List of disasters by cost

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Disasters can have high costs associated with responding to and recovering from them. This page lists the estimated economic costs of relatively recent disasters.

The costs of disasters vary considerably depending on a range of factors, such as the geographical location where they occur. When a large disaster occurs in a wealthy country, the financial damage may be large, but when a comparable disaster occurs in a poorer country, the actual financial damage may appear to be relatively small. This is in part due to the difficulty of measuring the financial damage in areas that lack insurance. For example, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, with a death toll of around 230,000 people, cost a "mere" $15 billion,[1] whereas in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in which 11 people died, the damage was six times higher.

The most expensive disaster in human history is the Chernobyl disaster, costing an estimated $700 billion.[2] Chernobyl's circumstances make it a unique but particularly devastating situation that is unlikely to ever happen again. Estimations have only increased over time, with the recent figure coming from the release of new government data up to 2016.[3] Furthermore, the cost is expected to perpetually increase for several thousand years as cleanup operations and the economic impact of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone continue indefinitely.[4] The most expensive natural disaster is the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, costing an estimated $360 billion.[5]

## Over $1 billion

[edit]

This table lists disasters which are estimated to have an economic cost of at least 1 billion United States dollars without taking inflation into account.

List of disasters by cost. Over $1 billion. Actual, and inflated to 2024 (unless otherwise stated)  Event  | Cost ($ billion)  | Fatalities  | Type  | Year  | Nation(s)

|
|
|
|
|

Actual  | Inflated
Chernobyl disaster | $700[6] | $917.1  | 30–16,000 | Contamination (Radioactive)  | 1986  |  Soviet Union (, , )
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami \+ Fukushima nuclear disaster | $360[7][8][5] | $503.2  | 19,759  | Undersea Megathrust Earthquake, Tsunami, Contamination (Radioactive)  | 2011  |  Japan
Great Hanshin earthquake | $200[9] | $412.7  | 5,502 – 6,434  | Earthquake  | 1995  |  Japan
2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes | $157.8[10][11] | $162.8  | 59,488 – 62,013  | Earthquake  | 2023  | West Asia ( Turkey,  Syria)
2008 Sichuan earthquake | $130[12] | $189.9  | 87,587  | Earthquake  | 2008  |  China
Hurricane Katrina | $125[13] | $201.2  | 1,392  | Tropical cyclone  | 2005  |  United States,  Bahamas
Hurricane Harvey | $125[13] | $160.3  | 107  | Tropical cyclone  | 2017  | Americas (, , , , others)
Hurricane Ian | $112[13] | $120.3  | 161  | Tropical cyclone  | 2022  | North America (, , , others)
2020 South Asian floods | $105[14][15] | $127.6  | 6,511  | Flood  | 2020  | South Asia (, , , others)
Hurricane Maria | $91.6[13] | $117.5  | 3,059[16] | Tropical cyclone  | 2017  | North America (, , , others)
Hurricane Milton | $85[17] | $85  | 35  | Tropical cyclone  | 2024  | North America and the Antiles (, , , others)
Hurricane Helene | $81.6[18] | $81.6  | 225  | Tropical cyclone  | 2024  | North America (, , , others)
Hurricane Ida | $75[19] | $87  | 107  | Tropical cyclone  | 2021  | North America (, , , others)
2019–20 Australian bushfire season | $69[20] | $83.8  | 451  | Wildfire  | 2019-20  |  Australia
Hurricane Sandy | $68.7[13] | $94.1  | 254  | Tropical cyclone  | 2012  | North America (, , , others)
Hurricane Irma | $64.8[13] | $83.1  | 134  | Tropical cyclone  | 2017  | North America (, , , others)
Deepwater Horizon oil spill | $60 – $100[21] | $86.5 – $144.2  | 11  | Contamination (Oil)  | 2010  |  United States
January 2025 Southern California wildfires | $57[22] | $57  | 30  | Wildfire  | 2025  |  United States
2021 European floods | $54[23] | $62.7  | 243  | Flood  | 2021  | Europe (, , , others)
1988–1990 North American drought | $53.25[24] | $135.1  | 5,000+  | Drought  | 1988-89  |  United States,  Canada
2012–2013 North American drought | $49.6 – $56.1[25] | $67 – $75.7  | 104  | Drought  | 2012-13  |  United States,  Canada
2010 China floods | $51.4[26] | $74.1  | 3,189  | Flood  | 2010  |  China,  North Korea
1994 Northridge earthquake | $49[27] | $104  | 57  | Earthquake  | 1994  |  United States
2015 Southeast Asian haze | $47[28] | $62.3  | 100,300[29] | Wildfire, subsequent haze  | 2015  | Southeast Asia (, , , others)
2016 Kumamoto earthquakes | $46[30] | $60.3  | 273  | Earthquake  | 2016  |  Japan
2011 Thailand floods | $45.7[31] | $63.9  | 815  | Flood  | 2011  |  Thailand
2023 South Asian floods | $41.6[32] | $42.9  | 2,309  | Flood  | 2023  | South Asia (, , , others)
2022 European heatwaves | $40.2[33] | $43.2  | 24,501  | Heatwave  | 2022  | Europe (, , , others)
2011 Christchurch earthquake | $40[34] | $55.9  | 185  | Earthquake  | 2011  |  New Zealand
2022 Pakistan floods | $40[35] | $43  | 1,700  | Flood  | 2022  |  Pakistan
Hurricane Ike | $38[13] | $55.5  | 214  | Tropical cyclone  | 2008  | North America (, , , others)
2020 China floods | $32[36][37] | $38.9  | 278[36] | Flood  | 2020  |  China
Typhoon Doksuri | $28.5[citation needed] | $29.4  | 137  | Tropical cyclone  | 2023  | Southeast Asia (

, , , others)

