List of emerging technologies

New technologies actively in development

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of emerging technologies, which are in-development technical innovations that have significant potential in their applications. The criteria for this list is that the technology must:

1. Exist in some way; purely hypothetical technologies cannot be considered emerging and should be covered in the list of hypothetical technologies instead. However, technologies being actively researched and prototyped are acceptable.
2. Have a Wikipedia article or adjacent citation covering them.
3. Not be widely used yet. Mainstream or extensively commercialized technologies can no longer be considered emerging.

Listing here is not a prediction that the technology will become widely adopted, only a recognition of significant potential to become widely adopted or highly useful if ongoing work continues, is successful, and the work is not overtaken by other technologies.

## Agriculture

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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Agricultural robotics[1][2] | Research and development, trial projects  | Automation of agriculture | Agricultural drone
Closed ecological systems | Research and development,[3][4][5] working demonstrators (e.g. Biosphere 2)  | Agriculture, scientific research, space colonization | Greenhouse, Eden Project, Bioshelter, Seawater greenhouse
Cultured meat | Research and development, trials[6][7] | Humane, resource-efficient, healthier, and cheaper meat[7] | New Harvest
Atmospheric water generator[8] | Working prototype  | Agriculture in semi-arid land | Desorption
Vertical farming | Research, development, experiments, and diffusion[9][10][11] | Space-efficient farming and space travel applications[10] |

## Construction

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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Active structure | Research, development, commercialization  | Adaptive structures that respond to different conditions, or supermassive buildings and infrastructure (e.g. space fountains)  |
Arcology | Research, development, commercialization  |  |
Domed city | Planned feature for Mall of the World[12][13][14] | Weather-controlled city, colonization of other celestial bodies |
Earthscraper | Demonstration  |

## Economy

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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Cryptocurrency | Diffusion  | Payment, Digital currency | Bitcoin, Ethereum
Digital wallet | Diffusion  | Payment, Digital currency | Google pay, Apple Pay
CBDC | Diffusion  | Payment, Digital currency | Digital Rupee, Digital Euro

## Electronics, IT, and communications

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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6G cellular communications[15][16] | Conceptual  | Mobile phones
Artificial general intelligence | Hypothetical, experiments[17][18][19] | Creating intelligent devices and robots; AI can counsel (or even take charge) in scientific projects, government, army, corporate governance, film and books creation, inventions etc.  | Progress in artificial intelligence, technological singularity, applications of artificial intelligence
Biometrics | Diffusion, commercialization  |  |
Blockchain | Diffusion, commercialization  | Finance, digital currency, identity (social science), Web3.0, Smart contracts | Bitcoin, Ethereum
Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor | Research and development  | Future miniaturization of transistors  |
Cashierless store | Limited commercialization  |  |
Civic technology | Research and development, projects  | Smart cities, more responsive government  | Smart city, e-democracy, open data, intelligent environment
Digital scent technology | Diffusion  |  | Smell-O-Vision, iSmell
DNA digital data storage | Experiments  | Mass data storage  |
Electronic nose | Research, limited commercialization[20][21] | Detecting spoiled food, chemical weapons, and cancer  |
Emerging memory technologies

(T-RAM, CBRAM, SONOS, RRAM, racetrack memory, NRAM, phase-change memory, FJG RAM, millipede memory, Skyrmion, programmable metallization cell, ferroelectric RAM, magnetoresistive RAM, nvSRAM)

| In development  |  |
Emerging magnetic data storage technologies

(SMR, HAMR, BPM, MAMR, TDMR, CPP/GMR, PMR, hard disk drive)

