List of electoral systems by country

A joint Politics and Economics series

Social choice and electoral systems

* Social choice
* Mechanism design
* Comparative politics
* Comparison
* List (By country)

Single-winner methods

Single vote - plurality methods

* First preference plurality (FPP)
* Two-round (US: Jungle primary)
* Partisan primary
* Instant-runoff
* UK: Alternative vote (AV)
* US: Ranked-choice (RCV)
* Party block voting
* Plurality block voting

* * *

Condorcet methods

* Condorcet-IRV
* Round-robin voting
* Minimax
* Schulze
* Ranked pairs
* Maximal lottery

* * *

Positional voting

* Plurality (el. IRV)
* Borda count (el. Baldwin, Mdn. Bucklin)
* Antiplurality (el. Coombs)

* * *

Cardinal voting

* Score voting
* Approval voting
* Majority judgment
* STAR voting

Proportional representation

Party-list

* Apportionment
* Highest averages
* Largest remainders
* National remnant
* Biproportional
* List type
* Closed list
* Open list
* Panachage
* List-free PR
* Localized list

* * *

Quota-remainder methods

* Hare STV
* Schulze STV
* CPO-STV
* Quota Borda

* * *

Approval-based committees

* Thiele's method
* Phragmen's method
* Expanding approvals rule
* Method of equal shares

* * *

Fractional social choice

* Direct representation
* Interactive representation
* Liquid democracy
* Fractional approval voting
* Maximal lottery
* Random ballot

* * *

Semi-proportional representation

* Cumulative
* SNTV
* Limited voting

Mixed systems

By results of combination

* Mixed-member majoritarian
* Mixed-member proportional

* * *

By mechanism of combination

* Non-compensatory
* Parallel (superposition)
* Coexistence
* Conditional
* Fusion (majority bonus)
* Compensatory
* Seat linkage system
* UK: 'AMS'
* NZ: 'MMP'
* Vote linkage system
* Negative vote transfer
* Mixed ballot
* Supermixed systems
* Dual-member proportional
* Rural–urban proportional
* Majority jackpot

* * *

By ballot type

* Single vote
* Double simultaneous vote
* Dual-vote

Paradoxes and pathologies

Spoiler effects

* Spoiler effect
* Cloning paradox
* Frustrated majorities paradox
* Center squeeze

* * *

Pathological response

* Perverse response
* Best-is-worst paradox
* No-show paradox
* Multiple districts paradox

* * *

Strategic voting

* Lesser evil voting
* Exaggeration
* Truncation
* Turkey-raising
* Wasted vote

* * *

Paradoxes of majority rule

* Tyranny of the majority
* Discursive dilemma
* Conflicting majorities paradox

Social and collective choice

Impossibility theorems

* Arrow's theorem
* Majority impossibility
* Moulin's impossibility theorem
* McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
* Gibbard's theorem

* * *

Positive results

* Median voter theorem
* Condorcet's jury theorem
* May's theorem
* Condorcet dominance theorems
* Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
* VCG mechanism
* Quadratic voting

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* Economics portal

Mathematics portal

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This is a list of electoral systems by country in alphabetical order. An electoral system is used to elect national legislatures and heads of state.

## Maps

[edit]

Head of state |
Lower house or unicameral legislature |
Upper house

|
|

First past the post (FPTP)

Two-round system (TRS)

Contingent voting, including Instant-runoff voting (IRV)

Election by legislature

Election by electoral college

Not elected (mostly monarchies)

In transition

No information

| Single-member constituencies:

First past the post (FPTP)

Two-round system (TRS)

Instant-runoff voting (IRV)

Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian:

Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV

Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV

Limited voting

Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV

Modified Borda count

Multi-member constituencies, proportional:

Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list)

Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list for some parties)

Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list)

Panachage (party-list PR, free list)

Personalised proportional representation (party-list PR and FPTP)

Single transferable vote

Mixed majoritarian and proportional:

Mixed-member proportional representation (Seat linkage mixed system) (party-list PR and FPTP)

Additional member system (party-list PR and FPTP seat linkage mixed system) (less proportional implementation of MMP)

Parallel voting / mixed member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP)

Parallel voting (party-list PR and TRS)

Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV)

Vote linkage mixed system or limited Seat linkage mixed system (party-list PR and FPTP) ((partially compensatory semi-proportional implementation of MMP) (party-list PR and FPTP)

