List of current monarchs of sovereign states

Monarchs of various countries:

* Examples of absolute monarchs (top row):
* Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei
* Salman, King of Saudi Arabia
* Pope Francis
* Examples of executive monarchs (middle row):
* Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein
* Mohammed VI, King of Morocco
* Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar
* Examples of ceremonial monarchs (bottom row):
* Charles III, King of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms
* Naruhito, Emperor of Japan
* Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

A monarch is the head of a monarchy, a form of government in which a state is ruled by an individual who normally rules for life or until abdication, and typically inherits the throne by birth.[1] Monarchs may be autocrats (as in all absolute monarchies)[2] or may be ceremonial figureheads, exercising only limited or no reserve powers at all, with actual authority vested in a legislature and/or executive cabinet (as in many constitutional monarchies).[3] In many cases, a monarch will also be linked with a state religion.[4] Most states only have a single monarch at any given time, although a regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, not present, or otherwise incapable of ruling.[5] Cases in which two monarchs rule simultaneously over a single state, as is the current situation in Andorra, are known as coregencies.[6]

A variety of titles are applied in English; for example, "king" and "queen", "prince" and "princess", "grand duke" and "grand duchess", "emperor" and "empress". Although they will be addressed differently in their local languages, the names and titles in the list below have been styled using the common English equivalent. Roman numerals, used to distinguish related rulers with the same name,[7] have been applied where typical.

In political and sociocultural studies, monarchies are normally associated with hereditary rule; most monarchs, in both historical and contemporary contexts, have been born and raised within a royal family.[6][8] Succession has been defined using a variety of distinct formulae, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority. Some monarchies, however, are not hereditary, and the ruler is instead determined through an elective process; a modern example is the throne of Malaysia.[9] These systems defy the model concept of a monarchy, but are commonly considered as such because they retain certain associative characteristics.[10] Many systems use a combination of hereditary and elective elements, where the election or nomination of a successor is restricted to members of a royal bloodline.[11][12]

Entries below are listed beside their respective dominions, which are organised alphabetically. These monarchs reign as head of state in their respective sovereign states. Monarchs reigning over a constituent division, cultural or traditional polity are listed under constituent monarchs. For a list of former ruling families or abolished thrones, see: former ruling families.