| In development (HAMR, BPM); diffusion (SMR)  | Greatly improved storage density compared to current HDDs, can be combined  |
E-textiles | Research, diffusion[22] | Wearable technology  |
Exascale computing | Projects  |  |
Exocortex | Diffusion of primitive amplifications; working prototypes of more; Hypothetical, experiments on more substantial amplification  |  |
Flexible electronics | Research, development, prototypes, limited commercialization (e.g. Samsung Galaxy Fold)  | Flexible and/or foldable electronic devices, and flexible solar cells which are lightweight, can be rolled up for launch, and are easily deployable  | Nokia Morph, Flexible organic light-emitting diode
Fourth-generation optical discs (3D optical data storage, Holographic data storage)  | Research, prototyping[23] | Storing and archiving data previously erased for economic reasons  | Blu-ray Disc, Optical storage
Li-Fi | Demos, requires standardization  |  | Laser communication in space
Machine vision | Research, prototyping, commercialization[24] | Biometrics, controlling processes (e.g., in driverless car, automated guided vehicle), detecting events (e.g., in visual surveillance), interaction (e.g., in human–computer interaction), robot vision  | Computer vision, pattern recognition, digital image processing
Magnonics | Research  | Data storage  |
Memristor | Working prototype[25][26] | Smaller, faster, more energy-efficient storage, analogue electronics, programmable logic,[27] signal processing,[28] neural networks,[29] control systems,[30] reconfigurable computing,[31] brain–computer interfaces,[32] RFID,[33] and pattern recognition[34] |
Metaverse | Experiments  | Virtual reality, Augmented reality |
Molecular electronics | Research and development  |  |
Multimodal contactless biometric face/iris systems | Deployed at various airports and federal security checkpoints[35] | Unimodal facial recognition scanners  |
Nanoelectromechanical systems | Research and development  |  |
Nanoradio | Research and development, diffusion  |  |
Neuromorphic engineering | Research and development  |  |
Optical computing | Hypothetical, experiments; some components of integrated circuits have been developed[36] | Smaller, faster, lower power consuming computing  |
Quantum computing | Experiments,[37] commercialization,[38] early diffusion  | Much faster computing for some kinds of problems, chemical modeling, new materials with programmed properties, Hypothetical of high-temperature superconductivity and superfluidity |
Quantum cryptography | Commercialization[39] | Secure communications  |
Quantum radar | Prototypes  |  |
Radio-frequency identification | Diffusion of high cost[40][41][42] | Smartstores – RFID-based self-checkout (keeping track of all incoming and outgoing products), food packaging, smart shelves, smart carts. See: potential uses
Software-defined radio | Development, commercialization  | Cognitive radio, Mesh networks, Software defined antenna | GNU Radio, List of software-defined radios, Universal Software Radio Peripheral
Solid-state transformer | Development, prototypes  |  |
Speech recognition | Research, development, commercialization  |  |
Spintronics | Working prototypes[43] | Data storage, computing devices  |
Subvocal recognition | Research, development, commercialization  |  |
Thermal copper pillar bump | Working prototypes in discrete devices  | Electric circuit cooling, micro-fluidic actuators, thermoelectric power generation | Ultra high definition holographic disc, Metal–insulator transition
Three-dimensional integrated circuit | Development, commercialization  | Memory and data processing  |
Twistronics | Development

## Entertainment

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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4D Film | Commercialization  | Films |
Cloud gaming | Commercialization  | Handheld game consoles, Mobile gaming, Real-time ray-tracing | Google Stadia, GeForce Now
Immersive virtual reality | Hypothetical, limited commercialization  | An artificial environment where the user feels just as immersed as they usually feel in conscious reality.  | Virtusphere, 3rd Space Vest, haptic suit, immersive technology, simulated reality, holodeck (fictional)
Synthetic media | Research and development  | Films, photos  | Deepfake, StyleGAN, DeepDream, DALL-E, Stable Diffusion, Sora

## Optoelectronics

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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Laser video display | Limited commercialization (e.g. Mitsubishi LaserVue TV in 2008)  | Displays with a very wide colour gamut | Laser TV, Comparison of display technology
Holography (holographic display, computer-generated holography)  | Diffusion[44][45][46][47] |  |
Optical transistor | Some prototypes  |  |
Screenless display (Virtual retinal display, Bionic contact lens, Augmented reality, Virtual reality)  | Experiments  | Virtual tools and entertainment in a real-world environment, aids for the visually impaired | Head-mounted display, Head-up display, Adaptive optics, EyeTap, Google Glass, Microsoft HoloLens, AR cloud[48]
Volumetric (3D) display | Research, working prototypes, commercialization[49] | Television, computer interfaces, cinemas, 3-dimensional imagery  | Autostereoscopic display, stereoscopic display, volumetric display, Holographic display, Light Field display, Nintendo 3DS, Swept-volume display