Majority bonus system (non-compensatory)

Majority jackpot system (compensatory)

Two-round majority jackpot system (compensatory)

Indirect elections

No relevant electoral system information:

No elections

Varies by state

In transition

No information

| Single-member constituencies:

First past the post (FPTP)

Two-round system (TRS)

Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian:

Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV

Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV

Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV

Mixed BV and SNTV

Limited voting or cumulative voting

Multi-member constituencies, proportional:

Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list)

Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list)

Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, partially-open list)

Partially party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list)

Single transferable vote

Mixed majoritarian and proportional:

Parallel voting / Mixed-member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP)

Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV)

Parallel voting (party-list PR and SNTV)

Other:

Varies by federal states, or constituency

Indirect election:

Election by electoral college or local/regional legislatures

Partly elected by electoral college or local/regional legislatures and appointed by head of state

Partly elected by electoral college or local/regional legislatures, partly elected in single-member districts by FPTP, and partly appointed by head of state

No relevant electoral system information:

No elections

Appointed by head of state

No information / In transition

Unicameral

## Electoral systems by country

[edit]

### Countries

[edit]

Country  | Body or office  | Type of body or office  | Electoral system  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Afghanistan | Currently no national elections are held
Albania | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Parliament |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Algeria | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Council of the Nation | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Indirectly elected (2/3)
* Appointed by the President (1/3)

People's National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Andorra | Co-Princes | Head of State  |

* Two-round system (French Prince)
* Appointed by the Pope (Episcopal Prince)

General Council | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* Party-list proportional representation (14 seats)
* Party block voting (14 seats)

Angola | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Antigua and Barbuda | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by the Governor-General |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Argentina | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system | 45% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate to win in first round
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Limited voting | 2 seats to most voted party, 1 seat to second most voted party
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Armenia | President | Head of State  | Appointed by the National Assembly |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority/minority jackpot | If no party gets a majority a runoff will be held between the two most voted parties
Australia | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Single transferable vote |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Instant-runoff voting |
Austria | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Federal Council | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by federal states' legislatures  |
National Council | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Azerbaijan | President | Head of State  | First-past-the-post |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Bahamas | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by the Governor-General |
House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Bahrain | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Consultative Council | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by the King |
Council of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Two-round system |
Bangladesh | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Jatiya Sangsad |
Jatiya Sangsad | Unicameral legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (300 seats)
* Reserved for women (50 seats)

Barbados | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Parliament |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by the President |
House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Belarus | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Council of Republic | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by regional councils  |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Belgium | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by regional parliaments (50 seats)
* Elected by the Senate (10 seats)

Chamber of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Belize | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by the Governor-General |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Benin | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Bhutan | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
National Council | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (20 seats)
* Appointed by the King (5 seats)

National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Two-round system |
Bolivia | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system | 50% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate to win in first round
Chamber of Senators | Upper chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member proportional representation |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Presidency | Heads of State  | First-past-the-post |
House of Peoples | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by entities legislatures  |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Botswana | President | Head of State and Government  | Elected by the National Assembly |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Brazil | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Plurality block voting (54 seats)
* First-past-the-post (27 seats)

Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Brunei | Currently no national elections are held
Bulgaria | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Burkina Faso | Currently no national elections are held
Burundi | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by communal councilors (36 seats)
* Appointed by the National Electoral Commission for the Twa (3 seats)

National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Cambodia | King | Head of State  | Elective monarchy |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by commune councillors (58 sets)
* Appointed by the King (2 seats)
* Appointed by the National Assembly (2 seats)

National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Cameroon | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by municipal councils (70 seats)
* Appointed by the President (30 seats)

National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (58 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation with a conditional majority jackpot (122 seats)

| A party receiving over 50% of the vote in a constituency wins all the seats, if no party get over 50% of the vote, the most voted party is wins half the seats.
Canada | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by the Governor General |
House of Commons | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Cape Verde | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Central African Republic | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Two-round system |
Chad | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by provincial and communal councils (2/3)
* Appointed by the President (1/3)

