List of epidemics and pandemics

Pandemics timeline death tolls

This is a list of the largest known epidemics and pandemics caused by an infectious disease in humans. Widespread non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are not included. An epidemic is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time; in meningococcal infections, an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic.[1] Due to the long time spans, the first plague pandemic (6th century – 8th century) and the second plague pandemic (14th century – early 19th century) are shown by individual outbreaks, such as the Plague of Justinian (first pandemic) and the Black Death (second pandemic).

Infectious diseases with high prevalence are listed separately (sometimes in addition to their epidemics), such as malaria, which may have killed 50–60 billion people.[2]

## Major epidemics and pandemics

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### By death toll

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Ongoing epidemics and pandemics are in boldface. For a given epidemic or pandemic, the average of its estimated death toll range is used for ranking. If the death toll averages of two or more epidemics or pandemics are equal, then the smaller the range, the higher the rank. For the historical records of major changes in the world population, see world population.[3]

Epidemics and pandemics with at least 1 million deaths  Rank  | Epidemics/pandemics  | Disease  | Death toll  | Percentage of population lost  | Years  | Location

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1  | 1918 "Spanish" influenza pandemic | Influenza A/H1N1 | 17–100 million  | 1–5.4% of global population[4] | 1918–1920  | Worldwide
2  | Plague of Justinian | Bubonic plague  | 15–100 million  | 25–60% of European population[5] | 541–549  | North Africa, Europe, and Western Asia
3  | HIV/AIDS pandemic | HIV/AIDS | 44 million (as of 2025[update])  | –  | 1981–present[6] | Worldwide
4  | Black Death | Bubonic plague | 25–50 million  | 30–60% of European population[7] | 1346–1353  | Europe, Asia, and North Africa
5  | COVID-19 pandemic | COVID-19 | 7.1–36.5 million[8][9] (as of 2025[update])  | –  | 2019[a]–present[10][11][b] | Worldwide
6  | Third plague pandemic | Bubonic plague  | 12–15 million  | –  | 1855–1960  | Worldwide
7  | Cocoliztli epidemic of 1545–1548 | Cocoliztli, caused by an unidentified pathogen  | 5–15 million  | 27–80% of Mexican population[12] | 1545–1548  | Mexico
8  | Antonine Plague | Smallpox or measles | 5–10 million  | 25–33% of Roman population[13] | 165–180 (possibly up to 190)  | Roman Empire
9  | 1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic | Smallpox  | 5–8 million  | 23–37% of Mexican population[12] | 1519–1520  | Mexico
10  | 1957–1958 influenza pandemic | Influenza A/H2N2 | 1–4 million  | –  | 1957–1958  | Worldwide
11  | Hong Kong flu | Influenza A/H3N2 | 1–4 million  | –  | 1968–1969  | Worldwide
12  | 1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic | Typhus | 2–3 million  | 1–1.6% of Russian population[14] | 1918–1922  | Russia
13  | Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576 | Cocoliztli  | 2–2.5 million  | 50% of Mexican population[12] | 1576–1580  | Mexico
14  | 1772–1773 Persian Plague | Bubonic plague  | 2 million  | –  | 1772–1773  | Persia
15  | 735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic | Smallpox  | 2 million  | 33% of Japanese population[15] | 735–737  | Japan
16  | Naples Plague | Bubonic plague  | 1.25 million  | –  | 1656–1658  | Southern Italy
17  | 1889–1890 pandemic | Influenza or human coronavirus OC43[16][17] | 1 million  | –  | 1889–1890  | Worldwide
18  | 1629–1631 Italian plague | Bubonic plague  | 1 million  | –  | 1629–1631  | Italy
19  | 1846–1860 cholera pandemic | Cholera | 1 million  | –  | 1846–1860  | Worldwide

### Depopulation of the Americas

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Main article: Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas § Depopulation by Old World diseases

Not included in the above table are many waves of deadly diseases brought by Europeans to the Americas and Caribbean. Western Hemisphere populations were ravaged mostly by smallpox, but also typhus, measles, influenza, bubonic plague, cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, mumps, yellow fever, and pertussis. The lack of written records in many places and the destruction of many native societies by disease, war, and colonization make estimates uncertain. Deaths probably numbered in the tens or perhaps over a hundred million, with perhaps 90% of the population dead in the worst-hit areas. Lack of scientific knowledge about microorganisms and lack of surviving medical records for many areas makes attribution of specific numbers to specific diseases uncertain.

### Infectious diseases with high prevalence

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Further information: List of causes of death by rate

There have been various major infectious diseases with high prevalence worldwide, but they are currently not listed in the above table as epidemics/pandemics due to the lack of definite data, such as time span and death toll.

