List of emperors of Japan

Traditional order of succession of the Emperor of Japan

Japan has been ruled by emperors since antiquity. The sequence, order and dates of the early emperors are almost entirely based on the 8th-century Nihon Shoki, which was meant to retroactively legitimise the Imperial House by dating its foundation further back to the year 660 BCE.[1][2][3] There are several theories as to who was the first Japanese ruler supported by historical evidence: notable candidates are Emperor Ōjin (r. c. 4C), Emperor Yūryaku (r. 456–479), Emperor Keitai (r. 507-531 or 534) and Emperor Kinmei (r. 539–571), among others.[4][5]

The terms Tennō ('Emperor', 天皇), as well as Nihon ('Japan', 日本), were not adopted until the late 7th century CE.[6][2] In the nengō system which has been in use since the late 7th century, years are numbered using the Japanese era name and the number of years which have elapsed since the start of that nengō era.[7]

## Emperors of Japan

[edit]

No. | Portrait  | Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign and era names[8][9][i] | Life details

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1 |  | Hikohohodemi
彦火火出見 | Emperor Jimmu
神武天皇 | 660–585 BC
(75 years) | 721 or 711–585 BC
(126 or 136 years)

* * *

Son of kami Ugayafukiaezu. Claimed descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu. Defeated Nagasunehiko in the Eastern Expedition to become emperor. Presumed legendary.[11]
2 |  | Kamununakawamimi
神渟名川耳 | Emperor Suizei
綏靖天皇 | 581–549 BC
(32 years) | 632–549 BC
(83 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Jimmu. Presumed legendary.[12]
3 |  | Shikitsuhikotamatemi
磯城津彦玉手看 | Emperor Annei
安寧天皇 | 549–511 BC
(37 years) | 567–511 BC
(56 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Suizei. Presumed legendary.[13]
4 |  | Ōyamatohikosukitomo
大日本彦耜友 | Emperor Itoku
懿徳天皇 | 510–477 BC
(33 years) | 553–477 BC
(76 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Annei. Presumed legendary.[14]
5 |  | Mimatsuhikokaeshine
観松彦香殖稲 | Emperor Kōshō
孝昭天皇 | 475–393 BC
(82 years) | 506–393 BC
(113 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Itoku. Presumed legendary.[15]
6 |  | Yamatotarashihikokunioshihito
日本足彦国押人 | Emperor Kōan
孝安天皇 | 392–291 BC
(101 years) | 427–291 BC
(136 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kōshō. Presumed legendary.[16]
7 |  | Ōyamatonekohikofutoni
大日本根子彦太瓊 | Emperor Kōrei
孝霊天皇 | 290–215 BC
(75 years) | 342–215 BC
(127 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kōan. Presumed legendary.[17]
8 |  | Ōyamatonekohikokunikuru
大日本根子彦国牽 | Emperor Kōgen
孝元天皇 | 214–158 BC
(56 years) | 273–158 BC
(115 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kōrei. Presumed legendary.[18]
9 |  | Wakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi
稚日本根子彦大日日 | Emperor Kaika
開化天皇 | 157–98 BC
(59 years) | 208–98 BC
(110 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kōgen. Presumed legendary.[19]
10 |  | Mimaki
御間城 | Emperor Sujin
崇神天皇 | 97–30 BC
(67 years) | 148–30 BC
(118 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kaika. First emperor with a direct possibility of existence.[20] Still presumed legendary.[21]
11 |  | Ikume
活目 | Emperor Suinin
垂仁天皇 | 29 BC–AD 70
(99 years) | 69 BC–AD 70
(127 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Sujin. Presumed legendary.[22]
12 |  | Ōtarashihiko
大足彦 | Emperor Keikō
景行天皇 | 71–130
(59 years) | 13 BC–AD 130
(143 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Suinin. Presumed legendary.[23]
13 |  | Wakatarashihiko
稚足彦 | Emperor Seimu
成務天皇 | 131–190
(59 years) | 84–190
(106 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Keikō. Presumed legendary.[24]
14 |  | Tarashinakatsuhiko
足仲彦 | Emperor Chūai
仲哀天皇 | 192–200
(8 years) | 149–200
(51 years)

* * *

Grandson of Emperor Keikō; nephew of Emperor Seimu. First emperor to ascend the throne without being the son of the previous emperor. Died during a campaign against the Kumaso tribe. Presumed legendary.[25]
– |  | Okinagatarashi
息長帯比売 | Empress Jingū
神功皇后 | 201–269
(68 years) | 170–269
(99 years)

* * *

Wife of Emperor Chūai; mother and regent of Emperor Ōjin. Not counted among the officially numbered emperors. Presumed legendary.[26]
15 |  | Homutawake
誉田別 | Emperor Ōjin
応神天皇 | 270–310
(40 years) | 201–310
(109 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Chūai and Empress Jingū. Deified in Shinto and Buddhism in Japan as Hachiman. Presumed legendary.[27]
16 |  | Ohosazaki
大鷦鷯 | Emperor Nintoku
仁徳天皇 | 313–399
(86 years) | 290–399
(108–109 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Ōjin. Presumed legendary.[28]
17 |  | Ōenoizahowake
大兄去来穂別 | Emperor Richū
履中天皇 | 400–405
(5 years) | 336–405
(69 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Nintoku. Presumed legendary.[29]
18 |  | Mizuhawake
瑞歯別 | Emperor Hanzei
反正天皇 | 406–410
(5 years) | 352–411
(59 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Nintoku; younger brother of Emperor Richū. Presumed legendary.[30]
19 |  | Oasatsuma Wakugo no Sukune
雄朝津間稚子宿禰 | Emperor Ingyō
允恭天皇 | 411–453
(42 years) | 376–453
(77 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Nintoku; younger brother of Emperor Richū and Emperor Hanzei. Presumed legendary.[31]
20 |  | Anaho
穴穂 | Emperor Ankō
安康天皇 | 453–456
(3 years) | 401–456
(55 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Ingyō. Assassinated by Prince Mayowa. Presumed legendary.[32]
21 |  | Ōhatuse no Wakatakeru
大泊瀬稚武 | Emperor Yūryaku
雄略天皇 | 456–479
(23 years) | 418–479
(61 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Ingyō; younger brother of Emperor Ankō. Presumed legendary.[33]
22 |  | Shiraka
白髪 | Emperor Seinei
清寧天皇 | 480–484
(4 years) | 444–484
(40 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Yūryaku. Presumed legendary.[34]
23 |  | Woke
弘計 | Emperor Kenzō
顕宗天皇 | 485–487
(2 years) | 450–487
(37 years)

* * *

Grandson of Emperor Richū; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Seinei. Presumed legendary.[35]
24 |  | Oke
億計 | Emperor Ninken
仁賢天皇 | 488–498
(10 years) | 448–498
(50 years)

* * *

Grandson of Emperor Richū; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Seinei; older brother of Emperor Kenzō. Presumed legendary.[36]
25 |  | Ohatsuse no Wakasazaki
小泊瀬稚鷦鷯 | Emperor Buretsu
武烈天皇 | 499–506
(7 years) | 489–506
(17 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Ninken. Presumed legendary.[37]
26 |  | Ohodo[ii]
袁本杼 | Emperor Keitai
継体天皇 | 507–531
(24 years) | 450–531
(81 years)

