List of countries by GDP (nominal)

For countries by GDP based on purchasing power parity, see List of countries by GDP (PPP).

For countries by GDP per capita, see List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita.

Largest economies in the world by GDP (nominal) in 2024
according to International Monetary Fund estimates[n 1][1]
Countries by estimated nominal GDP in 2024.[n 2]

> $20 trillion

$10–20 trillion

$5–10 trillion

$1–5 trillion

$750 billion – $1 trillion

$500–750 billion

$250–500 billion

$100–250 billion

$50–100 billion

$25–50 billion

$5–25 billion

< $5 billion

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|

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.[2] Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions, which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates. Nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency.[3] Such fluctuations may change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference in the standard of living of its population.[4]

Comparisons of national wealth are also frequently made based on purchasing power parity (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries. Other metrics, nominal GDP per capita and a corresponding GDP (PPP) per capita are used for comparing national standard of living. On the whole, PPP per capita figures are less spread than nominal GDP per capita figures.[5]

The rankings of national economies over time have changed considerably; the United States surpassed the British Empire's output around 1916,[6] which in turn had surpassed the Qing dynasty in aggregate output decades earlier.[7][8] Since China's transition to a socialist market economy through controlled privatisation and deregulation,[9][10] the country has seen its ranking increase from ninth in 1978, to second in 2010; China's economic growth accelerated during this period and its share of global nominal GDP surged from 2% in 1980 to 18% in 2021.[8][1][11] Among others, India has also experienced an economic boom since the implementation of economic liberalisation in the early 1990s.[12]

The first list includes estimates compiled by the International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook, the second list shows the World Bank's data, and the third list includes data compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division. The IMF's definitive data for the past year and estimates for the current year are published twice a year in April and October. Non-sovereign entities (the world, continents, and some dependent territories) and states with limited international recognition (such as Kosovo and Taiwan) are included in the list where they appear in the sources.

## Table

[edit]

The table initially ranks each IMF member including  sovereign states not part of the IMF, non-sovereign states and territories, and countries with limited recognition

The links in the "Country/Territory" row of the following table link to the article on the GDP or the economy of the respective country or territory.

GDP (million US$) by country  Country/Territory  | IMF[1][13] | World Bank[14] | United Nations[15]