An Ethiopian child with malaria, a disease with an annual death rate of 619,000 as of 2021.[18]

* Malaria has had multiple documented temporary epidemics in otherwise non-affected or low-prevalence areas. Malaria is commonly spread by mosquitoes. The vast majority of its deaths are due to its constant prevalence in affected areas.[2]
* Tuberculosis (TB) became epidemic in Europe in the 18th and 19th century, showing a seasonal pattern, and is still taking place globally. TB causes symptoms including consumption (coughing up blood due to TB). TB is serious and if caught, needs strong antibiotics immediately. [19][20][21] The morbidity and mortality of TB and HIV/AIDS have been closely linked, known as "TB/HIV syndemic".[21][22] According to the World Health Organization, approximately 10 million new TB infections occur every year, and 1.5 million people die from it each year – making it the world's top infectious killer (before COVID-19 pandemic).[21] However, there is a lack of sources which describe major TB epidemics with definite time spans and death tolls.
* Hepatitis B: According to the World Health Organization, as of 2019[update] there are about 296 million people living with chronic hepatitis B, with 1.5 million new infections each year. In 2019, hepatitis B caused about 820,000 deaths, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer).[23] In many places of Asia and Africa, hepatitis B has become endemic.[24] In addition, a person is sometimes infected with both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV, and this population (about 2.7 million) accounts for about 1% of the total HBV infections.[23]
* Hepatitis C: According to the World Health Organization, there are approximately 58 million people with chronic hepatitis C, with about 1.5 million new infections occurring per year. In 2019, approximately 290,000 people died from the disease, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer).[25] There have been many hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemics in history.[26][27][28]

## Chronology

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Events in boldface are ongoing.

Chronological table of epidemic and pandemic events in human history  Event  | Years  | Location  | Disease  | Death toll (estimate)  | Ref.

