
* Ajax—Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
* AL—Active Link
* AL—Access List
* ALAC—Apple Lossless Audio Codec
* ALE—Annualized loss expectancy
* ALGOL—Algorithmic Language
* ALSA—Advanced Linux Sound Architecture
* ALU—Arithmetic and Logical Unit
* AM—Access Method
* AM—Active Matrix
* AMOLED—Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode
* AM—Active Monitor
* AM—Allied Mastercomputer
* AM—Amplitude Modulation
* AMD—Advanced Micro Devices
* AMQP—Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
* AMR—Audio Modem Riser
* ANN—Artificial Neural Network
* ANSI—American National Standards Institute
* ANT—Another Neat Tool
* AoE—ATA over Ethernet
* AOP—Aspect-Oriented Programming
* AOT—Ahead-Of-Time
* AP—Access point
* APCI—Application-Layer Protocol Control Information
* APFS—Apple File System
* API—Application Programming Interface
* APIC—Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
* APIPA—Automatic Private IP Addressing
* APL—A Programming Language
* APR—Apache Portable Runtime
* APT—Advanced persistent threat
* ARC—Adaptive Replacement Cache
* ARC—Advanced RISC Computing
* ARIN—American Registry for Internet Numbers
* ARIS—Architecture of Integrated Information Systems
* ARM—Advanced RISC Machines
* ARO—Annualized rate of occurrence
* AROS—AROS Research Operating System
* ARP—Address Resolution Protocol
* ARPA—Address and Routing Parameter Area
* ARPA—Advanced Research Projects Agency
* ARPANET—Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
* AS—Access Server
* ASCII—American Standard Code for Information Interchange
* ASG—Abstract Semantic Graph
* ASK—Amplitude-shift keying
* ASIC—Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
* ASIMO—Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility
* ASLR—Address Space Layout Randomization
* ASM—Algorithmic State Machine
* ASMP—Asymmetric Multiprocessing
* ASN.1—Abstract Syntax Notation 1
* ASP—Active Server Pages
* ASP—Application Service Provider
* ASR—Asynchronous Signal Routine
* AST—Abstract Syntax Tree
* AT—Advanced Technology
* AT—Access Time
* AT—Active Terminator
* ATA—Advanced Technology Attachment
* ATAG—Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines
* ATAPI—Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface
* ATM—Asynchronous Transfer Mode
* ATT&CK—Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge
* AUP—Acceptable use policy
* AuthIP—Authenticated Internet Protocol
* AuthN—Authentication
* AuthZ—Authorization
* AV—Antivirus software
* AVC—Advanced Video Coding
* AVI—Audio Video Interleaved
* AWK—Aho Weinberger Kernighan
* AWS—Amazon Web Services
* AWT—Abstract Window Toolkit

## B

[edit]

* B2B—Business-to-Business
* B2C—Business-to-Consumer
* B2E—Business-to-Employee
* BaaS—Backend as a service
* BaaS—Banking as a service
* BaaS—Blockchain as a service
* BAL—Basic Assembly Language
* BAM—Block Availability Map
* BAN—Body area network
* BAS—Building automation systems
* Bash—Bourne-again shell
* BASIC—Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
* BBP—Baseband ProcessorCo
* BBS—Bulletin Board System
* BC—Business Continuity
* BCC—Blind Carbon Copy
* BCD—Binary Coded Decimal
* BCD—Boot Configuration Data
* BCNF—Boyce–Codd normal form
* BCP—Business continuity planning
* BCP—Best Current Practice
* BE—Backend
* BEEP—Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol
* BER—Basic Encoding Rules
* BER—Bit Error Rate
* BFD—Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
* BFD—Binary File Descriptor
* BFS—Breadth-First Search
* BFT—Byzantine Fault Tolerant
* BGP—Border Gateway Protocol
* BI—Business Intelligence
* BIA—Business impact analysis
* BiDi—Bi-Directional
* bin—binary
* BINAC—Binary Automatic Computer
* BIND—Berkeley Internet Name Domain
* BIOS—Basic Input Output System
* BJT—Bipolar Junction Transistor
* bit—binary digit
* Blob—Binary large object
* Blog—Web Log
* BMP—Basic Multilingual Plane
* BNC—Baby Neill Constant
* BOINC—Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing
* BOM—Byte Order Mark
* BOOTP—Bootstrap Protocol
* BPA—Oracle Business Process Analysis (BPA) Suite
* BPDU—Bridge Protocol Data Units
* BPEL—Business Process Execution Language
* BPL—Broadband over Power Lines
* BPM—Business Process Management
* BPM—Business Process Modeling
* bps—bits per second
* BRM—Business Reference Model
* BRMS—Business Rule Management System
* BRR—Business Readiness Rating
* BRS—Broadband Radio Service
* BSA—Business Software Alliance
* BSB—Backside Bus
* BSD—Berkeley Software Distribution
* BSoD—Blue Screen of Death
* BSS—Block Started by Symbol
* BT—BitTorrent
* BT—Bluetooth
* B TAM—Basic Telecommunications Access Method
* BW—Bandwidth
* BYOD—Bring Your Own Device
* Byte—By eight (group of 8 bits)

## C

[edit]

* CA—Certificate authority
* CA—Computer Associates International, Inc.
* CaaS—Content as a service
* CAD—Computer-aided design
* CAE—Computer-aided engineering
* CAID—Computer-aided industrial design
* CAI—Computer-aided instruction
* CAM—Computer-aided manufacturing
* CAN—Campus network
* CAP—Consistency availability partition tolerance (theorem)
* CAPA—Corrective and preventive action
* CAPTCHA—Completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart
* CAQ—Computer-aided quality assurance
* CASB—Cloud access security broker
* CASE—Computer-aided software engineering
* CAT—Computer-aided translation
* CBC—Cipher block chaining
* CBC-MAC—Cipher block chaining message authentication code
* CBPRNG—Counter-based pseudo-random number generator
* CBRNG—Counter-based random number generator
* cc—C compiler
* CC—Carbon copy
* CC—Creative Commons
* CCM—Central control module
* CCMP—CCM mode Protocol
* CCTV—Closed-circuit television
* CCX—Cisco Compatible eXtensions
* CD—Compact Disc
* CDE—Common Desktop Environment
* CDMA—Code-division multiple access
* CDN—Content delivery network
* CDP—Cisco Discovery Protocol
* CDP—Continuous data protection
* CD-R—CD-Recordable
* CD-ROM—CD Read-Only Memory
* CD-RW—CD-Rewritable
* CDSA—Common Data Security Architecture
* CEI—Comparably efficient interconnection
* CER—Canonical Encoding Rules
* CERT—Computer emergency response team
* CES—Consumer Electronics Show
* CF—Compact Flash
* CFF—Compact Font Format
* CFB—Cipher feedback
* CFD—Computational fluid dynamics
* CFG—Context-free grammar
* CFG—Control-flow graph
* CG—Computer graphics
* CGA—Color graphics array
* CGI—Common Gateway Interface
* CGI—Computer-generated imagery
* CGT—Computational Graph Theory
* CHAP—Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol
* CHS—Cylinder–head–sector
* CIA—Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability[1]
* CICS—Customer Information Control System
* CIDR—Classless inter-domain routing
* CIFS—Common Internet Filesystem
* CIM—Common Information Model
* CIO—Chief information officer
* CIP—Critical infrastructure protection
* CIR—Committed information rate
* CIS—Center for Internet Security
* CIS—Centre for Internet and Society (India)
* CIS—Computer and information science
* CIS—Comodo Internet Security
* CIS—Contact image sensor
* CIS—Continuous ink system
* CISC—Complex-instruction-set computer
* CISO—Chief information security officer
* CIT—Center for Information Technology
* CIT—Computer Information Technology
* CJK—Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
* CJKV—Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese
* CLI—Command line interface
* CLR—Common Language Runtime
* CM—Configuration management
* CM—Content management
* CMDB—Configuration management database
* CMMI—Capability Maturity Model Integration
* CMOS—Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
* CMS—Content management system
* CN—Canonical Name
* CN—Common Name
* CNC—Computerized numerical control
* CNG—Cryptographic Next Generation
* CNR—Communications and Networking Riser
* COBOL—Common Business-Oriented Language
* COM—Component Object Model or communication
* ConfigMgr—Microsoft Configuration Manager
* COOP—Continuity of Operations
* COPE—Corporate-owned, personally enabled
* CORBA—Common Object Request Broker Architecture
* CORS—Cross-origin resource sharing
* COTS—Commercial off-the-shelf
* CPA—Cell processor architecture
* CPAN—Comprehensive Perl Archive Network
* CP/CMS—Control Program/Cambridge Monitor System
* CPF—Control Program Facility
* CP/M—Control Program/Monitor
* CPRI—Common Public Radio Interface
* CPS—Characters per second
* CPU—Central processing unit
* CQS—Command–query separation
* CQRS—Command Query Responsibility Segregation
* CR—Carriage return
* CRAN—Comprehensive R Archive Network
* CRC—Cyclic redundancy check
* CRL—Certificate revocation list
* CRLF—Carriage return line feed
* CRM—Customer Relationship Management
* CRS—Computer Reservations System
* CRT—Cathode-ray tube
* CRUD—Create, read, update and delete
* CS—Cable Select
* CS—Computer Science
* CSE—Computer science and engineering
* CSF—Cybersecurity Framework
* CSi—CompuServe
* CSI—Common System Interface
* CSM—Compatibility support module
* CSMA/CD—Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection
* CSO—Chief security officer
* CSP—Cloud service provider
* CSP—Communicating sequential processes
* CSPRNG—Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
* CSR—Certificate signing request
* CSRF—Cross-site request forgery
* CSS—Cascading style sheets
* CSS—Content-scrambling system
* CSS—Closed-source software
* CSU—Channel service unit
* CSV—Comma-separated values
* CT—Computerized tomography
* CTAN—Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
* CTCP—Client-to-client protocol
* CTI—Computer telephony integration
* CTFE—Compile-time function execution
* CTL—Computation tree logic
* CTM—Close To Metal
* CTS—Clear to send
* CTSS—Compatible Time-Sharing System
* CUA—Common User Access
* C-V2X—Cellular V2X
* CVC—Card Verifiable Certificate
* CVE—Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
* CVS—Concurrent Versions System
* CVSS—Common Vulnerability Scoring System
* CX—Customer experience