## Energy

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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Airborne wind turbine | Research[50][51][52] | Wind power generation at higher altitudes, increasing efficiency  | KiteGen
Americium battery | Estimated working prototype in 5–10 years from 2019[53] | Energy storage |
Artificial photosynthesis | Research, experiments,[54] growing interest in a macroscience global project[55] | Photosynthesis-like energy and oxygen production from artificial structures  | Sustainocene, Renewable energy, Nanotechnology
Concentrated solar power | Growing markets in California, Spain, Northern Africa[56] | Electricity generation  | DESERTEC, BrightSource Energy, Solar Millennium
Double-layer capacitor | Diffusion, continued development[57] | Faster-charging, longer-lasting, more flexible, greener energy storage (e.g. for regenerative braking)  |
Energy harvesting | Experiments  | Constant energy source for mobile, wearable and ubiquitous devices  | Humavox
Flywheel energy storage | Limited commercialization  | Energy storage  |
Fusion power | Research, experiments  | Electricity and heat generation, fusion torch recycling with waste heat  | ITER, NIF, Wendelstein 7-X, Magnetic confinement fusion, Dense plasma focus, Muon-catalyzed fusion
Generation IV nuclear reactor | Research, experiments  | Electricity and heat generation, transmutation of nuclear waste stockpiles from traditional reactors  |
Gravity battery | Small-scale examples  | Energy storage  |
Home fuel cell | Research, commercialization[58][59][60] | Off-the-grid, producing electricity in using an environmentally friendly fuel as a backup during long term power failures.  | Autonomous building, Bloom Energy Server
Lithium–air battery | Research, experiments[61] | Laptops, mobile phones, long-range electric cars; storing energy for electric grid |
Lithium iron phosphate battery | Commercialization  | Energy storage  |
Lithium–sulfur battery | Research and development  | Energy storage  |
Magnesium battery | Early commercialization  | Energy storage  |
Molten salt reactor | Research, experiments  | Electricity and heat generation  |
Nanowire battery | Experiments, prototypes[62][63] | Laptops, mobile phones, long-range electric cars; storing energy for electric grid |
Nantenna | Research[64][65][66] | Electricity generation  |
Ocean thermal energy conversion | Prototype  | Electricity generation  |
Solid-state battery | Niche uses  | Reliable, power-dense energy storage (particularly for electric cars and wearable technology)  |
Smart grid | Research, diffusion[67][68][69] | Advanced grid power management  | Smart meter, SuperSmart Grid
Space-based solar power | Early research  | Electricity generation  |
Thorium nuclear fuel cycle | Research started in the 1960s, still ongoing  | Electricity and heat generation  |
Vortex engine |  | Power generation  |
Wireless energy transfer | Prototypes, diffusion, short range consumer products[70][71] | Wirelessly powered equipment: laptop, cell phones, electric cars, etc.  | WiTricity, resonant inductive coupling
Zero-energy building | Expansion  | Energy-efficient homes  | Passive house