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1350 BC plague of Megiddo  | c. 1350 BC  | Megiddo, land of Canaan | Amarna letters EA 244, Biridiya, the mayor of Megiddo complains to Amenhotep III of his area being "consumed by death, plague and dust"  | Unknown  | [29]
Hittite Plague/"Hand of Nergal"  | c. 1330 BC  | Near East, Hittite Empire, Alashiya, possibly Egypt | Unknown, possibly Tularemia. Mentioned in Amarna letter EA 35 as the "Hand of Nergal", cause of death of Šuppiluliuma I.  | Unknown  |
Plague of Athens | 430–426 BC  | Greece, Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia | Unknown, possibly typhus, typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever | 75,000–100,000  | [30][31][32][33]
412 BC epidemic | 412 BC  | Greece (Northern Greece, Roman Republic)  | Unknown, possibly influenza | 473,000 (10% of the Roman Population)  | [34]
Antonine Plague | 165–180 (possibly up to 190)  | Roman Empire | Unknown, possibly smallpox | 5–10 million  | [35][36]
Jian'an Plague  | 217  | Han dynasty | Unknown, possibly typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever | 2 million  | [37][38]
Plague of Cyprian | 249–262  | Europe  | Unknown, possibly smallpox | 310,000  | [39][40]
Plague of Justinian (beginning of first plague pandemic)  | 541–549  | Europe and West Asia | Bubonic plague | 15–100 million  | [5][41][42]
580 Dysentery Epidemic in Gaul | 580  | Gaul | Dysentery or possibly smallpox  | 450,000 (10% of the Gaul population)  | [43]
Roman Plague of 590 (part of first plague pandemic)  | 590  | Rome, Byzantine Empire | Bubonic plague | Unknown  | [44]
Plague of Sheroe (part of first plague pandemic)  | 627–628  | Bilad al-Sham | Bubonic plague | 25,000+  |
Plague of Amwas (part of first plague pandemic)  | 638–639  | Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa  | Bubonic plague | 25,000+  | [45]
Plague of 664 (part of first plague pandemic)  | 664–689  | British Isles | Bubonic plague | Unknown  | [46]
Plague of 698–701 (part of first plague pandemic)  | 698–701  | Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Syria, Mesopotamia | Bubonic plague | Unknown  | [47]
735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic | 735–737  | Japan  | Smallpox | 2 million (approx. 1⁄3 of Japanese population)  | [15][48]
Plague of 746–747 (part of first plague pandemic)  | 746–747  | Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa  | Bubonic plague | Unknown  | [45]
Black Death (start of the second plague pandemic)  | 1346–1353  | Eurasia and North Africa | Bubonic plague | 75–200 million (30–60% of European population and 33% percent of the Middle Eastern population)  | [49]
Sweating sickness (multiple outbreaks)  | 1485–1551  | Britain (England) and later continental Europe  | Unknown, possibly an unknown species of hantavirus | 10,000+  | [50]
1489 Spain typhus epidemic  | 1489  | Spain | Typhus | 17,000  | [51]
1510 influenza pandemic | 1510  | Asia, North Africa, Europe  | Influenza | Unknown, around 1% of those infected  | [52]
1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic | 1519–1520  | Mexico | Smallpox | 5–8 million (40% of population)  | [12]
Cocoliztli epidemic of 1545–1548 | 1545–1548  | Mexico | Possibly Salmonella enterica | 5–15 million (80% of population)  | [53][54][55][56]
1557 influenza pandemic | 1557–1559  | Asia, Africa, Europe, and Americas | Influenza | 2.5–5 Million (10% of the infected)  |
1561 Chile smallpox epidemic  | 1561–1562  | Chile | Smallpox | 120,000–150,000 (20–25% of native population)  | [57]
1563 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1563–1564  | London, England  | Bubonic plague | 20,100+  | [58]
Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576 | 1576–1580  | Mexico | Possibly Salmonella enterica | 2–2.5 million (50% of population)  | [53][54][55][56]
1582 Tenerife plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1582–1583  | Tenerife, Spain | Bubonic plague | 5,000–9,000  | [59]
1592–1596 Seneca nation measles epidemic  | 1592–1596  | Seneca nation, North America  | Measles | Unknown  | [60]
1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1592–1593  | Malta | Bubonic plague | 3,000  | [61]
1592–1593 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1592–1593  | London, England  | Bubonic plague | 19,900+  | [62]
1596–1602 Spain plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1596–1602  | Spain | Bubonic plague | 600,000–700,000  | [63]
1600–1650 South America malaria epidemic  | 1600–1650  | South America  | Malaria | Unknown  | [citation needed]
1603 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1603  | London, England  | Bubonic plague | 40,000  | [64][65][66]
1616 New England infections epidemic  | 1616–1620  | Southern New England, British North America, especially the Wampanoag people | Unknown, possibly leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D | 1,143,000–3,429,000 (estimated 30–90% of population)  | [67][68]