## D

[edit]

* DAC—Digital-to-analog converter
* DAC—Discretionary access control
* DAL—Database Abstraction Layer
* DAO—Data Access Object
* DAO—Data Access Objects
* DAO—Disk-At-Once
* DAP—Directory Access Protocol
* DARPA—Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
* DAS—Direct Attached Storage
* DAT—Digital Audio Tape
* DB—Database
* DSKT—DesktopDRM
* DBA—Database AdministratorDV
* DBCS—Double Byte Character Set
* DBMS—Database Management System
* DCC—Direct Client-to-Client
* DCCP—Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
* DCCA—Debian Common Core Alliance
* DCL—Data Control Language
* DCS—Distributed Control System
* DCMI—Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
* DCOM—Distributed Component Object Model
* DD—Double Density
* DDE—Dynamic Data Exchange
* DDL—Data Definition Language
* DDoS—Distributed Denial of Service
* DE—Desktop environment
* DDR—Double Data Rate
* DEC—Digital Equipment Corporation
* DEP—Data Execution Prevention
* DER—Distinguished Encoding Rules
* DES—Data Encryption Standard
* dev—development
* DFA—Deterministic Finite Automaton
* DFD—Data Flow Diagram
* DFS—Depth-First Search
* DFS—Distributed File System
* DGD—Dworkin's Game Driver
* DH—Diffie–Hellman
* DHCP—Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
* DHTML—Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language
* DIF—Data Integrity Field
* DIMM—Dual Inline Memory Module
* DIN—Deutsches Institut für Normung
* DIP—Dual In-line Package
* DISM—Deployment Image and Service Management Tool
* DIVX—Digital Video Express
* DKIM—DomainKeys Identified Mail
* DL—Download
* DLL—Dynamic-link library
* DLNA—Digital Living Network Alliance
* DLP—Data loss prevention
* DMA—Direct Memory Access
* DMARC—Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance
* DMCA—Digital Millennium Copyright Act
* DMI—Direct Media Interface
* DML—Data Manipulation Language
* DML—Definitive Media Library
* DMR—Dennis M. Ritchie
* DMZ—Demilitarized Zone
* DN—Distinguished Name
* DNAT—Destination network address translation
* DND—Drag-and-Drop
* DNP3—Distributed Network Protocol 3
* DNS—Domain Name System
* DNSBL—Domain Name System blocklist
* DNSSEC—Domain Name System Security Extensions
* DOA—Dead on Arrival
* DOCSIS—Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
* DOM—Document Object Model
* DORA—Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge
* DoS—Denial of Service
* DOS—Disk Operating System
* DP—Dot Pitch
* DPC—Deferred Procedure Call
* DPI—Deep packet inspection
* DPI—Dots per inch
* DPMI—DOS Protected Mode Interface
* DPMS—Display Power Management Signaling
* DPO—Data Protection Officer or Data Privacy Officer[2][3]
* DR—Disaster Recovery
* DRAM—Dynamic Random-Access Memory
* DRBG—Deterministic random bit generator
* DR-DOS—Digital Research – Disk Operating System
* DRI—Direct Rendering Infrastructure
* DRM—Digital rights management
* DRM—Direct rendering manager
* DRP—Disaster recovery plan
* DSA—Digital Signature Algorithm
* DSCP—Differentiated services code point
* DSDL—Document Schema Definition Languages
* DSDM—Dynamic Systems Development Method
* DSL—Digital Subscriber Line
* DSL—Domain-Specific Language
* DSLAM—Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
* DSN—Database Source Name
* DSN—Data Set Name
* DSP—Digital Signal Processor
* DSRC—Dedicated short-range communications
* DSSS—Direct-sequence spread spectrum
* DSSSL—Document Style Semantics and Specification Language
* DTD—Document Type Definition
* DTE—Data Terminal Equipment or data transfer rate
* DTLS—Datagram Transport Layer Security
* DTO—Data Transfer Object
* DTP—Desktop Publishing
* DTR—Data Terminal Ready or Data transfer rate
* DTSTTCPW—"do the simplest thing that could possibly work"
* Dual_EC_DRBG—Dual Elliptic Curve Deterministic Random Bit Generator
* DV—Domain-validated certificate
* DVD—Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc
* DVD-R—DVD-Recordable
* DVD-ROM—DVD-Read-Only Memory
* DVD-RW—DVD-Rewritable
* DVI—Digital Visual Interface
* DVR—Digital Video Recorder
* DW—Data Warehouse
* DXVA—DirectX Video Acceleration

## E

[edit]

* EAI—Enterprise Application Integration
* EAP—Extensible Authentication Protocol
* EAP-AKA—EAP Authentication and Key Agreement
* EAP-AKA'—EAP Authentication and Key Agreement prime
* EAP-EKE—EAP Encrypted Key Exchange
* EAP-FAST—EAP Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling
* EAP-GTC—EAP Generic Token Card
* EAP-IKEv2—EAP Internet Key Exchange v. 2
* EAP-MD5—EAP Message Digest 5
* EAP-NOOB—Nimble out-of-band authentication for EAP
* EAP-POTP—EAP Protected One-Time Password
* EAP-PSK—EAP Pre-Shared Key
* EAP-PWD—EAP Password
* EAP-SIM—EAP Subscriber Identity Module
* EAP-TLS—EAP Transport Layer Security
* EAP-TTLS—EAP Tunneled Transport Layer Security
* EAS—Exchange ActiveSync
* EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
* EBML—Extensible Binary Meta Language
* ebXML—Electronic Business using eXtensible Markup Language
* EC2—Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
* ECB—Electronic codebook
* ECC—Elliptic-curve cryptography
* ECDH—Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman
* ECDHE—Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman Ephemeral
* ECDSA—Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
* ECMA—European Computer Manufacturers Association
* ECN—Explicit Congestion Notification
* ECOS—Embedded Configurable Operating System
* ECRS—Expense and Cost Recovery System
* ECS—Entity-Component-System
* ECU—Electronic control unit
* EDA—Electronic Design Automation
* EDGE—Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
* EDI—Electronic Data Interchange
* EDO—Extended Data Out
* EDR—Endpoint detection and response
* EDSAC—Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
* EDVAC—Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
* EEPROM—Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
* EFF—Electronic Frontier Foundation
* EFI—Extensible Firmware Interface
* EFM—Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation
* EFM—Ethernet in the first mile
* EFS—Encrypting File System
* EGA—Enhanced Graphics Array
* E-mail—Electronic mail
* EGP—Exterior Gateway Protocol
* eID—electronic ID card
* EIDE—Enhanced IDE
* EIGRP—Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
* EISA—Extended Industry Standard Architecture
* EJBCA—Enterprise JavaBeans Certificate Authority
* EKE—Encrypted key exchange
* ELF—Extremely Low Frequency
* ELF—Executable and Linkable Format
* ELM—ELectronic Mail
* EMACS—Editor MACroS
* EMCC—Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation
* EMS—Expanded Memory Specification
* ENIAC—Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
* EOF—End of File
* EOL—End of Life
* EOL—End of Line
* EOM—End of Message
* EOS—End of Support
* EPIC—Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing
* EPP—Endpoint protection platform
* EPROM—Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
* ERD—Entity–Relationship Diagram
* ERGS—Electronic Route Guidance System
* ERM—Entity–Relationship Model
* ERP—Enterprise Resource Planning
* eSATA—external SATA
* ESB—Enterprise service bus
* ESCON—Enterprise Systems Connection
* ESD—Electrostatic Discharge
* ESI—Electronically Stored Information
* ESN—Electronic serial number
* ESP—Encapsulating Security Payload
* ESR—Eric Steven Raymond
* ESS—Extended service set
* ETDR—Endpoint threat detection and response
* ETL—Extract, Transform, Load
* EtM—Encrypt-then-MAC
* E&M—Encrypt-and-MAC
* ETW—Event Tracing for Windows
* EUC—Extended Unix Code
* EULA—End User License Agreement
* EWMH—Extended Window Manager Hints
* EXT—EXTended file system
* ETA—Estimated Time of Arrival
* EV—Extended Validation Certificate

