List of converts to nontheism

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This list of converts to nontheism includes individuals who formerly identified with a religious affiliation but have since then openly rejected their former religion and theism and became nontheist. The list is organised by former religious affiliation and theism.

## Former Buddhists

[edit]

Name  | Country  | Notes

|
|

Khorloogiin Choibalsan | Mongolia | Communist revolutionary, politician, and leader of Mongolia.
Mao Zedong[1] | China | Communist revolutionary, politician and socio-political theorist and founding father of the People's Republic of China

## Former Christians

[edit]

See also: Christian atheism

Name  | Country  | Notes

|
|

John Abraham | India | Bollywood actor born to a Zoroastrian mother and a Marthomite Syrian Christian father; left Christianity and became an agnostic atheist.[2][3][4]
Amy Adams | United States | American actress; raised as a Mormon until her parents divorced in 1985 and left the church.[5][6]
Sami Aldeeb | Switzerland | Swiss lawyer and author of many books and articles on Arab and Islamic law born to a Palestinian Christian family; left Christianity and became a nontheist.[7]
Jacinda Ardern | New Zealand | Prime minister of New Zealand; raised Mormon, became agnostic.[8]
Javier Bardem | Spain | Actor; raised Catholic, became an agnostic.[9][10]
Dan Barker[11] | United States | Former preacher turned atheist activist and co-president of the Freedom From Religion Foundation.
Ingmar Bergman[12] | Sweden | Film director whose father was a parson; stated he lost his faith at age 8, but did not fully come to terms with that until making Winter Light.
Napoleon Bonaparte[13] | France | Emperor of France from 1804 to 1815; was raised Catholic.[14]
Martin Bormann[15][16][17] | Nazi Germany | Nazi official and right-hand man of Adolf Hitler; raised Protestant.[18]
Bob Brown[19] | Australia | Australian senator and former Parliamentary Leader of the Australian Greens.
Dan Brown[20] | United States | American author, raised Episcopalian but gravitated away from religion.
Warren Buffett[21] | United States | American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist, who is the chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway. He is considered one of the most successful investors in the world[22][23] and has a net worth of US$88.9 billion as of December 2019, making him the fourth-wealthiest person in the world.[24] Was raised as a Presbyterian, but has since described himself as agnostic.[21]
Bart Campolo[25] | United States | Humanist chaplain and son of pastor Tony Campolo.
Fidel Castro | Cuba | Cuban communist revolutionary and politician; Prime Minister of Cuba (1959–1976), and President (1976–2008); baptized into the Roman Catholic Church at the age of eight; later became an atheist.[26]
Nikolay Chernyshevsky[27] | Russia | Revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, critic, and socialist.
Helen Clark | New Zealand | Prime Minister; raised Presbyterian, became an agnostic.[28]
George Clooney | United States | Actor; raised Catholic, became an agnostic.[29]
Pat Condell | United Kingdom | Writer, political commentator, comedian and atheist internet personality.[30]
Marie Curie | Poland | Physicist and chemist; raised Catholic, became an agnostic.[31]
Charles Darwin[32][33] | United Kingdom | British naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution; raised as a Unitarian, later became an agnostic.
Richard Dawkins | United Kingdom | British ethologist, evolutionary biologist and author; was brought up as an Anglican until ceasing to believe in a deity in his teens, concluding that the theory of evolution was a better explanation for life's complexity.
Emily Deschanel | United States | American actress.[34]
Jerry DeWitt | United States | Former pastor of two evangelical churches; publicly converted to atheism in 2011 after twenty-five years of Christian ministry.[35] He has written a book based on his career and experiences entitled Hope After Faith.[36]
Matt Dillahunty | United States | Public speaker, raised Southern Baptist, considered becoming a minister. His religious studies, instead of bolstering his faith as he intended, led him to no longer believe in Christianity and then all religions.
Jonathan Edwards[37] | United Kingdom | Former British triple jumper; former Olympic, Commonwealth, European and World champion; formerly a devout Christian, and even presented episodes of the BBC Christian worship programme Songs of Praise.
Adolf Eichmann[38] | Nazi Germany | Nazi official; raised Protestant.
Anthony Fauci[39][40][41] | United States | American physician-scientist and immunologist who served as the director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the chief medical advisor to the president, grew up Catholic, but then considered himself a humanist
Ricky Gervais | United Kingdom | Actor, abandoned Christianity at the age of eight.[42]
Julia Gillard | Australia | Prime Minister; brought up in the Baptist faith, then became an atheist[43][44]
Joseph Goebbels[45] | Nazi Germany | Nazi propagandist; raised Catholic.
Mikhail Gorbachev | Soviet Union | Ruler of the USSR; baptized Russian Orthodox, became an atheist.[46]
Bob Hawke[47] | Australia | Former politician who served as the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia from 1983 to 1991.
Francois Hollande | France | French president, was raised Catholic, but became an agnostic later in life.[48] He now considers himself to be an atheist,[49] but still professes respect for all religious practices.[50]
Kim Il Sung[51][52] | North Korea | North Korean leader, was raised in a Presbyterian family.
Abraham Kovoor[53] | India | Indian professor and rationalist, noted for Abraham Kovoor's challenge.
Vladimir Lenin[54] | Soviet Union | Russian revolutionary, then ruler of the Soviet Union; was baptized into Orthodox Christianity but later renounced his belief in God.
Glenn Loury[55] | United States  | American academic and scholar.
Emmanuel Macron | France | President of France, raised in a non-religious family, he was baptized a Roman Catholic at his own request at age 12.[56]
Karl Marx | Germany | Philosopher; baptised into the Lutheran Church.
Joseph McCabe[57] | United Kingdom | Ordained as "Father Antony", but left the Catholic priesthood and abandoned theism; then wrote The Totalitarian Church of Rome and stated that "Atheism will in this century be the common attitude of civilized people."
Jennette McCurdy[58] | United States  | American singer-songwriter, filmmaker, and former actress; was raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, but left the religion in her early adulthood, citing fundamental disagreements with church doctrine.
François Mitterrand | France | President of France; his family was devoutly Catholic,[59] became agnostic following an observation of Nazi concentration camps at the end of World War II.[60]
Benito Mussolini[61] | Italy | Italian politician, journalist and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 to his ousting in 1943.
Friedrich Nietzsche[62] | Germany | German philosopher, poet, cultural critic and classical philologist.
Millosh Gjergj Nikolla | Albania | Albanian poet and writer; trained to be an Orthodox priest, but became an atheist.[63]
Nathan Phelps[64] | Canada | American Canadian author and LGBT rights activist; son of Fred Phelps.
Brad Pitt[65] | United States | Actor; raised as a Southern Baptist.
Alfred Rosenberg[15][66][67] | Nazi Germany | Leader of NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs; raised Protestant.
Maikel Nabil Sanad[68] | Egypt | Egyptian political activist, blogger, and a former political prisoner.
Michael Shermer[69] | United States | American science writer, historian of science, founder of The Skeptics Society, and editor-in-chief of its magazine Skeptic.
Albert Speer | Nazi Germany | Nazi architect; raised Christian. Became an agnostic atheist.[70]
Morgan Spurlock[71] | United States | American documentary filmmaker, humorist, television producer, screenwriter and playwright, raised Methodist but became agnostic later in life.
Joseph Stalin | Soviet Union | Russian revolutionary, then ruler of the USSR; studied to be an Orthodox priest but became an atheist after reading Karl Marx's books.[72]
Meryl Streep[73] | United States | American actress.
Julius Streicher[74] | Nazi Germany | Nazi official and founder of the antisemitic newspaper Der Stürmer; raised Catholic.
Chris Stuckmann[75][76][77] | United States | American film critic, filmmaker and YouTuber; raised as a Jehovah's Witnesses, but abandoned the faith around 2011, due to the faith's authority have been suppressing his hobby on film reviewing. And since referring himself as a areligious.
Julia Sweeney | United States | American actress, comedian and author.[78][79]
Charles Templeton | Canada | Co-founder of Youth for Christ; rejected Christianity for agnosticism after a struggle with doubts.[80]
Josip Broz Tito | Yugoslavia | Leader of the Yugoslav Partisans (Europe's most effective anti-Nazi resistance movement); revolutionary and statesman; Roman Catholic[81] who became an atheist.[82][83]
Michael J. Totten | United States | American journalist and author.[84]

## Former Hindus

[edit]