## Monarchs by country[edit]

Title  | Monarch
(Birth year) | Sovereign state(s)  | Since  | Length  | House  | Type  | Heir to the throne  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Co-Prince[a] | Joan Enric Vives i Sicília
(b. 1949) |  |  Andorra | 12 May 2003 | 21 years, 67 days  | —  | Ceremonial | Ex officio | [13] [14]
Emmanuel Macron
(b. 1977) |  | 14 May 2017 | 7 years, 65 days  | —
King | Charles III[b]
(b. 1948) |  |  Antigua and Barbuda
Australia
The Bahamas
Belize
Canada
Grenada
Jamaica
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
United Kingdom | 8 September 2022[c] | 1 year, 314 days  | Windsor[d] | Ceremonial | William, Prince of Wales | [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]
King | Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
(b. 1950) |  |  Bahrain | 6 March 1999[e] | 25 years, 134 days  | Al Khalifa[f] | Executive | Salman, Crown Prince of Bahrain | [30]
King | Philippe
(b. 1960) |  |  Belgium | 21 July 2013 | 10 years, 363 days  | Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[g] | Ceremonial | Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant[h] | [34]
Druk Gyalpo | Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
(b. 1980) |  |  Bhutan | 9 December 2006[i] | 17 years, 222 days  | Wangchuck | Executive | Jigme Namgyel | [36]
Sultan | Hassanal Bolkiah
(b. 1946) |  |  Brunei | 5 October 1967
[dubious - discuss][j] | 56 years, 287 days  | Bolkiah | Absolute | Al-Muhtadee Billah | [37]
King | Norodom Sihamoni
(b. 1953) |  |  Cambodia | 14 October 2004[k] | 19 years, 278 days  | Norodom[l] | Ceremonial | Hereditary and elective[m] | [39]
King | Frederik X
(b. 1968) |  |  Denmark | 14 January 2024 | 186 days  | Glücksburg (official)[n]
Monpezat (agnatic) | Ceremonial | Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark | [43]
King | Mswati III
(b. 1968) |  |  Eswatini | 25 April 1986 | 38 years, 84 days  | Dlamini | Absolute | Hereditary and elective[o] | [46]
Emperor | Naruhito[p]
(b. 1960) |  |  Japan | 1 May 2019[q] | 5 years, 78 days  | Yamato[r] | Ceremonial | Fumihito, Prince Akishino (Heir presumptive)[s] | [52]
King | Abdullah II
(b. 1962) |  |  Jordan | 7 February 1999[t] | 25 years, 162 days  | Al Hāshim | Executive | Hereditary and elective (presumably Hussein bin Abdullah)[u] | [55] [56]
Emir | Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
(b. 1940) |  |  Kuwait | 16 December 2023[v] | 215 days  | Al Sabah[f] | Executive | Hereditary and elective (presumably Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah)[w] | [61]
King | Letsie III
(b. 1963) |  |  Lesotho | 7 February 1996[x] | 28 years, 162 days  | Moshesh | Ceremonial | Lerotholi Seeiso | [62] [63]
Prince | Hans-Adam II
(b. 1945) |  |  Liechtenstein | 13 November 1989[y] | 34 years, 248 days  | Liechtenstein | Executive | The Hereditary Prince Alois (currently Prince Regent)  | [64]
Grand Duke | Henri
(b. 1955) |  |  Luxembourg | 7 October 2000[z] | 23 years, 285 days  | Luxembourg-Nassau[aa] | Ceremonial | Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg | [66]
Yang di-Pertuan Agong[ab] | Ibrahim Iskandar
(b. 1958) |  |  Malaysia | 31 January 2024[ac] | 169 days  | Temenggong | Ceremonial & Federal | Elective (presumably Nazrin Shah)[ad] | [72]
Prince | Albert II
(b. 1958) |  |  Monaco | 6 April 2005[ae] | 19 years, 103 days  | Grimaldi | Executive | Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco | [76]
King | Mohammed VI
(b. 1963) |  |  Morocco | 23 July 1999[af] | 24 years, 361 days  | Alawi | Executive | Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco | [78]
King | Willem-Alexander
(b. 1967) |  |  Netherlands | 30 April 2013 | 11 years, 79 days  | Orange-Nassau[ag] | Ceremonial | Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange | [81]
King | Harald V
(b. 1937) |  |  Norway | 17 January 1991[ah] | 33 years, 183 days  | Glücksburg[n] | Ceremonial | Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway | [82]
Sultan | Haitham bin Tariq
(b. 1954) |  |  Oman | 11 January 2020 | 4 years, 189 days  | Al Said | Absolute | Theyazin bin Haitham | [83]
Emir | Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
(b. 1980) |  |  Qatar | 25 June 2013 | 11 years, 23 days  | Al Thani | Executive[84] | Abdullah bin Hamad | [85]
King | Salman
(b. 1935) |  |  Saudi Arabia | 23 January 2015 | 9 years, 177 days  | Al Saud | Absolute | Mohammed bin Salman[ai] | [87]
King | Felipe VI
(b. 1968) |  |  Spain | 19 June 2014 | 10 years, 29 days  | Borbón-Anjou | Ceremonial | Leonor, Princess of Asturias (Heir presumptive)[aj] | [89]
King | Carl XVI Gustaf
(b. 1946) |  |  Sweden | 15 September 1973[ak] | 50 years, 307 days  | Bernadotte | Ceremonial | Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden | [91]
King | Vajiralongkorn[al]
(b. 1952) |  |  Thailand | 13 October 2016[am] | 7 years, 279 days  | Chakri | Ceremonial | Dipangkorn Rasmijoti (Heir presumptive)  | [96]
King | Tupou VI
(b. 1959) |  |  Tonga | 18 March 2012 | 12 years, 122 days  | Tupou[an] | Executive | Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala | [98]
President | Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
(b. 1961) |  |  United Arab Emirates | 14 May 2022 | 2 years, 65 days  | Al Nahyan[ao] | Executive & Federal[ap] | Hereditary and elective (presumably Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan)[aq] | [102]
Pope | Francis[ar]
(b. 1936) |  |  Vatican City (Holy See)  | 13 March 2013 | 11 years, 127 days  | —  | Absolute | Elective | [103]