* * *

5th-generation grandson of Emperor Ōjin. Became emperor at the recommendation of Ōtomo no Kanamura. Possible founder of a new dynasty. Presumed legendary.[38][39]
27 |  | Magari
勾 | Emperor Ankan
安閑天皇 | 534–535
(1 year) | 466–535
(69 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Keitai. Presumed legendary.[40]
28 |  | Hinokuma-no-takata
檜隈高田 | Emperor Senka
宣化天皇 | 536–539
(3 years) | 467–539
(72 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Keitai; younger brother of Emperor Ankan. Presumed legendary.[41]
29 |  | Amekunioshiharakihironiwa
天国排開広庭 | Emperor Kinmei
欽明天皇 | 540–571
(31 years) | 509–571
(62 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Keitai; younger brother of Emperor Ankan and Emperor Senka. First historically verifiable emperor.[5][42]
30 |  | Nunakura no Futotamashiki
渟中倉太珠敷 | Emperor Bidatsu
敏達天皇 | 572–585
(13 years) | 538–585
(47 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kinmei.[43]
31 |  | Tachibana no Toyohi
橘豊日 | Emperor Yōmei
用明天皇 | 586–587
(1 year) | 517–587
(70 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kinmei; half-brother of Emperor Bidatsu.[44]
32 |  | Hatsusebe
泊瀬部 | Emperor Sushun
崇峻天皇 | 588–592
(4 years) | 522–592
(70 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kinmei; half-brother of Emperor Bidatsu and Emperor Yōmei. Made emperor by Soga no Umako following the Soga–Mononobe conflict. Assassinated by Yamatonoaya no Koma on the orders of Soga no Umako.[45]
33 |  | Nukatabe
額田部 | Empress Suiko
推古天皇 | 593–628
(35 years) | 554–628
(74 years)

* * *

Daughter of Emperor Kinmei; half-sister and wife of Emperor Bidatsu. First non-legendary female monarch. Prince Shōtoku acted as her regent.[46]
34 |  | Tamura
田村 | Emperor Jomei
舒明天皇 | 629–641
(12 years) | 593–641
(48 years)

* * *

Grandson of Emperor Bidatsu; great nephew of Empress Suiko.[47]
35 |  | Takara
宝 | Empress Kōgyoku
皇極天皇 | 642–645
(3 years) | 594–661
(67 years)

* * *

Great-granddaughter of Emperor Bidatsu; wife of Emperor Jomei. First reign. Abdicated as a result of the Isshi incident.[48]
36 |  | Karu
軽 | Emperor Kōtoku
孝徳天皇 | 645–654
(9 years)

* * *

Taika, Hakuchi | 597–654
(57 years)

* * *

Great-grandson of Emperor Bidatsu; younger brother of Empress Kōgyoku. First era name assigned.[49]
37 |  | Takara
宝 | Empress Saimei
斉明天皇 | 655–661
(6 years) | 594–661
(67 years)

* * *

Older sister of Emperor Kōtoku. Previously reigned as Empress Kōgyoku. Second reign.[50]
38 |  | Kazuraki
葛城 | Emperor Tenji
天智天皇 | 662–672
(10 years) | 626–672
(46 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Jomei and Empress Kōgyoku.[51]
39 |  | Ōtomo[iii]
大友 | Emperor Kōbun
弘文天皇 | 672
(8 months) | 648–672
(24 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Tenji. Deposed and committed suicide during the Jinshin War. Not recognized as emperor until 1870.[52]
40 |  | Ōama
大海人 | Emperor Tenmu
天武天皇 | 673–686
(14 years)

* * *

Shuchō | 622–686
(56 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Jomei and Empress Kōgyoku; younger brother of Emperor Tenji. Deposed his nephew, Emperor Kōbun, during the Jinshin War.[53]
41 |  | Unonosarara[iv]
鸕野讚良 | Empress Jitō
持統天皇 | 687–697
(10 years)[v] | 646–703
(57 years)

* * *

Daughter of Emperor Tenji; niece and wife of Emperor Tenmu. Abdicated.[55]
42 |  | Karu[vi]
珂瑠 | Emperor Monmu
文武天皇 | 697–707
(10 years)

* * *

Taihō, Keiun | 683–707
(24 years)

* * *

Grandson of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō.[56]
43 |  | Ahe[vii]
阿閇 | Empress Genmei
元明天皇 | 707–715
(8 years)

* * *

Keiun, Wadō | 660–721
(61 years)

* * *

Daughter of Emperor Tenji; half-sister of Empress Jitō; mother of Emperor Monmu. Abdicated.[57]
44 |  | Hidaka[viii]
氷高 | Empress Genshō
元正天皇 | 715–724
(9 years)

* * *

Reiki, Yōrō | 681–748
(67 years)

* * *

Daughter of Empress Genmei; elder sister of Emperor Monmu. Only instance of an empress regnant inheriting the throne from another empress regnant. Abdicated.[58]
45 |  | Obito
首 | Emperor Shōmu
聖武天皇 | 724–749
(25 years)

* * *

Jinki, Tenpyō, Tenpyō-kanpō | 699–756
(57 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Monmu; nephew of Empress Genshō. Abdicated.[59]
46 |  | Abe
阿倍 | Empress Kōken
孝謙天皇 | 749–758
(9 years)

* * *

Tenpyō-kanpō, Tenpyō-shōhō, Tenpyō-hōji | 718–770
(52 years)

* * *

Daughter of Emperor Shōmu. First reign. Abdicated.[60]
47 |  | Ōi
大炊 | Emperor Junnin
淳仁天皇 | 758–764
(6 years)

* * *

Tenpyō-hōji | 733–765
(32 years)

* * *

Grandson of Emperor Tenmu; cousin of Empress Kōken. Deposed. Posthumously named emperor in 1870.[61]
48 |  | Abe
阿倍 | Empress Shōtoku
称徳天皇 | 764–770
(6 years)

* * *

Tenpyō-hōji, Tenpyō-jingo, Jingo-keiun | 718–770
(52 years)

* * *

Deposed her cousin, Emperor Junnin. Previously reigned as Empress Kōken. Second reign.[62]
49 |  | Shirakabe
白壁 | Emperor Kōnin
光仁天皇 | 770–781
(11 years)

* * *

Hōki, Ten'ō | 708–782
(73 years)

* * *

Grandson of Emperor Tenji; brother-in-law of Empress Shōtoku. Abdicated.[63]
50 |  | Yamabe
山部 | Emperor Kanmu
桓武天皇 | 781–806
(25 years)

* * *

Ten'ō, Enryaku | 736–806
(70 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kōnin.[64]
51 |  | Ate
安殿 | Emperor Heizei
平城天皇 | 806–809
(3 years)

* * *

Daidō | 773–824
(51 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kanmu. Abdicated.[65]
52 |  | Kamino
神野 | Emperor Saga
嵯峨天皇 | 809–823
(14 years)

* * *

Daidō, Kōnin | 785–842
(57 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kanmu; younger brother of Emperor Heizei. Abdicated.[66]
53 |  | Ōtomo
大伴 | Emperor Junna
淳和天皇 | 823–833
(10 years)

* * *

Kōnin, Tenchō | 786–840
(54 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kanmu; younger brother of Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga. Abdicated.[67]
54 |  | Masara
正良 | Emperor Ninmyō
仁明天皇 | 833–850
(17 years)

* * *

Tenchō, Jōwa, Kashō | 808–850
(41 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Saga; nephew and adopted son of Emperor Junna.[68]
55 |  | Michiyasu
道康 | Emperor Montoku
文徳天皇 | 850–858
(8 years)

* * *

Kashō, Ninju, Saikō, Ten'an | 827–858
(31 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Ninmyō.[69]
56 |  | Korehito
惟仁 | Emperor Seiwa
清和天皇 | 858–876
(18 years)

* * *

Ten'an, Jōgan | 850–881
(30 years)

* * *

Son of Empereor Montoku. Abdicated.[70]
57 |  | Sadaakira
貞明 | Emperor Yōzei
陽成天皇 | 876–884
(8 years)

* * *

Jōgan, Gangyō | 869–949
(80 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Seiwa. Deposed by Fujiwara no Mototsune.[71]
58 |  | Tokiyasu
時康 | Emperor Kōkō
光孝天皇 | 884–887
(3 years)