See also: Atheism in Hinduism

* Kamal Haasan – despite being born into a Hindu Brahmin family, declared himself an atheist[85]
* Goparaju Ramachandra Rao – Indian activist for atheism; wrote in We Become Atheists, "I was conventionally orthodox and superstitious in the days of my boyhood. I believed in the claims of divine revelations by my parental aunt."[86]
* Ram Gopal Varma – born into a Hindu family; claimed himself atheist[87]
* Vinayak Damodar Savarkar – president of Hindu Mahasabha; founder of the Hindutva movement; atheist;[88] did not define "Hindutva" by religion, and used to publicly advertise lectures on atheism and the non-existence of God[89]
* Shreela Flather, Baroness Flather of Windsor and Maidenhead – first Hindu woman in British politics; described herself as a "Hindu atheist"[90]
* Rajeev Khandelwal – Indian film and television actor; states himself an atheist[91]
* Doja Cat \- American rapper and singer; born to an Ashkenazi Jewish mother and practiced Hinduism for 4 years.

## Former Jews

[edit]

See also: Jewish atheism

Name  | Country  | Notes

|
|

Jack Cohen | United Kingdom | Reproductive biologist; worked with science fiction writers; co-wrote books including Evolving the Alien; his grandfather was a rabbi; he attended synagogue for cultural reasons, but was an atheist[92]
Émile Durkheim | France | Sociologist descended from a long line of rabbis; had an interest in religion as a social phenomenon; wrote The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life; was an agnostic by adulthood;[93] besides an interest, he saw some value in religion, but stated, "We must discover the rational substitutes for these religious notions that for a long time have served as the vehicle for the most essential moral ideas."[94]
Al Goldstein[95] | United States | Pornographer; widely regarded as the father of Internet pornography
Rebecca Goldstein | United States | Novelist and professor of philosophy; born into an Orthodox Jewish family; has an older brother who is an Orthodox rabbi; in 2011 she was named AHA's Humanist of the Year,[96] and is an atheist[97]
Carlo Strenger | Switzerland | Swiss-Israeli psychologist who describes his transition from Orthodox Judaism to secular atheism as the defining experience of his life[98]

## Former Muslims

[edit]

Javed Akhtar, Indian writer and lyricist Ismail Kadare. Albanian writer Salman Rushdie, author of The Satanic Verses[99] Former Muslim and Dutch politician Ehsan Jami; one of the two founders of the Central Committee for Ex-Muslims[100]