## Materials and textiles

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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4D printing | Research and development  |  |
Aerogel | Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion, early uses[72] | Improved thermal insulation (for pipelines, aerospace, etc.), as well as insulative "glass" if it can be made clear  |
Amorphous metal | Experiments, use in amorphous metal transformers | Armor, implants  |
Bioplastic | Limited commercialization (e.g. polylactic acid in 3D printing)  | Disposable packaging and single-use items
Conductive polymers | Research, experiments, prototypes  | Lighter and cheaper wires, antistatic materials, organic solar cells | Jacquard weaving
Cryogenic treatment | Research, experiments, prototypes  | Significantly stronger metal components
Edible packaging | Diffusion  | Biodegradable alternatives to plastic  |
Electric armour | Prototypes  | Better protection for warships and armoured fighting vehicles from shaped charge weapons  |
Fullerene | Experiments, diffusion  | Programmable matter  |
Graphene | Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion, early uses[73][74] | Higher-specific strength structural components, higher-frequency transistors, lower-cost mobile displays, automotive hydrogen storage, biosensors,[75] more efficient batteries[76] |
Lab-on-a-chip | Limited commercialization  | More efficient laboratory analysis  |
High-temperature superconductivity | Cryogenic receiver front-end (CRFE) RF and microwave filter systems for mobile phone base stations; prototypes in dry ice; experiments for lower temperatures[77] | No-loss conductors, frictionless bearings, magnetic levitation, lossless high-capacity accumulators, electric cars, heat-free integrated circuits |
Magnetic nanoparticles | Development  | Cancer treatment,[78][79] wastewater treatment[80] |
Magnetorheological fluid | Research and development, limited magnetorheological damping applications  | Seismic damping for earthquake resistance | Electrorheological fluid
Microfluidics | Research and development  |  |
High-temperature superfluidity | Superfluid gyroscopes exist but work at very low temperatures  | High-precision measure of gravity, navigation and maneuver devices, possible devices to emit gravitomagnetic field, frictionless mechanical devices  |
Metamaterials | Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion[81] | Microscopes, cameras, metamaterial cloaking, cloaking devices |
Metal foam | Research, limited commercialization  | Space colonies, floating cities  |
Multi-function structures[82] | Hypothetical, experiments, some prototypes, few commercial  | Wide range of applications (e.g. self-health monitoring, self-healing materials)  |
Nanomaterials: carbon nanotubes | Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion, early uses[83][84] | Higher-specific strength structural components  | Potential applications of carbon nanotubes, Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers
Quantum dot | Research, experiments, prototypes,[85] commercialization[citation needed] | Quantum dot lasers, quantum dot displays, faster data communication, laser scalpels |
Self-healing materials | Research, experiments  | Infrastructure, robotics, biotech  |
Silicene | Early research  | Nanoscale electronics  |
Superalloy | Research, diffusion  | Significantly stronger metal components (particularly in aircraft jet engines)  |
Synthetic diamond | Research, commercialization  | Electronics  |
Time crystal | Research experiments[86] | Quantum computers with stable qubits |
Translucent concrete | Commercialization  | Construction of buildings and sculptures (e.g. Europe Gate)  |

## Medicine

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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Artificial uterus | Research, experiments  | Space travel, extracorporeal pregnancy, reprogenetics, same-sex procreation |
Body implant, prosthesis | Trials, from animal (e.g., brain implants) to human clinical (e.g., insulin pump implant), to commercial production (e.g. pacemaker, joint replacement, cochlear implant)  | Brain implant, retinal implant | Prosthetics, prosthetics in fiction, cyborg
Cryonics | Hypothetical, research, commercialization (e.g. Alcor, Cryonics Institute)  | Life extension |
De-extinction | Research, development, trials  | Animal husbandry, pets, zoos  | Revival of the woolly mammoth
Electronic medical records | Deployment  | Replacing paper medical records  |
Human DNA vaccination and mRNA vaccination | Implementation in 2021 to combat the COVID-19 pandemic | Disease vaccinations, cancer therapy  |
Enzybiotics | Successful first trials  |  |
Genetic engineering of organisms and viruses  | Research, development, commercialization[87][88] | Creating and modifying species (mainly improving their physical and mental capabilities), bio-machines, eliminating genetic disorders (gene therapy), new materials production,[89] healthier and cheaper food, creating drugs and vaccines, research in natural sciences, bioremediation,[90] detecting arsenic,[91] CO2 reducing superplant,[92] | Biopunk, Genetically modified food, superhuman, human enhancement, transhumanism, gene doping, designer baby, genetic pollution
Hibernation or suspended animation | Research, development, animal trials[93] | Organ transplantation, space travel, prolonged surgery, emergency care  |
Life extension, strategies for engineered negligible senescence | Research, experiments, animal testing[94][95] | Increased life spans  | Immortality, biological immortality
Nanomedicine | Research, experiments, limited use[96][97] |  |
Nanosensors | Research and development  |  |
Omni Processor | Research and development; some prototypes  |  |
Oncolytic virus | Human trials (Talimogene laherparepvec, reolysin, JX-594), commercialisation (H101)  | Cancer therapy, imaging  | Oncolytic virus
Personalized medicine, full genome sequencing | Research, experiments[98] | Personalized medical procedures, genome sequencing during drug trials  | Personal genomics
Phage therapy | First trial uses  |  |
Plantibody | Clinical trials  |  |
Regenerative medicine | Some laboratory trials[99] | Life extension |
Robotic surgery | Research, diffusion[100][101][102] |  |
Senolytic | Under investigation  |  |
Stem cell treatments | Research, experiments, phase I human trial spinal cord injury treatment (GERON), cultured cornea transplants[103][104] | Treatment for a wide range of diseases and injuries  | Stem cell, stem cell treatments
Synthetic biology, synthetic genomics | Research, development, first synthetic bacteria created May 2010[105][106] | Infinitely scalable production processes based on programmable species of bacteria and other life forms  | BioBrick, iGEM, synthetic genomics
Tissue engineering | Research, diffusion[107][108][109][110] | Organ printing, tooth regeneration |
Tricorder | Research and development  | Diagnosing medical conditions  | Medical tricorder
Virotherapy | Research, human trials  | Gene therapy, cancer therapy  | Virotherapy, Oncolytic Virus
Vitrification or cryoprotectant | Research, some experiments[111] | Organ transplantation, cryonics |