## See also[edit]

* List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign
* List of current non-sovereign monarchs
* List of current heads of state and government
* Heads of former ruling families
* List of monarchies
* List of living former sovereign monarchs
* List of current heirs apparent
* List of current consorts of sovereigns
* Records of heads of state

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ The Bishop of Urgell and the President of France each hold the position of co-prince of Andorra, but there is no personal title attached to the role.
2. ^ Charles is currently King of fifteen separate Commonwealth realms.
3. ^ Coronation took place 6 May 2023.
4. ^ Agnatically a member of the House of Glücksburg.
5. ^ Hamad bin Isa reigned as Amir of the State of Bahrain until 14 February 2002, when he assumed the new title of King of Bahrain under a new Constitution.[30]
6. ^ a b A clan of the Utub tribe.[31]
7. ^ The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[32] is a branch of the House of Wettin.[33]
8. ^ The Belgian monarch does not automatically assume the throne at the death or abdication of their predecessor; they only become monarch upon taking a constitutional oath.
9. ^ Coronation took place 6 November 2008.[35]
10. ^ Coronation took place 1 August 1968.[37]
11. ^ Coronation took place 29 October 2004.[38]
12. ^ A branch of the Varman dynasty. The surname "Norodom" is used by the descendants of Norodom I.[39][40]
13. ^ The king is selected for life by the Royal Council of the Throne from amongst the male descendants of kings Ang Duong, Norodom, and Sisowath.[41]
14. ^ a b Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.[42]
15. ^ Succession is subject to customary law, and does not follow primogeniture. A council of elders selects who among the reigning king's wives will be mother of the next king. This woman will succeed as Ndlovukati upon her son's ascension to the throne, and will rule alongside him for the duration of his reign. The king's first two wives are considered ineligible.[44][45]
16. ^ "Naruhito" is the current emperor's given name, but it is not his regnal name, and he is never referred to as this in Japanese. The era of Naruhito's reign bears the name "Reiwa", and according to custom he will be renamed "Emperor Reiwa" following his death.[citation needed][47]
17. ^ The formal enthronement ceremony was held on 22 October 2019.[48]
18. ^ The Japanese emperor does not have a family name.[49][50] The use of the name "Yamato" for the household derives from the ancient Yamato Court.[51] It is used often as a name for the imperial dynasty, but has no official basis.
19. ^ Succession is based upon male primogeniture. However, Naruhito currently has no male children.
20. ^ Formally enthroned on 9 June 1999.[53]
21. ^ Succession is based upon primogeniture. However, the reigning king may also select his successor from among eligible princes.[54]
22. ^ Formally enthroned on 20 December 2023 upon the invitation of Parliament.[57]
23. ^ The heir is appointed by the reigning emir, and the nomination must also be approved by a majority of members in the National Assembly.[58] The throne was traditionally alternated between the two main branches of the Al Sabah family – the Al Salem and Al Jaber – until 2006.[59][60] The current emir is of the Al Jaber branch.
24. ^ Coronation took place 31 October 1997. Has previously reigned as king from 12 November 1990 until 25 January 1995.[62]
25. ^ Formally enthroned on 15 August 1990.[citation needed] Prior to his accession, Hans-Adam had served as prince regent since 26 August 1984.[64] On 15 August 2004, the prince formally appointed his son Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein as regent, in preparation for his succession to the throne, but remained head of state in accordance with the constitution.[65]
26. ^ Prior to formal enthronement, Henri had served as prince regent since 4 March 1998.[66]
27. ^ The royal family of Luxembourg are members of the House of Nassau-Weilburg,[67] descended from the House of Nassau and the Parma branch of the House of Bourbon.
28. ^ Roughly translates as "Supreme Head of State", and is commonly rendered in English as "King".[68]
29. ^ Elected on 27 October 2023.[69] Term of office started on 31 January 2024.[70]
30. ^ The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term by and from amongst the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states, who form the Council of Rulers. The position has to date been, by informal agreement, systematically rotated between the nine; the order was originally based on seniority.[71]
31. ^ Albert II was formally enthroned as prince in a two-part ceremony, in accordance with tradition, on 12 July and 19 November 2005.[73][74] He had previously served as regent from 31 March 2005 until his accession to the throne.[75]
32. ^ Formally enthroned on 30 July 1999.[77]
33. ^ The Dutch royal family is descended from the Houses of Nassau and Lippe. [79][80]
34. ^ Formally enthroned on 21 January 1991, and consecrated on 23 June 1991. Prior to his accession, Harald had served as prince regent since 1 June 1990.[82]
35. ^ Succession is determined by consensus within the House of Saud as to who will be Crown Prince. This consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions:[86]
36. ^ Succession is based upon male primogeniture. However, Felipe VI currently has no male children.[88]
37. ^ Formally enthroned on 19 September 1973.[90]
38. ^ Name is also written as Mahawachiralongkon.[92] He is also styled Rama X.[93]
39. ^ Vajiralongkorn was proclaimed King on 1 December 2016 with retroactive effect to the date of his father's death.[93] The coronation took place from 4 – 6 May 2019.[94][95]
40. ^ A line of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu dynasty.[97][98]
41. ^ The Al Nahyan are a branch of the Al Falahi, a clan of the Yas tribe.[99]
42. ^ The Prime Minister is the head of the government. However, with the consent of the Supreme Council, the office is appointed by the President, who retains considerable power.[100]
43. ^ According to the Constitution, the President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council from among the individual rulers of the seven emirates.[100] However, by informal agreement the Presidency is always passed to the head of the Al Nahyan clan, the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi (see constituent monarchs), which makes it a de facto hereditary position. In addition, the appointed Prime Minister has always been the head of the Al Maktoum clan and Sheikh of Dubai.[101]
44. ^ As Sovereign of the Vatican City State, by virtue of being Bishop of Rome.