National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (83 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation with majority jackpot system (105 seats)

| A party receiving over 50% of the vote in a constituency wins all the seats; if no party wins over 50% of the vote, seats are allocated proportionally.
Chile | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
China | Currently no national elections are held
Colombia | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Chamber of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Comoros | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Assembly of the Union | Unicameral legislature  | Two-round system |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | President | Head of State  | First-past-the-post |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by provincial parliaments (108 seats)
* Senator for life (variable seats)

National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  |

* Party-list proportional representation (436 seats)
* First-past-the-post (64 seats)

Republic of the Congo | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by regional councils  |
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Two-round system |
Cook Islands | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Costa Rica | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system | 40% of the vote to win in the first round
Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Croatia | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Cuba | President | Head of State  | Elected by the National Assembly |
National Assembly of People's Power | Unicameral legislature  | Two-round system |
Cyprus | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Czech Republic | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Two-round system |
Chamber of Deputies | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Denmark | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Folketing | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Djibouti | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Majority jackpot system with limited party-list proportional representation | 80% of seats to the most voted party
Dominica | President | Head of State  | Elected by the House of Assembly |
House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (21 seats)
* Elected by the Assembly or appointed by the President (9 seats)
* Attorney General (1 seat)
* Speaker (1 seat)

Dominican Republic | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
East Timor | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Ecuador | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system | 50% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate to win in first round
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Egypt | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* Two-round system (284 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (284 seats)
* Appointed by the President (28 seats)

El Salvador | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Equatorial Guinea | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Party-list proportional representation (55 seats)
* Appointed by the President (15 seats)

Chamber of People's Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Eritrea | Currently no national elections are held
Estonia | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Riigikogu |
Riigikogu | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Eswatini | Ngwenyama | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Appointed by the Ngwenyama (20 seats)
* Elected by the House of Assembly (10 seats)

House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Ethiopia | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Federal Parliamentary Assembly |
House of Federation | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by the State Councils  |
House of Peoples' Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Fiji | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Parliament |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Finland | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
France | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by local councillors  |
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Two-round system |
Gabon | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by regional councils  |
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Two-round system |
Gambia | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (53 seats)
* Appointed by the President (5 seats)

Georgia | President | Head of State  | Electoral college |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Germany | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Federal Convention |
Bundesrat | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by State Governments  |
Bundestag | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member proportional representation |
Ghana | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Greece | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Hellenic Parliament |
Hellenic Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system |
Grenada | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by the Governor-General |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Guatemala | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Congress of the Republic | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Guinea | Currently no national elections are held
Guinea-Bissau | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
National People's Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Guyana | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Haiti | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Two-round system |
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature  | Two-round system |
Honduras | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
National Congress | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Hungary | President | Head of State  | Elected by the National Assembly |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (106 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (93 seats)

| Combination of partially compensatory system[1]
Iceland | President | Head of State  | First-past-the-post |
Alþing | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
India | President | Head of State  | Electoral college | Electoral college consists of the Parliament and state legislative assemblies
Rajya Sabha | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by state legislative assemblies (233 seats)
* Appointed by the President (12 seats)

Lok Sabha | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Indonesia | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system | Some areas use the noken system.
Regional Representative Council | Upper chamber of legislature  | Single non-transferable vote
People's Representative Council | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation
Iran | Supreme Leader | Head of State  | Elected by the Assembly of Experts |
President | Head of Government  | Two-round system |
Islamic Consultative Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* Two-round system
* Two-round plurality block voting

Assembly of Experts | Electoral College  |

* First-past-the-post
* Plurality block voting

Iraq | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Council of Representatives |
Council of Representatives | Unicameral legislature  | Single non-transferable vote |
Ireland | President | Head of State  | Instant-runoff voting |
Seanad Éireann | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by vocational panels (43 seats)
* Appointed by the Taoiseach (11 seats)
* Elected by the graduates of 2 universities (6 seats)

Dáil Éireann | Lower chamber of legislature  | Single transferable vote |
Israel | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Knesset |
Knesset | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Italy | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Italian Parliament and regional councils |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* Party-list proportional representation (126 seats)
* First-past-the-post (74 seats)
* Senators for life (variable seats)

Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* Party-list proportional representation (253 seats)
* First-past-the-post (147 seats)

Ivory Coast | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by regional councils (66 seats)
* Appointed by the President (33 seats)

National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Jamaica | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by the Governor-General |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Japan | Emperor | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
House of Councillors | Upper chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* Single non-transferable vote (148 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (100 seats)