## F

[edit]

* FAP—FORTRAN Assembly Program
* FASM—Flat ASseMbler
* FAST—Flexible Authenication via Secure Tunneling
* FAT—File Allocation Table
* FAQ—Frequently Asked Questions
* FBDIMM—Fully Buffered Dual Inline Memory Module
* FC-AL—Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop
* FCB—File Control Block
* FCS—Frame Check Sequence
* FDC—Floppy-Disk Controller
* FDD—Frequency-Division Duplexing
* FDD—Floppy Disk Drive
* FDE—Full disk encryption
* FDDI—Fiber Distributed Data Interface
* FDM—Frequency-Division Multiplexing
* FDMA—Frequency-Division Multiple Access
* FDS—Fedora Directory Server
* FE—Frontend
* FEC—Forward Error Correction
* FEMB—Front-End Motherboard
* FET—Field Effect Transistor
* FHS—Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
* FHSS—Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
* FICON—FIber CONnectivity
* FIFO—First In First Out
* FIM—File integrity monitoring
* FIPS—Federal Information Processing Standards
* FIRST—Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams
* FL—Function Level
* FLAC—Free Lossless Audio Codec
* FLOPS—FLoating-Point Operations Per Second
* FLOSS—Free/Libre/Open-Source Software
* FMC—Fixed Mobile Convergence "Mobile UC or Unified Communications over Wireless"
* FOLDOC—Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
* FORTRAN—Formula Translation
* FOSDEM—Free and Open-source Software Developers' European Meeting
* FOSI—Formatted Output Specification Instance
* FOSS—Free and Open-Source Software
* FP—Function Programming
* FP—Functional Programming
* FPGA—Field-programmable gate array
* FPS—Floating Point Systems
* FPU—Floating-Point Unit
* FRR[4]—False Rejection Rate[5]
* FRU—Field-Replaceable Unit
* FS—File System
* FS—Forward secrecy
* FSB—Front-Side Bus
* fsck—File System Check
* FSF—Free Software Foundation
* FSM—Finite State Machine
* FTP—File Transfer Protocol
* FTPS—FTP-SSL or FTP Secure
* FTTC—Fiber To The Curb
* FTTH—Fiber To The Home
* FTTP—Fiber To The Premises
* FQDN—Fully Qualified Domain Name
* FUD—Fear Uncertainty Doubt
* FWS—Folding White Space
* FXP—File eXchange Protocol
* FYI—For Your Information

## G

[edit]

* G11N—Globalization
* Gas—GNU Assembler
* Gb—Gigabit
* GB—Gigabyte
* Gbps—Gigabits per second
* GCC—GNU Compiler Collection
* GCJ—GNU Compiler for Java
* GCM—Galois/Counter Mode
* GCP—Google Cloud Platform
* GCR—Group Coded Recording
* GDB—GNU Debugger
* GDI—Graphics Device Interface
* GDPR—General Data Protection Regulation
* GFDL—GNU Free Documentation License
* GIF—Graphics Interchange Format
* GIGO—Garbage In, Garbage Out
* GIMP—GNU Image Manipulation Program
* GIMPS—Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search
* GIS—Geographic Information System
* GLUT—OpenGL Utility Toolkit
* GML—Geography Markup Language
* GNOME—GNU Network Object Model Environment
* GNU—GNU's Not Unix
* GnuPG or GNU—GNU Privacy Guard
* GnuTLS—GNU Transport Layer Security
* GOMS—Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules
* GPASM—GNU PIC ASseMbler
* GPFS—General Parallel File System
* GPG—GNU Privacy Guard
* GPGPU—General-Purpose Computing on Graphics Processing Units
* GPIB—General-Purpose Instrumentation Bus
* GPL—General Public License
* GPL—General-Purpose Language
* GPO—Group Policy Object
* GPRS—General Packet Radio Service
* GPT—GUID Partition Table
* GPU—Graphics Processing Unit
* GRE—Generic routing encapsulation
* GRUB—Grand Unified Boot-Loader
* GERAN—GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
* GSM—Global System for Mobile Communications
* GTC—Generic Token Card
* GTK/GTK+—GIMP Toolkit[6]
* GUI—Graphical user interface
* GUID—Globally Unique IDentifier
* GWT—Google Web Toolkit

## H

[edit]

* HA—High availability
* HAL—Hardware Abstraction Layer
* HAN—Home network
* HASP—Houston Automatic Spooling Priority
* HBA—Host Bus Adapter
* HCI—Human—Computer Interaction
* HD—High Density
* HDD—Hard Disk Drive
* HCL—Hardware Compatibility List
* HD DVD—High Definition DVD
* HDL—Hardware Description Language
* HDMI—High-Definition Multimedia Interface
* HECI—Host Embedded Controller Interface
* HF—High Frequency
* HFS—Hierarchical File System
* HHD—Hybrid Hard Drive
* HID—Human Interface Device
* HIDS—Host-based intrusion detection system
* HIG—Human Interface Guidelines
* HIPS—Host-based intrusion prevention system
* HIRD—Hurd of Interfaces Representing Depth
* HLASM—High Level ASseMbler
* HLR—Home location register
* HLS—HTTP Live Streaming
* HMA—High Memory Area
* HMAC—Hash-based message authentication code
* HOTP—HMAC-based one-time password
* HP—Hewlett-Packard
* HPC—High-Performance Computing
* HPFS—High Performance File System
* HSDPA—High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
* HTC—High-Throughput Computing
* HSM—Hardware security module
* HSM—Hierarchical storage management
* HT—Hyper Threading
* HTM—Hierarchical Temporal Memory
* HTML—Hypertext Markup Language
* HTTP—Hypertext Transfer Protocol
* HTTPd—Hypertext Transport Protocol Daemon
* HTTPS—HTTP Secure
* HTX—HyperTransport eXpansion
* HURD—Hird of Unix-Replacing Daemons
* HVD—Holographic Versatile Disc
* Hz—Hertz

## I

[edit]