2004 Chūetsu earthquake | $28[38][39] | $46.6  | 68  | Earthquake  | 2004  |  Japan
Hurricane Wilma | $27.4[13] | $44.1  | 87  | Tropical cyclone  | 2005  | North America (, , , others)
Hurricane Andrew | $27.3[13] | $61.2  | 65  | Tropical cyclone  | 1992  |  United States
February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm | $26.5[40] | $30.8  | 237[41][42][43][44] | Winter storm, Infrastructure failure (electric)  | 2021  | North America (, , )
Hurricane Ivan | $26.1[13] | $43.4  | 124  | Tropical cyclone  | 2004  | North America (, , , others)
Hurricane Michael | $25.1[45] | $31.4  | 74  | Tropical cyclone  | 2018  | North America (, , , others)
2018 California wildfires | $24.0[25] | $30.1  | 103  | Wildfire  | 2018  |  United States
2011 Sikkim earthquake | $22.3[46] | $31.2  | 111  | Earthquake  | 2011  | Southern Asia (, , , others)
2016 China floods | $22[47] | $28.8  | 449  | Flood  | 2016  |  China
September 11 terrorist attacks | $21.8 – $135[48] | $38.7 – $239.7  | 2,996  | Terror attack  | 2001  |  United States
Storm Daniel | $21.1[49] | $21.8  | 5,951 – 20,000  | Tropical cyclone, Dam failure  | 2023  |  Libya,  Greece
2021 Henan floods | $20.9[50] | $24.3  | 398 (official confirmed)  | Flood  | 2021  |  China
1980 Irpinia earthquake | $20[51] | $76.3  | 4,900  | Earthquake  | 1980  |  Italy
2024 Central European floods | $20[52] | $20  | 27  | Flood  | 2024  | Central Europe (, , , others)
2002 European floods | $19.2  | $33.6  | 232  | Flood  | 2002  | Central Europe (, , , others)
Hurricane Laura | $19.1[36][53] | $23.2  | 77  | Tropical cyclone  | 2020  | North America (, , , others)
Hurricane Rita | $18.5[13] | $29.8  | 97 – 125  | Tropical cyclone  | 2005  |  United States
Cyclone Lothar | $17.6[54] | $33.2  | 140  | European windstorm  | 1999  | Western Europe (, , , others)
Typhoon Hagibis | $17.3[55] | $21.3  | 139  | Tropical cyclone  | 2019  |  Japan
Hurricane Charley | $16.9[13] | $28.1  | 35  | Tropical cyclone  | 2004  | North America (, , )
2012 Nigeria floods | $16.9[56] | $23.1  | 363  | Flood  | 2012  |  Nigeria
2006 European heatwave | $16.3[57] | $23.9  | 3,418  | Heatwave  | 2006  | Europe (, , , others)
2009 L'Aquila earthquake | $16.0[58] | $23.5  | 308  | Earthquake  | 2009  |  Italy
Hurricane Otis | $16.0[59] | $17  | 52 or more  | Tropical cyclone  | 2023  |  Mexico
Typhoon Yagi | $15.8[citation needed] | $15.8  | 815  | Tropical cyclone  | 2024  | Southeast Asia (, , ,, others)
2012 Northern Italy earthquakes | $15.8[60] | $21.6  | 27  | Earthquake  | 2012  |  Italy
2013 European floods | $15.6[61] | $21.1  | 25  | Flood  | 2013  | Europe (, , , others)
Cyclone Amphan | $15.5[62][63] | $18.8  | 128[64] | Tropical cyclone  | 2020  | Eastern South Asia (, , , others)
Hurricane Matthew | $15.1[65][66] | $19.8  | 731  | Tropical cyclone  | 2016  | North America (, , , others)
Great Flood of 1993 | $15 – $20[67] | $32.7 – $43.5  | 47  | Flood  | 1993  |  United States
Cyclones Daria, Vivian, and Wiebke | $15[68] | $36.1  | 197  | European windstorm  | 1990  | Western Europe (, , , others)
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami | $15[1] | $25  | 230,000 – 280,000  | Earthquake, Tsunami  | 2004  | Southeast Asia (, , , others)
2010 Russian heat wave | $15[69] | $21.6  | 56,000  | Wildfire, Heatwave  | 2010  |  Russia
October 2017 Northern California wildfires | $15[70][71][better source needed] | $19.2  | 44  | Wildfire  | 2017  |  United States
2010 Chile earthquake | $15 – $30[72] | $21.6 – $43.3  | 525  | Earthquake  | 2010  |  Chile
2020 Beirut explosion | $15[73] | $18.2  | 218  | Ammonium nitrate explosion  | 2020  |  Lebanon
2024 European floods | $14.9[74] | $14.9  | 337+  | Flood  | 2024  | Europe (, , , others)
2023 Western North America heat wave | $14.8[75] | $15.3  | 995  | Heatwave  | 2023  | North America (, , )
2003 European heatwave | $14.5[76] | $24.8  | 72,000  | Heatwave  | 2003  | Europe (, , , others)
1988 Armenian earthquake | $14.2[77] | $37.8  | 38,000  | Earthquake  | 1988  |  Armenia ( Soviet Union)
Hurricane Irene | $14.2[13] | $19.8  | 58  | Tropical cyclone  | 2011  | North America (, , , others)
Typhoon Jebi | $13[78] | $16.3  | 21  | Tropical cyclone  | 2018  | East Asia (, , , others)
Cyclone Nargis | $12.9[79] | $18.8  | 138,366  | Tropical cyclone  | 2008  |  Myanmar
November 2015 Paris attacks | $12.7[80] | $16.8  | 130  | Terror attack  | 2015  |  France
2015 South India floods | $12[81] | $15.9  | 506  | Flood  | 2015  |  India
2020 Zagreb earthquake | $11.7[82] | $14.2  | 1  | Earthquake  | 2020  |  Croatia,  Slovenia
August 2020 Midwest derecho | $11.5[83] | $14  | 4[83] | Derecho  | 2020  |  United States
August 2016 Central Italy earthquake | $11[84] | $14.4  | 299  | Earthquake  | 2016  |  Italy
2023 Emilia-Romagna floods | $11[85] | $11.4  | 17  | Flood  | 2023  |  Italy
2024 Spanish floods | $11[86] | $11  | 232  | Flood  | 2024  |  Spain
2025 Myanmar earthquake | $11[87] | $11  | 5,456  | Earthquake  | 2025  | Indochina (, , , others)
Typhoon Fitow | $10.4[88] | $14  | 12  | Tropical cyclone  | 2013  |  China
2011 Super Outbreak \+ Hackleburg–Phil Campbell and Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornadoes | $10.2[25] | $14.3  | 348  | Tornado outbreak  | 2011  |  United States
2021 Western North America heat wave | $10.1[75] | $11.7  | 1,400  | Heat Wave  | 2021  |  Canada,  United States
2016 Louisiana floods | $10 – $15[89] | $13.1 – $19.7  | 13  | Flood  | 2016  |  United States
1980 United States heat wave | $10[25] | $38.2  | 1,700 – 10,000  | Drought  | 1980  |  United States
Typhoon Mireille | $10[90] | $23.1  | 64  | Tropical cyclone  | 1991  |  Japan
1999 Jiji earthquake | $10[91] | $18.9  | 2,415  | Earthquake  | 1999  |  Taiwan
2007 Chūetsu earthquake | $10[92] | $15.2  | 11  | Earthquake  | 2007  |  Japan
April 2015 Nepal earthquake | $10[93] | $13.3  | 8,964  | Earthquake  | 2015  | Southern Asia (, , , others)
Cyclone Kyrill | $10[68] | $15.2  | 44  | European windstorm  | 2007  | Western Europe (, , , others)
June 2008 Midwest floods | $10[25] | $14.6  | 16  | Flood  | 2008  |  United States
1976 Tangshan earthquake | $10[25] | $55.3  | 242,419 – 655,000  | Earthquake  | 1976  |  China
Typhoon Faxai | $10[94] | $12.3  | 3  | Tropical cylone  | 2019  |  Japan,  Wake Island
2014 Ludian earthquake | $9.91[95] | $13.2  | 615 – 727  | Earthquake  | 2014  |  China
2018 Japan floods | $9.86 (official estimated)
[citation needed] | $12.1  | 238 (official confirmed)  | Flood  | 2018  |  Japan
Hurricane Frances | $9.8[13][96][97][98] | $16.3  | 50  | Tropical cyclone  | 2004  | North America (, )
Hurricane Hugo | $9.5[13] | $24.1  | 60  | Tropical cyclone  | 1989  | North America (, , , others)
Hurricane Georges | $9.4[13] | $18.1  | 604  | Tropical cyclone  | 1998  | North America (, , , others)
Typhoon Lekima | $9.28[99] | $11.4  | 105  | Tropical cyclone  | 2019  | Southeast Asia (, , , others)
Cyclone Gabrielle | $9.2[100] | $9.5  | 11  | Tropical cyclone  | 2023  |  New Zealand
2022 Nigeria floods | $9.12[101] | $9.8  | 612  | Flood  | 2022  |  Nigeria
Tropical Storm Allison | $9[102] | $16  | 55  | Tropical cyclone  | 2001  |  United States,  Canada
Typhoon Songda | $9[103] | $15  | 28  | Tropical cyclone  | 2004  |  Japan
2022 Fukushima earthquake | $8.8[104] | $9.5  | 4  | Earthquake  | 2022  |  Japan
1999 İzmit earthquake | $8.5[105] | $16  | 17,127 – 18,373  | Earthquake  | 1999  |  Turkey
Tropical Storm Allison | $8.5[13] | $15.1  | 55  | Tropical cyclone  | 2001  |  United States
Hurricane Gustav | $8.3[13] | $12.1  | 153  | Tropical cyclone  | 2008  | North America (, , , others)
Hurricane Eta | $8.3[36] | $10.1  | 189  | Tropical cyclone  | 2020  | Caribbean basin (, , , others)
2010 Haiti earthquake | $8.1 – $14[106][107] | $11.7 – $20.2  | 100,000 – 220,000  | Earthquake  | 2010  |  Haiti
Cyclone Fani | $8.1[108] | $10  | 89  | Tropical cyclone  | 2019  |  India,  Bangladesh
1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake | $8[109] | $19.3  | 45,000  | Earthquake  | 1990  |  Iran
2017 Puebla earthquake | $8[110] | $10.3  | 370  | Earthquake  | 2017  |  Mexico
Hurricane Jeanne | $7.9[13] | $13.2  | 3,035  | Tropical cyclone  | 2004  | North America (, , , others)
2016 Fort McMurray wildfire | $7.61[111][112] | $10  | 2  | Wildfire  | 2016  |  Canada
2022 China heat wave | $7.6[113] | $8.2  | 50,900[114] | Heatwave  | 2022  |  China
2023 Slovenia floods | $7.6[115] | $7.8  | 7  | Flood  | 2023  | Julian Alps (, , )
2001 Gujarat earthquake | $7.5[116] | $13.3  | 20,023  | Earthquake  | 2001  |  India,  Pakistan
2021 Pacific Northwest floods | $7.5[117] | $8.7  | 5  | Flood  | 2021  |  Canada,  United States
2024 Noto earthquake | >$7.4 (estimated)[118] | >$7.4  | 570  | Earthquake  | 2024  |  Japan
Hurricane Sally | $7.3[83] | $8.9  | 5[83] | Tropical cyclone  | 2020  |  United States
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024 | $7.3[119] | $7.3  | 31  | Tornado outbreak  | 2024  |  United States
Typhoon Rammasun | $7.13[120] | $9.5  | 196  | Tropical cyclone  | 2014  | Southeast Asia (, , , others)
2023 Al Haouz earthquake | $7[121] | $7.2  | 2,960  | Earthquake  | 2023  |  Morocco
Exxon Valdez oil spill | $7[122] | $17.8  | 0  | Contamination (Oil)  | 1989  | North America (, )
Typhoon Nina \+ 1975 Banqiao Dam failure | $6.7[123] | $39.2  | 229,000  | Tropical cyclone, Dam failure  | 1975  |  China,  Taiwan
Hurricane Floyd | $6.5[13] | $12.3  | 74  | Tropical cyclone  | 1999  | North America (, , )
2007 United Kingdom floods | $6.5[124] | $9.9  | 13  | Flood  | 2007  |  United Kingdom
Typhoon Hato | $6.41[125][126][127] | $8.2  | 24  | Tropical cyclone  | 2017  | Southeast Asia (, , , others)
Space Shuttle Columbia disaster | $6.4[128] | $10.9  | 7  | Space flight accident  | 2003  |  United States
Typhoon Saomai-Osang | $6.3[129] | $11.2  | 28  | Tropical cyclone  | 2000  | East Asia (, , )
Black Saturday bushfires | $6.3[20] | $9.2  | 173  | Wildfire  | 2009  |  Australia
2017 Iran–Iraq earthquake | $6.2[130] | $8  | 630  | Earthquake  | 2017  |  Iran, Iraq
Typhoon Morakot | $6.2[131] | $9.1  | 789  | Tropical cyclone  | 2009  | Southeast Asia (, , , others)
Hurricane Beryl | $6.2[132] | $6.2  | 70  | Tropical cyclone  | 2024  | Caribbean basin (, , , , others)
Hurricane Mitch | $6.1[13] | $11.8  | 11,374+  | Tropical cyclone  | 1998  | North America (, , , others)
Cyclone Xynthia | $6.1[68] | $8.8  | 75  | European windstorm  | 2010  | Western Europe (, , , others)
2020 Petrinja earthquake | $6.1[133] | $7.4  | 7  | Earthquake  | 2020  | Balkans (, , , others)
Tornado outbreak of May 6–10, 2024 | $6.1[119] | $6.1  | 6  | Tornado outbreak  | 2024  |  United States
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake | $6[134] | $15.2  | 63  | Earthquake  | 1989  |  United States
Typhoon Prapiroon | $6[135] | $11  | 75  | Tropical cyclone  | 2000  | Northeast Asia (, , , others)
Northeast blackout of 2003 | $6[136] | $10.3  | 11  | Infrastructure failure (electric)  | 2003  |  United States,  Canada
Cyclone Klaus | $6[68] | $8.8  | 26  | European windstorm  | 2009  | Southeastern Europe (, , , others)
2013 Alberta floods | $6[137] | $8.1  | 5  | Flood  | 2013  |  Canada
Typhoon Shanshan | $6[138] | $6  | 8  | Tropical cyclone  | 2024  |  Japan,  South Korea
Tornado outbreak of March 31–April 1, 2023 | $5.7[139] | $5.9  | 33  | Tornado outbreak | 2023  |  United States
2020 Kyushu floods | $5.67[140] | $6.9  | 77  | Flood  | 2020  |  Japan
Cyclone Gudrun | $5.5[68] | $8.9  | 24  | European windstorm  | 2005  | North Europe (, , , others)
Hurricane Isabel | $5.5[13] | $9.4  | 51  | Tropical cyclone  | 2003  |  United States
1993 Storm of the Century | $5.5[141] | $12  | 270[141] | Winter storm  | 1993  |  United States
2023 Hawaii wildfires | $5.5[119] | $5.7  | 102  | Wildfire  | 2023  |  United States
2005 Kashmir earthquake | $5.2[142] | $8.4  | 86,000 – 87,351  | Earthquake  | 2005  |  Pakistan ,  India
1980 El Asnam earthquake | $5.2[143] | $19.8  | 5,000  | Earthquake  | 1980  |  Algeria
Hurricane Dorian | $5.1[144][145][146] | $6.3  | 84[145][146] | Tropical cyclone  | 2019  | North America (,,, others)
1931 China floods | $5.07[147] | $104.8  | 422,499 – 4,000,000  | Flood  | 1931  |  China
1985 Mexico City earthquake | $5[148] | $14.6  | 10,000 – 35,000  | Earthquake  | 1985  |  Mexico
Typhoon Herb | $5[149] | $10  | 284 – 590  | Tropical cyclone  | 1996  | East Asia (, , )
2003 Boumerdès earthquake | $5[51] | $8.5  | 2,266  | Earthquake  | 2003  |  Algeria
2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull | $5[150] | $7.2  | 0  | Volcanic eruption  | 2010  |  Iceland, Northern Hemisphere (ash cloud only)
Tropical Storm Imelda | $5[151] | $6.1  | 5[151] | Tropical cyclone  | 2019  |  United States
2025 Tibet earthquake | $5[152] | $5  | 126  | Earthquake  | 2025  | Southern Asia (, , )
2019 Karnataka floods | $4.95[153] | $6.1  | 61  | Flood  | 2019  |  India
2014 Southeast Europe floods | $4.8[154] | $6.4  | 86  | Flood  | 2014  | Southeast Europe (, , , others)
2018 Kerala floods | $4.8[155] | $6  | 483  | Flood  | 2018  |  India
2021–2022 Malaysian floods | $4.77[156] | $5.1  | 54  | Flood  | 2022  |  Malaysia
Hurricane Opal | $4.7[13] | $9.7  | 63  | Tropical cyclone  | 1995  | North America (, , , others)
1997 Umbria and Marche earthquake | $4.67[157] | $9.1  | 11  | Earthquake  | 1997  |  Italy
Typhoon Haiyan | $4.6[158][159][160] | $6.2  | 6,329 – 7,403  | Tropical cyclone  | 2013  | Southeast Asia (, , , others)
2022–2023 California floods | $4.6[161] | $4.7  | 22  | Flood  | 2022-23  |  United States
1979 Montenegro earthquake | $4.5[162] | $19.5  | 136  | Earthquake  | 1979  |  Yugoslavia (, , )
1997 Central European flood | $4.5[163] | $8.8  | 114  | Flood  | 1997  | Central Europe

(, , )