|
|
|

Forecast | Year | Estimate | Year | Estimate | Year
World | 109,529,216 | 2024 | 105,435,540 | 2023 | 100,834,796 | 2022
United States | 28,781,083 | 2024 | 27,360,935 | 2023 | 25,744,100 | 2022
China | 18,532,633 | [n 1]2024 | 17,794,782 | [n 3]2023 | 17,963,170 | [n 1]2022
Germany | 4,591,100 | 2024 | 4,456,081 | 2023 | 4,076,923 | 2022
Japan | 4,110,452 | 2024 | 4,212,945 | 2023 | 4,232,173 | 2022
India | 3,937,011 | 2024 | 3,549,919 | 2023 | 3,465,541 | 2022
United Kingdom | 3,495,261 | 2024 | 3,340,032 | 2023 | 3,089,072 | 2022
France | 3,130,014 | 2024 | 3,030,904 | 2023 | 2,775,316 | 2022
Brazil | 2,331,391 | 2024 | 2,173,666 | 2023 | 1,920,095 | 2022
Italy | 2,328,028 | 2024 | 2,254,851 | 2023 | 2,046,952 | 2022
Canada | 2,242,182 | 2024 | 2,140,086 | 2023 | 2,137,939 | 2022
Russia | 2,056,844 | 2024 | 2,021,421 | 2023 | 2,240,422 | 2022
Mexico | 2,017,025 | 2024 | 1,788,887 | 2023 | 1,463,323 | 2022
Australia | 1,790,348 | 2024 | 1,723,827 | 2023 | 1,776,577 | 2022
South Korea | 1,760,947 | 2024 | 1,712,793 | 2023 | 1,673,916 | 2022
Spain | 1,647,114 | 2024 | 1,580,695 | 2023 | 1,415,874 | 2022
Indonesia | 1,475,690 | 2024 | 1,371,171 | 2023 | 1,319,100 | 2022
Netherlands | 1,142,513 | 2024 | 1,118,125 | 2023 | 1,008,027 | 2022
Turkey | 1,113,561 | 2024 | 1,108,022 | 2023 | 907,118 | 2022
Saudi Arabia | 1,106,015 | 2024 | 1,067,583 | 2023 | 1,108,148 | 2022
Switzerland | 938,458 | 2024 | 884,940 | 2023 | 818,426 | 2022
Poland | 844,623 | 2024 | 811,229 | 2023 | 688,125 | 2022
Taiwan | 802,958 | [n 4]2024 | — | —
Belgium | 655,192 | 2024 | 632,217 | 2023 | 582,643 | 2022
Sweden | 623,048 | 2024 | 593,268 | 2023 | 591,188 | 2022
Argentina | 604,260 | 2024 | 640,591 | 2023 | 631,133 | 2022
Ireland | 564,020 | 2024 | 545,629 | 2023 | 532,415 | 2022
Thailand | 548,890 | 2024 | 514,945 | 2023 | 495,340 | 2022
Austria | 540,887 | 2024 | 516,034 | 2023 | 470,302 | 2022
Israel | 530,664 | 2024 | 509,902 | 2023 | 525,002 | 2022
United Arab Emirates | 527,796 | 2024 | 504,173 | 2023 | 507,063 | 2022
Norway | 526,951 | 2024 | 485,513 | 2023 | 579,422 | 2022
Singapore | 525,228 | 2024 | 501,428 | 2023 | 466,788 | 2022
Philippines | 471,516 | 2024 | 437,146 | 2023 | 404,284 | 2022
Vietnam | 465,814 | 2024 | 429,717 | 2023 | 408,802 | 2022
Iran | 464,181 | 2024 | 401,505 | 2023 | 398,047 | 2022
Bangladesh | 455,162 | 2024 | 437,415 | 2023 | 432,677 | 2022
Malaysia | 445,519 | 2024 | 399,649 | 2023 | 406,305 | 2022
Denmark | 409,989 | 2024 | 404,199 | 2023 | 400,167 | 2022
Hong Kong | 406,775 | [n 5]2024 | 382,055 | 2023 | 359,838 | 2022
Colombia | 386,076 | 2024 | 363,540 | 2023 | 343,939 | 2022
South Africa | 373,233 | 2024 | 377,782 | 2023 | 405,270 | 2022
Romania | 369,971 | 2024 | 351,003 | 2023 | 300,690 | 2022
Egypt | 347,594 | 2024 | 395,926 | 2023 | 409,306 | 2022
Pakistan | 338,237 | 2023 | 338,368 | 2023 | 326,796 | 2022
Chile | 333,760 | 2024 | 335,533 | 2023 | 300,686 | 2022
Czech Republic | 325,880 | 2024 | 330,858 | 2023 | 290,527 | 2022
Finland | 308,055 | 2024 | 300,187 | 2023 | 282,511 | 2022