1629–1631 Italian plague (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1629–1631  | Italy  | Bubonic plague | 1 million  | [69]
1632–1635 Augsburg plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1632–1635  | Augsburg, Germany | Bubonic plague | 13,712  | [70]
Massachusetts smallpox epidemic | 1633–1634  | Massachusetts Bay Colony, Thirteen Colonies | Smallpox | 1,000  | [71]
1634–1640 Wyandot people epidemic  | 1634–1640  | Wyandot people, North America  | Smallpox and Influenza | 15,000–25,000  | [72]
1637 London plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1636–1637  | London and Westminster, England  | Bubonic plague | 10,400  | [73]
Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1633–1644  | China | Bubonic plague | 200,000+  | [74][75]
Great Plague of Seville (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1647–1652  | Spain | Bubonic plague | 500,000  | [76]
1648 Central America yellow fever epidemic  | 1648  | Central America | Yellow fever | Unknown  | [77]
Naples Plague (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1656–1658  | Italy  | Bubonic plague | 1,250,000  | [78]
1663–1664 Amsterdam plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1663–1664  | Amsterdam, Netherlands  | Bubonic plague | 24,148  | [79]
Great Plague of London (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1665–1666  | England  | Bubonic plague | 100,000  | [80][81]
1668 France plague (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1668  | France | Bubonic plague | 40,000  | [82]
1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1675–1676  | Malta | Bubonic plague | 11,300  | [83]
1676–1685 Spain plague (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1676–1685  | Spain  | Bubonic plague | Unknown  | [84]
1677–1678 Boston smallpox epidemic  | 1677–1678  | Massachusetts Bay Colony, British North America | Smallpox | 750–1,000  | [85]
Great Plague of Vienna (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1679  | Vienna, Austria  | Bubonic plague | 76,000  | [86]
1681 Prague plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1681  | Prague, Czech Kingdom | Bubonic plague | 83,000  | [87]
1687 South Africa influenza outbreak  | 1687  | South Africa | Unknown, possibly influenza | Unknown  | [88]
1693 Boston yellow fever epidemic  | 1693  | Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British North America | Yellow fever | 3,100+  | [89]
1699 Charleston and Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic  | 1699  | Charleston and Philadelphia, British North America | Yellow fever | 520 (300 in Charleston, 220 in Philadelphia)  | [90]
1702 New York City yellow fever epidemic  | 1702  | New York City, British North America | Yellow fever | 500  | [91]
1702–1703 St. Lawrence Valley smallpox epidemic  | 1702–1703  | New France, Canada  | Smallpox | 1,300  | [92]
1707–1708 Iceland smallpox epidemic | 1707–1709  | Iceland | Smallpox | 18,000+ (36% of population)  | [93]
Great Northern War plague outbreak (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1710–1712  | Denmark, Sweden, Lithuania | Bubonic plague | 164,000  | [94][95]
1713–1715 North America measles epidemic  | 1713–1715  | Thirteen Colonies and New France, Canada  | Measles | Unknown  | [96][97]
Great Plague of Marseille (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1720–1722  | France  | Bubonic plague | 100,000+  | [98]
1721 Boston smallpox outbreak | 1721–1722  | Massachusetts Bay Colony | Smallpox | 844  | [99]
1730 Cádiz yellow fever epidemic  | 1730  | Cádiz, Spain  | Yellow fever | 2,200  | [100]
1732–1733 Thirteen Colonies influenza epidemic  | 1732–1733  | Thirteen Colonies | Influenza | Unknown  | [101]
1733 New France smallpox epidemic  | 1733  | New France, Canada  | Smallpox | Unknown  | [102]
1735–1741 diphtheria epidemic  | 1735–1741  | New England, Province of New York, Province of New Jersey, British North America | Diphtheria | 20,000  | [103]
Great Plague of 1738 (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1738  | Balkans | Bubonic plague | 50,000  | [104]
1738–1739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic | 1738–1739  | Province of Carolina, Thirteen Colonies | Smallpox | 7,700–11,700  | [105]
1741 Cartagena yellow fever epidemic  | 1741  | Cartagena, Colombia | Yellow fever | 20,000  | [106]
1743 Sicily plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1743  | Messina, Sicily, Italy  | Bubonic plague | 40,000–50,000  | [107][108]
1759 North America measles outbreak  | 1759  | North America  | Measles | Unknown  | [109]
1760 Charleston smallpox epidemic  | 1760  | Charleston, British North America | Smallpox | 730–940  | [110][111]
1762 Havana yellow fever epidemic  | 1762  | Havana, Cuba | Yellow fever | 8,000  | [106]
1763 Pittsburgh area smallpox outbreak  | 1763  | North America, present-day Pittsburgh area  | Smallpox | Unknown  | [112]