1997 Indonesian forest fires \+ 1997 Southeast Asian haze \+ Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 | $4.47[164] | $8.8  | 240  | Wildfire, subsequent haze and plane crash  | 1997  | Southeast Asia (, , , others)
1999 Odisha cyclone | $4.44[165] | $8.4  | 9,887  | Tropical cyclone  | 1999  | South Asia (, , , others)
2020 Sudan floods | $4.43[166] | $5.4  | 100  | Flood  | 2020  |  Sudan
Cyclone Gonu | $4.42[167] | $6.7  | 78  | Tropical cyclone  | 2007  |  Oman,  Iran
Hurricane Zeta | $4.4[168] | $5.3  | 9  | Tropical cyclone  | 2020  | North America and the Antiles (, , , others)
Typhoon Mawar | $4.3[169] | $4.4  | 6  | Tropical cyclone  | 2023  | West Pacific basin (, , , others)
Cyclone Phailin | $4.26[170] | $5.8  | 46  | Tropical cyclone  | 2013  | South Asia (, , , others)
1999 Athens earthquake | $4.2[171] | $7.9  | 143  | Earthquake  | 1999  |  Greece
Typhoon Rusa | $4.2[172] | $7.3  | 238  | Tropical cyclone  | 2002  | East Asia (, , , others)
Hurricane Manuel | $4.2[173] | $5.7  | 123  | Tropical cyclone  | 2013  |  Mexico
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2003 | $4.1[25] | $7  | 42  | Tornado  | 2003  |  United States
2019 Iran floods | $4.1[174] | $5  | 77  | Flood  | 2019  |  Iran
Great Storm of 1987 | $4[68] | $11.1  | 22  | European windstorm  | 1987  | Western Europe (, , , others)
2017 Chiapas earthquake | $4[175] | $5.1  | 98  | Earthquake  | 2017  |  Mexico,  Guatemala
Hurricane Dennis | $3.98[176][177] | $6.4  | 88  | Tropical cyclone  | 2005  | North America and the Antiles (, , , others)
1983 Spanish floods | $3.9[178] | $12.3  | 34  | Flood  | 1983  |  Spain
Hurricane Stan | $3.9[179] | $6.3  | 1,673  | Tropical cyclone  | 2005  | Central America (, , , others)
Hurricane Karl | $3.9[180] | $5.6  | 22  | Tropical cyclone  | 2010  |  Mexico,  Belize
Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021 | $3.9[181] | $4.5  | 90  | Tornado  | 2021  |  United States
Cyclone Chido | $3.9[182] | $3.9  | 172+  | Cyclone  | 2024  | South-west Africa (, , , others)
Typhoon Mangkhut | $3.74[183] | $4.7  | 134  | Tropical cyclone  | 2018  | Southeast Asia (, , , others)
2024 Rio Grande do Sul floods | $3.7[184] | $3.7  | 181  | Flood  | 2024  |  Brazil,  Uruguay
Hurricane Isabel | $3.6[185] | $6.2  | 51  | Tropical cyclone  | 2003  | North America and the Antiles (, , , others)
Cyclone Yasi | $3.6[186] | $4.6  | 7  | Tropical cyclone  | 2011  |  Australia
Cyclone Hudhud | $3.58[187] | $4.8  | 124  | Tropical cyclone  | 2014  |  India,  Nepal
Typhoon Utor | $3.55[188] | $4.8  | 97  | Tropical cyclone  | 2013  |  China,  Philippines
Cyclone Matmo–Bulbul | $3.54[189] | $4.4  | 43  | Tropical cyclone  | 2019  | South Asia (, , , others)
Vargas tragedy | $3.5[190] | $6.6  | 10,000 – 30,000  | Flood, landslide and mudflow  | 1999  |  Venezuela
2016 Kaikōura earthquake | $3.5[191] | $4.6  | 2  | Earthquake  | 2016  |  New Zealand
Hurricane Idalia | $3.5[192] | $3.6  | 12  | Tropical cyclone  | 2023  | North America (, , , others)
Cyclone Vardah | $3.37[193] | $4.4  | 47  | Tropical cyclone  | 2016  | Indian Ocean basin (, , , others)
2022 eastern Australia floods | $3.33[194] | $3.6  | 27  | Flood  | 2022  |  Australia
Hurricane Luis | $3.3[195] | $6.8  | 19  | Tropical cyclone  | 1995  | North America and the Antiles (, , , others)
2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake | $3.3[196] | $4.1  | 41  | Earthquake  | 2018  |  Japan
1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake | $3.2[197] | $17.7  | 5,000  | Earthquake  | 1976  |  Turkey,  Iran
Space Shuttle Challenger disaster | $3.2[198] | $9.2  | 7[199] | Space flight accident  | 1986  |  United States
Typhoon Winnie | $3.2[200] | $6.3  | 372  | Tropical cyclone  | 1997  | East Asia (, , , others)
2010 Central European floods | $3.14[201] | $4.5  | 37  | Flood  | 2010  | Central Europe (, , , others)
Hurricane Isaac | $3.11[202][203] | $4.3  | 41  | Tropical cyclone  | 2012  | North America and the Antiles (, , , others)
1976 Moro Gulf earthquake | $3.1[204] | $17.1  | 8,000  | Earthquake  | 1976  |  Philippines
Hurricane Iniki | $3.1[13] | $6.9  | 6  | Tropical cyclone  | 1992  |  United States
2006 Yogyakarta earthquake | $3.1[205] | $4.8  | 5,749  | Earthquake  | 2006  |  Indonesia
2019–20 Puerto Rico earthquakes | $3.1[206] | $3.8  | 4  | Earthquake  | 2020  |  Puerto Rico
2023 Canadian wildfires | $3.1[207] | $3.2  | 8  | Wildfire  | 2023  |  Canada,  United States
Hurricane Delta | $3.09[208] | $3.8  | 6  | Tropical cyclone  | 2020  | North and Central America (, , , others)
Hurricane Fiona | $3.09[209][210] | $3.3  | 29  | Tropical cyclone  | 2022  | North America (, , , others)
1964 Niigata earthquake | $3.0[211] | $30.4  | 36  | Earthquake  | 1964  |  Japan
Hurricane Alicia | $3.0[212] | $9.5  | 21  | Tropical cyclone  | 1983  |  United States
Hurricane Gilbert | $3.0[13] | $8  | 318  | Tropical cyclone  | 1988  | North America (, , , others)
2016 Ecuador earthquake | $3.0[213] | $3.9  | 676  | Earthquake  | 2016  | Latin America (, , )
2019 Arkansas River floods | $3.0[214] | $3.7  | 5  | Flood  | 2019  |  United States
Cyclone Yaas | $2.99[215] | $3.5  | 20  | Tropical cyclone  | 2021  | South Asia (, , , others)
June 2012 North American derecho | $2.9[25] | $4  | 22  | Derecho  | 2012  |  United States
2019 Midwestern U.S. floods | $2.9[25] | $3.6  | 3  | Flood  | 2019  |  United States
Tropical Storm Lee | $2.8[216] | $3.9  | 18  | Tropical cyclone  | 2011  |  United States
2011 Joplin tornado | $2.8[217] | $3.9  | 158  | Tornado  | 2011  |  United States
Cyclone Debbie | $2.73[218] | $3.5  | 14  | Tropical cyclone  | 2017  |  Australia,  New Zealand
AZF chemical plant explosion | $2.68[219] | $4.8  | 29  | Explosion  | 2001  |  France
2010 Canterbury earthquake | $2.63[220] | $3.8  | 2  | Earthquake  | 2010  |  New Zealand
1989 Newcastle earthquake | $2.6[221] | $6.6  | 13  | Earthquake  | 1989  |  Australia
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2019 | $2.5[25] | $3.1  | 8  | Tornado  | 2019  |  United States
2017 Montana wildfires | $2.5[25] | $3.2  | 2  | Drought, Wildfire  | 2017  |  United States
2017 Minneapolis hailstorm | $2.5[25] | $3.2  | 0  | Hailstorm  | 2017  |  United States
Hurricane John | $2.5[222] | $2.5  | 29  | Tropical cyclone  | 2024  |  Mexico
2024 Hualien earthquake | $2.5[223] | $2.5  | 19  | Earthquake  | 2024  | Eastern Asia (, , )
Hurricane Michelle | $2.43[224] | $4.3  | 48  | Tropical cyclone  | 2001  | North and Central America (, , , others)
Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 | $2.4[119] | $2.4  | 5  | Derecho, tornado outbreak, flood  | 2024  |  United States
Typhoon Gaemi | $2.31[225][226] | $2.3  | 126  | Tropical cyclone  | 2024  | Southeast Asia (, , , others)
Cyclone Sidr | $2.3[227] | $3.5  | 15,000  | Tropical cyclone  | 2007  | Southern Asia (, , , others)
2009 Sumatra earthquakes | $2.3[228] | $3.4  | 1,115  | Earthquake  | 2009  |  Indonesia
Typhoon Matsa | $2.23[229] | $3.6  | 25  | Tropical cyclone  | 2005  | East Asia (, , , others)
2022 Luding earthquake | $2.23[230] | $2.4  | 93  | Earthquake  | 2022  |  China
Storm Ciarán | $2.22[231] | $2.3  | 21  | European windstorm  | 2023  | Europe (, , , others)
2017 Denver hailstorm | $2.2[25] | $2.8  | 0  | Hailstorm  | 2017  |  United States
2011 Van earthquakes | $2.2[232] | $3.1  | 642  | Earthquake  | 2011  |  Turkey
Cyclone Mocha | $2.2[233] | $2.3  | 463 – 564  | Tropical cyclone  | 2023  | Southern Asia (, , , , others)
Cyclone Roanu | $2.13[234] | $2.8  | 135  | Tropical cyclone  | 2016  | South Asia (, , , others)
Hurricane Agnes | $2.1[235] | $15.8  | 128  | Tropical cyclone  | 1972  | North America and the Antiles (, , , others)
Cyclones BOB 03 and Yemyin | $2.1[236][237] | $3.2  | 983  | Tropical cyclone  | 2007  | South Asia (, , )
Tornado outbreak of March 6–7, 2017 | $2.1[25] | $2.7  | 0  | Tornado  | 2017  |  United States
Cyclone Komen | $2.06[238][239] | $2.7  | 167  | Tropical cyclone  | 2015  | South Asia (, , )
2023 Jishishan earthquake | $2.05[240] | $2.1  | 151  | Earthquake  | 2023  |  China
Typhoon In-fa | $2.04[241] | $2.4  | 6  | Tropical cyclone  | 2021  | East Asia (, , , others)
Teton Dam disaster | $2[242] | $11.1  | 11  | Dam failure  | 1976  |  United States
1977 Vrancea earthquake | $2[243] | $10.4  | 1,700  | Earthquake  | 1977  | Black Sea basin (, , , others)
Hurricane Joan–Miriam | $2[244] | $5.3  | 337  | Tropical cyclone  | 1988  | Central and South America (, , , others)
1999 Colombia earthquake | $2[245] | $3.8  | 1,900 – 5,800  | Earthquake  | 1999  |  Colombia
December Storm | $2[246] | $3.8  | 20  | European windstorm  | 1999  | Central Europe (, , )
2001 Nisqually earthquake | $2[247] | $3.6  | 1  | Earthquake  | 2001  |  United States
Costa Concordia disaster | $2[248] | $2.7  | 33  | Maritime disaster  | 2012  |  Italy
2013 Moore tornado | $2[249] | $2.7  | 26  | Tornado  | 2013  |  United States
2024 Persian Gulf floods | $2[250] | $2  | 46  | Flood  | 2024  | Persian Gulf basin (, , , others)
Hurricane Debby | $2[251] | $2  | 10  | Tropical cyclone  | 2024  | North America and Antiles (, , , others)
2003 Tokachi earthquake | $1.9[252] | $3.2  | 1  | Earthquake  | 2003  |  Japan
Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse | $1.9[253] | $1.9  | 6  | Bridge collapse  | 2024  |  United States
Cyclone Aila | $1.83[254] | $2.7  | 339  | Tropical cyclone  | 2009  |  Bangladesh,  India
Typhoon Hinnamnor | $1.81[255] | $1.9  | 20  | Tropical cyclone  | 2022  | East Asia (, , , others)
Hurricane Fifi–Orlene | $1.8[256] | $11.5  | 8,210  | Tropical cyclone  | 1974  | Central America (, , , others)
2011 Groundhog Day blizzard | $1.8[257] | $2.5  | 36[257] | Winter storm  | 2011  | North America (,,)
2023 North India floods | $1.8[258] | $1.9  | 422  | Flood  | 2023  |  India
Hurricane David | $1.79[259] | $7.8  | 2,078  | Tropical cyclone  | 1979  | North America and the Antiles (, , , others)
Hurricane Frederic | $1.77[260] | $7.7  | 12  | Tropical cyclone  | 1979  | North America and the Antiles (, , , others)
Cyclone Jal | $1.73[261] | $2.5  | 118  | Tropical cyclone  | 2010  | South and Southeast Asia (, , , others)
2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami | $1.71[262] | $2.1  | 4,340 (confirmed)  | Earthquake and tsunami  | 2018  |  Indonesia
Piper Alpha explosion  | $1.7[263] | $5.8  | 165  | Explosion (oil rig)  | 1988  |  United Kingdom
1991 Bangladesh cyclone | $1.7[264] | $3.9  | 138,866  | Tropical cyclone  | 1991  | Southern Asia (, , , others)
Deep Depression ARB 02 | $1.64[265] | $2.4  | 180  | Tropical cyclone  | 2008  |  Yemen
Typhoon Man-yi | $1.62[266] | $2.2  | 6  | Tropical cyclone  | 2013  |  Japan
2016 Kaikōura earthquake | $1.62[267] | $2.1  | 2  | Earthquake  | 2016  |  New Zealand
2001 El Salvador earthquakes | $1.6[268] | $2.8  | 1,259  | Earthquake  | 2001  | Latin America (, , )
Hurricane Dolly | $1.6[269][270] | $2.3  | 22  | Tropical cyclone  | 2008  | North and Central America (, , , others)
2013 Lushan earthquake | $1.6[271] | $2.2  | 216  | Earthquake  | 2013  |  China
2021 Haiti earthquake | $1.6[272] | $1.9  | 2,248  | Earthquake  | 2021  |  Haiti
Hurricane Allen | $1.57  | $6  | 269  | Tropical cyclone  | 1980  | North America (, , , , others)
2020 Central Vietnam floods | $1.57[273] | $1.9  | 233  | Flood  | 2020  | Indochina (, < )
Cyclone Tauktae | $1.57[274] | $1.8  | 174  | Tropical cyclone  | 2021  | South Asia (, , , others)
2022 KwaZulu-Natal floods | $1.57[275] | $1.7  | 436  | Flood  | 2022  |  South Africa
2020 Elazığ earthquake | $1.56[276] | $1.9  | 41  | Earthquake  | 2020  |  Turkey
2019 Dallas tornado | $1.55[277] | $1.9  | 0  | Tornado  | 2019  |  United States
Cyclone Freddy | $1.53[278] | $1.6  | 1,434  | Tropical cyclone  | 2023  | Southern Africa (, , , others)
Autumn 2000 Western Europe floods | $1.52[279] | $2.8  | 20  | Flood  | 2000  | Western Europe (, , , others)
Hurricane Juan | $1.5[280] | $4.4  | 12  | Tropical cyclone  | 1985  |  United States,  Canada
Hurricane Bob | $1.5[281] | $3.5  | 17  | Tropical cyclone  | 1991  | North Atlantic Ocean (, , )
2003 Bam earthquake | $1.5[282] | $2.6  | 34,000  | Earthquake  | 2003  |  Iran
Typhoon Talim | $1.5[283] | $2.4  | 172  | Tropical cyclone  | 2005  | Southeast Asia (, , )
Hurricane Ingrid | $1.5[284] | $2  | 32  | Tropical cyclone  | 2013  |  Mexico,  United States
Cyclone Mekunu | $1.5[285] | $1.9  | 31  | Tropical cyclone  | 2018  | Arabian Peninsula (, , )
Brumadinho dam disaster | $1.5[286] | $1.8  | 270  | Dam failure  | 2019  |  Brazil
Typhoon Hagupit | $1.5[287] | $1.8  | 17  | Tropical cyclone  | 2020  | East Asia (, , , others)
Hurricane Francine | $1.5[288] | $1.5  | 0  | Tropical cyclone  | 2024  |  United States,  Mexico
Typhoon Jongdari | $1.48[289][290] | $1.9  | 0  | Tropical cyclone  | 2018  |  Japan,  China
Tropical Storm Etau (2009) | $1.44[291] | $2.1  | 28  | Tropical cyclone  | 2009  |  Japan
2023 Auckland Anniversary Weekend floods | $1.43[292] | $1.5  | 4  | Flood  | 2023  |  New Zealand
Hurricane Camille | $1.42[3] | $12.2  | 259  | Tropical cyclone  | 1969  | North America and the Antiles (, , , others)
2020 Nashville tornado | $1.418[293][294] | $1.7  | 5  | Tornado  | 2020  |  United States
Cyclone Winston | $1.4[295] | $1.8  | 44  | Tropical cyclone  | 2016  |  Fiji
Cyclone Idai | $1.4[296] | $1.7  | 1,593  | Tropical cyclone  | 2019  | Southern Africa (, , , others)
Hurricane Iota | $1.4[36] | $1.7  | 84  | Tropical cyclone  | 2020  | Latin America (, , others)
2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption | $1.4[297] | $1.6  | 1  | Volcanic eruption  | 2021  |  Spain
2009 Messina floods and mudslides | $1.39[298] | $2  | 31  | Flood and mudslides  | 2009  |  Italy
Hurricane Elena | $1.3[299] | $3.8  | 9  | Tropical cyclone  | 1985  |  United States,  Cuba
Tropical Storm Fred | $1.3[257] | $1.5  | 7  | Tropical cyclone  | 2021  | North America and the Antiles (, , , others)
2021 Fukushima earthquake | $1.3[300] | $1.5  | 1  | Earthquake  | 2021  |  Japan
1993 Latur earthquake | $1.3[105] | $2.8  | 9,748  | Earthquake  | 1993  |  India
Hurricane Isidore | $1.28[301][302] | $2.2  | 22  | Tropical cyclone  | 2002  | North and Central America (, , , others)
2011 European floods | $1.25[303][304] | $1.7  | 17  | Flood  | 2011  | Europe and North Africa (, , , others)
Hurricane Odile | $1.25[305] | $1.7  | 18  | Tropical cyclone  | 2014  |  Mexico,  United States
Cedar Fire | $1.24 – $2[306] | $2.1 – $3.4  | 15  | Wildfire  | 2003  |  United States
2020 Hyderabad floods | $1.23[307] | $1.5  | 98  | Flood  | 2020  |  India
2020 Calgary hailstorm | $1.2 – $1.4[36][308][309] | $1.5 – $1.7  | 0  | Hailstorm  | 2020  |  Canada
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak | $1.217[310] | $12.1  | 266  | Tornado outbreak  | 1965  |  United States
1996 Oman cyclone | $1.2[311] | $2.4  | 341  | Tropical cyclone  | 1996  | Arabian Sea basin (, , )
January 2011 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides | $1.2[312] | $1.7  | 916  | Flood, mudslides  | 2011  |  Brazil
Cyclone Veronica | $1.2[313] | $1.5  | 0  | Tropical cyclone  | 2019  |  Australia,  East Timor
Hurricane Elsa | $1.2[257] | $1.4  | 13  | Tropical cyclone  | 2021  | North America and the Antiles (, , , others)
July–August 2022 United States floods | $1.2[314] | $1.3  | 44  | Flood  | 2022  |  United States
2023 São Paulo floods and landslides | $1.2[315] | $1.2  | 65  | Flood, landslide  | 2023  |  Brazil
2024 Houston derecho | $1.2[119] | $1.2  | 8  | Derecho  | 2024  |  United States
Typhoon Fred | $1.18[316] | $2.5  | 3,063  | Tropical cyclone  | 1994  | East Asia (, , )
Typhoon Haitang | $1.17[317] | $1.9  | 20  | Tropical cyclone  | 2005  | East Asia (, , )
2010 Baja California earthquake | $1.15[318] | $1.7  | 4  | Earthquake  | 2010  |  Mexico,  United States
Cyclone Ita | $1.15[319][320] | $1.5  | 40  | Tropical cyclone  | 2014  | Oceania (, , , others)
Typhoon Bopha | $1.1[321] | $1.5  | 1,901  | Tropical cyclone  | 2012  |  Philippines
Three Mile Island accident | $1.1[322] | $4.8  | 0  | Contamination (Radiation)  | 1979  |  United States
1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens | $1.1[323] | $4.2  | 57  | Volcanic eruption, Subsequent landslides and mudslides  | 1980  |  United States
Tropical Storm Agatha | $1.1[324] | $1.6  | 204  | Tropical cyclone  | 2010  | Central America (, , , others)
2013 North India floods | $1.1[325] | $1.5  | 6,054  | Flood  | 2013  |  India,  Nepal
May 2021 South Central United States flooding | $1.1[326] | $1.3  | 5  | Flood  | 2021  |  United States
Hurricane Nicholas | $1.1[327] | $1.3  | 4  | Tropical cyclone  | 2021  |  United States,  Mexico
East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment | $1.1[328] | $1.1  | 0  | Contamination (Hazardous materials)  | 2023  |  United States
2019 Albania earthquake | $1.09[329] | $1.3  | 51  | Earthquake  | 2019  |  Albania
2015 Tianjin explosions | $1.08 (official estimated)
[citation needed] | $1.4  | 173 (official confirmed)  | Explosion  | 2015  |  China
Typhoon Vamco | $1.06[330] | $1.3  | 102  | Tropical cyclone  | 2020  | Southeast Asia (, , others)
Tropical Storm Alberto | $1.03[331] | $2.2  | 33  | Tropical cyclone  | 1994  |  United States
Typhoon Damrey | $1.03[332] | $1.3  | 142  | Tropical cyclone  | 2017  | Southeast Asia (, , , others)
1923 Great Kantō earthquake | $1[333] | $18.5  | 142,800  | Earthquake  | 1923  |  Japan
1948 Fukui earthquake | $1[334] | $13.1  | 3,769  | Earthquake  | 1948  |  Japan
Vajont Dam disaster | $1[335] | $10.3  | 2,500  | Landslide, subsequent Megatsunami and dam failure  | 1963  |  Italy
1963 Skopje earthquake | $1[336] | $10.3  | 1,100  | Earthquake  | 1963  |  North Macedonia ( Yugoslavia)
1972 Nicaragua earthquake | $1[337] | $7.5  | 10,000  | Earthquake  | 1972  |  Nicaragua
1976 Guatemala earthquake | $1[338] | $5.5  | 23,000  | Earthquake  | 1976  |  Guatemala,  Belize
Typhoon Ketsana | $1[339] | $1.5  | 921  | Tropical cyclone  | 2009  | Southeast Asia (, , , )
Armero tragedy | $1[340] | $2.9  | 22,540  | Volcano eruption, Mudslides  | 1985  |  Colombia
Surfside condominium collapse | $1  | $1.2  | 98  | Structure failure  | 2021  |  United States
1978 Thessaloniki earthquake | $1[109] | $4.8  | 50  | Earthquake  | 1978  |  Greece,  Yugoslavia,  Bulgaria
1983 Sea of Japan earthquake | $1[341] | $3.2  | 104  | Earthquake  | 1983  |  Japan
1985 Algarrobo earthquake | $1[342] | $2.9  | 177  | Earthquake  | 1985  |  Chile
1987 Ecuador earthquakes | $1[343] | $2.8  | 1,000 – 5,000  | Earthquake  | 1987  |  Ecuador
1988 Nepal earthquake | $1[344] | $2.7  | 709  | Earthquake  | 1988  |  Nepal,  India
1992 Cairo earthquake | $1[345] | $2.2  | 561  | Earthquake  | 1992  |  Egypt
1994 Páez River earthquake | $1[346] | $2.1  | 1,100  | Earthquake  | 1994  |  Colombia
1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake | $1[347] | $1.9  | 145  | Earthquake  | 1998  |  Turkey
1999 Düzce earthquake | $1[348] | $1.9  | 845 – 894  | Earthquake  | 1999  |  Turkey
1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado | $1[249] | $1.9  | 41  | Tornado  | 1999  |  United States
2014 South Napa earthquake | $1[349] | $1.3  | 1  | Earthquake  | 2014  |  United States
Cyclone Luban | $1[350] | $1.3  | 14  | Tropical cyclone  | 2018  | Arabian Sea basin (, , )
Hurricane Nicole | $1[351] | $1.1  | 11  | Tropical cyclone  | 2022  | North America and the Antiles (, , , others)
2024 Chile wildfires | $1[352] | $1  | 137-507  | Wildfire  | 2024  |  Chile