Portugal | 298,949 | 2024 | 287,080 | 2023 | 254,849 | 2022
Kazakhstan | 296,740 | 2024 | 261,421 | 2023 | 225,496 | 2022
Peru | 282,458 | 2024 | 267,603 | 2023 | 242,631 | 2022
Algeria | 266,780 | 2024 | 239,899 | 2023 | 191,912 | 2022
Iraq | 265,894 | 2024 | 250,843 | 2023 | 264,182 | 2022
New Zealand | 257,625 | 2024 | 253,466 | 2023 | 245,845 | 2022
Nigeria | 252,738 | 2024 | 362,815 | 2023 | 475,058 | 2022
Greece | 250,276 | 2024 | 238,206 | 2023 | 217,285 | 2022
Qatar | 244,686 | 2024 | 235,770 | 2022 | 237,101 | 2022
Hungary | 223,413 | 2024 | 212,389 | 2023 | 177,337 | 2022
Ethiopia | 205,130 | 2024 | 163,698 | 2023 | 118,971 | 2022
Ukraine | 188,943 | [n 6]2024 | 178,757 | [n 6]2023 | 160,502 | [n 6]2022
Kuwait | 160,397 | 2024 | 161,772 | 2023 | 175,363 | 2022
Morocco | 152,377 | 2024 | 141,109 | 2023 | 130,912 | [n 7]2022
Cuba | — | — | 147,193 | 2022
Slovakia | 140,808 | 2024 | 132,794 | 2023 | 115,304 | 2022
Dominican Republic | 127,356 | 2024 | 121,444 | 2023 | 113,537 | 2022
Ecuador | 121,592 | 2024 | 118,845 | 2023 | 115,049 | 2022
Puerto Rico | 117,763 | 2024 | 117,902 | 2023 | 113,434 | 2022
Guatemala | 110,035 | 2024 | 102,050 | 2023 | 95,003 | 2022
Oman | 108,927 | 2024 | 108,192 | 2023 | 114,666 | 2022
Bulgaria | 107,933 | 2024 | 101,584 | 2023 | 90,213 | 2022
Kenya | 104,001 | 2024 | 107,441 | 2023 | 113,419 | 2022
Venezuela | 102,328 | 2024 | — | 129,313 | 2022
Uzbekistan | 97,956 | 2024 | 90,889 | 2023 | 80,391 | 2022
Costa Rica | 96,058 | 2024 | 86,498 | 2023 | 68,380 | 2022
Angola | 92,123 | 2024 | 84,773 | 2023 | 113,304 | 2022
Luxembourg | 88,556 | 2024 | 85,755 | 2023 | 81,530 | 2022
Croatia | 88,076 | 2024 | 82,689 | 2023 | 71,552 | 2022
Panama | 87,347 | 2024 | 83,382 | 2023 | 76,522 | 2022
Ivory Coast | 86,911 | 2024 | 78,789 | 2023 | 70,018 | 2022
Uruguay | 82,605 | 2024 | 77,241 | 2023 | 71,171 | 2022
Turkmenistan | 81,896 | 2024 | 59,887 | 2023 | 67,009 | 2022
Serbia | 81,873 | 2024 | 75,187 | 2023 | 63,563 | 2022
Lithuania | 81,170 | 2024 | 77,836 | 2023 | 70,878 | 2022
Tanzania | 79,605 | 2024 | 79,158 | 2023 | 73,535 | [n 8]2022
Azerbaijan | 78,749 | 2024 | 72,356 | 2023 | 78,721 | 2022
Ghana | 75,244 | 2024 | 76,370 | 2023 | 73,766 | 2022
Sri Lanka | 74,846 | 2022 | 84,357 | 2023 | 76,187 | 2022
DR Congo | 73,761 | 2024 | 66,383 | 2023 | 62,551 | 2022
Slovenia | 72,101 | 2024 | 68,217 | 2023 | 59,981 | 2022
Belarus | 69,048 | 2024 | 71,857 | 2023 | 72,873 | 2022
Myanmar | 68,006 | 2024 | 64,815 | 2023 | 65,211 | 2022
Uganda | 56,310 | 2024 | 49,273 | 2023 | 48,243 | 2022
Tunisia | 54,708 | 2024 | 48,530 | 2023 | 46,181 | 2022
Macau | 54,677 | [n 9]2024 | 47,062 | 2023 | 24,042 | 2022
Jordan | 53,570 | 2024 | 50,814 | 2023 | 47,452 | 2022
Cameroon | 53,205 | 2024 | 47,946 | 2023 | 44,341 | 2022
Bolivia | 49,334 | 2024 | 45,850 | 2023 | 44,008 | 2022
Libya | 48,221 | 2024 | 50,492 | 2023 | 40,537 | 2022
Bahrain | 46,790 | 2024 | 43,205 | 2023 | 44,382 | 2022
Paraguay | 45,817 | 2024 | 42,956 | 2023 | 41,722 | 2022