1770–1772 Russian plague (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1770–1772  | Russia | Bubonic plague | 50,000  | [113]
1772 North America measles epidemic  | 1772  | North America  | Measles | 1,080  | [114]
1772–1773 Persian Plague (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1772–1773  | Persia | Bubonic plague | 2 million  | [115]
1775–1776 England influenza outbreak  | 1775–1776  | England  | Influenza | Unknown  | [116]
1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic | 1775–1782  | Native populations in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States  | Smallpox | 11,000+  | [117][118]
1778 Spain dengue fever outbreak  | 1778  | Spain  | Dengue fever | Unknown  | [119]
1782 Influenza pandemic | 1782  | Worldwide  | Influenza | Unknown  |
1788 Pueblo Indians smallpox epidemic  | 1788  | Pueblo Indians in northern New Spain (what is now the Southwestern United States)  | Smallpox | Unknown  | [120]
1789–1790 New South Wales smallpox epidemic  | 1789–1790  | New South Wales, Australia  | Smallpox | 125,251–175,351 (50–70% of native population)  | [121][122]
1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic | 1793  | Philadelphia, United States  | Yellow fever | 5,000+  | [123]
1800–1803 Spain yellow fever epidemic  | 1800–1803  | Spain  | Yellow fever | 60,000+  | [124]
1801 Ottoman Empire and Egypt bubonic plague epidemic  | 1801  | Ottoman Empire, Egypt | Bubonic plague | Unknown  | [125]
1802–1803 Saint-Domingue yellow fever epidemic  | 1802–1803  | Saint-Domingue | Yellow fever | 29,000–55,000  | [126]
1812 Russia typhus epidemic  | 1812  | Russia | Typhus | 300,000  | [51]
1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1812–1819  | Ottoman Empire | Bubonic plague | 300,000+  | [127]
1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1813–1814  | Malta | Bubonic plague | 4,500  | [128]
Caragea's plague (part of the second plague pandemic)  | 1813  | Romania | Bubonic plague | 60,000  | [129]
1817–1819 Ireland typhus epidemic  | 1817–1819  | Ireland  | Typhus | 65,000  | [130]
First cholera pandemic | 1817–1824  | Asia, Europe  | Cholera | 100,000+  | [131]
1820 Savannah yellow fever epidemic  | 1820  | Savannah, Georgia, United States  | Yellow fever | 700  | [132]
1821 Barcelona yellow fever epidemic  | 1821  | Barcelona, Spain  | Yellow fever | 5,000–20,000  | [133][134]
Second cholera pandemic | 1826–1837  | Asia, Europe, North America  | Cholera | 100,000+  | [135]
1828–1829 New South Wales smallpox epidemic  | 1828–1829  | New South Wales, Australia  | Smallpox | 19,000  | [136][137]
Groningen epidemic | 1829  | Netherlands  | Malaria | 2,800  | [138]
1829–1833 Pacific Northwest malaria epidemic  | 1829–1833  | Pacific Northwest, United States  | Malaria, possibly other diseases too  | 150,000  | [139][140]
1829–1835 Iran plague outbreak  | 1829–1835  | Iran | Bubonic plague | Unknown  | [141]
1834–1836 Egypt plague epidemic  | 1834–1836  | Egypt | Bubonic plague | Unknown  | [142]
1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic | 1837–1838  | Great Plains, United States and Canada  | Smallpox | 17,000+  | [143]
1841 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic  | 1841  | Southern United States (especially Louisiana and Florida)  | Yellow fever | 3,498  | [144]
1847 North American typhus epidemic | 1847–1848  | Canada  | Typhus | 20,000+  | [145]
1847 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic  | 1847  | Southern United States (especially New Orleans)  | Yellow fever | 3,400  | [146]
1847–1848 influenza epidemic  | 1847–1848  | Worldwide  | Influenza | Unknown  | [147]
1848–1849 Hawaii epidemic of infections  | 1848–1849  | Hawaiian Kingdom | Measles, whooping cough, dysentery and influenza | 10,000  | [148]
1853 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic  | 1853  | New Orleans, United States  | Yellow fever | 7,970  | [133]
Third cholera pandemic | 1846–1860  | Worldwide  | Cholera | 1 million+  | [149]
1853 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic  | 1853  | Ottoman Empire | Bubonic plague | Unknown  | [150]
1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak | 1853  | Copenhagen, Denmark  | Cholera | 4,737  | [151]
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak | 1854  | London, England  | Cholera | 616  | [152]
1855 Norfolk yellow fever epidemic  | 1855  | Norfolk and Portsmouth, England  | Yellow fever | 3,000 (2,000 in Norfolk, 1,000 in Portsmouth)  | [153]
Third plague pandemic | 1855–1960  | Worldwide  | Bubonic plague | 12–15 million (India and China)  | [154][155]
1855–1857 Montevideo yellow fever epidemic  | 1855–1857  | Montevideo, Uruguay | Yellow fever | 3,400 (first wave; 900, second wave; 2,500)  | [156]
1857 Lisbon yellow fever epidemic  | 1857  | Lisbon, Portugal  | Yellow fever | 6,000  | [133]
1857 Victoria smallpox epidemic  | 1857  | Victoria, Australia  | Smallpox | Unknown  | [157]
1857–1859 Europe and the Americas influenza epidemic  | 1857–1859  | Europe, North America, South America  | Influenza | Unknown  | [158]