* I²C—Inter-Integrated Circuit
* I²S—Integrated Interchip Sound
* I18N—Internationalization
* IaaS—Infrastructure as a Service
* IAB—Internet Architecture Board
* IaC—Infrastructure as Code
* IAM—Identity and access management
* IANA—Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
* iBCS—Intel Binary Compatibility Standard
* IBM—International Business Machines
* IBSS—Independent basic service set
* IC—Integrated Circuit
* ICANN—Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
* ICE—In-Circuit Emulator
* ICE—Intrusion Countermeasure Electronics
* ICH—I/O Controller Hub
* ICL—International Computers Limited
* ICMP—Internet Control Message Protocol
* ICP—Internet Cache Protocol
* ICS—Industrial control system
* ICS—Internet Connection Sharing
* ICT—Information and Communication Technology
* IDE—Integrated Development Environment
* IDE—Integrated Drive Electronics
* IDEA—International Data Encryption Algorithm
* IDF—Intermediate Data Format
* IDF—Intermediate Distribution Frame
* IDL—Interactive Data Language
* IDL—Interface Definition Language
* IDN—Internationalized domain name
* IdP—Identity provider (cybersecurity)
* IDPS—Intrusion detection and prevention system
* IDS—Intrusion Detection System
* IE—Internet Explorer
* IEC—International Electrotechnical Commission
* IED—Intelligent electronic device
* IEEE—Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
* IEN—Internet Experiment Note
* IETF—Internet Engineering Task Force
* IFL—Integrated Facility for Linux
* IGMP—Internet Group Management Protocol
* IGRP—Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
* IHV—Independent Hardware Vendor
* IIOP—Internet Inter-Orb Protocol
* IIS—Internet Information Services
* IKE—Internet Key Exchange
* IL—Intermediate Language
* IM—Instant Message or Instant Messaging
* IMAP—Internet Message Access Protocol
* IME—Input Method Editor
* INN—InterNetNews
* INFOSEC—Information Systems Security
* I/O—Input/output
* IoT—Internet of Things
* IoC—Indicator of compromise
* IoC—Inversion of control
* IP—Intellectual Property
* IP—Internet Protocol
* IPAM—IP Address Management
* IPC—Inter-Process Communication
* IPL—Initial Program Load
* IPMI—Intelligent Platform Management Interface
* IPO—Inter Procedural Optimization
* IPP—Internet Printing Protocol
* IPS—In-Plane Switching
* IPS—Instructions Per Second
* IPS—Intrusion Prevention System
* IPsec—Internet Protocol Security
* IPTV—Internet Protocol Television
* IPv4—Internet Protocol version 4
* IPv6—Internet Protocol version 6
* IPX—Internetwork Packet Exchange
* IR—Intermediate Representation
* IRC—Internet Relay Chat
* IrDA—Infrared Data Association
* IRI—Internationalized Resource Identifier
* IRP—I/O Request Packet
* IRQ—Interrupt Request
* IRT—Incident response team
* IS—Information Systems
* IS-IS—Intermediate System to Intermediate System
* ISA—Industry Standard Architecture
* ISA—Instruction Set Architecture
* ISAC—Information Sharing and Analysis Center
* ISAKMP—Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol
* ISAM—Indexed Sequential Access Method
* ISATAP—Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol
* ISC—Internet Storm Center
* iSCSI—Internet Small Computer System Interface
* ISDN—Integrated Services Digital Network
* ISO—International Organization for Standardization
* ISOC—Information security operations center
* ISOC—Internet Society
* iSNS—Internet Storage Name Service
* ISP—Internet Service Provider
* ISPF—Interactive System Productivity Facility
* ISR—Interrupt Service Routine
* ISSA—Information Systems Security Association
* ISV—Independent Software Vendor
* IT—Information Technology
* ITIL—Information Technology Infrastructure Library
* ITL—Interval Temporal Logic
* ITS—Intelligent transportation system
* ITU—International Telecommunication Union
* ITU-T—International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector
* IV—Initialization vector
* IVR(S)—Interactive Voice Response (System)

## J

[edit]

* J2EE—Java 2 Enterprise Edition
* J2ME—Java 2 Micro Edition
* J2SE—Java 2 Standard Edition
* JAAS—Java Authentication and Authorization Service
* JAXB—Java Architecture for XML Binding
* JAX-RPC—Jakarta XML (formerly Java XML) for Remote Procedure Calls
* JAXP—Java API for XML Processing
* JBOD—Just a Bunch of Disks
* JCE— Java Cryptography Extension
* JCL—Job Control Language
* JCP—Java Community Process
* JDBC—Java Database Connectivity
* JDK—Java Development Kit
* JEE—Java Enterprise Edition
* JES—Job Entry Subsystem
* JDS—Java Desktop System
* JFC—Java Foundation Classes
* JFET—Junction Field-Effect Transistor
* JFS—IBM Journaling File System
* JINI—Jini Is Not Initials
* JIT—Just-In-Time
* JME—Java Micro Edition
* JMX—Java Management Extensions
* JMS—Java Message Service
* JNDI—Java Naming and Directory Interface
* JNI—Java Native Interface
* JNZ—Jump non-zero
* JPEG—Joint Photographic Experts Group
* JRE—Java Runtime Environment
* JS—JavaScript
* JSE—Java Standard Edition
* JSON—JavaScript Object Notation
* JSP—Jackson Structured Programming
* JSP—JavaServer Pages
* JTAG—Joint Test Action Group
* JVM—Java Virtual Machine

## K

[edit]

* K&R—Kernighan and Ritchie
* K8s—Kubernetes
* Kb—Kilobit
* KB—Keyboard
* KB—Kilobyte
* KB—Knowledge Base
* Kbps—Kilobits per second
* KC—Keyboard computer
* KDC—Key distribution center
* KDE—K Desktop Environment
* KDF—Key derivation function
* KEK—Key encryption key
* kHz—Kilohertz
* KiB—Kibibyte
* KINK—Kerberized Internet Negotiation of Keys
* KML—Keyhole Markup Language
* KPOP—Kerberized Post Office Protocol
* KPK—Key production key
* KRL—Knowledge Representation Language
* KVM—Keyboard, Video, Mouse

## L

[edit]

* L10N—Localization
* L2TP—Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
* LACP—Link Aggregation Control Protocol
* LAMP—Linux Apache MySQL Perl
* LAMP—Linux Apache MySQL PHP
* LAMP—Linux Apache MySQL Python
* LAN—Local Area Network
* LBA—Logical Block Addressing
* LB—Load Balancer
* LBAC—Lattice-based access control
* LCD—Liquid Crystal Display
* LCOS—Liquid Crystal On Silicon
* LCR—Least Cost Routing
* LDAP—Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
* LDIF—LDAP Data Interchange Format
* LE—Logical Extents
* LEAP—Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol
* LED—Light-Emitting Diode
* LF—Line Feed
* LF—Low Frequency
* LFS—Linux From Scratch
* LGA—Land Grid Array
* LGPL—Lesser General Public License
* LIB—LIBrary
* LIF—Low Insertion Force
* LIFO—Last In First Out
* LILO—Linux Loader
* LISP—LISt Processing
* LKML—Linux Kernel Mailing List
* LM—Lan Manager
* LOC—Lines of Code
* LPC—Lars Pensjö C
* LPI—Linux Professional Institute
* LPT— Line Print Terminal
* LRU—Least Recently Used
* LSB—Least Significant Bit
* LSB—Linux Standard Base
* LSI—Large-Scale Integration
* LTE—Long Term Evolution
* LTL—Linear Temporal Logic
* LTR—Left-to-Right
* LUG—Linux User Group
* LUN—Logical Unit Number
* LV—Logical Volume
* LVD—Low Voltage Differential
* LVM—Logical Volume Management
* LZW—Lempel-Ziv-Welch

## M

[edit]