Latvia | 45,466 | 2024 | 43,627 | 2023 | 40,876 | 2022
Cambodia | 45,150 | 2024 | 31,773 | 2023 | 29,504 | 2022
Nepal | 44,179 | 2024 | 40,908 | 2023 | 39,406 | 2022
Estonia | 43,486 | 2024 | 40,745 | 2023 | 38,049 | 2022
Honduras | 37,355 | 2024 | 34,401 | 2023 | 31,717 | 2022
Senegal | 35,450 | 2024 | 31,014 | 2023 | 27,775 | 2022
El Salvador | 35,333 | 2024 | 34,016 | 2023 | 32,488 | 2022
Zimbabwe | 34,405 | 2024 | 26,538 | 2023 | 26,418 | 2022
Cyprus | 34,221 | [n 10]2024 | 32,230 | [n 10]2023 | 29,210 | [n 10]2022
Iceland | 33,338 | 2024 | 31,020 | 2023 | 28,064 | 2022
Georgia | 32,865 | [n 11]2024 | 30,536 | [n 11]2023 | 24,605 | [n 11]2022
Papua New Guinea | 31,716 | 2024 | 30,933 | 2022 | 31,609 | 2022
Zambia | 29,872 | 2024 | 28,163 | 2023 | 29,136 | 2022
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 29,078 | 2024 | 27,055 | 2023 | 24,473 | 2022
Trinidad and Tobago | 28,365 | 2024 | 28,140 | 2023 | 30,053 | 2022
Sudan | 26,865 | 2024 | 109,327 | 2023 | 36,729 | 2022
Guinea | 25,447 | 2024 | 23,612 | 2023 | 20,846 | 2022
Albania | 25,431 | 2024 | 22,978 | 2023 | 18,916 | 2022
Armenia | 25,408 | 2024 | 24,212 | 2023 | 19,513 | 2022
Haiti | 24,046 | 2024 | 19,851 | 2023 | 18,751 | 2022
Mozambique | 22,975 | 2024 | 20,625 | 2023 | 18,406 | 2022
Malta | 22,737 | 2024 | 20,957 | 2023 | 18,100 | 2022
Mongolia | 21,943 | 2024 | 19,872 | 2023 | 17,146 | 2022
Burkina Faso | 21,902 | 2024 | 20,325 | 2023 | 19,176 | 2022
Lebanon | 21,780 | 2022 | 17,937 | 2023 | 39,303 | 2022
Mali | 21,662 | 2024 | 20,905 | 2023 | 18,827 | 2022
Botswana | 21,418 | 2024 | 19,396 | 2023 | 20,352 | 2022
Benin | 21,371 | 2024 | 19,673 | 2023 | 17,396 | 2022
Guyana | 21,178 | 2024 | 16,786 | 2023 | 14,718 | 2022
Gabon | 21,013 | 2024 | 20,516 | 2023 | 20,132 | 2022
Jamaica | 20,098 | 2024 | 19,423 | 2023 | 17,097 | 2022
Nicaragua | 18,829 | 2024 | 17,829 | 2023 | 15,671 | 2022
Niger | 18,816 | 2024 | 16,819 | 2023 | 15,414 | 2022
Chad | 18,697 | 2024 | 13,149 | 2023 | 16,799 | 2022
Palestine | 18,602 | [n 12]2023 | 17,396 | [n 12]2023 | 19,111 | [n 13]2022
Moldova | 18,356 | [n 14]2024 | 16,539 | [n 14]2023 | 14,510 | [n 14]2022
Yemen | 16,940 | 2024 | — | 11,007 | 2022
Madagascar | 16,465 | 2024 | 16,032 | 2023 | 14,954 | 2022
Mauritius | 16,359 | 2024 | 14,397 | 2023 | 12,898 | 2022
North Macedonia | 15,873 | 2024 | 14,761 | 2023 | 13,711 | 2022
Brunei | 15,510 | 2024 | 15,128 | 2023 | 16,681 | 2022
Congo | 15,501 | 2024 | 15,321 | 2023 | 15,344 | 2022
Laos | 15,190 | 2024 | 15,843 | 2023 | 15,362 | 2022
North Korea | — | — | 15,176 | 2022
Afghanistan | 14,467 | 2022 | 14,502 | 2022 | 14,174 | 2022
Bahamas | 14,390 | 2024 | 14,339 | 2023 | 12,897 | 2022
Rwanda | 13,701 | 2024 | 14,098 | 2023 | 13,312 | 2022
Kyrgyzstan | 13,599 | 2024 | 13,988 | 2023 | 10,930 | 2022
Tajikistan | 12,953 | 2024 | 12,061 | 2023 | 10,492 | 2022
Somalia | 12,804 | 2024 | 11,680 | 2023 | 10,420 | 2022
Namibia | 12,765 | 2024 | 12,351 | 2023 | 12,607 | 2022
Kosovo | 11,318 | 2024 | 10,438 | 2023 | 9,397 | 2022
Malawi | 11,241 | 2024 | 14,084 | 2023 | 12,558 | 2022