* * *

Gangyō, Ninna | 830–887
(57 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Ninmyō; great uncle of Emperor Yōzei. Became emperor at the recommendation of Fujiwara no Mototsune.[72]
59 |  | Sadami
定省 | Emperor Uda
宇多天皇 | 887–897
(10 years)

* * *

Ninna, Kanpyō | 866–931
(65 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kōkō. Abdicated.[73]
60 |  | Atsuhito[ix]
敦仁 | Emperor Daigo
醍醐天皇 | 897–930
(33 years)

* * *

Kanpyō, Shōtai, Engi, Enchō | 884–930
(46 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Uda. Abdicated.[74]
61 |  | Yutaakira[x]
寛明 | Emperor Suzaku
朱雀天皇 | 930–946
(16 years)

* * *

Enchō, Jōhei, Tengyō | 921–952
(30 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Daigo. Abdicated.[75]
62 |  | Nariakira
成明 | Emperor Murakami
村上天皇 | 946–967
(21 years)

* * *

Tengyō, Tenryaku, Tentoku, Ōwa, Kōhō | 924–967
(42 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Daigo; younger brother of Emperor Suzaku.[76]
63 |  | Norihara
憲平 | Emperor Reizei
冷泉天皇 | 967–969
(2 years)

* * *

Kōhō, Anna | 949–1011
(62 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Murakami. Abdicated.[77]
64 |  | Morihira
守平 | Emperor En'yū
円融天皇 | 969–984
(15 years)

* * *

Anna, Tenroku, Ten'en, Jōgen, Tengen, Eikan | 958–991
(32 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Murakami; younger brother of Emperor Reizei. Abdicated.[78]
65 |  | Morosada
師貞 | Emperor Kazan
花山天皇 | 984–986
(2 years)

* * *

Eikan, Kanna | 968–1008
(39 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Reizei; nephew of Emperor En'yū. Abdicated.[79]
66 |  | Kanehito
懐仁 | Emperor Ichijō
一条天皇 | 986–1011
(25 years)

* * *

Kanna, Eien, Eiso, Shōryaku, Chōtoku, Chōhō, Kankō | 980–1011
(31 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Emperor En'yū. Abdicated.[80]
67 |  | Okisada[xi]
居貞 | Emperor Sanjō
三条天皇 | 1011–1016
(5 years)

* * *

Kankō, Chōwa | 975–1017
(42 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Reizei; half-brother of Emperor Kazan; cousin of Emperor Ichijō. Abdicated.[81]
68 |  | Atsuhira[xii]
敦成 | Emperor Go-Ichijō
後一条天皇 | 1016–1036
(20 years)

* * *

Chōwa, Kannin, Jian, Manju, Chōgen | 1008–1036
(27 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Ichijō; cousin of Emperor Sanjō.[82]
69 |  | Atsunaga
敦良 | Emperor Go-Suzaku
後朱雀天皇 | 1036–1045
(9 years)

* * *

Chōgen, Chōryaku, Chōkyū, Kantoku | 1009–1045
(37 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Ichijō; younger brother of Emperor Go-Ichijō. Abdicated.[83]
70 |  | Chikahito
親仁 | Emperor Go-Reizei
後冷泉天皇 | 1045–1068
(23 years)

* * *

Kantoku, Eishō, Tengi, Kōhei, Jiryaku | 1025–1068
(42 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Suzaku.[84]
71 |  | Takahito
尊仁 | Emperor Go-Sanjō
後三条天皇 | 1068–1073
(5 years)

* * *

Jiryaku, Enkyū | 1032–1073
(40 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Suzaku; half-brother of Emperor Go-Reizei. Abdicated.[85]
72 |  | Sadahito
貞仁 | Emperor Shirakawa
白河天皇 | 1073–1087
(14 years)

* * *

Enkyū, Jōhō, Jōryaku, Eihō, Ōtoku | 1053–1129
(76 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Sanjō. Abdicated.[86]
73 |  | Taruhito[xiii]
善仁 | Emperor Horikawa
堀河天皇 | 1087–1107
(20 years)

* * *

Kanji, Kahō, Eichō, Jōtoku, Kōwa, Chōji, Kajō | 1079–1107
(28 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Shirakawa.[87]
74 |  | Munehito
宗仁 | Emperor Toba
鳥羽天皇 | 1107–1123
(16 years)

* * *

Kajō, Tennin, Ten'ei, Eikyū, Gen'ei, Hōan | 1103–1156
(53 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Horikawa. Forced to abdicate by Emperor Shirakawa.[88]
75 |  | Akihito
顕仁 | Emperor Sutoku
崇徳天皇 | 1123–1142
(19 years)

* * *

Hōan, Tenji, Daiji, Tenshō, Chōshō, Hōen, Eiji | 1119–1164
(45 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Toba. Abdicated. Attempted to depose Emperor Go-Shirakawa during the Hōgen rebellion.[89]
76 |  | Narihito
体仁 | Emperor Konoe
近衛天皇 | 1142–1155
(13 years)

* * *

Eiji, Kōji, Ten'yō, Kyūan, Ninpei, Kyūju | 1139–1155
(16 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Toba; half-brother of Emperor Sutoku.[90]
77 |  | Masahito
雅仁 | Emperor Go-Shirakawa
後白河天皇 | 1155–1158
(3 years)

* * *

Kyūju, Hōgen | 1127–1192
(64 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Toba; younger brother of Emperor Sutoku; half-brother of Emperor Konoe. Abdicated.[91]
78 |  | Morihito
守仁 | Emperor Nijō
二条天皇 | 1158–1165
(7 years)

* * *

Hōgen, Heiji, Eiryaku, Ōhō, Chōkan | 1143–1165
(22 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Abdicated.[92]
79 |  | Nobuhito[xiv]
順仁 | Emperor Rokujō
六条天皇 | 1165–1168
(3 years)

* * *

Chōkan, Eiman, Nin'an | 1164–1176
(11 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Nijō. Deposed by Emperor Go-Shirakawa.[93]
80 |  | Norihito[xv]
憲仁 | Emperor Takakura
高倉天皇 | 1168–1180
(12 years)

* * *

Nin'an, Kaō, Jōan, Angen, Jishō | 1161–1181
(19 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa; half-brother of Emperor Nijō; uncle of Emperor Rokujō. Forced to abdicate by Taira no Kiyomori.[94]
81 |  | Tokihito[xvi]
言仁 | Emperor Antoku
安徳天皇 | 1180–1185
(5 years)

* * *

Jishō, Yōwa, Juei, Genryaku | 1178–1185
(6 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Takakura. Died at the Battle of Dan-no-ura during the Genpei War.[95]
82 |  | Takahira[xvii]
尊成 | Emperor Go-Toba
後鳥羽天皇 | 1183–1198
(15 years)

* * *

Juei, Genryaku, Bunji, Kenkyū | 1180–1239
(58 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Takakura; half-brother of Emperor Antoku. Made emperor by Emperor Go-Shirakawa during the Genpei War. Kamakura shogunate turned the emperor into a figurehead. Abdicated. Attempted to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate during the Jōkyū War.[96]
83 |  | Tamehito
為仁 | Emperor Tsuchimikado
土御門天皇 | 1198–1210
(12 years)

* * *

Kenkyū, Shōji, Kennin, Genkyū, Ken'ei, Jōgen | 1196–1231
(35 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Toba. Persuaded by Emperor Go-Toba to abdicate. Exiled following the Jōkyū War.[97]
84 |  | Morinari
守成 | Emperor Juntoku
順徳天皇 | 1210–1221
(11 years)