* As'ad Abu Khalil – Lebanese professor of political science at California State University, Stanislaus; describes himself as an "atheist secularist"[101][102]
* Zackie Achmat – South African anti-HIV/AIDS activist; founder of the Treatment Action Campaign[103]
* Ismail Adham – Egyptian writer and philosopher[104]
* Mina Ahadi – Iranian-born pacifist, founder of the German organization Central Council of Ex-Muslims[105]
* Javed Akhtar – Indian writer, lyricist, TV show host, secular and nationalist activist[106]
* Mirza Fatali Akhundov – 19th-century Azerbaijani playwright and philosopher[107]
* Waleed Al-Husseini – Qalqilyan blogger, writer, secular humanist, and founder of the Council of Ex-Muslims of France
* Ramiz Alia – Albanian communist leader and former president of Albania[108]
* Bisi Alimi – Nigerian gay rights activist based in the United Kingdom
* Kareem Amer – Egyptian blogger[109][110]
* Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Turkish field marshal, statesman, secularist reformer, and author; a deist or an atheist[111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120]
* Humayun Azad – Bangladeshi author, poet, scholar and linguist[121][122]
* Hassan Bahara – Moroccan-Dutch writer[123]
* Pelin Batu – Turkish actress and television personality[124][125]
* Hafid Bouazza – Moroccan-Dutch writer[126][127]
* Parvin Darabi – Iranian-born American writer and women's rights activist[128]
* Turan Dursun – Turkish author; was once a Turkish mufti; later authored many books critical of Islam[129]
* Afshin Ellian – Iranian professor[130]
* Enver Hoxha – Communist dictator who declared Albania the first atheist state[131]
* Ismail Kadare – World-renowned Albanian writer[132]
* Sarmad Kashani – 17th-century mystical poet and sufi saint; arrived from Persia to India; beheaded for assumed heresy by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb; renounced Judaism, briefly converting to Islam and then Hinduism; later denounced all religions and rejected belief in God[133][134]
* Raheem Kassam – British conservative activist
* Al-Ma'arri – blind Arab philosopher, poet and writer[135]
* Lounès Matoub – Algerian Berber Kabyle singer and activist[136]
* Asif Mohiuddin – Bangladeshi blogger and secularist[137]
* Seema Mustafa – Indian journalist, political editor and Delhi Bureau Chief of The Asian Age newspaper[138][139]
* Maryam Namazie – Iranian communist, political activist and leader of the British apostate-organization Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain[140]
* Kumail Nanjiani – Pakistani American stand-up comic and actor[141]
* Taslima Nasrin – Bangladeshi author, feminist, human rights activist and secular humanist[142]
* Armin Navabi – Iranian-born atheist and secular activist, author, podcaster and vlogger, known as founder of the popular website Atheist Republic.
* Aziz Nesin – Turkish humorist and author of more than 100 books[143]
* Asad Noor – Bangladeshi blogger and human rights activist[144]
* Barack Obama Sr. – Kenyan senior governmental economist, and the father of Barack Obama[145]
* Catherine Perez-Shakdam – French Jewish journalist, political analyst and commentator; formerly a marital convert to Sunni Islam[146]
* Ibn al-Rawandi – 9th-century early skeptic of Shia Islam, of Persian origin[147]
* Salman Rushdie – British-Indian novelist and essayist[99]
* Nyamko Sabuni – Politician in Sweden[148]
* Zohra Sehgal – Indian actress who has appeared in several Hindi and English language films[149]
* Anwar Shaikh – British author of Pakistani descent[150]
* Dr. Younus Shaikh – Pakistani medical doctor, human rights activist, rationalist and free-thinker[151]
* Ali Soilih – Comorian socialist revolutionary; president of the Comoros[152]
* Wafa Sultan – Syrian-born American psychiatrist; controversial critic of Islam; describes herself as a "secular humanist"[153][154]
* Arzu Toker – Turkish-born German writer, journalist, publicist and translator; founder of the German organization Central Council of Ex-Muslims
* Cenk Uygur – Turkish-American co-founder and main host of the progressive talk radio show The Young Turks; agnostic[155]
* Ibn Warraq – British Pakistani secularist author; founder of the Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society[156]
* Rishvin Ismath – Sri Lankan atheist and humanist; co-founder of Council of Ex-Muslims of Sri Lanka

## Former Shintos

[edit]