## Neuroscience

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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Artificial brain | Research[24] | Treatment of neurological disease, artificial intelligence | Blue Brain Project, Human Brain Project
Brain–computer interface | Research and commercialization  | Faster communication and learning, as well as more "real" entertainment (generation of feelings and information in brain on-demand) and the control of emotions in the mentally ill[112] | Experience machine, Neuralink, Stent-electrode recording array
Brain-reading, neuroinformatics | Research[113][114] |  |
Electroencephalography | Research, diffusion[115] | Controlling electronic devices via brain waves  | BrainGate
Head transplant | Success in animal experiments, including 2-headed result  | Treatment of debilitating diseases or severe disfigurement | Brain transplant, hand transplantation, organ transplantation
Memory erasure | Hypothetical, research  | Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder |
Neuroprosthetics | Research, animal trials  | Visual prosthesis, brain implant, exocortex, retinal implant, neurograin[116] |
Wetware computer | Experimentation[117] | Artificial Intelligence, better understanding of neurons  |

## Military

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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Caseless ammunition | Field tests and limited commercialization  | Lighter and cheaper ammunition; the lack of a case may also simplify the design of firearms  | Lightweight Small Arms Technologies
Cloaking device | Successful experiments cloaking small objects under some conditions[118] | Stealth  | Metamaterial cloaking
Directed-energy weapon | Research, development, some prototypes[119] |  | Laser Weapon System, Iron Beam
Electrolaser | Research and development  |  |
Electrothermal-chemical technology | Research and development  | Tank, artillery, and close-in weapon systems  |
Force field | Hypothetical, experiments[120] | Military and law enforcement, space travel  | Plasma window
Green bullet | Development  | Environment-friendly ammunition  |
Hypersonic cruise missile | Development  |  | Avangard, Kinzhal, Zircon, BrahMos-II, Prompt Global Strike, DARPA Falcon Project, DF-ZF, Boeing X-51 Waverider
Laser weapon | Research and development, trials  | Tracking and destruction of rockets, bombs, drones etc.[121] | Advanced Tactical Laser, High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System
MAHEM | Research and development  | A formed penetrator using molten metal in place of self-forging explosives  | Explosively pumped flux compression generator
Precision-guided firearm | Research and development  | Increased accuracy by marksmen | EXACTO, Smart bullet, TrackingPoint, SMASH Handheld
Railgun | Research and development[122][123] | Cheaper and safer ammunition | Coilgun
Stealth technology | Research, development, commercialization  | Electronic countermeasures | Plasma stealth, Stealth aircraft, Radar-absorbent material
Telescoped ammunition | Research and development  | More compact cartridges |
Lightweight Small Arms Technologies | Research and development  |  |

## Space

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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Artificial gravity | Research and development  | Space travel  | Spin gravity
Asteroid mining | Conceptual; NASA has announced plans to capture and redirect an asteroid[124] | Commerce, resource supply  |
Inflatable space habitat | Development, prototypes built and tested  | Space habitats  | Bigelow Aerospace
Reusable launch vehicle | Commercial  | Circumvention of the cost of expendable launch vehicles outside of national government or military missions  | Reusable launch vehicle
Starshot | Research  | Uncrewed interstellar probes[125] |
Stasis chamber | Research and development, experiments[126] | Interplanetary space travel, interstellar space travel, medical  |