* MaaS—Mobility as a service
* MaaS—Monitoring as a service
* MAC—Mandatory access control
* MAC—Medium access control
* MAC—Message authentication code
* MANET—Mobile Ad-Hoc Network
* MAN—Metropolitan Area Network
* MAPI—Messaging Application Programming Interface
* MAPS—Mail Abuse Prevention System
* MAU—Media access unit
* MAU—Medium Attachment Unit
* MAWI—Measurement and Analysis on the WIDE Internet
* Mb—Megabit
* MB—Megabyte
* MBCS—Multi Byte Character Set
* MBD—Model-Based Design
* Mbps—Megabits per second
* MBR—Master Boot Record
* MBSS—Mesh basic service set
* MCA—Micro Channel Architecture
* MCA—Microsoft Certified Architect
* MCAD[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Application Developer
* MCAS[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Application Specialist
* MCC or MVCC—Multiversion concurrency control
* MCDBA—Microsoft Certified DataBase Administrator
* MCDST[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician
* MCITP—Microsoft Certified Information Technology Professional
* MCM—Microsoft Certified Master
* MCP—Microsoft Certified Professional
* MCPD—Microsoft Certified Professional Developer
* MCSA[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator
* MCSD[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Solution Developer
* MCSE[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer
* MCT[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Trainer
* MCTS—Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist
* MDA—Monochrome Display Adapter
* MDA—Mail Delivery Agent
* MDA—Model-Driven Architecture
* MDD/MDSD—Model-Driven (Software) Development
* MDF—Main Distribution Frame
* MDI—Multiple-Document Interface
* MDM—Master data management
* MDM—Mobile device management
* ME—Microsoft Edge
* ME—[Windows] Millennium Edition
* MF—Medium Frequency
* MFA—Multi-factor authentication
* MFC—Microsoft Foundation Classes
* MFD—Multi-function device
* MFM—Modified Frequency Modulation
* MFP—Multi-function printer
* MFT—Master File Table
* MGCP—Media Gateway Control Protocol
* MHz—Megahertz
* MIB—Management Information Base
* MIC—Message integrity code
* MICR—Magnetic Ink Character Recognition or Magnetic Ink Character Reader
* MIDI—Musical Instrument Digital Interface
* MIMD—Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data
* MIME—Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
* MIMO—Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
* MINIX—MIni-uNIX
* MIPS—Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages
* MIPS—Million Instructions Per Second
* MISD—Multiple Instruction, Single Data
* MIS—Management Information Systems
* MIT—Massachusetts Institute of Technology
* ML—Machine Learning
* MMC—Microsoft Management Console
* MMC—MultiMediaCard
* MMDS—Mortality Medical Data System
* MMDS—Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service
* MMF—Multi-Mode (optical) Fiber
* MM fonts—Multiple master fonts
* MMIO—Memory-Mapped I/O
* MMI—Man Machine Interface.
* MMORPG—Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game
* MMS—Multimedia Message Service
* MMU—Memory Management Unit
* MMX—Multi-Media Extensions
* MNG—Multiple-image Network Graphics
* MoBo—Motherboard
* MOM—Message-Oriented Middleware
* MOO—MUD Object Oriented
* MOP—Meta-Object Protocol
* MOSFET—Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
* MOS[broken anchor]—Microsoft Office Specialist
* MOTD—Message Of The Day
* MoU—Memorandum of understanding
* MOUS—Microsoft Office User Specialist
* MOV—Apple QuickTime Multimedia File
* MPAA—Motion Picture Association of America
* MPEG—Motion Pictures Experts Group
* MPLS—Multiprotocol Label Switching
* MPL—Mozilla Public License
* MPU—Microprocessor Unit
* MQTT—Message Queues Telemetry Transport
* MS—Memory Stick
* MS—Microsoft
* MSA—Master service agreement
* MSA—Message submission agent
* MSB—Most Significant Bit
* MS-CHAP—Microsoft version of the Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol
* MSDN—Microsoft Developer Network
* MS-DOS—Microsoft Disk Operating System
* MSI—Medium-Scale Integration
* MSI—Message Signaled Interrupt
* MSI—Microsoft Installer
* MSMQ—Microsoft Message Queuing
* MSN—Microsoft Network
* MSP—Managed service provider
* MSS—Managed security service
* MSSP—Managed security service provider
* MT—Machine Translation
* MTA—Mail Transfer Agent
* MTA—Microsoft Technology Associate
* MTBF—Mean time between failures
* MtE—MAC-then-Encrypt
* MTS—Michigan Terminal System
* MTTF—Mean time to failure
* MTTR—Mean time to repair
* MTU—Maximum Transmission Unit
* MU—Memory Unit
* MUA—Mail User Agent
* MUD—Multi-User Dungeon
* MVC—Model-View-Controller
* MVP—Most Valuable Professional
* MVS—Multiple Virtual Storage
* MWC—Mobile World Congress
* MWN—Municipal wireless network
* MXF—Material Exchange Format
* MX—Mail exchange

## N

[edit]

* NAC—Network access control
* NACK—Negative ACKnowledgement
* NAIC—National Infrastructure Advisory Council
* NAK—Negative AcKnowledge Character
* NaN—Not a Number
* NAP—Network Access Protection
* NAPT—Network address and port translation
* NAS—Network-Attached Storage
* NASM—Netwide ASseMbler
* NAT—Network address translation
* NAT-T—Network address translator traversal
* NBO—Northbound interface
* NCP—NetWare Core Protocol
* NCQ—Native Command Queuing
* NCR—National Cash Register
* NCSA—National Center for Supercomputing Applications
* NDIS—Network Driver Interface Specification
* NDP—Neighbor Discovery Protocol
* NDPS—Novell Distributed Print Services
* NDS—Novell Der irectory Services
* NEP—Network Equipment Provider
* NetBIOS—Network Basic Input/Output System
* NetBT—NetBIOS over TCP/IP
* NEXT—Near-End CrossTalk
* NFA—Nondeterministic Finite Automaton
* NFC—Near-field communication
* NFS—Network File System
* NGFW—Next-generation firewall
* NGSCB—Next-Generation Secure Computing Base
* NI—National Instruments
* NIC—Network Interface Controller or Network Interface Card
* NIDS—Network intrusion detection systems
* NIM—No Internal Message
* NIO—Non-blocking I/O
* NIPS—Network-based intrusion prevention system
* NIST—National Institute of Standards and Technology
* NLE—Non-Linear Editing system
* NLP—Natural Language Processing
* NLS—Native Language Support
* NMI—Non-Maskable Interrupt
* NNRP—Network News Reader Protocol
* NNTP—Network News Transfer Protocol
* NOC—Network Operations Center
* NOOB—Nibble out-of-band authentication
* NOP—No OPeration
* NOS—Network Operating System
* NP—Nondeterministic Polynomial time
* NPL—Netscape Public License
* NPTL—Native POSIX Thread Library
* NPU—Network Processing Unit
* NS—Netscape
* NSIS—Nullsoft Scriptable Install System
* NSN—Network service name
* NSPR—Netscape Portable Runtime
* NSS—Novell Storage Service
* NSS—Network Security Services
* NSS—Name Service Switch
* NT—New Technology
* NTFS—New Technology File System
* NTLM—New Technology LAN Manager
* NTP—Network Time Protocol
* NUM|A—Non-Uniform Memory Access
* NURBS—Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline
* NUT—Network UPS Tools
* NVMe—NVM Express
* NVR—Network Video Recorder
* NVRAM—Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory
* NX—No-execute

## O

[edit]

* OASIS—Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards
* OAS—Oracle Advanced Security
* OAT—Operational Acceptance Testing
* OAuth—Open Authorization
* OBSAI—Open Base Station Architecture Initiative
* OCR—Optical Character Recognition
* OCSP—Online Certificate Status Protocol
* ODBC—Open Database Connectivity
* OEM—Original Equipment Manufacturer
* OES—Open Enterprise Server
* OFDM—Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
* OFTC—Open and Free Technology Community
* OID—Object Identifier
* OKV—Oracle Key Vault
* OLAP—Online Analytical Processing
* OLE—Object Linking and Embedding
* OLED—Organic Light Emitting Diode
* OLPC—One Laptop per Child
* OLTP—Online Transaction Processing
* OMF—Object Module Format
* OMG—Object Management Group
* OMR—Optical Mark Reader
* OMTP—Open Mobile Terminal Platform
* ONS—Oracle Net Services
* ooRexx—Open Object Rexx
* OO—Object-Oriented
* OO—OpenOffice
* OOE—Out-of-Order Execution
* OOM—Out Of Memory
* OOo—OpenOffice.org
* OoOE—Out-of-Order Execution
* OOP—Object-Oriented Programming
* OOTB—Out of the box
* OPML—Outline Processor Markup Language
* ORB—Object Request Broker
* ORBS—Open Relay Behavior-modification System
* ORM—Object–Relational Mapping
* OS—Open Source
* OS—Operating System
* OSCON—O'Reilly Open Source CONvention
* OSDN—Open Source Development Network
* OSI—Open Source Initiative
* OSI—Open Systems Interconnection
* OSINT—Open source intelligence
* OSPF—Open Shortest Path First
* OSS—Open Sound System
* OSS—Open-Source Software
* OSS—Operations Support System
* OSTG—Open Source Technology Group
* OT—Operational technology
* OTP—One-time password
* OUI—Organizationally Unique Identifier
* OV—Organization validation
* OVAL—Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language
* OWASP—Open Worldwide Application Security Project
* OWE—Opportunistic Wireless Encryption

## P

[edit]