Name  | Country  | Notes

|
|

Hideki Tojo[157] | Japan | Politician, military general, and Prime Minister of Japan.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Schram 1966, p. 20; Terrill 1980, p. 11; Pantsov & Levine 2012, pp. 14, 17.
2. ^ I am a firm professor of self-belief: John Abraham. The Times of India. September 13, 2011
3. ^ "10 Indian Celebs Who Are Proclaimed Atheists". MensXP.com. 28 January 2014. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
4. ^ "My body is my religion: John Abraham". Test Sharma. CNN-IBN. July 20, 2012.
5. ^ Bilmes, Alex (December 18, 2013). "Amy Adams Interview: Esquire Meets The Star Of 'American Hustle'". Esquire. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
6. ^ Freeman, Hadley (November 5, 2016). "Amy Adams: 'I thought, if I can't figure this out, I can't work any more'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
7. ^ "Centre de droit arabe et musulman مركز القانون العربي والإسلامي". Centre de droit arabe et musulman مركز القانون العربي والإسلامي.
8. ^ "The politics of life: The truth about Jacinda Ardern". The New Zealand Herald. 29 January 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
9. ^ "Javier Bardem: 'People watch me. I feel absurd' – Profiles – People". The Independent. 16 January 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
10. ^ "Religious Backgrounds of Latino & Latina Hollywood Celebrities". www.latina.com. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
11. ^ Grauvogl, Ann (December 18, 2009). "Dan Barker and Annie Laurie Gaylor are happily God-free". Isthmus The Daily Page. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
12. ^ [The Films of Ingmar Bergman, by Jesse Kalin, 2003, pg. 193]
13. ^ "Revue des Deux Mondes – 1867 – tome 71, p.386" (in French). Fr.wikisource.org. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
14. ^ E. Hales, "Napoleon and the Pope", (London:1962) pg 114
15. ^ a b "Within the NSDAP (as in the German völkisch movement in general) there existed from the outset a group of old Hitler partisans who in contrast to the 'atheists' Alfred Rosenberg, Martin Bormann and others, believed in a union of National Socialism and Protestant Christianity." Martin Broszat, The Hitler State, p. 223
16. ^ "From 1938 Martin Bormann, head of the Party Chancellery and a prominent party atheist, took a leading role in trying to sever all state financial support for the churches, and to limit their legal status and activities, but the need to mobilize church support for the war effort from September 1939 led, as it did in the Soviet Union after 1941, to a limited political truce between Church and state." Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p. 286
17. ^ "Bormann, an atheist, waged a particularly fanatical fight against the Christian Church." Karl Wilhelm Krause, Herbert Döhring, Anna Plaim, Kurt Kuch, Living with Hitler: Accounts of Hitler's Household Staff, p. 273
18. ^ "Bormann lost the belief in God that his pious, fat Lutheran mother had drummed into him throughout his youth; he started to hate the soft, easygoing 'mealymouthed' bourgeois world into which he had been born." Charles Whiting, The Hunt for Martin Bormann: The Truth, p. 45
19. ^ "Q: What do these MPs have in common? A: They are out and proud atheists". Retrieved 13 August 2013.
20. ^ Kaplan, James (September 13, 2009). "Life after 'The Da Vinci Code'". Parade.
21. ^ a b Wired article Faces of the New Atheism: The Scribe published November 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
22. ^ "Ten great investors". Incademy Investor Education. Harriman House Ltd. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
23. ^ Farrington, Robert (April 22, 2011). "The top 10 investors of all time". The College Investor. The College Investor, LLC. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
24. ^ "Warren Buffett". Forbes. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
25. ^ Oppenheimer, Mark (29 Dec 2016). "The Evangelical Scion Who Stopped Believing". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
26. ^ Bourne 1986, pp. 29–30; Coltman 2003, pp. 5–6; Castro and Ramonet 2009, pp. 59–60.
27. ^ [Ana Siljak, Angel of Vengeance, page 58]
28. ^ Young, Audrey (16 March 2004). "Insults get personal between Clark and Brash". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2007.
29. ^ Waxman, Sharon (16 March 2004). "George Clooney, Uncowled". Washington Post. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
30. ^ Hay, Malcolm (3 November 2006). "Pat Condell: interview". Time Out London. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2010. "Condell's 56. He was born an Irish Catholic but educated in Church of England schools."