House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (289 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (176 seats)

Jordan | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by the King |
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Kazakhstan | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by the local mäslihats (40 seats)
* Appointed by the President (10 seats)

Mäjilis | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* Party-list proportional representation (69 seats)
* First-past-the-post (29 seats)

Kenya | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system | 50% of the vote and 25% of the vote in 24 counties
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (47 seats)
* Appointed (20 seats)

National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (337 seats)
* Appointed (12 seats)

Kiribati | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* Two-round plurality block voting (44 seats)
* Appointed by the Rabi Council of Leaders (1 seat)

Kuwait | Emir | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Single non-transferable vote |
Kyrgyzstan | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Supreme Council | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* Party-list proportional representation (54 seats)
* First-past-the-post (36 seats)

Laos | President | Head of State  | Elected by the National Assembly |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Plurality block voting |
Latvia | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Saeima |
Saeima | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Lebanon | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Parliament |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Lesotho | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Hereditary tribal chiefs (22 seats)
* Appointed by the King (11 seats)

National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member proportional representation |
Liberia | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Libya | Currently no national elections are held
Liechtenstein | Prince | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Landtag | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Lithuania | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Seimas | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* Two-round system (71 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (70 seats)

Luxembourg | Grand Duke | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Chamber of Deputies | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Madagascar | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by the electoral colleges of the provinces (12 seats)
* Appointed by the President (6 seats)

National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (77 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (86 seats)

Malawi | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Malaysia | Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Head of State  | Elective monarchy |
Dewan Negara | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (44 seats)
* Elected by the state legislative assemblies (26 seats)

Dewan Rakyat | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Maldives | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
People's Majlis | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Mali | Currently no national elections are held
Malta | President | Head of State  | Elected by the House of Representatives |
House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature  | Single transferable vote |
Marshall Islands | President | Head of State and Government  | Elected by the Legislature |
Legislature | Unicameral legislature  | Plurality block voting |
Mauritania | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* Two-round party block voting (70 seats)
* Two-round system (18 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (37 seats)

Mauritius | President | Head of State  | Elected by the National Assembly |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* Plurality block voting (62 seats)
* Best Loser System (8 seats)

Mexico | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* Limited voting (96 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (32 seats)

| Limited voting: 2 seats to most voted party, 1 seat to second most voted party
Chamber of Deputies | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (300 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (200 seats)

| A party cannot get more seats overall than 8% above its result nationally. A party can't win more than 300 seats overall.
Micronesia | President | Head of State and Government  | Elected by the Congress |
Congress | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Moldova | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Monaco | Prince | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
National Council | Unicameral legislature  |

* Plurality block voting (16 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (8 seats)

Mongolia | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
State Great Khural | Unicameral legislature  | Plurality block voting |
Montenegro | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Morocco | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
House of Councillors | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by regions |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Mozambique | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Assembly of the Republic | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Myanmar | Currently no national elections are held
Namibia | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
National Council | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by regional councils  |
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  |

* Party-list proportional representation (96 seats)
* Appointed by the President (8 seats)

Nauru | President | Head of State and Government  | Elected by the Parliament |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Dowdall system |
Nepal | President | Head of State  | Electoral college | Electoral college consists of the Parliament and the provincial assemblies
National Assembly | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by provincial assemblies  |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (165 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (110 seats)

Netherlands | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by provincial councils  |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
New Zealand | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member proportional representation |
Nicaragua | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Niger | Currently no national elections are held
Nigeria | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system | Most voted and as well as over 25% of the vote in 3/4 of the states to win in first round
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Niue | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (14 seats)
* Plurality block voting (6 seats)

North Korea | Supreme People's Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
North Macedonia | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Norway | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Storting | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Oman | Sultan | Head of State and Government  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Council of State | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by the Sultan |
Consultative Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Single non-transferable vote |
Pakistan | President | Head of State  | Electoral college | Electoral college consists of the Parliament and provincial assemblies
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by the provincial assemblies  |
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (266 seats)
* Reserved for women and minorities appointed to parties proportionally to seats already won (70 seats)

Palau | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Plurality block voting |
House of Delegates | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Panama | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* Party-list proportional representation (45 seats)
* First-past-the-post (26 seats)