* P2P—Peer-To-Peer
* PaaS—Platform as a Service
* PAC—Proxy auto-config
* PAM—Pluggable Authentication Module
* PAM—Privileged Access Management
* PAN—Personal Area Network
* PAP—Password Authentication Protocol
* PARC—Palo Alto Research Center
* PAT—Port address translation
* PATA—Parallel ATA
* PBKDF2—Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2
* PBS—Portable Batch System
* PBX—Private branch exchange
* PC—Personal Computer
* pcap—packet capture
* PCB—Printed Circuit Board
* PCB—Process Control Block
* PC DOS—Personal Computer Disc Operating System
* PCI—Peripheral Component Interconnect
* PCI DSS—Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard
* PCIe—PCI Express
* PCI-X—PCI Extended
* PCL—Printer Command Language
* PCMCIA—Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
* PCM—Pulse-Code Modulation
* PCRE—Perl Compatible Regular Expressions
* PD—Public Domain
* PDA—Personal Digital Assistant
* PDF—Portable Document Format
* PDH—Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
* PDP—Programmed Data Processor
* PDU—Power distribution unit
* PE—Physical Extents
* PE—Portable Executable
* PEAP—Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol
* PEM—Privacy-Enhanced Mail
* PERL—Practical Extraction and Reporting Language
* PERMIS—PrivilEge and Role Management Infrastructure Standards
* PFS—Perfect forward secrecy
* PG—Peripheral Gateway
* PGA—Pin Grid Array
* PGA—Programmable Gate Array
* PGO—Profile-Guided Optimization
* PGP—Pretty Good Privacy
* PHP—Hypertext Preprocessor
* PHR—Personal health record
* PHY—Physical layer
* PIC—Peripheral Interface Controller
* PIC—Programmable Interrupt Controller
* PID—Proportional-Integral-Derivative
* PID—Process ID
* PII—Personally identifiable information
* PIM—Personal Information Manager
* PINE—Program for Internet News and Email
* PING—Packet Internet Gopher
* PIO—Programmed Input/Output
* PIR—Public Interest Registry
* PIV—FIPS 201
* Pixel—Picture element
* PKCS—Public Key Cryptography Standards
* PKI—Public Key Infrastructure
* PLC—Power-Line Communication
* PLC—Programmable logic controller
* PLD—Programmable logic device
* PL/I—Programming Language One
* PL/M—Programming Language for Microcomputers
* PL/P—Programming Language for Prime
* PLT—Power-Line Telecommunications
* PMM—POST Memory Manager
* PNAC—Port-based network access control
* PNA—Personal Navigation Assistant
* PNG—Portable Network Graphics
* PnP—Plug-and-Play
* PNRP—Peer Name Resolution Protocol
* POCE—Personally owned, company enabled
* POCO—Plain Old Class Object
* PoE—Power over Ethernet
* POID—Persistent Object Identifier
* POJO—Plain Old Java Object
* POODLE—Padding Oracle On Downgraded Legacy Encryption
* POP—Point of Presence
* POP3—Post Office Protocol v3
* PoS—Point of Sale
* POSIX—Portable Operating System Interface, formerly IEEE-IX
* POST—Power-On Self Test
* POTP—Protected One-Time Password
* POTS—Plain old telephone service
* PPC—PowerPC
* PPI—Pixels Per Inch
* PPM—Pages Per Minute
* PPP—Point-to-Point Protocol
* PPPoA—PPP over ATM
* PPPoE—PPP over Ethernet
* PPTP—Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
* PR—Pull Request
* PRNG—Pseudorandom number generator
* PROM—Programmable Read-Only Memory
* PS—PostScript
* PS/2—Personal System/2
* PSA—Professional Services Automation
* PSK—Pre-shared key
* PSM—Platform Specific Model
* PSTN—Public Switched Telephone Network
* PSU—Power Supply Unit
* PSVI—Post-Schema-Validation Infoset
* PTS-DOS—PhysTechSoft – Disk Operating System
* PTZ—Pan–tilt–zoom camera
* PUA—Potentially unwanted application
* PUP—Potentially unwanted program
* PV—Physical Volume
* PVG—Physical Volume Group
* PVR—Personal Video Recorder
* PXE—Preboot Execution Environment
* PXI—PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation
* PRC—Procedure Remote Call

## Q

[edit]

* QA—Quality assurance
* QC—Quality control
* QC—Quick Charge
* QDR—Quad Data Rate
* QEMU—Quick Emulator
* QFP—Quad Flat Package
* QoS—Quality of Service
* QOTD—Quote of the Day
* QSOP—Quarter-size small-outline package
* Qt—a cross-platform application development framework for creating graphical user interfaces as well as applications that run on various software and hardware platforms
* QTAM—Queued Teleprocessing Access Method

## R

[edit]

* RA—Registration authority
* RACE—Research and Development in Advanced Communications Technologies in Europe
* RACF—Resource Access Control Facility
* RAD—Rapid Application Development
* RADIUS—Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service
* RAID—Redundant Array of Independent Disks
* RAII—Resource Acquisition Is Initialization
* RAIT—Redundant Array of Inexpensive Tapes
* RAM—Random-Access Memory
* RAM—Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability
* RAN—Radio access network
* RARP—Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
* RAS—Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability
* RAS—Remote access service
* RAT—Radio access technology
* RAT—Remote access trojan
* RBAC—Role-based access control
* RC—Region Code
* RC—Release Candidate
* RC—Run Commands
* RC4—Rivest Cipher 4
* RCA—Root Cause Analysis
* RCS—Revision Control System
* RD—Remote Desktop
* rd—remove directory
* RDBMS—Relational Database Management System
* RDC—Remote Desktop Connection
* RDF—Resource Description Framework
* RDM—Relational Data Model
* RDOS—Real-time Disk Operating System
* RDP—Remote Desktop Protocol
* RDS—Remote Desktop Services
* REFAL—Recursive Functions Algorithmic Language
* REST—Representational State Transfer
* regex—Regular Expression
* regexp—Regular Expression
* RF—Radio Frequency
* RFB—Remote FrameBuffer
* RFC—Request For Comments
* RFI—Radio Frequency Interference
* RFID—Radio-frequency identification
* RGB—Red, Green, Blue
* RHL—Red Hat Linux
* RHEL—Red Hat Enterprise Linux
* REXX—Restructured Extended Executor Language
* RIA—Rich Internet Application
* RIAA—Recording Industry Association of America
* RIP—Raster Image Processor
* RIP—Routing Information Protocol
* RIPE—Réseaux IP Européens
* RIPEMD—RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation Message Digest
* RIPEMD—RIPE Message Digest
* RIR—Regional Internet registry
* RISC—Reduced Instruction Set Computer
* RISC OS—Reduced Instruction Set Computer Operating System
* RJE—Remote Job Entry
* RLE—Run-Length Encoding
* RLL—Run-Length Limited
* rmdir—remove directory
* RMF—Risk Management Framework
* RMI—Remote Method Invocation
* RMS—Richard Matthew Stallman
* ROM—Read-Only Memory
* ROMB—Read-Out Motherboard
* ROM-DOS—Read-Only Memory – Disk Operating System
* RPA—Robotic Process Automation
* RPC—Remote Procedure Call
* RPG—Report Program Generator
* RPM—RPM Package Manager
* RPO—Recovery Point Objective
* RRAS—Routing and Remote Access Service
* RRSIG—Resource record signature
* RSA—Rivest Shamir Adleman
* RSBAC—Rule-set-based access control
* RSI—Repetitive Strain Injury
* RSR—Rapid Security Response
* RSS—Radio Service Software
* RSS—Remote service software
* RSS—Rich Site Summary, RDF Site Summary, or Really Simple Syndication
* RST—reStructuredText
* RSTP—Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
* RSVP—Resource Reservation Protocol
* RTAI—Real-Time Application Interface
* RTBH—Remote Triggered Black Hole Filtering
* RTC—Real-Time Clock
* RTD—Round-trip delay
* RTE—Real-Time Enterprise
* RTEMS—Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems
* RTF—Rich Text Format
* RTL—Right-to-Left
* RTMP—Real Time Messaging Protocol
* RTO—Recovery Time Objective
* RTOS—Real-Time Operating System
* RTP—Real-time Transport Protocol
* RTS—Ready To Send
* RTSP—Real-Time Streaming Protocol
* RTT—Round-trip time
* RTTI—Run-time Type Information
* RTU—Remote Terminal Unit
* RWD—Responsive Web Design

## S

[edit]