## Robotics

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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Android, gynoid | Research, development, prototypes, diffusion, commercializing[127] | Disabled, infant and older people care, housekeeping, sex-worker, flight-attendant, model, hostess, waiter, security guard  | Tesla bot, Atlas, Figure AI
Gastrobot | Prototypes  | Robots fuelled by digesting organic matter  |
Molecular nanotechnology, nanorobotics | Hypothetical, experiments[128] | Machines that can make anything given the materials, cheap planetary terraforming |
Powered exoskeleton | Research, development, prototypes, diffusion, commercializing[129] | Heavy lifting, paralysis, muscle-related diseases, warfare, construction, firefighting, care for the elderly and disabled | LOPES (exoskeleton), ReWalk, Human Universal Load Carrier, fictional armor Iron Man's armor, Future Force Warrior
Self-reconfiguring modular robot | Hypothetical, experiments, early prototypes  | As a universal physical machine, SRCMR may change the way many physical structures and machines are made  | Robot, swarm robotics, autonomous research robot
Swarm robotics | Hypothetical, experiments[130] | Autonomous construction, space construction  | Swarm intelligence, autonomous robotics, nanorobotics, particle swarm optimization, multi-agent systems, behavior-based robotics
Uncrewed vehicle | Research and development, diffusion, commercial  | Transport of goods, surveillance, oceanography, wildfire mapping, pipeline security, home security, anti-piracy, border control, pursuing criminals, oil, gas and mineral exploration and production, geophysical and geomagnetic surveys, exploration of hazardous areas, firefighting,[131] military and peacekeeping operations, search and rescue, bomb disposal, police raids | Unmanned aerial vehicle, AeroVironment, AeroVironment Global Observer, AeroVironment Nano Hummingbird, Unmanned combat air vehicle, Unmanned ground vehicle, Unmanned space vehicle, Unmanned surface vehicle, Unmanned underwater vehicle, Autonomous underwater vehicle

## Transport

[edit]

Emerging technology  | Status  | Potential applications  | Related articles

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Airless tire | Research, development, early prototypes[132][133] | Safer tires  | Tweel
Atmospheric satellite | Experimentation  | More widespread communications  |
Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit | Commercialization, diffusion  | Reducing air pollution, decreasing oil consumption | Electric vehicle
Flexible wings (X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing, Adaptive Compliant Wing), fluidic flight controls | Experiments, prototypes[134][135][136][137][138] | Controlling aircraft, ships  | Aircraft flight control system, BAE Systems Demon, fluidics
Distributed propulsion | Prototypes  | More efficient air travel
eVTOL | Research, Development  | Low emission and low noise air travel, air taxis
Flying car | Early commercialization, prototypes[139][140] | More effective transportation  | Terrafugia Transition, Moller M400 Skycar, Urban Aeronautics X-Hawk, AeroMobil
Fusion rocket | Research, development[141] | Fast interplanetary travel, with limited interstellar travel applications  |
Ground-level power supply | Standardization,[142][143] commercialization[144][145] | Reduction of required battery size and weight for battery electric vehicles by charging while driving  |