Papua New Guinea | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
National Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Instant runoff voting |
Paraguay | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Peru | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Congress | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Philippines | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Plurality block voting |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (253 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (63 seats)

| Party-list PR: No party can wins more than 3 seats.
Poland | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Sejm | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Portugal | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Assembly of the Republic | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Qatar | Currently no national elections are held
Romania | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Russia | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Federation Council | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by federal subjects' legislatures  |
State Duma | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (225 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (225 seats)

Rwanda | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by provincial councils (12 seats)
* Appointed by the President (8 seats)

Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature  |

* Party-list proportional representation (53 seats)
* Elected by local and national councils (27 seats)

Saint Kitts and Nevis | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Saint Lucia | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by the Governor-General |
House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (15 seats)
* Appointed by the Governor-General (6 seats)
* Attorney General (1 seats)
* Speaker (1 seats)

Samoa | O le Ao o le Malo | Head of State  | Elected by the Legislative Assembly |
Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
San Marino | Captains Regent | Head of State  | Elected by the Grand and General Council |
Grand and General Council | Unicameral legislature  | Two-round party-list proportional representation with a majority jackpot in the second round only.  | If no party gets a majority a runoff will be held between the two most voted parties
São Tomé and Príncipe | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Saudi Arabia | Currently no national elections are held
Senegal | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post/Party block voting (112 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (53 seats)

Serbia | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Seychelles | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (26 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (up to 10 seats)

| Party-list PR: For each 10% of the vote, a party gets one seat.
Sierra Leone | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system | 55% of the vote to win in first round
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  |

* Party-list proportional representation (135 seats)
* Elected for paramount chiefs (14 Seats)

Singapore | President | Head of State  | First-past-the-post |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  |

* Party block voting (82 seats)
* First-past-the-post (15 seats)
* Best losers (up to 12 seats)
* Appointed by the president (9 seats)

Slovakia | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
National Council | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Slovenia | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
National Council | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by groups of experts  |
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Solomon Islands | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
National Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
South Africa | President | Head of State and Government  | Elected by the National Assembly |
National Council of Provinces | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by the Provinces' Legislatures  |
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
South Korea | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation (de facto):

* First-past-the-post (254 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (46 seats)

| [note 1]
South Sudan | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Council of States | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by the state's legislative assembly  |
National Legislative Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (158 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (157 seats)
* Appointed by the President (17 seats)

Spain | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Limited plurality block voting (208 seats)
* Elected by regional legislatures (57 seats)

Congress of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Sri Lanka | President | Head of State and Government  | Instant-runoff voting |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Sudan | Currently no national elections are held
Suriname | President | Head of State and Government  | Elected by the National Assembly |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Sweden | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Riksdag | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Switzerland | Federal Council | Head of State and Government  | Elected by the Federal Assembly |
Council of States | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Two-round system (41 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (4 seats)
* Landsgemeinde (1 seat)

National Council | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Syria | Currently no national elections are held
Taiwan | President | Head of State  | First-past-the-post |
Legislative Yuan | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (73 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (34 seats)
* Single non-transferable vote (6 seats)

Tajikistan | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by deputies of local majlisi (25 seats)
* Appointed by the President (8 seats)

Assembly of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* Two-round system (41 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (22 seats)

Tanzania | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (264 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (113 seats)
* Appointed by the President (10 seats)
* Elected by the Zanzibar House of Representatives (5 seats)
* Attorney General (1 seat)

Thailand | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by groups of experts  |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (400 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (100 seats)

Togo | President | Head of State and Government  | Elected by the National Assembly |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by regional and municipal councils (2/3)
* Appointed by the President (1/3)

National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Tonga | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Trinidad and Tobago | President | Head of State  | Elected by all members of the Senate and House of Representatives |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by the President |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Tunisia | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
National Council of Regions and Districts | Upper chamber legislature  | Elected by the regional and district councils  |
Assembly of the Representatives of the People | Lower chamber of legislature  | Two-round system |
Turkey | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Grand National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Turkmenistan | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Assembly | Unicameral of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Tuvalu | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Plurality block voting |
Uganda | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Ukraine | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Verkhovna Rada | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
United Arab Emirates | Currently no national elections are held
United Kingdom | King | Head of State  | Hereditary monarchy  |
House of Lords | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Life peer appointed by the King (670 seats)
* Hereditary peer (92 seats)
* Lords Spiritual appointed by the Church of England (26 seats)