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## External links[edit]

* Soszynski, Henry. "Genealogical Gleanings: Royal and Noble Lineages". University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011.

* v
* t
* e

Monarchies

* Monarch
* Imperial, royal and noble ranks
* List of current sovereign monarchs
* List of current non-sovereign monarchs
* List of monarchy referendums

Type|

* Absolute
* Constitutional
* Diarchy
* Elective
* Federal
* Hereditary
* Non-sovereign
* Personal union
* Regency

Topics|

* Abdication
* Abolition of monarchy
* Aristocracy
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* Democratization
* Decolonization
* Dynasty
* Government
* Head of state
* Legitimacy (political)
* Oligarchy
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* Self-proclaimed monarchy
* Sovereignty

Titles|

* Chhatrapati
* Emperor
* King
* Queen regnant
* Prince regnant
* Raja
* khan
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* Pharaoh

Current|

| Africa|

* Eswatini
* Lesotho
* Morocco
* list

|

Asia|

* Bahrain
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* list

Europe|

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Oceania|

* Tonga

Commonwealth realms|

* Antigua and Barbuda
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* Niue
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Former|

| Africa|

* Adamawa
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* and other

|

Americas|

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Asia|

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Europe|

* Albania
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Oceania|

* Abemama
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* Easter Island
* Kingdom of Fiji
* Hawaii
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* Mangareva
* Niuē-Fekai
* Nuku Hiva
* Raiatea
* Rapa Iti
* Rarotonga
* Rimatara
* Rurutu
* Tahuata
* Tahiti

Commonwealth realms|

* Barbados
* Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
* Fiji
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guyana
* India (British Raj, princely states)
* Irish Free State / Ireland
* Kenya
* Malawi
* Malta
* Mauritius
* Nigeria
* Pakistan
* Rhodesia
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* Tanganyika
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Uganda

* v
* t
* e

Current monarchs of sovereign states

Africa|

* Mswati III
* Letsie III
* Mohammed VI

Americas|

* Charles III

Asia|

* Hamad
* Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
* Hassanal Bolkiah
* Norodom Sihamoni
* Naruhito
* Abdullah II
* Mishal
* Ibrahim Iskandar
* Haitham
* Tamim
* Salman
* Vajiralongkorn
* Mohamed

Europe|

* Joan Enric Vives i Sicília and Emmanuel Macron
* Philippe
* Frederik X
* Hans-Adam II
* Henri
* Albert II
* Willem-Alexander
* Harald V
* Felipe VI
* Carl XVI Gustaf
* Charles III
* Francis

Oceania|

* Charles III
* Tupou VI

* See also: Current heirs of sovereign monarchies

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