* Trafikverkets Program för Elvägar
* Transport in France § Electric roads

Hoverbike | Working prototypes, early commercialization  | Package delivery, search and rescue  |
Hovertrain, Ground effect train, Ground effect vehicle | Research, development[146][147] | Faster trains  | Aérotrain, Duke Hospital PRT, Hovercraft
Hybrid airship | Prototypes  | Air travel with low fuel consumption  | Airlander 10
Ion-propelled aircraft | Research, development, prototypes[148][149] | Better flying transportation, efficient propulsion in air  | Electrohydrodynamics
Jet pack or backpack helicopter | Early commercialization, prototypes[150] | More effective individual transportation
Maglev train | Research, early commercialization, diffusion[151][152] | Faster trains  | Transrapid, Shanghai Maglev Train, Linimo, L0 Series
Magnetic levitation | Research, development, Commercialization (Maglev Train)  | High temperature superconductivity, cryogenics, low temperature refrigerators, superconducting magnet design and construction, fiber reinforced plastics for vehicles and structural concretes, communication and high power solid-state controls, vehicle design (aerodynamics and noise mitigation), precision manufacturing, construction and fabrication of concrete structures,[153] maglev car, maglev based spacecraft launch  | Vactrain, Levicar
Magnetohydrodynamic drive | Research, development, prototypes[154] | Marine Propulsion, Aircraft Propulsion, Spacecraft Propulsion  | Yamato 1
Mass driver | Prototypes  |  |
Orbital propellant depot | Research, development  | Deep-space missions with larger payloads, satellite life extension, lowering cost per kg launched to space  |
Personal rapid transit | Early commercialization, diffusion[155][156] | More effective transportation  | Morgantown PRT, ULTra
Physical Internet | Research[157] |  |
Scooter-sharing system | Commercialization  | Increased density[158] | Bird (company)
Vactrain | Research, development[159] | Faster way to get somewhere  | ET3 Global Alliance, Hyperloop
Plasma propulsion | Research and development  | Spacecraft propulsion  |
Pulse detonation engine | Research and development; one prototype flown in 2008[160] | Higher-efficiency propulsion  |
Quiet Supersonic Technology | Prototype  | Supersonic air travel over land  |
Self-driving car | Research, development, early commercialization  | Reducing concerns of tiredness while driving and also looking outside in the car. Helpful in countries where employment of personal drivers is expensive.  | Waymo, Tesla FSD
Space elevator | Research[161] | Non-rocket spacelaunch | Orbital ring, Sky hook, Space fountain
Spaceplane | Research, development[162][163][164] | Hypersonic transport | A2, Skylon
Vehicular communication systems | Research and development, some diffusion  | Traffic management, automatic accommodation of emergency vehicles, driver assistance systems, automated highways  | Artificial Passenger, Dedicated short-range communications, Intelligent transportation system

## See also

[edit]

* Technology portal

General:

* Anthropogenics
* Differential technological development
* Diffusion of innovations
* Disruptive innovation
* Ecological modernization
* Environmental technology
* Frugal innovation
* Green development
* Industrial ecology
* List of existing technologies predicted in science fiction
* List of hypothetical technologies
* List of inventions
* List of inventors
* Sustainable development
* Technology readiness level

Ethics:

* Bioethics
* Casuistry
* Computer ethics
* Engineering ethics
* Nanoethics
* Neuroethics

|

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Starostin, I A; Eshchin, A V; Davydova, S A (2023). "Global trends in the development of agricultural robotics". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1138 (1): 012042. Bibcode:2023E&ES.1138a2042S. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1138/1/012042.
2. ^ A review of automation and robotics for the bio-industry. Journal of Biomechatronics Engineering Vol. 1, No. 1, (2008) 37–54
3. ^ NASA – Investigation of a Closed Ecological System. Archived 13 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine nasa.gov
4. ^ Ben Armentrout, and Heidi Kappes. Studies in Closed Ecological Systems: Biosphere in a Bottle
5. ^ Frieda B. Taub Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 5, (1974), pp. 139–160
6. ^ "Is in vitro meat the future?". The Times. 9 May 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
7. ^ a b "Artificial meat: Hamburger junction". The Economist. 25 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
8. ^ McFadden, Christopher (27 December 2021). "Can We Ever Adopt a Scalable Water-From-Air Device?". interestingengineering.com. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
9. ^ "Vertical farming – Does it really stack up?". The Economist. 9 December 2010. Archived from the original on 15 November 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
10. ^ a b "Vertical Farming – Can Urban Agriculture Feed a Hungry World?". Spiegel. 22 July 2011. Archived from the original on 15 November 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
11. ^ "Vertical Harvest of Jackson Hole Will Grow Organic Produce Even in Winter". Inhabitat. 6 June 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
12. ^ "Mohammed Bin Rashid launches 'Mall of the World', a temperature-controlled pedestrian city in Dubai". 5 July 2014.
13. ^ "Mall of the World in Dubai". dubaifaqs.com. 8 July 2014.
14. ^ "Dubai's Mohammed Bin Rashid City: Collaboration with Universal Studios, over 100 hotel facilities: Will also boast largest mall in the world and park bigger than London's Hyde Park". Emirates 24/7. 26 November 2012.
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## Further reading

[edit]

* 10 Breakthrough Technologies Archive (2001 onwards) MIT Technology Review
* Ten Breakthrough Technologies in 2020, MIT Technology Review
* Ten Breakthrough Technologies in 2021, MIT Technology Review
* Ten Breakthrough Technologies in 2022, MIT Technology Review
* Ten Breakthrough Technologies in 2023, MIT Technology Review
* Ten Breakthrough Technologies in 2024, MIT Technology Review