Equatorial Guinea | 10,708 | 2024 | 12,117 | 2023 | 11,767 | 2022
Mauritania | 10,628 | 2024 | 10,453 | 2023 | 10,997 | 2022
Togo | 9,832 | 2024 | 9,171 | 2023 | 8,087 | 2022
New Caledonia | — | 9,623 | 2022 | 9,623 | 2022
Syria | — | 8,980 | 2021 | 18,595 | 2022
Monaco | — | 8,784 | 2022 | 8,772 | 2022
Montenegro | 8,010 | 2024 | 7,405 | 2023 | 6,229 | 2022
Liechtenstein | — | 7,365 | 2022 | 7,757 | 2022
Bermuda | — | 7,828 | 2022 | 7,546 | 2022
Maldives | 7,199 | 2024 | 6,600 | 2023 | 6,170 | 2022
Barbados | 6,863 | 2024 | 6,394 | 2023 | 5,699 | 2022
Cayman Islands | — | 6,601 | 2022 | 6,281 | 2022
South Sudan | 6,517 | 2024 | — | 4,616 | 2022
French Polynesia | — | 5,815 | 2022 | 5,814 | 2022
Fiji | 5,801 | 2024 | 5,495 | 2023 | 4,979 | 2022
Eswatini | 5,085 | 2024 | 4,598 | 2023 | 4,326 | 2022
Liberia | 4,754 | 2024 | 4,332 | 2023 | 3,265 | 2022
Sierra Leone | 4,558 | 2024 | 3,810 | 2023 | 3,481 | 2022
Djibouti | 4,364 | 2024 | 4,099 | 2023 | 4,003 | 2022
Suriname | 4,337 | 2024 | 3,782 | 2023 | 3,620 | 2022
Aruba | 4,069 | 2024 | 3,545 | 2022 | 3,544 | 2022
Andorra | 3,897 | 2024 | 3,728 | 2023 | 3,376 | 2022
Belize | 3,296 | 2024 | 3,282 | 2023 | 2,830 | 2022
Greenland | — | 3,236 | 2021 | 2,926 | 2022
Bhutan | 3,110 | 2024 | 2,898 | 2022 | 2,898 | 2022
Curaçao | — | 3,074 | 2022 | 3,075 | 2022
Burundi | 3,075 | 2024 | 2,642 | 2023 | 4,032 | 2022
Central African Republic | 2,810 | 2024 | 2,555 | 2023 | 2,395 | 2022
Cape Verde | 2,718 | 2024 | 2,587 | 2023 | 2,314 | 2022
Gambia | 2,694 | 2024 | 2,340 | 2023 | 2,231 | 2022
Saint Lucia | 2,582 | 2024 | 2,520 | 2023 | 2,165 | 2022
Lesotho | 2,395 | 2024 | 2,046 | 2023 | 2,287 | 2022
Eritrea | — | — | 2,383 | 2022
Zanzibar | — | — | 2,361 | 2022
Seychelles | 2,203 | 2024 | 2,141 | 2023 | 1,994 | 2022
Guinea-Bissau | 2,151 | 2024 | 1,966 | 2023 | 1,574 | 2022
Antigua and Barbuda | 2,127 | 2024 | 2,033 | 2023 | 1,770 | 2022
San Marino | 2,033 | 2024 | 1,855 | 2021 | 1,780 | 2022
East Timor | 1,992 | 2024 | 2,243 | 2023 | 3,204 | 2022
Solomon Islands | 1,707 | 2024 | 1,631 | 2023 | 1,597 | 2022
Sint Maarten | — | 1,623 | 2023 | 1,572 | 2022
Comoros | 1,422 | 2024 | 1,352 | 2023 | 1,246 | 2022
Grenada | 1,406 | 2024 | 1,320 | 2023 | 1,192 | 2022
Turks and Caicos Islands | — | 1,402 | 2023 | 1,138 | 2022
Vanuatu | 1,289 | 2024 | 1,126 | 2023 | 985 | 2022
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1,134 | 2024 | 1,077 | 2023 | 979 | 2022
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1,128 | 2024 | 1,066 | 2023 | 946 | 2022
Samoa | 1,024 | 2024 | 934 | 2023 | 857 | 2022
São Tomé and Príncipe | 751 | 2024 | 603 | 2023 | 546 | 2022
Dominica | 708 | 2024 | 654 | 2023 | 612 | 2022
Tonga | 581 | 2024 | 500 | 2022 | 488 | 2022
Micronesia | 484 | 2024 | 460 | 2023 | 427 | 2022
Kiribati | 311 | 2024 | 279 | 2023 | 223 | 2022
Palau | 308 | 2024 | 263 | 2023 | 225 | 2022
Marshall Islands | 305 | 2024 | 284 | 2023 | 279 | 2022
Nauru | 161 | 2024 | 154 | 2023 | 147 | 2022
Tuvalu | 66 | 2024 | 62 | 2023 | 59 | 2022