1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic | 1862–1863  | Pacific Northwest, Canada and United States  | Smallpox | 20,000+  | [159][160][161]
1861–1865 United States typhoid fever epidemic  | 1861–1865  | United States  | Typhoid fever | 80,000  | [162]
Fourth cholera pandemic | 1863–1875  | Middle East | Cholera | 600,000  | [163]
1867 Sydney measles epidemic  | 1867  | Sydney, Australia  | Measles | 748  | [164]
1871 Buenos Aires yellow fever epidemic | 1871  | Buenos Aires, Argentina  | Yellow fever | 13,500–26,200  | [165]
1870–1875 Europe smallpox epidemic  | 1870–1875  | Europe  | Smallpox | 500,000  | [166][167]
1875 Fiji measles outbreak  | 1875  | Fiji | Measles | 40,000  | [168]
1875–1876 Australia scarlet fever epidemic | 1875–1876  | Australia  | Scarlet fever | 8,000  | [164]
1876 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic  | 1876  | Ottoman Empire | Bubonic plague | 20,000  | [169]
1878 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic | 1878  | New Orleans, United States  | Yellow fever | 4,046  | [126]
1878 Mississippi Valley yellow fever epidemic | 1878  | Mississippi Valley, United States  | Yellow fever | 13,000  | [126]
Fifth cholera pandemic | 1881–1896  | Asia, Africa, Europe, South America  | Cholera | 298,600  | [170]
1885 Montreal smallpox epidemic  | 1885  | Montreal, Canada  | Smallpox | 3,164  | [171]
1889–1890 pandemic | 1889–1890  | Worldwide  | Influenza or Human coronavirus OC43 / HCoV-OC43[17][172] (disputed)  | 1 million  | [173]
1894 Hong Kong plague (part of the third plague pandemic)  | 1894–1929  | Hong Kong | Bubonic plague | 20,000+  | [174]
Bombay plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)  | 1896–1905  | Bombay, India  | Bubonic plague | 20,788  | [175]
1896–1906 Congo Basin African trypanosomiasis epidemic  | 1896–1906  | Congo Basin | African trypanosomiasis | 500,000  | [176]
1899 Porto plague outbreak (part of the third plague pandemic)  | 1899  | Porto, Portugal  | Bubonic plague | 132  | [177]
Sixth cholera pandemic | 1899–1923  | Europe, Asia, Africa  | Cholera | 800,000+  | [178]
San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 (part of the third plague pandemic)  | 1900–1904  | San Francisco, United States  | Bubonic plague | 119  | [179]
1900 Sydney bubonic plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)  | 1900  | Australia  | Bubonic plague | 103  | [180]
1900–1920 Uganda African trypanosomiasis epidemic  | 1900–1920  | Uganda | African trypanosomiasis | 200,000–300,000  | [176]
Papua New Guinea kuru epidemic  | 1901–2009  | Papua New Guinea | Kuru | 2,700–3,000+  | [181][182]
1903 Fremantle plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)  | 1903  | Fremantle, Western Australia | Bubonic plague | 4  | [183]
1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon | 1906–1936  | Ceylon | Malaria | 80,000  | [184]
Manchurian plague (part of the third plague pandemic)  | 1910–1911  | China | Pneumonic plague | 60,000  | [185]
1916 United States polio epidemic  | 1916  | United States  | Poliomyelitis | 7,130  | [186]
1918 influenza pandemic ('Spanish flu') | 1918–1920  | Worldwide  | Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 | 17–100 million  | [187][188][189]
1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic | 1918–1922  | Russia | Typhus | 2–3 million  | [190]
1919–1930 encephalitis lethargica epidemic | 1919–1930  | Worldwide  | Encephalitis lethargica | 500,000  | [191][192][193]
1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak | 1924  | Los Angeles, United States  | Pneumonic plague | 30  | [194]
1924–1925 Minnesota smallpox epidemic | 1924–1925  | Minnesota, United States  | Smallpox | 500  | [195]
1927 Montreal typhoid fever epidemic  | 1927  | Montreal, Canada  | Typhoid fever | 538  | [196]
1929–1930 psittacosis pandemic | 1929–1930  | Worldwide  | Psittacosis | 100+  | [197]
1937 Croydon typhoid outbreak | 1937  | Croydon, United Kingdom  | Typhoid fever | 43  | [198]
1937 Australia polio epidemic  | 1937  | Australia  | Poliomyelitis | Unknown  | [199]
1940 Sudan yellow fever epidemic  | 1940  | Sudan | Yellow fever | 1,627  | [200]
1942–1944 Egypt malaria epidemic  | 1942–1944  | Egypt | Malaria | Unknown  | [142][201]
1946 Egypt relapsing fever epidemic  | 1946  | Egypt | Relapsing fever | Unknown  | [142][201]
1947 Egypt cholera epidemic  | 1947  | Egypt | Cholera | 10,277  | [142][201][202]
1948–1952 United States polio epidemic  | 1948–1952  | United States  | Poliomyelitis | 9,000  | [186]
1957–1958 influenza pandemic ('Asian flu') | 1957–1958  | Worldwide  | Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 | 1–4 million  | [187][203][204]
1960–1962 Ethiopia yellow fever epidemic  | 1960–1962  | Ethiopia | Yellow fever | 30,000  | [205]
Seventh cholera pandemic | 1961–present  | Worldwide  | Cholera (El Tor strain)  | 36,000 [citation needed] | [206]