## Under $1 billion

[edit]

This table lists notable disasters which are estimated to have an economic cost of less than 1 billion United States dollars without taking inflation into account. This includes historical disasters, such as the Great Chicago Fire, which would surpass the value of $1 billion in modern currency.

Note: All damage figures are listed in millions of United States dollars.

List of disasters by cost. Under $1 billion. Actual, and inflated to 2024 (unless otherwise stated)  Event  | Cost ($ millions)  | Fatalities  | Type  | Year  | Nation(s)

|
|
|
|
|

Actual  | Inflated
Cyclone Akash | $982[353] | $1489  | 14  | Tropical cyclone  | 2007  | South Asia (, , )
2013 Washington, Illinois tornado | $935[354][355] | $1262  | 3  | Tornado  | 2013  |  United States
2016 Great Smoky Mountains wildfires | $922[356] | $1208  | 14  | Wildfire  | 2016  |  United States
Daulatpur–Saturia tornado | $1.5-900[357][358] | $3.8 - $2283  | 1,300  | Tornado  | 1989  |  Bangladesh
2020 Korea floods | $875[359] | $1063  | 32  | Flood  | 2020  |  South Korea
1981 Gulf of Corinth earthquakes | $812[360] | $2808  | 22  | Earthquake  | 1981  |  Greece
2019 Sichuan earthquake | $812[361] | $999  | 13  | Earthquake  | 2019  |  China
1978 Miyagi earthquake | $800[362] | $3857  | 28  | Earthquake  | 1978  |  Japan
Cyclone Nisha | $800[363] | $1168  | 204  | Tropical cyclone  | 2008  |  India,  Sri Lanka
Cyclone Helen | $796[364] | $1074  | 10  | Tropical cyclone  | 2013  |  India
Hurricane Nate | $787[365][366] | $1010  | 48  | Tropical cyclone  | 2017  | North and Central America (, , , others)
Hurricane Flora | $773[367] | $7939  | 7,193  | Tropical cyclone  | 1963  | North and Central America (, , , others)
2021 South Moravia tornado | $716[368] | $831  | 6  | Tornado  | 2021  |  Czech Republic
1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption | $700[369] | $1616  | 800  | Volcano  | 1991  |  Philippines
2011 Slave Lake wildfire | $700[370] | $978  | 1  | Wildfire  | 2011  |  Canada
1995 Aigio earthquake | $660[371] | $1362  | 26  | Earthquake  | 1995  |  Greece
2021 Maduo earthquake | $646[372] | $750  | 20  | Earthquake  | 2021  |  China
5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake | $607[373] | $760  | 563  | Earthquake  | 2018  |  Indonesia
1974 Super Outbreak \+ Xenia tornado | $600[374] | $3826  | 335  | Tornado outbreak  | 1974  |  United States and Canada
1993 Okushiri earthquake | $600[375] | $1306  | 230  | Earthquake  | 1993  |  Japan
2015 Illapel earthquake | $600[376] | $796  | 15  | Earthquake  | 2015  |  Chile,  Argentina
Cyclone Tracy | $500 – $600[377] | $3188 – $3826  | 71  | Tropical cyclone  | 1974  |  Australia
2018 Ponte Morandi collapse | $575[378] | $720  | 43  | Bridge collapse  | 2018  |  Italy
1960 Valdivia earthquake | $550[379] | $5846  | 6,000  | Earthquake  | 1960  | Pacific Rim (, , , others)
2011 Lorca earthquake | $534[380] | $746  | 9  | Earthquake  | 2011  |  Spain
1970 Ancash earthquake | $530[381] | $4291  | 70,000  | Earthquake  | 1970  |  Peru
2024 Uqturpan earthquake | $527[361] | $527  | 3  | Earthquake  | 2024  | Central Asia (, , , others)
2000 Mozambique flood | $525[382] | $959  | 800  | Flood  | 2000  |  Mozambique
1906 San Francisco earthquake | $524[383] | $18338  | 3,000  | Earthquake  | 1906  |  United States
I-35W Mississippi River Bridge collapse  | $483[384][385][386] – $543[387] | $732 – 823  | 13  | Structure failure  | 2007  |  United States
2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake | $500[388] | $641  | 25  | Earthquake  | 2017  |  China
1971 San Fernando earthquake | $500[389] | $3882  | 65  | Earthquake  | 1971  |  United States
1984 Romeoville petroleum refinery disaster | $500[390] | $1513  | 17  | Explosion  | 1984  |  United States
October 1999 Mexico floods | $491.3[391] | $927  | 636  | Flood  | 1999  | Central America (, , , others)
Typhoon Tip | $484[392] | $2097  | 99  | Tropical cyclone  | 1979  | East Asia (, , , others)
2011 Shan earthquake | $475[393] | $664  | 151  | Earthquake  | 2011  | Indochina (, , , others)
1995 Kozani–Grevena earthquake | $450[394] | $929  | 0  | Earthquake  | 1995  |  Greece
2007 Peru earthquake | $450[395] | $682  | 595  | Earthquake  | 2007  |  Peru
2014 Aegean Sea earthquake | $450[396] | $598  | 3  | Earthquake  | 2014  | Southeastern Europe (, , )
1964 Alaska earthquake | $400[397] | $4055  | 139  | Earthquake  | 1964  |  United States,  Canada
1990 Carlentini earthquake | $400[398] | $963  | 19  | Earthquake  | 1990  |  Italy
2020 Aegean Sea earthquake | $400[36] | $486  | 119  | Earthquake and tsunami  | 2020  |  Greece,  Turkey
Ariane 5 Flight 501 | $370[399] | $742  | 0  | Space flight accident  | 1996  |  French Guiana
1990 Luzon earthquake | $369[400] | $888  | 1,621  | Earthquake  | 1990  |  Philippines
New York City blackout of 1977 | $350[401] | $1816  | 1  | Infrastructure failure (electric)  | 1977  |  United States
1935 Yangtze flood | $333[402] | $7637  | 145,000  | Flood  | 1935  |  China
Mars Climate Orbiter & Mars Polar Lander | $328[403] | $619  | 0  | Space flight accident  | 1999  |  United States
Hurricane Keith | $319[404] | $582  | 68  | Tropical cyclone  | 2000  | Central America (, , , others)
1995 Neftegorsk earthquake | $300[405] | $619  | 1,989  | Earthquake  | 1995  |  Russia
Hitomi breakup  | $273[406] | $358  | 0  | Space flight accident  | 2016  |  Japan
Typhoon Vera | $261[407] | $2815  | 5,098 (official confirmed)  | Tropical cyclone  | 1959  |  Japan
2022 West Java earthquake | $256[408] | $275  | 635  | Earthquake  | 2022  |  Indonesia
1953 Worcester tornado | $250[409][294] | $2938  | 90  | Tornado  | 1953  |  United States
1971 Aconcagua earthquake | $250[410] | $1941  | 83  | Earthquake  | 1971  |  Chile
2024 Port Vila earthquake | $232[411] | $232  | 14+  | Earthquake  | 2024  |  Vanuatu
Great Chicago Fire | $222[412] | $5827  | 300  | Fire  | 1871  |  United States
2001 southern Peru earthquake | $215[413] | $382  | 145  | Earthquake  | 2001  |  Peru
1907 Qaratog earthquake | $200[414] | $6749  | 15,000  | Earthquake  | 1907  |  Tajikistan,  Uzbekistan
1985 Kayrakkum earthquake | $200[415] | $585  | 29  | Earthquake  | 1985  |  Tajikistan
2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami | $200[416] | $293  | 189  | Earthquake  | 2009  | South Pacific Ocean (, , , others)
2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami | $182[417] | $196  | 7  | Volcanic eruption and tsunami  | 2022  |  Tonga
2025 Tainan–Chiayi earthquake | $162[418] | $162  | 0  | Earthquake  | 2025  |  Taiwan
1967 Caracas earthquake | $140[419] | $1415  | 300  | Earthquake  | 1967  |  Venezuela
CryoSat-1 | $118[420] | $190  | 0  | Space flight accident  | 2005  |  Russia
1970 Bhola cyclone | $86.4[421] | $700  | 300,000  | Tropical cyclone  | 1970  |  Bangladesh,  India
1908 Messina earthquake | $86.3[422] | $3020  | 75,000-82,000  | Earthquake  | 1908  |  Italy
1997 Cariaco earthquake | $81[423] | $159  | 81  | Earthquake  | 1997  |  Venezuela
1915 Avezzano earthquake | $60[424] | $1865  | 32,610  | Earthquake  | 1915  |  Italy
2021 West Sulawesi earthquake | $58.1[425] | $67  | 105  | Earthquake  | 2021  |  Indonesia
1962 Vallés floods | $44.2 (official estimated)[citation needed] | $459  | 617 (official confirmed)  | Flood  | 1962[citation needed] |  Spain
Sinking of the Titanic | $25[426][427] | $815  | 1,490 – 1,635  | Shipwreck  | 1912  |  United Kingdom
Mariner 1 | $18.1[428] | $188  | 0  | Space flight accident  | 1962  |  United States