* * *

Jōgen, Kenryaku, Kempo, Jōkyū | 1197–1242
(44 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Toba; half-brother of Emperor Tsuchimikado. Forced to abdicate following the Jōkyū War.[98]
85 |  | Kanenari
懐成 | Emperor Chūkyō
仲恭天皇 | 1221
(2 months)

* * *

Jōkyū | 1218–1234
(15 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Juntoku. Deposed and exiled following the Jōkyū War. Posthumously named emperor in 1870.[99]
86 |  | Yutahito[xviii]
茂仁 | Emperor Go-Horikawa
後堀河天皇 | 1221–1232
(11 years)

* * *

Jōkyū, Jōō, Gennin, Karoku, Antei, Kangi, Jōei | 1212–1234
(22 years)

* * *

Grandson of Emperor Takakura; first cousin of Emperor Chūkyō. Abdicated.[100]
87 |  | Mitsuhito[xix]
秀仁 | Emperor Shijō
四条天皇 | 1232–1242
(10 years)

* * *

Jōei, Tenpuku, Bunryaku, Katei, Ryakunin, En'ō, Ninji | 1231–1242
(10 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Horikawa.[101]
88 |  | Kunihito
邦仁 | Emperor Go-Saga
後嵯峨天皇 | 1242–1246
(4 years)

* * *

Ninji, Kangen | 1220–1272
(51 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Tsuchimikado; second cousin of Emperor Shijō. Abdicated.[102]
89 |  | Hisahito
久仁 | Emperor Go-Fukakusa
後深草天皇 | 1246–1260
(14 years)

* * *

Kangen, Hōji, Kenchō, Kōgen, Shōka, Shōgen | 1243–1304
(61 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Saga. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated at the insistence of Emperor Go-Saga.[103]
90 |  | Tsunehito
恒仁 | Emperor Kameyama
亀山天皇 | 1260–1274
(14 years)

* * *

Shōgen, Bun'ō, Kōchō, Bun'ei | 1249–1305
(56 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Saga; younger brother of Emperor Go-Fukakusa. From the Daikakuji line. Abdicated.[104]
91 |  | Yohito
世仁 | Emperor Go-Uda
後宇多天皇 | 1274–1287
(13 years)

* * *

Bun'ei, Kenji, Kōan | 1267–1324
(56 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kameyama. From the Daikakuji line. Forced to abdicate by Emperor Go-Fukakusa.[105]
92 |  | Hirohito
熈仁 | Emperor Fushimi
伏見天皇 | 1287–1298
(11 years)

* * *

Kōan, Shōō, Einin | 1265–1317
(52 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Fukakusa. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated.[106]
93 |  | Tanehito
胤仁 | Emperor Go-Fushimi
後伏見天皇 | 1298–1301
(3 years)

* * *

Einin, Shōan | 1288–1336
(48 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Forced to abdicate by the Daikakuji line. Traditional dates used.[107]
94 |  | Kuniharu
邦治 | Emperor Go-Nijō
後二条天皇 | 1301–1308
(7 years)

* * *

Shōan, Kengen, Kagen, Tokuji | 1285–1308
(23 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Uda. From the Daikakuji line.[108]
95 |  | Tomihito
富仁 | Emperor Hanazono
花園天皇 | 1308–1318
(10 years)

* * *

Enkyō, Ōchō, Shōwa, Bunpō | 1297–1348
(51 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Agreed to alternate control of the throne between the Daikakuji and Jimyōin lines.[109]
96 |  | Takaharu
尊治 | Emperor Go-Daigo
後醍醐天皇 | 1318–1339
(21 years)

* * *

Bunpō, Gen'ō, Genkō (1321–24), Shōchū, Karyaku, Gentoku, Genkō (1331–34), Kenmu, Engen | 1288–1339
(50 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Uda; younger brother of Emperor Go-Nijō. From the Daikakuji line. Kamakura shogunate ended in the Genkō War. Brief imperial rule during the Kenmu Restoration. Opposed the Ashikaga shogunate. Became the first emperor of the Southern Court.[110]
97 |  | Noriyoshi[xx]
義良 | Emperor Go-Murakami
後村上天皇 | 1339–1368
(29 years)

* * *

Engen, Kōkoku, Shōhei | 1328–1368
(40 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Daigo. Second emperor of the Southern Court. Southern Court briefly took the Northern Court's capital, Kyoto, during the Kannō disturbance.[111]
98 |  | Yutanari
寛成 | Emperor Chōkei
長慶天皇 | 1368–1383
(15 years)

* * *

Shōhei, Kentoku, Bunchū, Tenju, Kōwa | 1343–1394
(51 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Murakami. Third emperor of the Southern Court. Abdicated.[112]
99 |  | Hironari
熙成 | Emperor Go-Kameyama
後亀山天皇 | 1383–1392
(9 years)

* * *

Kōwa, Genchū | c. 1347–1424
(c. 77 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Murakami; younger brother of Emperor Chōkei. Fourth and last emperor of the Southern Court. Agreed to peace with the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of the Northern Court line.[113]
(1) |  | Kazuhito
量仁 | Emperor Kōgon
光厳天皇 | 1331–1333
(2 years)

* * *

Gentoku, Shōkyō | 1313–1364
(51 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Fushimi; nephew and adopted son of Emperor Hanazono. From the Jimyōin line. Made the first emperor of the Northern Court by the Kamakura shogunate during the Genkō War. Deposed by Emperor Go-Daigo of the Daikakuji line. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[114]
(2) |  | Yutahito
豊仁 | Emperor Kōmyō
光明天皇 | 1336–1348
(12 years)

* * *

Kenmu, Ryakuō, Kōei, Jōwa | 1322–1380
(58 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Fushimi; younger brother of Emperor Kōgon. Made second emperor of the Northern Court by the Ashikaga shogunate. Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[115]
(3) |  | Okihito[xxi]
興仁 | Emperor Sukō
崇光天皇 | 1348–1351
(3 years)

* * *

Jōwa, Kannō | 1334–1398
(64 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kōgon; nephew of Emperor Kōmyō. Third emperor of the Northern Court. Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[116]
(4) |  | Iyahito
彌仁 | Emperor Go-Kōgon
後光厳天皇 | 1352–1371
(19 years)

* * *

Bunna, Kōan, Jōji, Ōan | 1338–1374
(36 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kōgon; younger brother of Emperor Sukō. Became the fourth Emperor of the Northern Court after the Kannō disturbance. Abdicated.[117]
(5) |  | Ohito
緒仁 | Emperor Go-En'yū
後円融天皇 | 1371–1382
(11 years)

* * *

Ōan, Eiwa, Kōryaku, Eitoku | 1359–1393
(34 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Kōgon. Fifth emperor of the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of Emperor Go-Komatsu.[118]
(6) |  | Motohito
幹仁 | Emperor Go-Komatsu[xxii]
後小松天皇 | 1382–1392
(10 years)

* * *

Eitoku, Shitoku, Kakei, Kōō, Meitoku | 1377–1433
(56 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-En'yū. Sixth and last emperor of the Northern Court from 1382 until 1392. Became the legitimate emperor following Emperor Go-Kameyama's abdication. Agreed to alternate control of the throne by the Northern Court and the Southern Court. All emperors after him are from the Northern line.[119][120]
100  | 1392–1412
(20 years)

* * *

Meitoku, Ōei
101 |  | Mihito[xxiii]
実仁 | Emperor Shōkō
称光天皇 | 1412–1428
(16 years)

* * *

Ōei, Shōchō | 1401–1428
(27 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Komatsu.[121]
102 |  | Hikohito
彦仁 | Emperor Go-Hanazono
後花園天皇 | 1428–1464
(36 years)

* * *

Shōchō, Eikyō, Kakitsu, Bun'an, Hōtoku, Kyōtoku, Kōshō, Chōroku, Kanshō | 1419–1471
(51 years)