Hong Kong flu | 1968–1970  | Worldwide  | Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 | 1–4 million  | [187][203][204]
1971 Staphorst polio epidemic  | 1971  | Staphorst, Netherlands  | Poliomyelitis | 5  | [207]
1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak | 1972  | Yugoslavia | Smallpox | 35  | [208]
London flu | 1972–1973  | United States  | Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 | 1,027  | [209]
1973 Italy cholera epidemic  | 1973  | Italy  | Cholera (El Tor strain)  | 24  | [210]
1974 smallpox epidemic in India | 1974  | India  | Smallpox | 15,000  | [211]
1977 Russian flu | 1977–1979  | Worldwide  | Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 | 700,000  | [212][213]
Sverdlovsk anthrax leak | 1979  | Russia  | Anthrax | 105  | [214]
HIV/AIDS epidemic | 1981–present | Worldwide | HIV/AIDS | 44 million (as of 2025[update]) | [215]
1984 Western Sahara plague  | 1984  | Western Sahara | Bubonic plague | 64  | [citation needed]
1986 Oju yellow fever epidemic  | 1986  | Oju, Nigeria | Yellow fever | 5,600+  | [216]
1987 Mali yellow fever epidemic  | 1987  | Mali | Yellow fever | 145  | [217]
1988 Shanghai hepatitis A epidemic  | 1988  | Shanghai, China  | Hepatitis A | 31–47  | [218][219][220]
1991 Bangladesh cholera epidemic  | 1991  | Bangladesh | Cholera | 8,410–9,432  | [221]
1991 Latin America cholera epidemic  | 1991–1993  | Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala | Cholera | 8,000  | [222][223]
1994 plague in India | 1994  | India  | Bubonic plague and Pneumonic plague | 56  | [224]
United Kingdom BSE outbreak | 1996–2001  | United Kingdom  | Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease / vCJD | 178  | [225][226]
1996 West Africa meningitis epidemic  | 1996  | West Africa | Meningitis | 10,000  | [227]
1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak | 1998–1999  | Malaysia | Nipah virus infection | 105  | [228]
1998–2000 Democratic Republic of the Congo Marburg virus outbreak  | 1998–2000  | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Marburg virus | 128  | [229]
2000 Central America dengue epidemic  | 2000  | Central America | Dengue fever | 40+  | [230]
2001 Nigeria cholera epidemic  | 2001  | Nigeria | Cholera | 400+  | [231]
2001 South Africa cholera epidemic  | 2001  | South Africa | Cholera | 139  | [232][233]
2002–2004 SARS outbreak | 2002–2004  | Worldwide  | Severe acute respiratory syndrome / SARS | 774  | [234]
2003–2019 Asia and Egypt avian influenza epidemic  | 2003–2019  | China, Southeast Asia and Egypt | Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 | 455  | [235]
2004 Indonesia dengue epidemic  | 2004  | Indonesia | Dengue fever | 658  | [236]
2004 Sudan Ebola outbreak  | 2004  | Sudan | Ebola | 7  | [237]
2004–2005 Angola Marburg virus outbreak  | 2004–2005  | Angola | Marburg virus | 227  | [229]
2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore | 2005  | Singapore | Dengue fever | 27  | [238]
2006 Luanda cholera epidemic  | 2006  | Luanda, Angola | Cholera | 1,200+  | [239]
2006 Ituri Province plague epidemic  | 2006  | Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo | Bubonic plague | 61  | [240][241]
2006 India malaria outbreak  | 2006  | India  | Malaria | 17  | [242]
2006 dengue outbreak in India | 2006  | India  | Dengue fever | 50+  | [243]
2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan | 2006  | Pakistan  | Dengue fever | 50+  | [244]
2006 Philippines dengue epidemic  | 2006  | Philippines | Dengue fever | 1,000  | [245]
2006–2007 East Africa Rift Valley fever outbreak | 2006–2007  | East Africa | Rift Valley fever | 394  | [246]
Mweka Ebola epidemic | 2007  | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ebola | 187  | [247]
2007 Ethiopia cholera epidemic  | 2007  | Ethiopia | Cholera | 684  | [248]
2007 Iraq cholera outbreak | 2007  | Iraq | Cholera | 10  | [249]
2007 Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Mexico dengue fever epidemic  | 2007  | Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Mexico  | Dengue fever | 183  | [250]
2007 Uganda Ebola outbreak  | 2007  | Uganda | Ebola | 37  | [237]
2007 Netherlands Q-fever epidemic  | 2007–2018  | Netherlands  | Q-fever | 95  | [251]
2008 Brazil dengue epidemic  | 2008  | Brazil  | Dengue fever | 67  | [252]
2008 Cambodia dengue epidemic  | 2008  | Cambodia | Dengue fever | 407  | [253]
2008 Chad cholera epidemic  | 2008  | Chad | Cholera | 123  | [254]
2008–2017 China hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic  | 2008–2017  | China  | Hand, foot, and mouth disease | 3,322+  | [255]
2008 India cholera epidemic  | 2008  | India  | Cholera | 115  | [256]
2008 Madagascar plague outbreak  | 2008  | Madagascar | Bubonic plague | 18+  | [257]
2008 Philippines dengue epidemic  | 2008  | Philippines | Dengue fever | 172  | [258]
2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak | 2008–2009  | Zimbabwe | Cholera | 4,293  | [259]