House of Commons | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
United States | President | Head of State and Government  | Electoral college |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (44 States)
* Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States)
* Two-round system (2 States)
* Instant-runoff voting (2 States)

House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (44 States)
* Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States)
* Two-round system (2 States)
* Instant-runoff voting (2 States)

Uruguay | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Chamber of Senators | Upper chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Chamber of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Uzbekistan | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by members of local councils (84 seats)
* Appointed by the President (16 seats)

Legislative Chamber | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (75 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (75 seats)

Vanuatu | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Parliament and the presidents of Regional Councils  |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Single non-transferable vote |
Vatican City | Currently no national elections are held
Venezuela | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* Party-list proportional representation (149 seats)
* Plurality block voting (136 seats)

Vietnam | President | Head of State  | Elected by the National Assembly |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Plurality block voting |
Yemen | Currently no national elections are held
Zambia | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (156 seats)
* Appointed by the President (8 seats)
* Ex officio members (3 seats)

Zimbabwe | President | Head of State and Government  | Two-round system |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Party-list proportional representation (60 seats)
* Elected by the Council of Chiefs (18 seats)
* Elected by the National Disability Board (2 seats)

National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (210 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (70 seats)

## Countries with limited recognition

[edit]

Country  | Body or office  | Type of body or office  | Electoral system  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Abkhazia | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
People's Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Two-round system |
Kosovo | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Assembly |
Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Northern Cyprus | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Assembly of the Republic | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Palestine | Currently no national elections are held
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | President | Head of State  | Elected by the Congress of the Polisario Front |
Sahrawi National Council | Unicameral legislature  | Single non-transferable vote |
South Ossetia | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (17 seats)
* Party-list proportional representation (17 seats)

Somaliland | President | Head of State and Government  | First-past-the-post |
House of Elders | Upper chamber of legislature  | —  | Currently no system defined
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Transnistria | President | Head of State  | Two-round system |
Supreme Council | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |

## Colonies and dependencies

[edit]

Country  | Body or office  | Type of body or office  | Electoral system  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Alderney | States | Unicameral legislature  | Plurality block voting |
American Samoa | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Elected by county councils  |
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (14 seats)
* Plurality block voting (6 seats)

Anguilla | House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (7 seats)
* Plurality block voting (4 seats)
* Attorney General (1 seats)
* Deputy Governor (1 seats)

Ascension  | Island Council | Unicameral legislature  | Plurality block voting |
Bermuda | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature  | Appointed by the Governor |
House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature  | First-past-the-post |
British Virgin Islands | House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (9 seats)
* Plurality block voting (4 seats)
* Attorney General (1 seats)
* Speaker (1 seats)

Cayman Islands | Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | First-past-the-post |
Falkland Islands | Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Plurality block voting |
French Polynesia | Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Gibraltar | Parliament | Unicameral legislature  | Limited plurality block voting |
Guam | Legislature | Unicameral legislature  | Plurality block voting |
Guernsey | States of Deliberation | Unicameral legislature  | Plurality block voting |
Hong Kong | Legislative Council | Unicameral legislature  |

* Appointed by the Election Committee (40 seats)
* Elected by functional constituencies (30 seats)
* Single non-transferable vote (20 seats)

Isle of Man | Legislative Council | Upper chamber of legislature  |

* Elected by the House of Keys (8 seats)
* President of Tynwald (1 seat)
* Bishop of Sodor and Man (1 seat)
* Attorney General (1 seat)

House of Keys | Lower chamber of legislature  | Plurality block voting |
Jersey | States Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* Plurality block voting (37 seats)
* First-past-the-post (12 seats)

Macau | Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* Party-list proportional representation (14 seats)
* Indirectly elected member (12 seats)
* appointed by the Chief Executive (7 seats)

Montserrat | Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Plurality block voting |
New Caledonia | Congress | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |
Northern Mariana Islands | Senate | Upper chamber legislature  |

* Plurality block voting (6 seats)
* First-past-the-post (3 seats)

House of Representatives | Lower chamber legislature  |

* Plurality block voting (18 seats)
* First-past-the-post (2 seats)