* SA—Security association
* SaaS—Software as a Service
* SAE—Simultaneous Authentication of Equals
* SASS—Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets
* SAM—Security Account Manager
* SAML—Security Assertion Markup Language
* SAN—Storage Area Network
* SAN—Subject Alternative Name
* SAS—Serial attached SCSI
* SASE—Secure access service edge
* SASE—Stand-alone synchronization equipment
* SASL—Simple Authentication and Security Layer
* SATA—Serial AT Attachment
* SAX—Simple API for XML
* SBOD—Spinning Beachball of Death
* SBP-2—Serial Bus Protocol 2
* sbin—superuser binary
* sbs—Small Business Server
* SCADA—Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
* SCAP—Security Content Automation Protocol
* SCEP—Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol
* SCCM—System Center Configuration Manager
* SCID—Source Code in Database
* SCM—Software Configuration Management
* SCM—Source Code Management
* SCP—Seattle Computer Products
* SCP—Secure copy protocol
* SCRAM—Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism
* SCSI—Small Computer System Interface
* SCTP—Stream Control Transmission Protocol
* SD—Secure Digital
* SDDC—Software-defined data center
* SDDL—Security Descriptor Definition Language
* SDH—Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
* SDI—Single-Document Interface
* SDIO—Secure Digital Input Output
* SDK—Software Development Kit
* SDL—Simple DirectMedia Layer
* SDLC—Software development life cycle
* SDN—Software-defined networking
* SDP—Session Description Protocol
* SDP—Software-defined protection
* SDR—Software-Defined Radio
* SDRAM—Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory
* SDSL—Symmetric digital subscriber line
* SD-WAN—Software-Defined Wide Area Network
* SDXF—Structured Data eXchange Format
* SE—Single Ended
* SECC—Single-Edged Contact Cartridge
* SED—Self-encrypting drive
* SEH—Structured Exception Handling
* SEI—Software Engineering Institute
* SELinux—Security-Enhanced Linux
* SEO—Search Engine Optimization
* SFTP—Secure File Transfer Protocol
* SFTP—Simple File Transfer Protocol
* SFTP—SSH File Transfer Protocol
* SGI—Silicon Graphics, Incorporated
* SGML—Standard Generalized Markup Language
* SGR—Select Graphic Rendition]]
* SGX—Software Guard eXtensions
* SHA—Secure Hash Algorithms
* SHA-1—Secure Hash Algorithm 1
* SHA-2—Secure Hash Algorithm 2
* SHA-3—Secure Hash Algorithm 3
* SHDSL—Single-pair High-speed Digital Subscriber Line
* SIEM—Security information and event management
* SIGCAT—Special Interest Group on CD-ROM Applications and Technology
* SIGGRAPH—Special Interest Group on Graphics
* SIMD—Single Instruction, Multiple Data
* SIM—Subscriber Identity Module
* SIMM—Single Inline Memory Module
* SIP—Session Initiation Protocol
* SIP—Supplementary Ideographic Plane
* SISD—Single Instruction, Single Data
* SISO—Single-Input and Single-Output
* SLA—Service-level agreement
* SLAAC—Stateless address autoconfiguration
* SLE—Single-loss expectancy
* SLED—SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop
* SLES—SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
* SLI—Scalable Link Interface
* SLIP—Serial Line Internet Protocol
* SLM—Service Level Management
* SLOC—Source Lines of Code
* SME—Subject Matter Expert
* SMF—Single-Mode (optical) Fiber
* SPM—Software project management
* SPMD—Single Program, Multiple Data
* SPOF—Single point of failure
* SMA—SubMiniature version A
* SMB—Server Message Block
* SMBIOS—System Management BIOS
* SMIL—Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
* S/MIME—Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
* SMP—Supplementary Multilingual Plane
* SMP—Symmetric Multi-Processing
* SMPS—Switch Mode Power Supply
* SMS—Short Message Service
* SMS—System Management Server
* SMT—Simultaneous Multithreading
* SMTP—Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
* SNA—Systems Network Architecture
* SNMP—Simple Network Management Protocol
* SNP—Secure Network Programming
* SNTP—Simple Network Time Protocol
* SOA—Service-Oriented Architecture
* SOAP—Simple Object Access Protocol
* SOAP—Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program
* SOAR—Security orchestration, automation and response
* SOC—Security operations center
* SOC—System and Organization Controls
* SoC—System on a chip
* SO-DIMM—Small Outline DIMM
* SOE—Standard Operating Environment
* SOHO—Small Office/Home Office
* SOI—Silicon On Insulator
* SOLID—Single-responsibility, Open-closed, Liskov substitution, Interface segregation, Dependency Inversion
* SOPA—Stop Online Piracy Act
* SOW—Statement of work
* SP—Service Pack
* SPA—Single Page Application
* SPF—Sender Policy Framework
* SPI—Serial Peripheral Interface
* SPI—Stateful Packet Inspection
* SPICE—Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments
* SPIM—Spam over instant messaging[7][8]
* SPARC—Scalable Processor Architecture
* SPOF—Single point of failure
* SQL—Structured Query Language
* SQLi—SQL injection
* SRAM—Static Random-Access Memory
* SRTP—Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
* SSA—Static Single Assignment
* SSD—Software Specification Document
* SSD—Solid-State Drive
* SSDP—Simple Service Discovery Protocol
* SSE—Streaming SIMD Extensions
* SSH—Secure Shell
* SSI—Server Side Includes
* SSI—Single-System Image
* SSI—Small-Scale Integration
* SSID—Service set identifier
* SSL—Secure Sockets Layer
* SSO—Single sign-on
* SSP—Supplementary Special-purpose Plane
* SSSE—Supplementary Streaming SIMD Extensions
* SSSP—Single Source Shortest Path
* SSTC—Security Services Technical Committee
* SSTP—Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol
* STIX—Scientific and Technical Information eXchange
* STP—Spanning Tree Protocol
* STUN—Session Traversal Utilities for NAT
* su—superuser
* SUS—Single UNIX Specification
* SUSE—Software und System-Entwicklung
* SVC—Scalable Video Coding
* SVD—Structured VLSI Design
* SVG—Scalable Vector Graphics
* SVGA—Super Video Graphics Array
* SVOT—Single version of the truth
* SWF—Shock Wave Flash
* SWG—Secure Web Gateway
* SWT—Standard Widget Toolkit
* Sysop—System operator

## T

[edit]

* TAO—Track-At-Once
* TACACS—Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System
* TAP—Test Access Port
* TAPI—Telephony Application Programming Interface
* TASM—Turbo ASseMbler
* TAXII—Trusted Automated eXchange of Indicator Information
* TB—TeraByte
* Tcl—Tool Command Language
* TCP—Transmission Control Protocol
* TCP/IP—Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
* TCSEC—Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria
* TCU—Telecommunication Control Unit|
* TDE—Transparent data encryption
* TDEA—Triple Data Encryption Algorithm
* TDES—Triple Data Encryption Standard
* TDMA—Time-Division Multiple Access
* TDP—Thermal Design Power
* TEAP—Tunnel Extensible Authentication Protocol
* TEE—Trusted execution environment
* TFT—Thin-Film Transistor
* TFTP—Trivial File Transfer Protocol
* TGT—Ticket Granting Ticket
* TI—Texas Instruments
* TIFF—Tagged Image File Format
* TKIP—Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
* TLA—Three-Letter Acronym
* TLD—Top-Level Domain
* TLS—Thread-Local Storage
* TLS—Transport Layer Security
* TLV—Type—length—value
* tmp—temporary
* TNC—Terminal Node Controller
* TNC—Threaded Neill-Concelman connector
* TOCTOU, TOCTTOU or TOC/TOU—Time-of-check to time-of-use
* TOTP—Time-based one-time password
* TPF—Transaction Processing Facility
* TPM—Trusted Platform Module
* TROFF—Trace Off
* TRON—Trace On
* TRON—The Real-time Operating system Nucleus
* TRSDOS—Tandy Radio Shack – Disk Operating System
* TS—Timestamp
* TSIG—Transaction signature
* TSO—Time Sharing Option
* TSP—Traveling Salesman Problem
* TSR—Terminate and Stay Resident
* TTF—TrueType Font
* TTL—Transistor—Transistor Logic
* TTLS—Tunneled Transport Layer Security
* TTL—Time To Live
* TTS—Text-to-Speech
* TTY—Teletype
* TUCOWS—The Ultimate Collection of Winsock Software
* TUG—TeX Users Group
* TURN—-Traversal Using Relays around NAT
* TWAIN—Technology Without An Interesting Name

## U

[edit]