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Costs beyond measure". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
2. ^ Samet, Jonathan M.; Seo, Joann (21 April 2016). The Financial Costs of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster: A Review of the Literature (PDF) (Report). USC Institute on Inequalities in Global Health. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
3. ^ a b Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
4. ^ Chernobyl's legacy : health, environmental and socio-economic impacts and Recommendations to the governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Chernobyl Forum. International Atomic Energy Agency. 2006. OCLC 70109252.
5. ^ a b Ferris, Elizabeth; Solís, Mireya (11 March 2013). "Earthquake, Tsunami, Meltdown – The Triple Disaster's Impact on Japan, Impact on the World". Brookings. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
6. ^ Samet, Jonathan M.; Seo, Joann (21 April 2016). The Financial Costs of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster: A Review of the Literature (PDF) (Report). USC Institute on Inequalities in Global Health. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
7. ^ "Japan disaster set to become world's costliest". CBS News. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
8. ^ Mimura, Nobuo; Yasuhara, Kazuya; Kawagoe, Seiki; Yokoki, Hiromune; Kazama, So (2011-10-01). "Damage from the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami – A quick report". Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 16 (7): 803–818\. Bibcode:2011MASGC..16..803M. doi:10.1007/s11027-011-9297-7. ISSN 1573-1596.
9. ^ Esper, Philip; Tachibana, Eizaburo (1998). "Lessons from the Kobe earthquake". Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications. 15 (1): 105–116\. Bibcode:1998GSLEG..15..105E. doi:10.1144/GSL.ENG.1998.015.01.11. ISSN 0267-9914.
10. ^ "Deprem bölgesinde fatura borçlarının silinmesi için süre uzatıldı". Milat Gazetsi. 22 August 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
11. ^ "Almost $15 billion needed for earthquake recovery in Syria". United Nations. 8 May 2023. Archived from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
12. ^ Bernal, Vivian Argueta; Procee, Paul (May 12, 2012). "Four years on: What China got right when rebuilding after the Sichuan earthquake". World Bank. Archived from the original on April 14, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
14. ^ "Weather and climate extremes in India killed thousands, displaced millions and cost billions in 2020". World Meteorological Organization. 26 October 2021. Archived from the original on December 18, 2023.
15. ^ "Global Catastrophe Recap December 2020" (PDF). Aon Benfield Analytics. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
16. ^ Kishore, Nishant; Marqués, Domingo; Mahmud, Ayesha; Kiang, Mathew V.; Rodriguez, Irmary; Fuller, Arlan; Ebner, Peggy; Sorensen, Cecilia; Racy, Fabio; Lemery, Jay; Maas, Leslie; Leaning, Jennifer; Irizarry, Rafael A.; Balsari, Satchit; Buckee, Caroline O. (29 May 2018). "Mortality in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria". The New England Journal of Medicine. 379 (2): 162–170\. doi:10.1056/nejmsa1803972. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 29809109. S2CID 44155986.
17. ^ "The real reason billion-dollar disasters like Hurricane Helene are growing more common". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
18. ^ None (September 27, 2024). "Moody's Analytics says Helene 'like Idalia, but worse' with cost estimated at up to $34bn". The Insurer. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
19. ^ "NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER TROPICAL CYCLONE REPORT HURRICANE IDA" (PDF).
20. ^ a b "With costs approaching $100 billion, the bushfires are Australia's costliest natural disaster".
21. ^ "DH costs" (PDF). rff.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2011.
22. ^ "Preliminary report puts Southern California wildfire costs at $52 billion". Desert Sun. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
23. ^ "ROUNDUP: Munich Re: Naturkatastrophen richten 280 Milliarden Dollar Schaden an". FinanzNachrichten.de.
24. ^ "Impacts of Recent Climate Anomalies: Losers and Winners" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-07-24.
25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Adam.Smith@noaa.gov. "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Table of Events – National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)". ncdc.noaa.gov.
26. ^ An (August 31, 2010). "Floods, landslides leave 3,185 dead in China this year: MCA". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
27. ^ "Northridge Earthquake: 1994 quake still fresh in Los Angeles minds after 20 years". Los Angeles Daily News. 11 January 2014.
28. ^ "$47b? Indonesia counts costs of haze". The Straits Times. 11 October 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
29. ^ "Smoke from 2015 Indonesian fires may have caused 100,000 premature deaths". Harvard University. 19 September 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
30. ^ "Asian Disaster Reduction Center（ADRC）". adrc.asia.
31. ^ "The World Bank Supports Thailand's Post-Floods Recovery Effort". World Bank. 13 December 2011. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
32. ^ Daud, Dafizeck (2 April 2024). "Natural Catastrophes Caused US$65 Billion Economic Loss in Asia Pacific in 2023". SME.
33. ^ 8th Environment Action Programme - Economic losses from weather- and climate-related extremes in Europe (pdf). European Environment Agency (Report). 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 October 2024. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
34. ^ "Christchurch rebuild to cost $10b more". Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
35. ^ "Flood death toll reaches 1,545". Daily Times. 18 September 2022. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022.
36. ^ a b c d e f g "Global Catastrophe Recap November 2020" (PDF). Aon. December 10, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
37. ^ "Flood destruction in China cost $32B, authorities say". United Press International. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
38. ^ "Significant Earthquake Database". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
39. ^ Guha-Sapir, Debarati; Santos, Indhira; Borde, Alexandre (2013). The Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 252\. ISBN 978-0-19-984193-6.
40. ^ NCEI.Monitoring.Info@noaa.gov. "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)". ncei.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
41. ^ Andrew Weber (July 14, 2021). "Texas Winter Storm Death Toll Goes Up To 210, Including 43 Deaths in Harris County". Houston Public Media. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
42. ^ Jan Wesner Childs (February 18, 2021). "Houston Faces Dire Water Issues as Power Outages, Cold Push Texans To Their Limits". weather.com. The Weather Company. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
43. ^ "Man killed in crash involving semi-truck in northern Oklahoma". KOCO News. February 15, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
44. ^ "20 deaths blamed on cold weather in north as another front moves in". Mexico News Daily. February 19, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
45. ^ "Assessing the U.S. Climate in 2018". National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
46. ^ Baruah, Santanu; Saikia, Sowrav; Baruah, Saurabh; Bora, Pabon K.; Tatevossian, Ruben; Kayal, J. R. (2016). "The September 2011 Sikkim Himalaya earthquake Mw 6.9: Is it a plane of detachment earthquake?". Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk. 7 (1): 248–263\. Bibcode:2016GNHR....7..248B. doi:10.1080/19475705.2014.895963.
47. ^ Masters, Jeff; Henson, Bob (15 July 2016). "Earth's 5th Costliest Non-U.S. Weather Disaster on Record: China's $22 Billion Flood". The Weather Underground. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
48. ^ "The Cost of September 11". iags.org. IAGS, Institute for the Analysis of Global Security.
49. ^ "Libya Hurricane Daniel: Situation Report 2 – 27/09/2023 – Libya | ReliefWeb". 28 September 2023.
50. ^ Yuan, Ye (28 December 2021). "In 2021, Extreme Weather Woke China Up to Climate Change". Sixth Tone. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
51. ^ a b "NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database". www.ngdc.noaa.gov.
52. ^ "Natural Catastrophe and Climate Report: Q3 2024" (PDF). Gallangher Re. October 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
53. ^ Adam.Smith@noaa.gov. "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)". ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-16.
54. ^ "Looking Back, Looking Forward: Anatol, Lothar and Martin Ten Years Later".
55. ^ "国土交通省｜報道資料｜令和元年東日本台風の発生した令和元年の水害被害額が統計開始以来最大に令和元年の水害被害額（確報値）を公表". 国土交通省 (Press release) (in Japanese). Retrieved November 13, 2022.
56. ^ "2012 flood disaster cost Nigeria N2.6tn –NEMA". The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper. punchng.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
57. ^ "Impacts of Summer 2003 Heat Wave in Europe – Environment Alert Bulletin 2". United Nations. March 2003. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
58. ^ Contreras, Diana; Forino, Giuseppe; Blaschke, Thomas (2018). "Measuring the progress of a recovery process after an earthquake: The case of L'aquila, Italy". International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 28: 450–464\. Bibcode:2018IJDRR..28..450C. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.048. S2CID 133809860.
59. ^ Romero, Henry; Oré, Diego (2023-10-26). "Hurricane Otis Kills at Least 27, Hammers Acapulco as Damage Seen in Billions". US News. Reuters.
60. ^ "Significant Earthquakes Full Search, sort by $Millions Damage, Date". National Geophysical Data Center. Archived from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
61. ^ "Floods dominate natural catastrophe statistics in first half of 2013". Munich Re. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-07-14. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
62. ^ "Cyclone Amphan of 2020 resulted in $14 billion economic losses in India: U.N. report". The Hindi. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
63. ^ Nafiu, Rummana Foisal (20 May 2020). "Cyclone Amphan: Bangladesh may face losses worth Tk12,744cr". Dhaka Tribute. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
64. ^ "Cyclone Amphan". disasterphilanthropy.org. 29 June 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
65. ^ "Hurricane Matthew economic damage nears $6 billion". USA Today. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
66. ^ "Data" (PDF). thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com.
67. ^ "The Great Flood of 1993". mo.water.usgs.gov.
68. ^ a b c d e f "Data" (PDF). catastropheinsight.aonbenfield.com.
69. ^ "Russian heat wave had both manmade and natural causes". American Geophysical Union. 21 February 2012.
70. ^ Evans, Steven (2018-01-25). "California wildfire industry losses put at $13.2bn by Aon Benfield". Artemis.bm. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
71. ^ "California spent nearly $1.8 billion last year fighting major wildfires". Los Angeles Times. 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
72. ^ "Chile quake damage could reach $30 billion". CNN.
73. ^ "Insured losses from Beirut blast seen around $3 billion". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2020-08-08.
74. ^ "Sánchez, 10,6 miliardi di aiuti per gli alluvionati". ansa.it. ansa.it. 5 November 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
75. ^ a b "Events". NOAA. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
76. ^ "Impacts of summer 2003 heat wave in Europe" (PDF). UNEP. March 2004.
77. ^ "Disaster in Armenia, 1988". worldhistorycommons.org. 16 April 2007.
78. ^ Evans, Steve (December 19, 2019). "Typhoon Hagibis & Jebi losses said stabilising below top-end estimates". Artemis. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
79. ^ "Asian bloc to handle Burma aid". Toronto Star. 19 May 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
80. ^ "Paris attacks: assembling an economic analysis". University of Cambridge.
81. ^ "Chennai Floods in November Washed Away Over Rs 14,000 crore". The New Indian Express. March 31, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.
82. ^ "Šteta od potresa u Zagrebu procijenjena je na vrtoglav iznos. Vlada traži novac od Europske komisije. Evo koliko maksimalno možemo dobiti". Novi list (in Croatian). 10 June 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
83. ^ a b c d Adam.Smith@noaa.gov. "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)". ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
84. ^ "Overview of the Social, Economical and Policy impacts – August 24, 2016 Central Italy Earthquake". Learning From Earthquakes.
85. ^ "Alluvione Emilia-Romagna, la Regione: "I danni ammonteranno a oltre 7 miliardi"". Il Fatto Quotidiano. May 24, 2023.
86. ^ "Climate change is showing its claws: The world is getting hotter, resulting in severe hurricanes, thunderstorms and floods | Munich Re". www.munichre.com. Retrieved 2025-04-20.
87. ^ "ငလျင်ဒဏ်သင့်ဒေသများသို့ လည်ပတ်နိုင်ပြီဟု စစ်ကောင်စီ ထုတ်ပြန်ချက်ကို ဒေသခံများ ဝေဖန်". Democratic Voice of Burma (in Burmese). 10 May 2025. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
88. ^ Zhenghua, Wang. "Closing the floodgates to disaster". China Daily. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
89. ^ "Louisiana flooding will cost U.S. economy more than $10 billion". The Advocate. 9 September 2016.
90. ^ "Loss events in Asia 1980 – 2013" (PDF). Munich Re. May 2014. Retrieved 2015-04-06.
91. ^ According to the National Fire Agency, Ministry of the Interior R.O.C Archived 2005-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
92. ^ "Investigation of the M6.6 Niigata-Chuetsu Oki, Japan, Earthquake of July 16, 2007" (PDF). United States Geological Survey.
93. ^ "Nepal Says Earthquake Rebuilding Cost to Exceed $10 Billion". Bloomberg News. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
94. ^ Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight: 2019 Annual Report (PDF). AON Benfield (Report). AON Benfield. January 22, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
95. ^ Armand Vervaeck (3 August 2014). "Deadly earthquake in Ludian county (Yunnan), China – at least 398 people killed + over 6 bn USD in damage". Earthquake-Report.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
96. ^ Hurricane Committee (August 12, 2005). Twenty-seventh Session (March 31 to April 5, 2005) (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
97. ^ John L. Beven II; National Hurricane Center (December 17, 2004). "Hurricane Frances August 24 – September 10" (Tropical Cyclone Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
98. ^ Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan & Jeanne Caribbean Impact (PDF) (Speciality Property Briefing). Guy Carpenter and Company. August 12, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
99. ^ Zhou, Cong; Chen, Peiyan; Yang, Shifang; Zheng, Feng; Yu, Hui; Tang, Jie; Lu, Yi; Chen, Guoming; Lu, Xiaoqing; Zhang, Xiping; Sun, Jing (2022). "The impact of Typhoon Lekima (2019) on East China: a postevent survey in Wenzhou City and Taizhou City". Frontiers of Earth Science. 16 (1): 109–120\. Bibcode:2022FrES...16..109Z. doi:10.1007/s11707-020-0856-7.
100. ^ Wilson, Nick; Broadbent, Adele; Kerr, John (7 February 2024). "Cyclone Gabrielle: The New Zealand flood victims too scared to go home". Public Health Communication Centre. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
101. ^ "Nigeria's Worst Flood in a Decade Caused Billions in Damage". Bloomberg News. 1 December 2023.
102. ^ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
103. ^ International Disaster Database: Disaster List Archived September 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
104. ^ "NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database".
105. ^ a b "Index of /static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs". United States Geological Survey.
106. ^ Cavallo, Eduardo; Powell, Andrew; Becerra, Oscar (2010). "Estimating the Direct Economic Damages of the Earthquake in Haiti". The Economic Journal. 120 (546): F298 – F312. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02378.x. S2CID 15252457.
107. ^ Sheridan, Mary Beth (17 February 2010). "Haiti earthquake damage estimated up to $14 billion". The Washington Post.
108. ^ "Global Catastrophe Recap: First Half of 2019" (PDF). Aon Benfield. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
109. ^ a b "Index of /static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs". earthquake.usgs.gov.
110. ^ "Event:PUEBLA, MEXICO". National Geophysical Data Center.
111. ^ "Quantifying disaster". MacEwan News. 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
112. ^ Weber, Bob (January 17, 2017). "Costs of Alberta wildfire reach $9.5 billion: Study". BNN Canada. Archived from the original on January 19, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
113. ^ "Weather, Climate and Catastrophe Insight" (PDF). Aon Benfield. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
114. ^ "China discloses first heatstroke fatalities amid record temperatures". Voice of America. August 8, 2024. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
115. ^ "Slovenia Estimates €7 Billion Price Tag for Reconstruction After Floods". Insurance Journal. 31 August 2023.
116. ^ Eidinger, John M. (January 2001). Gujarat (Kutch), India, M7.7 Earthquake of January 26, 2001, and Napa M5.2 Earthquake of September 3, 2000. ASCE Publications. ISBN 9780784475065.
117. ^ "Plus de 170 milliards de dollars de dommages". La Presse. 26 December 2021.
118. ^ "Damage from Noto earthquake estimated to hit 2.6 trillion yen | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis".
119. ^ a b c d e U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather & Climate Disasters 1980-2024 (PDF) (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
120. ^ Effects of Tropical Storm Glenda (PDF) (Final Report). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. October 23, 2014. pp. 12, 13, 43, 44, 45. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
121. ^ "External Support May Help Offset Fiscal Impact of Morocco's Earthquake". Fitch Ratings. 28 Sep 2023.
122. ^ "Oil Spills by the Numbers – Center for American Progress". 30 April 2010.
123. ^ "Typhoon Nina and the August 1975 Flood over Central China" (PDF). NOAA. February 2017.
124. ^ "The 2007 U.K. floods lead to Britain's biggest peacetime rescue efforts". The Weather Network. 10 June 2021.
125. ^ "Member Report: China" (PDF). CMA. China Meterelogical Agency. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
126. ^ "Typhoon Hato could cause HK$8 billion in losses after No 10 signal storm brought Hong Kong to standstill". South China Morning Post. 23 August 2017.
127. ^ Oscar Guijarro (22 February 2018). "Macau | Typhoon Hato losses around MOP12.55 billion". Macau News Agency.
128. ^ "NASA Puts Cost of Shuttle Inquiry, Cleanup at $400 Million". Los Angeles Times. 12 September 2003.
129. ^ "Loss events in Asia 1980 – 2013" (PDF). Munich Re. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2018. Retrieved 2015-04-06.
130. ^ "Iran earthquake caused damage worth €5 billion". Hindustan Times. 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
131. ^ Annie Huang; Gillian Wong; Christopher Bodeen (2009-08-11). "Taiwan military rescues some 300 typhoon victims". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
132. ^ "Damage from Hurricane Beryl may cost insurers $2.7 bln in US, KCC says". Reuters. July 11, 2024.
133. ^ Atalić, Josip; Demšić, Marija; Baniček, Maja; Uroš, Mario; Dasović, Iva; Prevolnik, Snježan; Kadić, Alen; Šavor Novak, Marta; Nastev, Miroslav (23 August 2023). "The December 2020 magnitude (Mw) 6.4 Petrinja earthquake, Croatia: seismological aspects, emergency response and impacts". Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 21 (13): 5767–5808\. Bibcode:2023BuEE...21.5767A. doi:10.1007/s10518-023-01758-z.
134. ^ "The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake". California Department of Conservation.