31. ^ Robert William Reid (1974). Marie Curie. New American Library. p. 6\. ISBN 978-0-00-211539-1. Retrieved 15 March 2016. "Unusually at such an early age, she became what T.H. Huxley had just invented a word for: agnostic."
32. ^ "Darwin Correspondence Project – Belief: historical essay". Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
33. ^ Letter 12041 – Darwin, C. R. to Fordyce, John, 7 May 1879
34. ^ DeSalvo, Robert (May 4, 2012). "Q&A: Emily Deschanel on Playing a 'Perfect' Catholic Lesbian". nextmovie.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
35. ^ "Jerry DeWitt". Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
36. ^ McKeon, Melissa (March 29, 2013). "Former evangelist-turned-atheist to speak April 9 at UU Church". Telegram.
37. ^ The Times
38. ^ While on death row, Eichmann told a minister, "Man would be stupid to believe there is a God when you look at nature." William Lovell Hull, The Struggle for a Soul: The Untold Story of a Minister's Final Effort to Convert Adolf Eichmann, p. 35
39. ^ Gallin, John I. (October 1, 2007). "Introduction of Anthony S. Fauci, MD". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (10): 3131–3135\. doi:10.1172/JCI33692. PMC 1994641. PMID 17909634.
40. ^ Fauci, Anthony (March 7, 1989). "Fauci89: Transcription of oral history interview" (PDF) (Interview). Interviewed by Victoria Harden. NIH. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2016.
41. ^ Fauci, Anthony (January 8, 2015). "Q&A with Dr. Anthony Fauci". C-SPAN (Interview). Interviewed by Brian Lamb. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
42. ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs, Ricky Gervais". BBC.
43. ^ Wright, Tony (30 June 2010). "PM tells it as she sees it on the God issue". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
44. ^ Weymouth, Lally (3 March 2013). "Lally Weymouth interviews Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
45. ^ "I am the bad one here, the renegade, the apostate, the outcast, the atheist, the revolutionary." Diary entry dated to December 29, 1923
46. ^ Rodriguez, Alex (23 March 2008). "Gorbachev a closet Christian?". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
47. ^ "ENOUGH ROPE with Andrew Denton - episode 176: Elders Part 5 - Bob Hawke (14/07/2008)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
48. ^ "Prince et chanoine : les nouveaux métiers de Hollande". Direct Matin. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
49. ^ Duchemin, Rémi (23 January 2014). "François Hollande, un athée très discret". Europe1.fr (in French). Europe 1. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
50. ^ Elkaïm, Olivia (5 April 2012). "François Hollande : des origines protestantes hollandaises". La Vie (in French). Retrieved 3 February 2013. ("En décembre dernier, François Hollande confiait à La Vie : 'Je n'ai aucune pratique religieuse. Mais je respecte toutes les confessions. La mienne est de ne pas en avoir.'")
51. ^ Kimjongilia – The Movie – Learn More Archived 18 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
52. ^ Byrnes, Sholto (7 May 2010). "The Rage Against God, By Peter Hitchens". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 12 May 2010.
53. ^ "Dr.Abraham Kovoor - the Rationalist of Indian Subcontinent". Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
54. ^ Fischer 1964, p. 9; Service 2000, pp. 50–51, 64.
55. ^ "The Ricochet Audio Network Superfeed - the Glenn Show: What Explains Persistent Racial Inequality? (Glenn Loury & Laurence Kotlikoff)".
56. ^ "La jeunesse très catholique des candidats à la présidentielle". La Croix. April 10, 2017 - via www.la-croix.com.
57. ^ Huberman, Jack (March 3, 2008). The Quotable Atheist: Ammunition for Nonbelievers, Political Junkies, Gadflies, and Those Generally Hell-Bound. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781568584195 - via Google Books.
58. ^ McCurdy, Jennette (September 23, 2020). "growing up mormon". Empty Inside. Retrieved November 16, 2020 - via YouTube.
59. ^ Tiersky, Ronald. François Mitterrand: A Very French President. 2003, Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 38–42.
60. ^ Tiersky, Ronald (1 January 2003). François Mitterrand: A Very French President. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742524736 - via Google Books.
61. ^ D.M. Smith 1982, pp. 2–3
62. ^ Nietzsche, Letter to His Sister (1865). Archived from the original on 2012-11-24.
63. ^ Bédé, Jean Albert; Edgerton, William Benbow (May 23, 1980). Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231037174 - via Google Books.
64. ^ "The Topeka Capital-Journal". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
65. ^ Gina Salamone (July 23, 2009). "Brad Pitt: 'I'm probably 20 percent atheist and 80 percent agnostic'". Daily News (New York). Retrieved January 19, 2010.
66. ^ Leon Goldensohn, The Nuremberg Interviews: An American Psychiatrist's Conversations with the Defendants and Witnesses, p. 75