* UAAG—User Agent Accessibility Guidelines
* UAC—User Account Control
* UART—Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
* UAS—Unmanned aircraft system
* UAT—User Acceptance Testing
* UAV—Unmanned aerial vehicle
* UB—Undefined Behavior
* UBA—User behavior analytics
* UCS—Universal Character Set
* UDDI—Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration
* UDMA—Ultra DMA
* UDP—User Datagram Protocol
* UEBA—User and entity behavior analytics
* UEFI—Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
* UEM—Unified endpoint management
* UHF—Ultra High Frequency
* UI—User Interface
* UL—Upload
* ULA—Uncommitted Logic Array
* ULSI—Ultra Large Scale Integration
* UMA—Upper Memory Area
* UMB—Upper Memory Block
* UML—Unified Modeling Language
* UML—User-Mode Linux
* UMPC—Ultra-Mobile Personal Computer
* UMTS—Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
* UNC—Universal Naming Convention
* UNIVAC—Universal Automatic Computer (By MKS)
* UPS—Uninterruptible Power Supply or Uninterrupted Power Supply
* URI—Uniform Resource Identifier
* URL—Uniform Resource Locator
* URN—Uniform Resource Name
* USB—Universal Serial Bus
* usr—User System Resources
* USR—U.S. Robotics
* UTC—Coordinated Universal Time
* UTF—Unicode Transformation Format
* UTM—Unified Threat Management
* UTP—Unshielded Twisted Pair
* UTRAN—Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
* UUCP—Unix to Unix Copy
* UUID—Universally Unique Identifier
* UVC—Universal Virtual Computer
* UWP—Universal Windows Platform
* UX—User Experience

## V

[edit]

* V2X—Vehicle-to-everything
* var—variable
* VaR—Value at risk
* VAX—Virtual Address eXtension
* VB—Visual Basic
* VBA—Visual Basic for Applications
* VBS—Visual Basic Script
* VCPI—Virtual Control Program Interface
* VDC—Virtual data center
* VDE—Virtual Desktop Environment
* VDI—Virtual Desktop Infrastructure
* VDM—Virtual DOS machine
* VDS—Virtual dedicated server
* VDSL—Very High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line
* VDU—Visual Display Unit
* VDX—Virtual Desktop eXtender
* VESA—Video Electronics Standards Association
* VFAT—Virtual File Allocation Table
* VFO—Variable-frequency oscillator
* VFS—Virtual File System
* VHD—Virtual Hard Disk
* VG—Volume Group
* VGA—Video Graphics Array
* VHF—Very High Frequency
* VLAN—Virtual Local Area Network
* VLB—Vesa Local Bus
* VLF—Very Low Frequency
* VLIW—Very Long Instruction Word
* VLSI—Very-Large-Scale Integration
* VLSM—Variable-length subnet masking
* VM—Virtual Machine
* VM—Virtual Memory
* VMM—Virtual Machine Monitor
* VNC—Virtual Network Computing
* VOD—Video On Demand
* VoIP—Voice over Internet Protocol
* VoLTE—Voice Over Long Term Evolution
* VPC—Virtual private cloud
* VPN—Virtual private network
* VPS—Virtual private server
* VPU—Visual Processing Unit
* VR—Virtual Reality
* VRAM—Video Random-Access Memory
* VRML—Virtual Reality Modeling Language
* VSAM—Virtual Storage-Access Method
* VSAT—Very Small Aperture Terminal
* VT—Video Terminal
* VTAM—Virtual Telecommunications Access Method
* VTL—Virtual Tape Library

## W

[edit]

* W3C—World Wide Web Consortium
* WAF—Web application firewall
* WAFS—Wide Area File Services
* WAI—Web Accessibility Initiative
* WAIS—Wide Area Information Server
* WAN—Wide Area Network
* WAP—Wireless Access Point
* WAP—Wireless Application Protocol
* WASM—Watcom ASseMbler
* WAVE—Wireless access in vehicular environments
* WBEM—Web-Based Enterprise Management
* WCAG—Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
* WCF—Windows Communication Foundation
* WDDM—Windows Display Driver Model
* WDM—Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
* WebDAV—WWW Distributed Authoring and Versioning
* WEP—Wired Equivalent Privacy
* WFI—Wait For Interrupt
* WIDE—Widely Integrated Distributed Environment
* WIDS—Wireless intrusion detection system
* WiMAX—Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
* WinFS—Windows Future Storage
* WinRT—Windows RunTime
* WINS—Windows Internet Name Service
* WIPS—Wireless intrusion prevention system
* WLAN—Wireless Local Area Network
* WMA—Windows Media Audio
* WMI—Windows Management Instrumentation
* WMV—Windows Media Video
* WNS—Windows Push Notification Service
* WOL—Wake-on-LAN
* WOR—Wake-on-Ring
* WORA—Write once, run anywhere
* WORE—Write once, run everywhere
* WORM—Write Once Read Many
* WPA—Wi-Fi Protected Access
* WPAD—Web Proxy Autodiscovery Protocol
* WPAN—Wireless Personal Area Network
* WPF—Windows Presentation Foundation
* WPS—Wi-Fi Protected Setup
* WS-D—Web Services Dynamic Discovery
* WSDL—Web Services Description Language
* WSFL—Web Services Flow Language
* WTLS—Wireless Transport Layer Security
* WUSB—Wireless Universal Serial Bus
* WWAN—Wireless Wide Area Network
* WWDC—Apple World Wide Developer Conference
* WWID—World Wide Identifier
* WWN—World Wide Name
* WWW—World Wide Web
* WYSIWYG—What You See Is What You Get
* WZC—Wireless Zero Configuration

## X

[edit]

* XAML—eXtensible Application Markup Language
* XDM—X Window Display Manager
* XDMCP—X Display Manager Control Protocol
* XCBL—XML Common Business Library
* XDR—eXtended detection and response
* XHTML—eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language
* XILP—X Interactive ListProc
* XML—eXtensible Markup Language
* XMMS—X Multimedia System
* XMPP—eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
* XMS—eXtended Memory Specification
* XNS—Xerox Network Systems
* XP—Cross-Platform
* XP—eXtreme Programming
* XPCOM—Cross Platform Component Object Model
* XPI—XPInstall
* XPIDL—Cross-Platform IDL
* XPS—XML Paper Specification
* XSD—XML Schema Definition
* XSL—eXtensible Stylesheet Language
* XSL-FO—eXtensible Stylesheet Language Formatting Objects
* XSLT—eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations
* XSRF—Cross-site request forgery
* XSS—Cross-Site Scripting
* XTACACS—eXtended Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System
* XTF—eXtensible Tag Framework
* XTF—eXtended Triton Format
* XUL—XML User Interface Language
* XVGA—eXtended Video Graphics Adapter

## Y

[edit]

* Y2K—Year Two Thousand
* Y2K38—Year Two Thousand Thirty Eight
* YACC—Yet Another Compiler Compiler
* YAGNI—You Aren't Gonna Need It
* YAML—YAML Ain't Markup Language
* YARN—Yet Another Resource Negotiator
* YaST—Yet another Setup Tool

## Z

[edit]

* ZCAV—Zone Constant Angular Velocity
* ZCS—Zero Code Suppression
* ZIF—Zero Insertion Force
* ZIFS—Zero Insertion Force Socket
* ZIP—ZIP file archive
* ZISC—Zero Instruction Set Computer
* ZOI—Zero One Infinity
* ZOPE—Z Object Publishing Environment
* ZMA—Zone Multicast Address
* ZPL—Z-level Programming Language

## See also

[edit]

* Acronym
* Internet slang
* List of file formats
* List of information technology initialisms

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Ledesma, Josue (16 June 2023). "What is the CIA Triad?". Varonis. Retrieved 13 July 2025.
2. ^ "What is a Data Privacy Officer?". © 2025 Teal Labs, Inc. Retrieved 13 July 2025.
3. ^ University of Tulsa (29 January 2025). "Data Privacy Officer: Job Description and Salary". Retrieved 13 July 2025.
4. ^ "Overview: False Rejection Rate (FRR)". © 2025 Plurilock Security Inc. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
5. ^ "What Does False Rejection Rate FRR Mean And Its Importance?". © 2025 Microblink. 24 October 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
6. ^ Hackvän, Stig. "LinuxWorld - Where did Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis go?". Archived from the original on 17 April 1999. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
7. ^ Baldikov, Nikola (24 February 2022). "What Is SPIM (Spam Over Instant Messaging)?". Brosix. Retrieved 13 July 2025.
8. ^ Alam, Asloob (24 February 2023). "What is SPIM (Spam Over Instant Messaging)?". Troop Messenger. Retrieved 13 July 2025.

* "Computing Acronyms and Abbreviations". All Acronyms. Retrieved 2008-07-12.

## External links

[edit]

* The UNIX Acronym List