135. ^ Guha-Sapir, Debarati; Hargitt, David; Hoyois, Philippe (2004). Thirty Years of Natural Disasters 1974–2003: The Numbers. Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. p. 42\. ISBN 9782930344713. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
136. ^ Minkel, JR (2008-08-13). "The 2003 Northeast Blackout--Five Years Later". Scientific American. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
137. ^ Wood, James. "Province boosts cost of Alberta floods to $6 billion".
138. ^ De Pacina, Michelle (August 31, 2024). "At least 4 dead, over 90 injured as Typhoon Shanshan wreaks havoc in Japan". Yahoo News Canada. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
139. ^ Smith, Adam B. (8 January 2024). "2023: A historic year of U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024.
140. ^ "令和2年水害被害額（確報値）を公表". Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Press release) (in Japanese). 31 March 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
141. ^ a b "On This Day: The 1993 Storm of the Century". National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). 2017-03-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
142. ^ Hamilton, Jennifer Parker; Halvorson, Sarah J. (2007). "The 2005 Kashmir Earthquake". Mountain Research and Development. 27 (4): 296–301\. doi:10.1659/mrd.0945. S2CID 13706425.
143. ^ "El Asnam | gemecd". Archived from the original on 2016-10-21.
144. ^ Taylor, Roger. "Dorian caused more than $100 million damage in Atlantic Canada | Saltwire". saltwire.com. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
145. ^ a b "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Table of Events | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)". 2019-12-31. Archived from the original on 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
146. ^ a b "The facts: Hurricane Dorian's devastating effect on The Bahamas – Bahamas". ReliefWeb. 15 August 2020. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
147. ^ "1931 China Flood: Overuse of the Land and Nature's Rage". ArcGIS Story Maps. 20 April 2021.
148. ^ "Thirty years ago: the 1985 Mexico City earthquakes, a major disaster – Geo-Mexico, the geography of Mexico". geo-mexico.com. 17 September 2015.
149. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1996 Pacific Typhoon Tropical Cyclone Report: Chapter 3. Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2007-01-07.
150. ^ "What was the cost of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption?". NCESC.com. 4 July 2024.
151. ^ a b "2010-2019: A landmark decade of U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters". climate.gov. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
152. ^ "2025 Tibet-Nepal Earthquake". Adda247. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 2025-01-14.
153. ^ "Flood Relief Funds to be Released in Couple of Days, Assures Karnataka CM as Oppn Hits Out at Centre". 2019-10-02. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
154. ^ Lisa Stadtherr et al.: Record Balkan floods of 2014 linked to planetary wave resonance. Science Advances 2, No. 2, 2016, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501428
155. ^ Rajiv G (13 September 2018). "Flood damages in Kerala pegged at Rs 4,000,000,000 crore". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
156. ^ "Flood losses 'could amount to RM20 billion'". Free Malaysia Today (FMT). 24 December 2021. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
157. ^ "The 1997 earthquake in Umbria and Marche". ISAAC Antisismica. 26 September 2022.
158. ^ "Typhoon Haiyan Leaves 7 Dead in South China". China Radio International. November 12, 2013. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
159. ^ "Final Report RE: Effects of Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan)" (PDF). NDRRMC. December 11, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
160. ^ "台湾でも台風30号の被害 養殖カキに約17億円規模の損害". フォーカス台湾. 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
161. ^ "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters". National Centers for Environmental Information. 9 May 2023.
162. ^ "Earthquake on April 15, 1979: 40 Years Since Natural Disaster in Montenegro". Total Montenegro News. 15 April 2019.
163. ^ "The Great Flood of 1997 in Poland".
164. ^ Glover, David (2006). Indonesia's Fires and Haze: The Cost of Catastrophe. IDRC. ISBN 9781552503324.
165. ^ Francis, Simon; Gunturi, Prassad V. S. K.; Arora, Munish (2001). "Performance of Built Environment in the Oct 1999 Orissa Super Cyclone" (PDF). Pilani, Rajasthan, India: Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
166. ^ SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT (RAPID PDNRA) (PDF). United Natoins Development Programme (Report). March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 20, 2024. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
167. ^ India Meteorological Department (January 2008). "Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2007". Archived from the original on November 26, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
168. ^ "HURRICANE ZETA" (PDF). NOAA. 10 May 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
169. ^ "Costliest U.S. Tropical Cyclones" (PDF). National Hurricane Center.
170. ^ "Bearing the brunt". The Tribune. May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
171. ^ "Athens earthquake of 7 September 1999: Intensity measures and observed damages" (PDF). ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology. 1 March 2003.
172. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Review 2002" (PDF). Guy Carpenter. 30 January 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-06.
173. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Zelinsky, David A (January 6, 2014). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Manuel: September 13 – 19, 2013 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
174. ^ "Islamic Republic of Iran: Floods Response Plan (April 2019)" (PDF). UN Iran. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
175. ^ "Event:CHIAPAS, MEXICO". NOAA.
176. ^ Costliest U.S. Tropical Cyclones (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. 2024. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
177. ^ "Hurricane Dennis killed 16 in Cuba – Castro". ReliefWeb. Reuters. 12 July 2005.
178. ^ "SPAIN – Floods" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 20, 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
179. ^ "EM-DAT – The international disaster database". emdat.be.
180. ^ Annual Global Climate and Catastrophe Report Impact Forecasting—2010 (PDF) (Report). Aon Benfield. December 2010. p. 39. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
181. ^ "Cost of Tornado Outbreak Last Week Could Reach $3.7 Billion". Texas Lawyer.
182. ^ "Natural Catastrophe and Climate Record: 2024" (PDF). Gallangher Re. January 2025.
183. ^ CMA (December 4, 2018). Member Report: China (PDF). ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. pp. 1–2\. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
184. ^ "Reconstrução do Rio Grande do Sul vai custar pelo menos R$19 bilhões, diz Leite". O Globo (in Portuguese). 2024-05-09.
185. ^ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
186. ^ "Cyclone Yasi to cost insurers AUS$3.5 bln – forecaster". Reuters. 2011-02-03.
187. ^ "Cyclone Hudhud caused Rs 21,908 crore loss, agriculture sector worst hit: Andhra government". Daily News and Analysis. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
188. ^ China Meteorological Administration (November 22, 2013). Member Report: China (PDF). ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee: 8th Integrated Workshop/2nd TRCG Forum. ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. p. 16\. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
189. ^ "Cyclone Bulbul caused Rs 23,811 crore losses: West Bengal Government". India Today. Press Trust of India. November 17, 2019. Archived from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
190. ^ "Debris-flow and flooding hazards associated with the December 1999 storm in coastal Venezuela and strategies for mitigation". United States Geological Survey. 31 March 2010.
191. ^ "Insurers expected to cover 60% of Kaikoura quake losses; climate change expected to keep escalating risk of natural disasters". interest.co.nz. 24 January 2017.
192. ^ "RMS, Verisk Weigh in With Insured-Loss Estimates in Low Billions From Idalia". Claims Journal. September 5, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
193. ^ "Tamil Nadu estimates cyclone damage at Rs 22,573 crore". Business Syandard. 19 December 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
194. ^ "Flood victims still waiting for repairs to be done as insurance bill hits $4.8 billion". Australia: ABC News. 2022-06-28. Retrieved 2024-10-31.
195. ^ "Hurricane Luis Preliminary Report" (PDF). NOAA. 6 May 1996.
196. ^ "Damage from deadly Hokkaido quake estimated at over 367.5 billion yen". The Mainichi. 4 October 2018.
197. ^ "Turkey, Caldiran – 1976 – Earthquake" (PDF). Shelter Projects.
198. ^ "Challenger Cost: $3.2 Billion". Los Angeles Times. 11 March 1986.
199. ^ Pruitt, Sarah (28 January 2016). "5 Things You May Not Know About the Challenger Shuttle Disaster". HISTORY. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
200. ^ Needham, Hal F.; Keim, Barry D.; Sathiaraj, David (2015). "A review of tropical cyclone-generated storm surges: Global data sources, observations, and impacts". American Geophysical Union. Vol. 53, no. 2\. pp. 545–591\. doi:10.1002/2014RG000477. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
201. ^ "Polish flood death toll rises to nine". euronews. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
202. ^ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
203. ^ "Haïti-Cyclone : Plus de 242 millions de dollars US perdus sous les eaux" (in Spanish). Signal FM Haiti. September 3, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
204. ^ "Five of Asia's most devastating earthquakes". The Christian Science Monitor. 15 March 2011.
205. ^ "Indonesia Earthquake 2006 Response Plan – Revision". OCHA. 1 July 2006.
206. ^ "Analyst says earthquakes could cost Puerto Rico's economy up to $3.1 billion". CNN. 11 January 2020.
207. ^ "2023 wildfires were B.C.'s costliest insured event ever at $720M in losses, report says". CBC News.
208. ^ "AL262020 Delta 20210419" (PDF). NOAA. 19 April 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
209. ^ Alvarado Leon, Gerardo E. (September 28, 2022). "LUMA Energy eleva a $2,000 millones la cifra preliminar de daños en la red de transmisión y distribución por Fiona". El Nuevo Dia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
210. ^ Pangilinan, Mika (January 6, 2023). "Insured damages from Fiona hit over $800 million – IBC". Insurance Business Magazine. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
211. ^ "1964 Niigata (Japan) Earthquake Archive". IRIS Consortium.
212. ^ National Hurricane Center (January 26, 2018). "Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated" (PDF). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
213. ^ "Ecuador earthquake: Facts, FAQs, and how to help". World Vision. 16 August 2024.
214. ^ "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events". Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters. Asheville, North Carolina: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2024.
215. ^ "West Bengal submits primary report to central team, pegs cyclone damage at Rs 21K crore". The Indian Express. 10 June 2021.
216. ^ U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters (Report). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
217. ^ "Damage from Joplin, Mo., tornado: $2.8 billion". San Francisco Chronicle.
218. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Debbie Technical Report" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. February 2018.
219. ^ Alexander Dobson; Tyler Gach; Sean Sullivan. "AZF Ammonium Nitrate Explosion". web.mst.edu. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019.
220. ^ Benett, Adam (28 September 2024). "could deal with another big one". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
221. ^ "Earthquake". 25 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-03-10 - via Wayback Machine.
222. ^ "Sheinbaum pledges US $400M reconstruction package for Acapulco, calls for private sector's support". Mexico News Daily. November 20, 2024. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
223. ^ "Natural Catastrophe and Climate Report: 2024" (PDF). Gallagher Re. Retrieved February 18, 2025.
224. ^ "Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21 - via Wayback Machine.
225. ^ "Typhoon Gaemi causes multi-million dollar losses in Asia". Insurance Asia. August 6, 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
226. ^ Vivienne Angeles; Aldwin Quitasol (July 23, 2024). "Agri damage from 'Carina' now exceeds P79M". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on July 23, 2024. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
227. ^ Ali Asif Shawson (May 20, 2020). "Cyclone Amphan: Bangladesh may face losses worth Tk12,744cr". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
228. ^ "A.12 Indonesia – Sumatra – 2009 – Overview" (PDF). Shelter Projects.
229. ^ "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary August 2005". Gary Padgett.
230. ^ "应急管理部发布2022年全国十大自然灾害". Ministry of Emergency Management (in Chinese). January 12, 2023. Archived from the original on January 12, 2023. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
231. ^ "EUR 2,067m - PERILS releases final industry loss estimate for Windstorm Ciarán of November 2023". Perlis. 5 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
232. ^ "Van earthquakes (23 October 2011 and 9 November 2011) and performance of masonry and adobe structures" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 14 November 2012.
233. ^ "Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha, May 2023, Myanmar: Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) Report". World Bank.
234. ^ Global Catastrophe Recap May 2016 (PDF) (Report). Aon Benfield. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
235. ^ "About Hurricane Agnes, a $2.1 billion storm that ravaged the U.S. in 1972". The Weather Network. 18 June 2021.
236. ^ Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database". Université catholique de Louvain.
237. ^ "Yemyin and Gonu Cyclones Makran Coastal Wetlands Complex" (PDF). Wetlands. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
238. ^ Myanmar: Post-disaster needs assessment of floods and landslides July - September 2015 (PDF) (Report). Government of the Union of Myanmar. November 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2016 - via World Bank.
239. ^ "Joint Needs Assessment Report: West Bengal Floods 2015" (PDF). Sphere India. August 30, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
240. ^ "国家防灾减灾救灾委员会办公室 应急管理部发布2023年全国自然灾害基本情况". Ministry of Emergency Management (in Chinese). January 20, 2024. Archived from the original on January 20, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
241. ^ "应急管理部发布2021年全国十大自然灾害". Ministry of Emergency Management (in Chinese). January 23, 2022. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
242. ^ Reisner, Marc (1993). Cadillac Desert. Penguin. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-14-017824-1.
243. ^ Bala, Andrei; Toma-Danila, Dragos (3 March 2016). "The Strong Romanian Earthquakes of 10.11.1940 and 4.03.1977. Lessons Learned and Forgotten?". The 1940 Vrancea Earthquake. Issues, Insights and Lessons Learnt. Springer Natural Hazards. Springer Link. pp. 19–35\. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29844-3_2. ISBN 978-3-319-29843-6.
244. ^ "Annual Summary, Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1988" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-14.
245. ^ "The Quindío, Colombia TheQuindío,Colombia Earthquake of January 25, 1999: y25,1999: Reconnaissance Repor ReconnaissanceReport" (PDF). MCEER. 4 October 1999.
246. ^ "Decemberorkanen 1999". DMI. 25 June 2018.
247. ^ "The 10 most expensive U.S. earthquakes". CNN Business. 25 August 2014.
248. ^ Sheahan, Maria (6 July 2014). Hardy, William (ed.). "Costa Concordia capsizing costs over $2 billion for owners". Reuters.
249. ^ a b "Top Ten Costliest Oklahoma Tornadoes (1950-Present)". National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma.
250. ^ "Persian Gulf floods insured losses to exceed $2 billion – Guy Carpenter". insurancebusinessmag.com.
251. ^ Mendoza, Jesse. "How much damage did Hurricane Debby leave in Manatee County? Officials give early estimate". Sarasota Herald-Tribune.
252. ^ "被害の概要" (PDF). 18 May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-24 - via Wayback Machine.
253. ^ "Maryland officials release timeline, cost estimate, for rebuilding bridge". Associated Press News. 3 May 2024.
254. ^ Amanullah, Quazi (October 11, 2009). "Hunger, diseases still haunt Aila-hit people in Koira". The Daily Star. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
255. ^ Jae-Yeon, Woo (16 September 2022). "Typhoon-hit POSCO aims to fully normalize operations by early December". Yonhap News Agency.
256. ^ "DISASTERS: A Hurricane in Honduras". Time. October 7, 1974.
257. ^ a b c d Smith, Adam B. (2021). "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.25921/stkw-7w73. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
258. ^ "Economic loss due to floods estimated to be up to Rs 15,000 crore: SBI Ecowrap". Business Today India. 17 July 2023.
259. ^ Hebert, Paul J (July 1, 1980). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 108 (7). American Meteorological Society: 973–990\. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108..973H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0973:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 4, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
260. ^ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. January 12, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
261. ^ "FTI: Damage tally B50bn". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
262. ^ "Central Sulawesi Earthquake Loss Reaches IDR 24.6 Trillion". Puskas BAZNAS. 12 October 2018. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
263. ^ Steven Duff (6 June 2008). "Remembering Piper Alpha disaster". BBC News. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
264. ^ "1991 Bangladesh Cyclone". epsresilience.com.
265. ^ "Tropical Storm, October 2008" (PDF). Disaster Recovery Framework. August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-06. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
266. ^ 平成25年の水害被害額について (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. March 27, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
267. ^ "Cost of natural disasters – ICNZ". icnz.org.nz. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
268. ^ Martí, Ricardo Zapata; Jovel, Roberto (1 January 2004). Damages and losses of the 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2375-2.471. ISBN 978-0-8137-2375-4.
269. ^ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
270. ^ "Dolly Makes Landfall in Texas; Downgraded to Storm (Update3)". Bloomberg News. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
271. ^ Fang, Lihua; Wu, Jianping; Wang, Weilai; Du, Wenkang; Su, Jinrong; Wang, Changzai; Yang, Ting; Cai, Yan (3 June 2015). "Aftershock Observation and Analysis of the 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan Earthquake". Seismological Research Letters. 86 (4): 1135–1142\. Bibcode:2015SeiRL..86.1135F. doi:10.1785/0220140186.
272. ^ Haiti: Earthquake Situation Report No. 8 – Final (29 November 2021) (Report). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. November 29, 2021.
273. ^ "Việt Nam thiệt hại gần 40 nghìn tỷ đồng do thiên tai". 4 June 2021.
274. ^ "Cyclone Tauktae damages pegged at Rs 10,000 crore in Gujarat". The Times of India. 27 May 2021.
275. ^ "Death toll from South African floods revised down to 435". Reuters. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
276. ^ "Earthquake, Doganyol, Turkey (PDF)" (PDF). CEDIM. 24 January 2020.
277. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
278. ^ "Supporting Resilient Recovery in Mozambique". GFDRR. January 2024.
279. ^ "Rising Temperatures Bringing Bigger Floods". Science Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