* * *

Great-grandson of Northern Emperor Sukō; third cousin of Emperor Shōkō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[122]
103 |  | Fusahito
成仁 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado
後土御門天皇 | 1464–1500
(36 years)

* * *

Kanshō, Bunshō, Ōnin, Bunmei, Chōkyō, Entoku, Meiō | 1442–1500
(58 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Hanazono. Ōnin War led to the start of the Sengoku period.[123]
104 |  | Katsuhito
勝仁 | Emperor Go-Kashiwabara[xxiv]
後柏原天皇 | 1500–1526
(26 years)

* * *

Meiō, Bunki, Daiei | 1462–1526
(64 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado. Imperial rule in the Ashikaga shogunate reached its lowest point in his reign.[124]
105 |  | Tomohito
知仁 | Emperor Go-Nara[xxv]
後奈良天皇 | 1526–1557
(31 years)

* * *

Daiei, Kyōroku, Tenbun, Kōji | 1495–1557
(62 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Kashiwabara.[125]
106 |  | Michihito
方仁 | Emperor Ōgimachi
正親町天皇 | 1557–1586
(29 years)

* * *

Kōji, Eiroku, Genki, Tenshō | 1517–1593
(76 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Nara. Ashikaga shogunate overthrown by Oda Nobunaga. Abdicated.[126]
107 |  | Katahito[xxvi]
周仁 | Emperor Go-Yōzei
後陽成天皇 | 1586–1611
(25 years)

* * *

Tenshō, Bunroku, Keichō | 1571–1617
(46 years)

* * *

Grandson of Emperor Ōgimachi. Tokugawa shogunate established. Sengoku period ended.[127]
108 |  | Kotohito[xxvii]
政仁 | Emperor Go-Mizunoo[xxviii]
後水尾天皇 | 1611–1629
(18 years)

* * *

Keichō, Genna, Kan'ei | 1596–1680
(84 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Yōzei. Japan implements isolationist policy. Purple Robe Incident led to his abdication.[128]
109 |  | Okiko
興子 | Empress Meishō
明正天皇 | 1629–1643
(14 years)

* * *

Kan'ei | 1624–1696
(72 years)

* * *

Daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. Abdicated.[129]
110 |  | Tsuguhito
紹仁 | Emperor Go-Kōmyō
後光明天皇 | 1643–1654
(11 years)

* * *

Kan'ei, Shōhō, Keian, Jōō | 1633–1654
(21 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Mizunoo; younger brother of Empress Meishō.[130]
111 |  | Nagahito[xxix]
良仁 | Emperor Go-Sai[xxx]
後西天皇 | 1655–1663
(8 years)

* * *

Jōō, Meireki, Manji, Kanbun | 1638–1685
(47 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Mizunoo; younger half-brother of Empress Meishō and Emperor Go-Kōmyō. Abdicated.[131]
112 |  | Satohito
識仁 | Emperor Reigen
霊元天皇 | 1663–1687
(24 years)

* * *

Kanbun, Enpō, Tenna, Jōkyō | 1654–1732
(78 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Go-Sai. Abdicated.[132]
113 |  | Asahito[xxxi]
朝仁 | Emperor Higashiyama
東山天皇 | 1687–1709
(22 years)

* * *

Jōkyō, Genroku, Hōei | 1675–1710
(34 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Reigen. Abdicated.[133]
114 |  | Yasuhito[xxxii]
慶仁 | Emperor Nakamikado
中御門天皇 | 1709–1735
(26 years)

* * *

Hōei, Shōtoku, Kyōhō | 1702–1737
(35 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Higashiyama. Abdicated.[134]
115 |  | Teruhito
昭仁 | Emperor Sakuramachi
桜町天皇 | 1735–1747
(12 years)

* * *

Kyōhō, Genbun, Kanpō, Enkyō | 1720–1750
(30 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Nakamikado. Abdicated.[135]
116 |  | Tōhito
遐仁 | Emperor Momozono
桃園天皇 | 1747–1762
(15 years)

* * *

Enkyō, Kan'en, Hōreki | 1741–1762
(20 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Sakuramachi. Abdicated.[136]
117 |  | Toshiko
智子 | Empress Go-Sakuramachi
後桜町天皇 | 1762–1771
(9 years)

* * *

Hōreki, Meiwa | 1740–1813
(73 years)

* * *

Daughter of Emperor Sakuramachi; younger sister of Emperor Momozono.[137]
118 |  | Hidehito
英仁 | Emperor Go-Momozono
後桃園天皇 | 1771–1779
(8 years)

* * *

Meiwa, An'ei | 1758–1779
(21 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Momozono; nephew of Empress Go-Sakuramachi.[138]
119 |  | Morohito
師仁 | Emperor Kōkaku
光格天皇 | 1780–1817
(37 years)

* * *

An'ei, Tenmei, Kansei, Kyōwa, Bunka | 1771–1840
(69 years)

* * *

Great-grandson of Emperor Higashiyama; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Go-Momozono. Abdicated.[139]
120 |  | Ayahito
恵仁 | Emperor Ninkō
仁孝天皇 | 1817–1846
(29 years)

* * *

Bunka, Bunsei, Tenpō, Kōka | 1800–1846
(46 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kōkaku.[140]
121 |  | Osahito
統仁 | Emperor Kōmei
孝明天皇 | 1846–1867
(21 years)

* * *

Kōka, Kaei, Ansei, Man'en, Bunkyū, Genji, Keiō | 1831–1867
(35 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Ninkō. Reigned during the Bakumatsu period during which Japan ended its isolationist policy and changed from Tokugawa rule to Imperial rule. Last instance of an emperor with multiple era names.[141]
122 |  | Mutsuhito
睦仁 | Emperor Meiji
明治天皇 | 3 February 1867

30 July 1912
(45 years, 178 days)

* * *

Keiō, Meiji | 3 November 1852

30 July 1912
(Aged 59)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kōmei. Ended the Tokugawa Shogunate with the Meiji Restoration (3 January 1868). First emperor of the Empire of Japan.[142][143]
123 |  | Yoshihito
嘉仁 | Emperor Taishō
大正天皇 | 30 July 1912

25 December 1926
(14 years, 148 days)

* * *

Taishō | 31 August 1879

25 December 1926
(Aged 47)

* * *

Son of Emperor Meiji. Taishō Democracy shifted political power from the genrō to the Imperial Diet and political parties. His eldest son, Crown Prince Hirohito, served as Sesshō (摂政; "Regent") from 1921 to 1926 because of Taishō's illness.[143][144]
124 |  | Hirohito
裕仁 | Emperor Shōwa
昭和天皇 | 25 December 1926

7 January 1989
(62 years, 13 days)

* * *

Shōwa | 29 April 1901

7 January 1989
(Aged 87)

* * *

Son of Emperor Taishō. Served as Sesshō from 1921 to 1926. Last emperor of the Empire of Japan. Reign saw World War II and post-war economic miracle. Longest reigning verifiable emperor in Japanese history.[143][145]
125 |  | Akihito
明仁 | (Living) | 7 January 1989

30 April 2019
(30 years, 113 days)

* * *

Heisei | born 23 December 1933
(Age 90)

* * *

Son of Emperor Shōwa. Abdicated and later referred to as Jōkō (上皇; "Emperor Emeritus"). Longest living verifiable emperor.[146]
126 |  | Naruhito
徳仁 | (Living) | 1 May 2019

present
(5 years, 132 days)

* * *

Reiwa | born 23 February 1960
(Age 64)

* * *

Son of Akihito. Referred to as Kinjō Tennō (今上天皇; "the Reigning Emperor") or Tennō Heika (天皇陛下; "His Majesty the Emperor").[147][148]

## Posthumously recognized individuals

[edit]

This is a list of individuals who did not reign as emperor during their lifetime but were later recognized as Japanese emperors posthumously.