67. ^ "Apart from [Rosenberg] giving his name and replying 'No' to a question as to whether he had anything to say, this atheist did not utter a word. Despite his disbelief in God he was accompanied by a Protestant chaplain, who followed him to the gallows and stood beside him praying." Hitler's Third Reich: A Documentary History, p. 613
68. ^ "An Egyptian Blogger's 'Crimes'". Haaretz.
69. ^ "Michael Shermer Interview". The Best Schools. Archived from the original on 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2017-12-26.
70. ^ Gitta Sereny, Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth, p. 494
71. ^ Logan, Michael (April 11, 2014). "Morgan Spurlock is CNN's Inside Man, Tracking Kardashians, UFOs and More". TV Guide. Retrieved December 2, 2021. "Spurlock: I was raised Methodist but as I grew up and traveled the world and met more and more people from various religions, I have become much more of an agnostic."
72. ^ Vladislav Zubok; Constantine Pleshakov. Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev. pp. 4. ISBN 0674455312. Zubok and Pleshakov further state, "Many would later note, however, that his works were influenced by a distinctly Biblical style" and "his atheism remained rooted in some vague idea of a God of nature."
73. ^ Brown, Mick (December 4, 2008). "Meryl Streep: mother superior". The Week. London. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
74. ^ Leon Goldensohn, The Nuremberg Interviews: An American Psychiatrist's Conversations with the Defendants and Witnesses, p. 256
75. ^ @Chris_Stuckmann (11 January 2021). "Thank you for the outpouring of support I've received since discussing my past as an #EXJW. I was nervous about sha…" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
76. ^ @Chris_Stuckmann (9 January 2021). "I was raised Jehovah's Witness. I want to thank Korey Coleman for giving me the opportunity to get that off my ches…" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
77. ^ "CHRIS STUCKMANN INTERVIEW | Double Toasted - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
78. ^ Miller, David Ian; Gate, Special to SF (August 15, 2005). "FINDING MY RELIGION / Julia Sweeney talks about how she became an atheist". SFGate.
79. ^ "The Seattle Times".
80. ^ "Billy Graham Movie Prepares for Oct. 10 Release". The Christian Post. 29 July 2008.
81. ^ Richard West, Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia, p.211, Carroll & Graff, 1996 ISBN 0-7867-0332-6
"In one of his talks with Church officials, Tito went so far as to speak of himself 'as a Croat and a Catholic', but this comment was cut out of the press reports on the orders of Kardelj."
82. ^ Nikolaos A. Stavrou (ed.), Mediterranean Security at the Crossroads: a Reader, p.193, Duke University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8223-2459-8
83. ^ Vjekoslav Perica, Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States, p.103, Oxford University Press US, 2004 ISBN 0-19-517429-1
84. ^ Totten, Michael J. (April 6, 2004). "Fighting Dirty". World Affairs Journal. American Peace Society. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015. "I'm not a Christian anymore, but I know if I were I would think it a desecration."
85. ^ Vijayasarathy, R G (2008). "Dasavathaaram is spectacular". Rediff.com. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
86. ^ "Introduction to "We Become Atheists" at Positive Atheism". Archived from the original on July 17, 2012.
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115. ^ ...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the secular Turkish Republic. He said: "I have no religion, and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea..." The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, Graham Oppy, Lexington Books, 2011, ISBN 0739167936, p. 146.
116. ^ Phil Zuckerman, John R. Shook, The Oxford Handbook of Secularism, Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN 0199988455, p. 167.
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> It is known by the world that, in our state administration, our main program is the Republican People's Party program. The principles it covers are the main lines that illuminate us in management and politics. But these principles must never be equated with the dogmas of books supposed to have come down from heaven. We derive our inspiration, not from heaven, or from an unseen world, but directly from life. Our path is guided by the homeland we live in, the Turkish nation of which we are members, and the conclusions we have drawn from the history of nations, which records a thousand and one disasters and sufferings. (Atatürk'ün Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'nin V. Dönem 3. Yasama Yılını Açış Konuşmaları, in Turkish)