280. ^ Paul J. Hebert; Robert A. Case (March 1990). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Hurricanes of This Century (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. p. 7. Retrieved 2024-10-10.
281. ^ "Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Four". NOAA. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
282. ^ "Preliminary Observations on the Bam, Iran, Earthquake of December 26, 2003" (PDF). EERI. April 2004.
283. ^ "Talim leaves 95 dead, 30 missing". China View. 2005-09-05. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011.
284. ^ September 2013 Global Catastrophe Recap (PDF) (Report). Aon Benfield. October 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
285. ^ "Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight – 2018 Annual Report" (PDF). January 22, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
286. ^ "Scientists now know how the Brumadinho dam disaster happened, and the lessons to learn". Mongabay. 21 February 2024.
287. ^ 应急管理部公布2020年全国十大自然灾害 (in Chinese). Ministry of Emergency Management. January 2, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
288. ^ "Hurricane Francine Expected to Cost Insurers Almost $1.5 Billion". Bloomberg News. 16 September 2024.
289. ^ "MEMBER REPORT [China]" (PDF). ESCAP/WMO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-04. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
290. ^ "MEMBER REPORT Japan" (PDF). ESCAP/WMO. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
291. ^ 平成２１年の水害被害額の確報値について [Final report on flood damage in 2009]. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Press release) (in Japanese). March 9, 2011. Archived from the original on March 22, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
292. ^ "Gabrielle and Auckland Anniversary claims settlements top 90%". Insurance Council of New Zealand. 19 March 2024.
293. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
294. ^ a b "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
295. ^ Tuilevuka, Nacanieli. "$2.98 billion damage caused by TC Winston". Newswire. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
296. ^ "Mozambique Cyclone Idai Post Disaster Needs Assessment: Full Report (2019)". GFDRR. 29 May 2019.
297. ^ "Volcano eruption on Spain's La Palma declared over after 100 days of activity". United States: ABC News. 26 December 2021.
298. ^ Trovato, Maria Rosa; Giuffrida, Salvatore (22 April 2018). "The Monetary Measurement of Flood Damage and the Valuation of the Proactive Policies in Sicily". Geosciences. 8 (4): 141. Bibcode:2018Geosc...8..141T. doi:10.3390/geosciences8040141.
299. ^ National Climatic Data Center. "Billion Dollar U.S. Weather/Climate Disasters, 1980 – October 2011". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
300. ^ "Key figures related to the insurance claims paid for earthquakes in fiscal 2020 as of April 16, 2021". General Insurance Association of Japan. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
301. ^ CENAPRED; Cepal y Servicio Sismológico Nacional (2008). Principales desastres naturales, 1980–2005 (PDF) (in Spanish). El Almanaque Mexicano. p. 20\. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
302. ^ John L. Beven II, Richard J. Pasch and Miles B. Lawrence (2003). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2002". Mariners Weather Log. 47 (1). Retrieved July 15, 2024.
303. ^ "November 2011 Monthly Cat Recap" (PDF). Aon Benfield. December 6, 2011. pp. 2, 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
304. ^ Llasat, M.C.; O. Caumont; I. Flores; L. Garrote; J. Gilabert; M. Llasat-Botija; R. Marcos; O. Nuissier; E. Richard; T. Rigo (28 June 2014). The November 2011 Flood Event In Catalonia: Analysis Using The DRIHM Infrastructure (Report). Cosenza, Italy: University of Calabria. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
305. ^ "Ascienden a 16,600 mdp costos por huracán Odile". El Economista. 10 December 2014.
306. ^ Fischetti, Mark. "How Much Do Wildfires Cost in Terms of Property Damage?". Scientific American.
307. ^ Ishaqui, S A (23 October 2020). "Telangana tells Centre: State suffered nearly 9K crore loss due to floods". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
308. ^ Rieger, Sarah (2020-07-08). "Calgary hailstorm that caused $1.2B in damage ranks as Canada's 4th costliest natural disaster". CBC News. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
309. ^ "'Expensive, extreme:' Calgary hailstorm is top weather story of 2020 – 660 NEWS". 660citynews.com. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
310. ^ "Events reported between 04/10/1965 and 04/12/1965". National Centers for Environmental Information.
311. ^ "1996 Flood Archive". Dartmouth College. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
312. ^ Brasileiro, Adriana (17 January 2010). "Brazil Cities Hit by Landslides, Floods Will Need $1.2 Billion to Recover". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
313. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Veronica". Weather Underground.
314. ^ "Events: Kentucky and Missouri Flooding". Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters. National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
315. ^ "2023 São Paulo, Brazil Floods". Center for Disaster Philanthropy. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 2024-10-27.
316. ^ "Tropical cyclones in 1994" (PDF). Royal Observatory Hong Kong. May 1995.
317. ^ 都市快报 (July 22, 2005). 台风海棠造成浙江经济损失上升至72.2亿元 (in Chinese). 新浪网. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
318. ^ National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
319. ^ "April 2014 Global Catastrophe Recap" (PDF). Aon Benfield. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-12. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
320. ^ Rapid Assessment of the Macro and Sectoral Impacts of Flash Floods in the Solomon Islands, April 2014 (PDF). Government of the Solomon Islands (Report). Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. July 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
321. ^ "Typhoon Bopha, Philippines". Center for Disaster Philanthropy. January 29, 2013.
322. ^ "14-Year Cleanup at Three Mile Island Concludes". The New York Times. Associated Press. 15 August 1993.
323. ^ Jane Seaberry (September 15, 1980). "Mt. St. Helens Blows $1 Billion". The Washington Post.
324. ^ "Tropical Storm Agatha Cyclone Report" (PDF). NOAA. 13 August 2010.
325. ^ "June Floods Cost $27 Billion". Floodlist. 25 July 2013.
326. ^ Global Catastrophe Recap – May 2021, Aon, June 2021
327. ^ Latto, Andy S. (March 1, 2022). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Nicholas (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
328. ^ "Norfolk Southern: East Palestine costs over $1 billion, announces layoffs". NewsNation. NewsNation. 26 January 2024.
329. ^ "Damage caused by 2019 Albania earthquake estimated at €985mn". bne IntelliNews. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
330. ^ "SitRep no. 29 re Preparedness Measures and Effects for TY ULYSSES" (PDF). ndrrmc.gov.ph. 13 January 2021.
331. ^ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
332. ^ "2017 VIETNAM Report" (PDF).
333. ^ "Billion Dollars' Damage in Japan". Miami Herald. Associated Press. September 26, 1923. p. 1. Retrieved March 16, 2020 - via Newspapers.com.
334. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
335. ^ "Expecting Disaster: The 1963 Landslide of the Vajont Dam". Environment & Society Portal. 30 January 2012.
336. ^ "50 YEARS SINCE THE SKOPJE 1963 EARTHQUAKE – IMPLICATIONS FOR AUSTRALIAN BUILDING STANDARDS" (PDF). Australian Earthquake Engineering Society. 15–17 November 2013.
337. ^ "Building performance in the 1972 Managua Earthquake" (PDF). National Bureau of Standards. 29 April 1974.
338. ^ "Photo Reflection: 1976 Earthquake in Guatemala". Revista. 30 December 2007.
339. ^ Hookway, James. "Philippines Assesses Ketsana's Damage". The Wall Street Journal.
340. ^ Camp, Vic. "How Volcanoes Work – the Nevado del Ruiz eruption". San Diego State University. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
341. ^ Kawashima, Kazuhiko; Kanoh, Takashi (1 November 1990). "Evaluation of Indirect Economic Effects Caused by the 1983 Nihonkai-chubu, Japan, Earthquake". Earthquake Spectra. 6 (4): 739–756\. Bibcode:1990EarSp...6..739K. doi:10.1193/1.1585594.
342. ^ El Mercurio, Grandes terremotos en Chile
343. ^ National Research Council (1991). The March 5, 1987, Ecuador Earthquakes: Mass Wasting and Socioeconomic Effects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/1857. ISBN 978-0-309-04444-8.
344. ^ "NEPAL- Earthquake FY 1988" (PDF). USAID. 21 August 1988. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2024.
345. ^ Badawi, Hossam S.; Mourad, Sherif A. (24 November 1993). "Observations from the 12 October 1992 Dahshour earthquake in Egypt". Natural Hazards. p. 261 - via Academia.edu.
346. ^ "Report on Nevado del Huila (Colombia) – July 1994". Smithsonian Institution. July 1994. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199407-351050.
347. ^ Yalcinkaya, Esref (21 June 2014). "Stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motions from the June 27, 1998 Adana-Ceyhan earthquake". Earth, Planets and Space. 57 (2): 107–115\. doi:10.1186/BF03352554.
348. ^ National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
349. ^ "Napa, Calif., earthquake: Economic hit could reach $1 billion". Los Angeles Times. 25 August 2014.
350. ^ "Govt. Report: Luban Storm cost US$ one billion". Debriefer. November 2, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
351. ^ "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
352. ^ "UNICEF Chile Humanitarian Flash Report No.2 (Wildfires) as of 07 March 2024". UNICEF. 9 March 2024.
353. ^ Myint Thein (2008-03-05). "Relief and Resettlement Department" (PDF). Social Welfare Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
354. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
355. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
356. ^ Ahillen, Steve. "Gatlinburg wildfires, six months later: fire costs, donations". USA Today Network. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
357. ^ "The Daulatpur: Saturia Tornado Analysis". Course Researchers. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2025.
358. ^ "Daulatpur Saturia Tornado". Tornado Facts & Informations. Retrieved 2 April 2025.
359. ^ "Property damage from heavy rains in July-August estimated at over 1 trillion won". The Korean Times. 13 September 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
360. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): Significant Earthquake Database. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA (1972), Comments on the Significant Earthquake, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K, archived from the original on October 21, 2017, retrieved 9 April 2025
361. ^ a b "应急管理部公布2019年全国十大自然灾害". Ministry of Emergency Management. Retrieved 2025-04-28.
362. ^ "An Investigation of the Miyagi-ken-oki, Japan Earthquake of June 12, 1978 (NBS SP 592)". NIST. 30 October 1980.
363. ^ "Updates". 27 September 2023. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
364. ^ "Cyclone Helen flattens 10 lakh acres of cropst". The Times of India. 24 November 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
365. ^ "309 mil millones de colones para la reconstrucción convierten a Nate en el mayor desastre de origen natural de la historia en Costa Rica" (in Spanish). Comisión Nacional de Emergencias. January 12, 2018. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
366. ^ "Reports on hurricanes, tropical storms, tropical disturbances and related floods during 2017". United States of America. 2018. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
367. ^ Roger A. Pielke Jr.; Jose Rubiera; Christopher Landsea; Mario L. Fernandez; Roberta Klein (2003). "Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials" (PDF). NOAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 19, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
368. ^ "Analysis of Tornadic Storm in Southern Moravia on 24th June 2021 Based on Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar and Lightning Detection Data" (PDF). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute.
369. ^ Program, Volcano Hazards. "Volcanic Ash Impacts & Mitigation – Pinatubo 1991". United States Geological Survey.
370. ^ "Slave Lake fires 2nd costliest insured disaster". CTV News. 2011-07-05. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
371. ^ "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
372. ^ Yanyan Han; Yang Zang; Lingyuan Meng; Yue Wang; Shiguang Deng; Yawei Ma; Mengyu Xie (2022). "A summary of seismic activities in and around China in 2021". China Earthquake Networks Center. 2 (3): 100157. Bibcode:2022EaRA....200157H. doi:10.1016/j.eqrea.2022.100157. S2CID 250027593.
373. ^ Silaban, Martha Warta (27 August 2018). "Kerugian dan Kerusakan Akibat Gempa Lombok Capai Rp 8,8 Triliun". Tempo (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
374. ^ "The Super Outbreak of April 3-4, 1974". National Weather Service Wilmington, Ohio.
375. ^ "Tsunami Devastates Japanese Coastal Region". NOAA.
376. ^ "Chile earthquake costs insurers between 400bn and 600bn Chilean pesos". The Actuary. September 25, 2015. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
377. ^ "Tropical cyclone extremes". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
378. ^ "Italy's Morandi Bridge Collapse—What Do We Know?". engineering.com. 22 August 2018.
379. ^ "May 22, 1960 CE: Valdivia Earthquake Strikes Chile". National Geographic.
380. ^ "Buildings demolished and for whitch the Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros paid compensations after the 2011 Lorca Earthquake" (PDF). Consorcio de Compensacion de Seguros. Retrieved 9 April 2025.
381. ^ "The Hidden Traumas of Natural Disasters". IDB. 19 January 2016.
382. ^ "Mozambique Revisited". BBC World Service. 20 June 2001.
383. ^ "M 7.9 – The 1906 San Francisco, California Earthquake". United States Geological Survey.
384. ^ "The cost of rebuilding the collapsed I-35W span is climbing". Twin Cities Pioneer Press. 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
385. ^ Lohn, Martiga (May 2, 2008). "Minnesota Inks Deal with Bridge Victims". CBS News. Associated Press. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
386. ^ James, Frank (August 23, 2010). "Last Minneapolis Bridge Collapse Lawsuit Settled For $52.4 Million". NPR. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
387. ^ "Economic Impacts of the I-35W Bridge Collapse" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
388. ^ "Event:SICHUAN, CHINA". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 2025-04-27.
389. ^ "50 Years Later, an Earthquake's Legacy Continues". United States Geological Survey. 4 February 2021.
390. ^ "Firefighter Record". Illinois Fire Service Institute.
391. ^ EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED. International Disaster Database (Report). Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (Belgium). Retrieved 2013-03-31.
392. ^ "Digital Typhoon: Typhoon 197920 (TIP) – Disaster Information". Digital Typhoon Disaster Database. National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
393. ^ "Myanmar: Earthquake" (PDF). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
394. ^ Significant Earthquake Information, National Geophysical Data Center
395. ^ "Economic impact of the 2007 earthquake in the water and sanitation sector in four provinces of Peru" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved April 5, 2025.
396. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K, archived from the original on September 29, 2006
397. ^ "On This Day: Great Alaska Earthquake and Tsunami". NOAA. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
398. ^ "Quake in Eastern Sicily Kills 19 and Injures 200". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 14 December 1990. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
399. ^ Dowson, Mark (March 1997). "The Ariane 5 Software Failure". ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes. 22 (2): 84. doi:10.1145/251880.251992. S2CID 43439273.
400. ^ "FAST FACTS: The 1990 Luzon earthquake". Rappler. 16 July 2019.
401. ^ Sugarman, R. (1978-11-01). "New York City's blackout: a $350 million drain". IEEE Spectrum. 15 (11). doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1978.6367870. S2CID 27007642.
402. ^ Lockwood, Edward T. (1935-10-23). "Floods and Flood Prevention in China". Far Eastern Survey. 4 (21): 164–168\. doi:10.2307/3021960. JSTOR 3021960.
403. ^ "Mars Climate Orbiter Fact Sheet". mars.nasa.gov. NASA-JPL. Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
404. ^ "Belize: Assessment of the Damage Caused By Hurricane Keith, 2000" (PDF). CEPAL. November 30, 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
405. ^ "Index of /static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs". PAGER-CAT. Retrieved 2025-04-05.
406. ^ Tasker, Elizabeth (2016-06-16). "What Killed Japan's Hitomi X-Ray Satellite?". Scientific American. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
407. ^ Tilden, Charles E. (1959). 1959 Annual Typhoon Report (PDF). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (Report). San Francisco, California: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
408. ^ Supiandi, A., ed. (15 December 2022). "Kerugian Gempa Cianjur Rp4 Triliun, Pemkab Fokus Pemulihan Ekonomi" (in Indonesian). iNews. Antara. Retrieved 18 April 2025.
409. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
410. ^ Lastrico, R.M.; Monge, J. (1974). "Engineering Aspects of the July 8, 1971 Earthquake in Central Chile" (PDF). National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering. Proceedings of the 5th World Conference of Earthquake Engineering. pp. 468–477. Retrieved 16 April 2025.
411. ^ "More money comes in for Vanuatu". Radio New Zealand. 6 January 2025. Retrieved 18 April 2025.
412. ^ Miller, Donald L. (1996). City of the century : the epic of Chicago and the making of America. Internet Archive. New York : Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-80194-0.
413. ^ "Report on the Damage Investigation of the 2001 Atico Earthquake in Peru" (PDF). Koichi Kusunoki. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
414. ^ "Tajikistan" (PDF). World Bank Group. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
415. ^ "Significant Earthquake Database". NOAA. Retrieved 16 April 2025.
416. ^ "On This Day: 2009 Samoa Islands Tsunami". NOAA. 29 September 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
417. ^ "Additional $20 million for Disaster Recovery and Economic Reform in Tonga". World Bank (Press release). 15 June 2022. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
418. ^ "台積電1月營收2932億史上次高 首季認列地震損失53億" (in Chinese). Central News Agency. 10 February 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
419. ^ "Significant Earthquake Database". NOAA. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2025.
420. ^ "ESRIN hosts Europe's main CryoSat launch event". esa.int. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
421. ^ "Country Profile". EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
422. ^ "1908 messina earthquake, italy". astichris.weebly.com. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
423. ^ "Significant Earthquake Database". NOAA. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved April 5, 2025.
424. ^ "PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalogue". PAGER-CAT. Archived from the original on 2020-03-13. Retrieved April 9, 2025.
425. ^ "Bangunan Bertingkat di Mamuju Dilaporkan Ambruk Akibat Gempa M 6,2". Detik News. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2025.
426. ^ Lloyd's. "Titanic Information Sheet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
427. ^ "Titanic Claimants to Accept $664,000; Tentative Settlement Reached by Lawyers Representing Both Sides. Some May Hold Out Prefer to Await Judge Mayer's Decision;- Suits Aggregate $16,804,112" (PDF). The New York Times. 18 December 1915. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
428. ^ Henry Walker (2005). The Tao of Computing. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. ISBN 9780763725525. OCLC 864860042.