Portrait  | Personal name | Posthumous name | Year recognized  | Life details

|
|
|
|

| Prince Kusakabe
草壁皇子 | Emperor Oka
岡宮天皇 | 759  | 662–689
(27 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Tenmu; husband of Empress Genmei; father of Emperor Monmu and Empress Genshō. Made crown prince in 681; heir to Emperor Tenmu. Died prior to acceding the throne following Emperor Tenmu's death.[149][150]
| Prince Toneri
舎人親王 | Emperor Sudōjinkei
崇道尽敬皇帝 | 759  | 676–735
(59 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Tenmu; half-brother of Prince Kusakabe; father of Emperor Junnin.[151][152]
| Prince Shiki
志貴皇子 | Emperor Kasuga
春日宮天皇 | 770  | died 716

* * *

Son of Emperor Tenji; half-brother of Emperor Tenmu, Empress Jitō, Empress Genmei and Emperor Kōbun; father of Emperor Kōnin; half-uncle of Prince Kusakabe and Prince Toneri.[153][154]
| Prince Sawara
早良親王 | Emperor Sudō
崇道天皇 | 800  | 750–785
(35 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Kōnin; younger brother of Emperor Kanmu. Made crown prince in 781. Implicated in the assassination of Fujiwara no Tanetsugu. Died on the way to exile.[153][155]
| Prince Masahito
誠仁親王 | Cloistered Emperor Yōkō
陽光院 | Unknown  | 1552–1586
(34 years)

* * *

Son of Emperor Emperor Ōgimachi; father of Emperor Go-Yōzei. Posthumously recognized as emperor by Emperor Go-Yōzei.[153][156]
| Sukehito, Prince Kan'in
閑院宮典仁親王 | Emperor Kyōkō
慶光天皇 | 1884  | 1733–1794
(61 years)

* * *

Grandson of Emperor Higashiyama; father of Emperor Kōkaku.[157][158]

## See also

[edit]

* Emperor of Japan
* Empress of Japan
* List of empresses consort of Japan
* Sesshō and Kampaku
* Shogun
* List of shoguns
* Prime Minister of Japan
* List of prime ministers of Japan
* Family tree of Japanese monarchs
* Princess Iitoyo

## References

[edit]

### Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Early dates vary depending on the author. These are calculated from the reign-lengths given by the Nihon Shoki (Kojiki when lacking information). Jimmu is said to have died in the 76th year of his reign, i.e. he ruled 75 years. He was 127 years old according to East Asian age reckoning, i.e. 126 in Western reckoning.[10] Regnal years are counted using inclusive reckoning until Empress Jitō, the last reign covered by the Nihon Shoki.
2. ^ Also called as Hikofuto (彦太).
3. ^ Also known as Iga (伊賀).
4. ^ Also known as Unonosasara or Uno.
5. ^ Her dates are usually given as 686–697. However, the Nihon Shoki states that she died on her 11th year, i.e. she ruled 10 years.[54]
6. ^ Name also written as 軽.
7. ^ Name also written as 阿部.
8. ^ Name also written as 日高.
9. ^ Previously named Minamoto no Korezane (源維城).
10. ^ Also known as Hiroakira.
11. ^ Also known as Iyasada or Sukesada.
12. ^ Also known as Atsunari.
13. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.
14. ^ Also known as Yoshihito or Toshihito.
15. ^ Also known as Nobuhito.
16. ^ Also known as Kotohito.
17. ^ Also known as Takanari.
18. ^ Also known as Motsihito.
19. ^ Also known as Tosihito.
20. ^ Also known as Norinaga.
21. ^ Previously named Masuhito (益仁).
22. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Kōkō.
23. ^ Initially written as 躬仁.
24. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Kanmu.
25. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Heizei.
26. ^ Also known as Kazuhito (和仁).
27. ^ Also known as Masahito.
28. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Minoo or Emperor Go-Seiwa.
29. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.
30. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Saiin or Emperor Go-Junna.
31. ^ Also known as Tomohito.
32. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Smits, Gregory J. (1991). Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712). Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 9780889209978.
2. ^ a b Vogel, Ezra F. (2019). China and Japan: Facing History. Harvard University Press. pp. 15–17. ISBN 9780674240766.
3. ^ Mason, Richard (2011). "Chapter Two". History of Japan: Revised Edition. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462900978.
4. ^ Ibaraki, Yoshiyuki (2013). "A Review of the Inscription of the Iron Sword Discovered at Inariyama Old Tomb of the Sakitama Old Tombs' Group". 皇学館論叢. 46 (5). KOGAKKAN RONSO: 1–35.
5. ^ a b Hoye, Timothy (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78\. ISBN 9780132712897.
6. ^ Holcombe, Charles (January 2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. – A.D. 907. University of Hawaii Press. p. 198\. ISBN 978-0-8248-2465-5.
7. ^ Nussbaum, "Nengō", p. 704.
8. ^ Imperial Household Agency.
9. ^ Nussbaum, "Traditional Order of Tennō", p. 962.
10. ^ Titsingh, pp. 1–3; Aston, 1, pp.109–137; Brown, p. 249; Varley, pp. 84–88; Nussbaum, p. 420.
11. ^ Titsingh, pp. 1–3; Aston, 1, pp.109–137; Brown, p. 249; Varley, pp. 84–88; Nussbaum, p. 420.
12. ^ Titsingh, pp. 3–4; Aston, 1, pp.138–141; Brown, pp. 250–251; Varley, pp. 88–89.
13. ^ Titsingh, p. 4; Aston, 1, pp.141–142; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89; Nussbaum, p. 32.
14. ^ Titsingh, p. 4; Aston, 1, pp.142–143; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89; Nussbaum, p. 405.
15. ^ Titsingh, pp. 4–5; Aston, 1, pp.144–145; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90; Nussbaum, p. 564.
16. ^ Titsingh, p. 5; Aston, 1, pp.145–146; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90; Nussbaum, p. 536.
17. ^ Titsingh, pp. 5–6; Aston, 1, pp.146–147; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 90–92; Nussbaum, p. 561.
18. ^ Titsingh, p. 6; Aston, 1, pp.147–148; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 92–93; Nussbaum, p. 542.
19. ^ Titsingh, pp. 6–7; Aston, 1, pp.148–149; Brown, p. 252; Varley, p. 93; Nussbaum, p. 451.
20. ^ Henshall, Kenneth (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
21. ^ Titsingh, pp. 7–9; Aston, 1, pp.150–164; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 93–95; Nussbaum, p. 910.
22. ^ Titsingh, pp. 9–10; Aston, 1, pp.165–187; Brown, pp. 252–254; Varley, pp. 95–96; Nussbaum, p. 910.
23. ^ Titsingh, pp. 11–14; Aston, 1, pp.188–214; Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 96–99; Nussbaum, p. 505.
24. ^ Titsingh, pp. 14–15; Aston, 1, pp.214–216; Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 99–100; Nussbaum, p. 836.
25. ^ Titsingh, p. 15; Aston, 1, pp.217–223; Brown, pp. 254–255; Varley, pp. 100–101; Nussbaum, p. 125.
26. ^ Titsingh, pp. 16–19; Aston, 1, pp.224–253; Brown, p. 255; Varley, pp. 101–103.
27. ^ Titsingh, pp. 19–22; Aston, 1, pp.254–271; Brown, p. 255–256; Varley, pp. 103–110].
28. ^ Titsingh, pp. 22–24; Aston, 1, pp.272–300; Brown, p. 256–257; Varley, pp. 110–111; Nussbaum, p. 716.
29. ^ Titsingh, pp. 24–25; Aston, 1, pp.301–310; Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 111.
30. ^ Titsingh, p. 25; Aston, 1, pp.310–311; Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 112; Nussbaum, p. 288.
31. ^ Titsingh, p. 26; Aston, 1, pp.312–328; Brown, p. 257–258; Varley, p. 112.
32. ^ Titsingh, p. 26; Aston, 1, pp.328–332; Brown, p. 258; Varley, p. 113; Nussbaum, p. 32.
33. ^ Titsingh, pp. 27–28; Aston, 1, pp.333–372; Brown, p. 258; Varley, pp. 113–115; Nussbaum, p. 1068.
34. ^ Titsingh, pp. 28–29; Aston, 1, pp.373–377; Brown, pp. 258–259; Varley, pp. 115–116; Nussbaum, p. 836.
35. ^ Titsingh, pp. 29–30; Aston, 1, pp.377–393; Brown, p. 259; Varley, p. 116; Nussbaum, p. 510.
36. ^ Titsingh, p. 30; Aston, 1, pp.393–398; Brown, pp. 259–260; Varley, p. 117; Nussbaum, p. 716.
37. ^ Titsingh, p. 31; Aston, 1, pp.399–407; Brown, p. 260; Varley, pp. 117–118; Nussbaum, p. 94.
38. ^ Shillony, Ben-Ami (2008). The Emperors of Modern Japan. BRILL. p. 15\. ISBN 978-90-474-4225-7.
39. ^ Titsingh, pp. 31–32; Aston, 2, pp. 1–25; Brown, pp. 260–261; Varley, pp. 17–18, 119–120; Nussbaum, p. 506.
40. ^ Titsingh, p. 33; Aston, 2, pp. 26–32; Brown, p. 261; Varley, pp. 120–121; Nussbaum, p. 31.
41. ^ Titsingh, pp. 33–34; Aston, 2, pp. 33–35; Brown, p. 261; Varley, p. 121; Nussbaum, p. 842.
42. ^ Titsingh, pp. 34–36; Aston, 2, pp. 36–89; Brown, pp. 261–262; Varley, pp. 123–124; Nussbaum, p. 519.
43. ^ Titsingh, pp. 36–37; Aston, 2, pp. 90–105; Brown, pp. 262–263; Varley, pp. 124–125; Nussbaum, p. 77.
44. ^ Titsingh, pp. 37–38; Aston, 2, pp. 106–111; Brown, p. 263; Varley, pp. 125–126; Nussbaum, p. 1057.
45. ^ Titsingh, pp. 38–39; Aston, 2, pp. 112–120; Brown, p. 263; Varley, p. 126; Nussbaum, p. 917.
46. ^ Titsingh, pp. 39–42; Aston, 2, pp. 121–156; Brown, pp. 263–264; Varley, pp. 126–129; Nussbaum, p. 910.
47. ^ Titsingh, pp. 42–43; Aston, 2, pp. 157–170; Brown, pp. 264–265; Varley, pp. 129–130; Nussbaum, p. 431.
48. ^ Titsingh, pp. 43–47; Aston, 2, pp. 171–194; Brown, pp. 265–266; Varley, pp. 130–132; Nussbaum, p. 543.
49. ^ Titsingh, pp. 47–50; Aston, 2, pp. 195–247; Brown, pp. 266–267; Varley, pp. 132–133; Nussbaum, p. 566.
50. ^ Titsingh, pp. 50–52; Aston, 2, pp. 248–273; Brown, p. 267; Varley, pp. 133–134; Nussbaum, p. 807.
51. ^ Titsingh, pp. 52–56; Aston, 2, pp. 274–300; Brown, p. 268; Varley, p. 135; Nussbaum, p. 959.
52. ^ Titsingh, pp. 56–58; Aston, 2, p. 301ff; Brown, pp. 268–269; Varley, pp. 135–136; Nussbaum, p. 538.
53. ^ Titsingh, pp. 58–59; Aston, 2, pp. 301–381; Brown, pp. 268–269; Varley, pp. 135–136; Nussbaum, p. 957.
54. ^ Titsingh, pp. 59–60; Aston, 2, pp. 382–423; Brown, pp. 269–270; Varley, pp. 136–137.
55. ^ Titsingh, pp. 59–60; Aston, 2, pp. 382–423; Brown, pp. 269–270; Varley, pp. 136–137; Nussbaum, p. 426.
56. ^ Titsingh, pp. 60–63; Brown, pp. 270–271; Varley, pp. 137–140.
57. ^ Titsingh, pp. 63–65; Brown, p. 271; Varley, p. 140; Nussbaum, p. 235.
58. ^ Titsingh, pp. 65–67; Brown, pp. 271–272; Varley, pp. 140–141; Nussbaum, p. 240.
59. ^ Titsingh, pp. 67–73; Brown, pp. 272–273; Varley, pp. 141–143; Nussbaum, p. 884.