## See also

[edit]

* Business and economics portal
* Contents/Lists portal

Countries:

* List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
* List of countries by GDP (PPP)
* List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
* List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)
* List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)

Other entities:

* List of cities by GDP
* List of continents by GDP
* Largest country subdivisions by GDP
* List of regions by past GDP (PPP)
* Trade bloc § Statistics

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Figures for China exclude Taiwan, and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
2. ^ Based on the best available GDP figure for each country at the time of creation (16 June 2024). Best available GDP figure was defined as the latest available figure from the International Monetary Fund (including forecasts for the current year), otherwise the latest available figure from the World Bank, otherwise the latest available figure from the United Nations Statistics Division; however, countries that didn't have any figure for a year more recent than 2019 were not included at all. For almost all countries, the latest IMF forecast figure for 2024 was used.
3. ^ Figures exclude the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
4. ^ The name used in the IMF report is "Taiwan Province of China".
5. ^ The name used in the IMF report is "Hong Kong SAR".
6. ^ a b c Figures exclude the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.
7. ^ Includes Western Sahara
8. ^ The UN figure excludes the autonomous region of Zanzibar.
9. ^ The name used in the IMF report is "Macao SAR".
10. ^ a b c Data are for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
11. ^ a b c Excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia
12. ^ a b The name used in the IMF and World Bank reports is "West Bank and Gaza".
13. ^ The name used by the UN is "State of Palestine".
14. ^ a b c Excludes data for Transnistria

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
2. ^ "What is GDP and why is it so important?". Investopedia. IAC/InterActiveCorp. 26 February 2009. Archived from the original on 23 May 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
3. ^ Moffatt, Mike. "A Beginner's Guide to Purchasing Power Parity Theory". About.com. IAC/InterActiveCorp. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
4. ^ Ito, Takatoshi; Isard, Peter; Symansky, Steven (January 1999). "Economic Growth and Real Exchange Rate: An Overview of the Balassa-Samuelson Hypothesis in Asia" (PDF). Changes in Exchange Rates in Rapidly Development Countries: Theory, Practice, and Policy Issues. National Bureau of Economic Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
5. ^ Callen, Tim (28 March 2012). "Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All". Finance & Development. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
6. ^ Frum, David (24 December 2014). "The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
7. ^ Matthews, Chris (5 October 2014). "5 Most Powerful Economic Empires of All Time". Fortune. Time, Inc. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
8. ^ a b Kroeber, Arthur R. (2016). China's Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York, United States: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190239053. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
9. ^ Kau, Michael Ying-mao (30 September 1993). China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping: A Decade of Reform. Studies on Contemporary China. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781563242786. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
10. ^ Hu, Zuliu; Khan, Mohsin S. (April 1997). "Why Is China Growing So Fast?" (PDF). Economic Issues. International Monetary Fund. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
11. ^ "China GDP growth slows as population crisis, Covid-19 cloud economic outlook". South China Morning Post. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
12. ^ Rodrik, Dani; et al. (March 2004). "From "Hindu Growth" to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition" (PDF). National Bureau of Economic Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
13. ^ "WEO Database, April 2024. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: World, European Union". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
14. ^ "GDP (current US$)". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
15. ^ "United Nations Statistics Division - National Accounts". unstats.un.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.

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Gross domestic product (GDP)|

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Purchasing
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Gross national income (GNI)|

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