* v
* t
* e

Disasters

Overview|

* Lists
* by death toll
* by cost
* Australia
* Bangladesh
* Canada
* China
* Croatia
* Czech Republic
* Estonia
* Fiji
* Finland
* France
* Great Britain and Ireland
* Greece
* Haiti
* India
* Indonesia
* Japan
* Malta
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* United States
* Vietnam

Disasters|

* v
* t
* e

Natural disasters – list by death toll

Geological|

| Mass wasting|

* Landslide
* Avalanche
* Mudflow
* Debris flow

|

Earthquake
(List)|

* Seismic hazard
* Seismic risk
* Soil liquefaction

Volcano eruption|

* Pyroclastic flow
* Lahar
* Volcanic ash

Natural erosion|

* Sinkhole

Hydrological|

| Flood
(List)|

* Coastal flood
* Flash flood
* Storm surge

|

Other|

* Tsunami
* Megatsunami
* Limnic eruption

Meteorological|

| Temperature|

* Blizzard
* Cold wave
* Ice storm
* Heat wave

|

Drought|

* Megadrought

Cyclonic storms|

* Bomb cyclone
* Thunderstorm (Hail)
* Tornado (Tornado outbreak)
* Tropical cyclone

Other|

* Derecho
* Wildfire
* Firestorm
* ARkStorm

Astronomical|

* Potentially hazardous object
* Impact event
* Meteor shower
* Geomagnetic storm
* Solar flare
* Supernova
* Hypernova

Accidents|

| Health|

* Biosecurity
* Diseases of affluence
* Disease of despair
* Diseases of poverty
* Epidemic
* list
* Famine
* List
* Famine scales
* Opioid epidemic
* Pandemic

|

Industrial|

* Bridge
* Dam
* Infrastructure
* Levee breach
* Mast and tower
* Mining
* Oil spills
* Structural failures and collapses

Nuclear
(by death toll)|

* Civilian nuclear
* Civilian radiation
* Military nuclear

Transport|

* Air
* Maritime
* Rail
* Shipwreck
* Spaceflight

Man-made|

* Crowd collapses and crushes
* Economic crises
* Environmental disasters
* Sacrifice zone
* Military
* Nightclub fires
* Riots
* Societal collapse
* Terrorist incidents
* Wars

Preparation|

* Disaster risk reduction
* Earthquake preparedness
* Hurricane preparedness
* Safety
* Survival kit
* Anticipatory action

Countermeasures|

* Crisis management
* Disaster area
* Earthquake warning system
* Emergency Alert System
* Emergency management
* Emergency population warning
* Evacuations
* Humanitarian aid
* Hurricane response

Media|

* Disaster film (List of disaster films)

Organizations|

* Civil defense (List of civil defense organisations)
* Disaster Accountability Project
* International Association of Emergency Managers
* International Disaster and Risk Conference
* International Disaster Emergency Service

* WikiProject

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template