60. ^ Titsingh, pp. 73–75; Brown, pp. 274–275; Varley, p. 143; Nussbaum, p. 547.
61. ^ Titsingh, pp. 75–78; Brown, p. 275; Varley, pp. 143–144; Nussbaum, p. 437.
62. ^ Titsingh, pp. 78–81; Brown, p. 276; Varley, pp. 144–147; Nussbaum, p. 888.
63. ^ Titsingh, pp. 81–85; Brown, pp. 276–277; Varley, pp. 147–148; Nussbaum, p. 557.
64. ^ Titsingh, pp. 86–95; Brown, pp. 277–279; Varley, pp. 148–150; Nussbaum, p. 464.
65. ^ Titsingh, pp. 96–97; Brown, pp. 279–280; Varley, p. 151; Nussbaum, p. 305.
66. ^ Titsingh, pp. 97–102; Brown, pp. 280–282; Varley, pp. 151–164; Nussbaum, p. 804.
67. ^ Titsingh, pp. 103–106; Brown, pp. 282–283; Varley, p. 164; Nussbaum, p. 437.
68. ^ Titsingh, pp. 106–112; Brown, pp. 283–284; Varley, pp. 164–165; Nussbaum, p. 714.
69. ^ Titsingh, pp. 112–115; Brown, pp. 285–286; Varley, p. 165; Nussbaum, p. 658.
70. ^ Titsingh, pp. 115–121; Brown, pp. 286–288; Varley, pp. 166–170; Nussbaum, p. 837.
71. ^ Titsingh, pp. 121–124; Brown, pp. 288–289; Varley, pp. 170–171; Nussbaum, p. 1064.
72. ^ Titsingh, pp. 124–125; Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 171–175; Nussbaum, p. 549.
73. ^ Titsingh, pp. 125–129; Brown, pp. 289–290; Varley, pp. 175–179; Nussbaum, p. 1007.
74. ^ Titsingh, pp. 129–134; Brown, pp. 290–293; Varley, pp. 179–181; Nussbaum, p. 138.
75. ^ Titsingh, pp. 134–138; Brown, pp. 294–295; Varley, pp. 181–183.
76. ^ Titsingh, pp. 139–142; Brown, pp. 295–298; Varley, pp. 183–190; Nussbaum, p. 667.
77. ^ Titsingh, pp. 142–143; Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 190–191; Nussbaum, p. 786.
78. ^ Titsingh, pp. 144–148; Brown, pp. 299–300; Varley, pp. 191–192; Nussbaum, p. 182.
79. ^ Titsingh, pp. 148–149; Brown, pp. 300–302; Varley, p. 192; Nussbaum, p. 501.
80. ^ Titsingh, pp. 150–154; Brown, pp. 302–307; Varley, pp. 192–195; Nussbaum, p. 369.
81. ^ Titsingh, pp. 154–155; Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 195; Nussbaum, p. 818.
82. ^ Titsingh, pp. 156–160; Brown, pp. 307–310; Varley, pp. 195–196; Nussbaum, p. 253.
83. ^ Titsingh, pp. 160–162; Brown, pp. 310–311; Varley, p. 197; Nussbaum, p. 262.
84. ^ Titsingh, pp. 162–166; Brown, pp. 311–314; Varley, pp. 197–198; Nussbaum, p. 258.
85. ^ Titsingh, pp. 166–168; Brown, pp. 314–315; Varley, pp. 198–199; Nussbaum, p. 259.
86. ^ Titsingh, pp. 169–171; Brown, pp. 315–317; Varley, pp. 199–202; Nussbaum, p. 872.
87. ^ Titsingh, pp. 172–178; Brown, pp. 317–320; Varley, p. 202; Nussbaum, p. 352.
88. ^ Titsingh, pp. 178–181; Brown, pp. 320–322; Varley, pp. 203–204; Nussbaum, p. 967.
89. ^ Titsingh, pp. 181–185; Brown, pp. 322–324; Varley, pp. 204–205; Nussbaum, p. 917.
90. ^ Titsingh, pp. 186–188; Brown, pp. 324–326; Varley, p. 205; Nussbaum, p. 559.
91. ^ Titsingh, pp. 188–190; Brown, pp. 326–327; Varley, pp. 205–208; Nussbaum, p. 261.
92. ^ Titsingh, pp. 191–194; Brown, pp. 327–329; Varley, pp. 208–212; Nussbaum, p. 712.
93. ^ Titsingh, pp. 194–195; Brown, pp. 329–330; Varley, p. 212; Nussbaum, p. 794.
94. ^ Titsingh, pp. 194–195; Brown, pp. 329–330; Varley, p. 212; Nussbaum, p. 933.
95. ^ Titsingh, pp. 200–207; Brown, pp. 333–334; Varley, pp. 214–215; Nussbaum, p. 33.
96. ^ Titsingh, pp. 207–221; Brown, pp. 334–339; Varley, pp. 215–220; Nussbaum, p. 263.
97. ^ Titsingh, pp. 221–230; Brown, pp. 339–341; Varley, p. 220; Nussbaum, p. 998.
98. ^ Titsingh, pp. 230–238; Brown, pp. 341–343; Varley, pp. 221–223.
99. ^ Titsingh, pp. 236–238; Brown, pp. 343–344; Varley, pp. 223–226; Nussbaum, p. 128.
100. ^ Titsingh, pp. 238–241; Brown, pp. 344–349; Varley, pp. 226–227; Nussbaum, p. 252.
101. ^ Titsingh, pp. 242–245; Varley, p. 227; Nussbaum, p. 856.
102. ^ Titsingh, pp. 245–247; Varley, pp. 228–231; Nussbaum, p. 259.
103. ^ Titsingh, pp. 248–253; Varley, pp. 231–232; Nussbaum, p. 252.
104. ^ Titsingh, pp. 232–233; Varley, pp. 253–261; Nussbaum, p. 461.
105. ^ Titsingh, pp. 233–237; Varley, pp. 262–269; Nussbaum, p. 265.
106. ^ Titsingh, pp. 237–238; Varley, pp. 269–274; Nussbaum, p. 252.
107. ^ Titsingh, pp. 274–275; Varley, pp. 238–239; Nussbaum, p. 252.
108. ^ Titsingh, pp. 275–278; Varley, p. 239; Nussbaum, p. 257.
109. ^ Titsingh, pp. 281–286, 278–281; Varley, pp. 239–241; Nussbaum, p. 285.
110. ^ Titsingh, pp. 281–286, 290–294; Varley, pp. 241–269; Nussbaum, p. 251.
111. ^ Varley, pp. 269–270; Nussbaum, p. 257.
112. ^ Nussbaum, Chōkei Tennō, p. 120.
113. ^ Nussbaum, "Go-Kameyama Tennō", pp. 253–255.
114. ^ Titsingh, pp. 286–289; Nussbaum, p. 344, 543.
115. ^ Titsingh, pp. 294–298; Nussbaum, p. 555.
116. ^ Titsingh, pp. 298–301; Nussbaum, p. 911.
117. ^ Titsingh, pp. 302–309; Nussbaum, p. 255.
118. ^ Titsingh, pp. 310–316; Nussbaum, p. 251.
119. ^ Titsingh, pp. 317–327.
120. ^ Titsingh, pp. 317–327; Nussbaum, p. 555.
121. ^ Titsingh, pp. 327–331; Nussbaum, p. 883.
122. ^ Titsingh, pp. 331–351; Nussbaum, p. 252.
123. ^ Titsingh, pp. 352–364; Nussbaum, p. 265.
124. ^ Titsingh, pp. 364–372.
125. ^ Titsingh, pp. 372–382; Nussbaum, p. 257.
126. ^ Titsingh, pp. 382–402; Nussbaum, p. 739.
127. ^ Titsingh, pp. 402–409; Nussbaum, p. 265.
128. ^ Titsingh, pp. 410–411; Nussbaum, p. 256.
129. ^ Titsingh, pp. 411–412; Nussbaum, p. 625.
130. ^ Titsingh, pp. 412–413; Nussbaum, p. 256.
131. ^ Titsingh, p. 413.
132. ^ Titsingh, pp. 414–415; Nussbaum, p. 785.
133. ^ Titsingh, pp. 415–416; Nussbaum, p. 310.
134. ^ Titsingh, pp. 416–417; Nussbaum, p. 690.
135. ^ Titsingh, pp. 417–418; Nussbaum, p. 814.
136. ^ Titsingh, pp. 418–419; Nussbaum, p. 656.
137. ^ Titsingh, p. 419.
138. ^ Titsingh, pp. 419–420; Nussbaum, p. 257.
139. ^ Titsingh, pp. 420–421; Nussbaum, p. 546.
140. ^ Nussbaum, "Ninkō Tennō", p. 716.
141. ^ Nussbaum, "Kōmei Tennō", p. 553.
142. ^ Nussbaum, "Meiji Tennō", p. 624.
143. ^ a b c Shimamoto, Mayako; Ito, Koji; Sugita, Yoneyuki (2015). Historical Dictionary of Japanese Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 70–73. ISBN 9781442250673.
144. ^ Nussbaum, "Taishō Tennō", p. 929.
145. ^ Nussbaum, "Hirohito", p. 318.
146. ^ Nussbaum, "Akihito", p. 19.
147. ^ "Japan's Emperor thanks country, prays for peace before abdication". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
148. ^ Nussbaum, "Naruhito", p. 699.
149. ^ Duthie, Torquil (2014). Man'yoshu and the imperial imagination in early Japan. Leiden. p. 372\. ISBN 9789004251717. OCLC 864366334.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
150. ^ 岡宮天皇 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説. Kotobank.
151. ^ Brown, p. 272.
152. ^ 崇道尽敬皇帝 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説. Kotobank.
153. ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. pp. 61, 459, 469.
154. ^ 春日宮天皇 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説. Kotobank.
155. ^ 崇道天皇 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説. Kotobank.
156. ^ 陽光院 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説. Kotobank.
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### Sources

[edit]

* "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Imperial Household Agency. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-06.
* Ackroyd, Joyce A. (1982). Lessons from History: the Tokushi yoron [Tokushi Yoron]. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702214851. OCLC 157026188.
* Aston, William G. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697 [Nihon Shoki]. London: The Japan Society of the UK. ISBN 9780524053478.
* Brown, Delmer M.; Ichirō, Ishida, eds. (1979). The Future and the Past: A Translation and Study of the Gukansho, an Interpretative History of Japan written in 1219 [Gukanshō]. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520034600. OCLC 251325323.
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017535.
* Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon [Nihon Ōdai Ichiran] (in French). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691.
* Varley, H. Paul (1980). A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa [Jinnō Shōtōki]. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231049405. OCLC 59145842.

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