120. ^

> Even before accepting the religion of the Arabs, the Turks were a great nation. After accepting the religion of the Arabs, this religion, didn't effect to combine the Arabs, the Persians and Egyptians with the Turks to constitute a nation. (This religion) rather, loosened the national nexus of Turkish nation, got national excitement numb. This was very natural. Because the purpose of the religion founded by Muhammad, over all nations, was to drag to an including Arab national politics. (Afet İnan, Medenî Bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün El Yazıları, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1998, p. 364.)

121. ^ "Dr. Humayun Azad laid to rest". Mukto-mona.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
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123. ^ Kranenberg, Annieke (August 11, 2007). "Als dit niet werkt, beledig ik Wilders wel" (in Dutch). De Volkskrant. Retrieved May 9, 2008. Quote: (Translation) "In interviews he calls himself an atheist, but until now 'I have been left alone by the beardmonkeys (referring to Muslim fundamentalists). Perhaps I have to make myself heard just a little bit better, I should be more explicit in my aversion to Islam and religion in general." (Dutch) "In interviews noemt hij zichzelf atheïst, maar tot nog toe 'ben ik ongemoeid gelaten door de baardapen. Misschien moet ik een hardere toon aanslaan en wat explicieter zijn in mijn afkeer van de islam en religies in het algemeen.'"
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### Works cited

[edit]

* Bourne, Peter G. (1986). Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro. New York City: Dodd, Mead & Company. ISBN 978-0-396-08518-8.
* Castro, Fidel (2009). My Life: A Spoken Autobiography. Ramonet, Ignacio (interviewer). New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-4165-6233-7.
* Coltman, Leycester (2003). The Real Fidel Castro. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10760-9.
* Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
* Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

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