Pitcairn Islands | Island Council | Unicameral legislature  |

* Single transferable vote (7 seats)
* Administrator (1 seat)
* Governor (1 seat)
* Deputy Governor (1 seat)

Puerto Rico | Senate | Upper chamber legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* Party block voting (16 seats)
* Single non-transferable vote (11 seats)

House of Representatives | Lower chamber legislature  | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:

* First-past-the-post (40 seats)
* Single non-transferable vote (11 seats)

Saint Barthélemy | Territorial Council | Unicameral legislature  | Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system |
Saint Helena | Legislative Council | Unicameral legislature  |

* Plurality block voting (12 seats)
* Attorney General (1 seat)

Saint Martin | Territorial Council | Unicameral legislature  | Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system |
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | Territorial Council | Unicameral legislature  | Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system |
Sark | Chief Pleas | Unicameral legislature  | Plurality block voting |
Tokelau | General Fono | Unicameral legislature  | [data missing] |
Tristan da Cunha  | Island Council | Unicameral legislature  | Plurality block voting |
Turks and Caicos Islands | House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature  |

* First-past-the-post (10 seats)
* Plurality block voting (9 seats)
* Attorney General (1 seats)
* Speaker (1 seats)

U.S. Virgin Islands | Legislature | Unicameral legislature  |

* Plurality block voting (14 seats)
* First-past-the-post (1 seat)

Wallis and Futuna | Territorial Assembly | Unicameral legislature  | Party-list proportional representation |

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ South Korea uses the additional member system de jure, but it has been de facto nullified via decoy list usage by major political parties.[2]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "2011. évi CCIII. Törvény az országgyűlési képviselők választásáról - Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye" (in Hungarian).
2. ^ Nam, Hyun-woo (2024-02-05). "Major parties revert to criticized tactic to boost votes ahead of crucial election". The Korea Times.

## External links

[edit]

* ACE Electoral Knowledge Network Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above.
* A Handbook of Electoral System Design from International IDEA
* Electoral Design Reference Materials from the ACE Project
* PARLINE database from the Inter-Parliamentary Union
* Political Database of the Americas - Georgetown University
* Project for Global Democracy and Human Rights This page links to a table and a world map that is color-coded by the primary electoral system used by each country.

* v
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Electoral systems

Part of the politics and Economics series

Single-winner|

* Approval voting
* Combined approval voting
* Unified primary
* Borda count
* Bucklin voting
* Condorcet methods
* Copeland's method
* Dodgson's method
* Kemeny–Young method
* Minimax Condorcet method
* Nanson's method
* Ranked pairs
* Schulze method
* Exhaustive ballot
* First-past-the-post voting
* Instant-runoff voting
* Coombs' method
* Contingent vote
* Supplementary vote
* Simple majoritarianism
* Plurality
* Positional voting system
* Score voting
* STAR voting
* Two-round system
* Graduated majority judgment

Proportional|

| Systems|

* Mixed-member
* Mixed single vote
* Party-list
* Proportional approval voting
* Rural–urban
* Sequential proportional approval voting
* Single transferable vote
* CPO-STV
* Hare–Clark
* Schulze STV
* Spare vote
* Indirect single transferable voting

|

Allocation|

* Highest averages method
* Webster/Sainte-Laguë
* D'Hondt
* Largest remainders method

Quotas|

* Droop quota
* Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
* Hare quota
* Imperiali quota

Mixed|

* Parallel voting
* MMP
* Additional member system
* Alternative vote plus
* Mixed single vote
* Mixed ballot transferable vote
* Scorporo
* Vote linkage mixed system

Semi-proportional|

* Single non-transferable vote
* Limited voting
* Cumulative voting
* Satisfaction approval voting

Criteria|

* Condorcet winner criterion
* Condorcet loser criterion
* Consistency criterion
* Independence of clones
* Independence of irrelevant alternatives
* Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
* Later-no-harm criterion
* Majority criterion
* Majority loser criterion
* Monotonicity criterion
* Mutual majority criterion
* Participation criterion
* Plurality criterion
* Resolvability criterion
* Reversal symmetry
* Smith criterion
* Seats-to-votes ratio

Other|

* Ballot
* Election threshold
* First-preference votes
* Liquid democracy
* Spoilt vote
* Sortition
* Unseating
* Wasted vote

Comparison|

* Comparison of voting systems
* Voting systems by country

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