2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic | 2009  | Bolivia | Dengue fever | 18  | [260]
2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak | 2009  | India  | Hepatitis B | 49  | [261]
Queensland 2009 dengue outbreak  | 2009  | Queensland, Australia  | Dengue fever | 1+ (503 cases)  | [262]
2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak | 2009–2010  | West Africa | Meningitis | 1,100  | [263]
2009 swine flu pandemic | 2009–2010  | Worldwide  | Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 | Lab confirmed deaths: 18,449 (reported to the WHO)  | [264]
Estimated death toll: 284,000 (possible range 151,700–575,400)  | [265]
2010s Haiti cholera outbreak | 2010–2019  | Haiti | Cholera (strain serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa)  | 10,075  | [266]
2010–2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo measles outbreak  | 2010–2014  | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Measles | 4,500+  | [267][268]
2011 Vietnam hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic  | 2011  | Vietnam | Hand, foot, and mouth disease | 170  | [269][270]
2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan | 2011  | Pakistan  | Dengue fever | 350+  | [271]
2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan | 2012  | Darfur, Sudan | Yellow fever | 171  | [272]
MERS outbreak | 2012–present  | Worldwide  | Middle East respiratory syndrome / MERS-CoV | 941 (as of 8 May 2021[update])  | [273][274]
2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore | 2013  | Singapore | Dengue fever | 8  |
2013 Vietnam measles outbreak  | 2013–2014  | Vietnam | Measles | 142  | [275]
Western African Ebola virus epidemic | 2013–2016  | Worldwide, primarily concentrated in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone | Ebola | 11,323+  | [276][277][278]
2013–2014 chikungunya outbreak | 2013–2015  | Americas | Chikungunya | 183  | [279]
2013–19 avian influenza epidemic  | 2013–2019  | China  | Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 | 616  | [280]
21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks | 2014–2017  | Madagascar | Bubonic plague | 292  | [281]
Flint water crisis | 2014–2015  | Flint, Michigan, United States  | Legionnaires' disease | 12  | [282]
2014 Odisha hepatitis outbreak | 2014–2015  | India  | Primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A | 36  | [283]
2015 Indian swine flu outbreak | 2015  | India  | Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 | 2,035  | [284][285][286]
2015–16 Zika virus epidemic | 2015–2016  | Worldwide  | Zika virus | 53  | [287]
2016 Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo yellow fever outbreak | 2016  | Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo | Yellow fever | 498 (377 in Angola, 121 in Congo)  | [288]
2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak | 2016–2023  | Yemen | Cholera | 4,004 (as of June 11, 2023[update])  | [289]
2017 Nigeria Lassa fever epidemic  | 2017–2023  | Nigeria | Lassa fever | 1103 (as of April 2023)  | [290]
2017 dengue outbreak in Peshawar | 2017  | Peshawar, Pakistan  | Dengue fever | 69  | [291]
2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths | 2017  | India  | Japanese encephalitis | 1,317  | [292]
2017 dengue outbreak in Sri Lanka | 2017  | Sri Lanka | Dengue fever | 440  | [293]
2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala | 2018  | India  | Nipah virus infection | 17  | [294]
Kivu Ebola epidemic | 2018–2020  | Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda | Ebola | 2,280  | [295][296][297]
2018 NDM-CRE outbreak in Italy  | 2018–2019  | Italy  | New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae | 31 (as of September 2019)  | [298]
2019–2020 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2019–2020  | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Measles | 7,018+  | [299]
2019–2020 New Zealand measles outbreak | 2019–2020  | New Zealand  | Measles | 2  | [300]
2019 measles outbreak in the Philippines | 2019  | Philippines | Measles | 415  | [301]
2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak | 2019  | Kuala Koh, Malaysia | Measles | 15  | [302]
2019 Samoa measles outbreak | 2019  | Samoa | Measles | 83  | [303]
2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic | 2019–2020  | Asia-Pacific, Latin America | Dengue fever | 3,931  | [304]
COVID-19 pandemic | 2019[a]–present  | Worldwide  | COVID-19 | 7.1–36.5 million  | [306]
2020 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola outbreak | 2020  | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ebola | 55  | [307]
2020 dengue outbreak in Singapore | 2020  | Singapore | Dengue fever | 32  | [308]
2020 Nigeria yellow fever epidemic  | 2020  | Nigeria | Yellow fever | 296 (as of 31 December 2020)  | [309]
2021 South Sudan disease outbreak | 2021  | South Sudan | Unknown  | 97 (as of December 2021)  | [310]
2021 India black fungus epidemic  | 2021–2022  | India  | Black fungus (COVID-19 condition) | 4,332  | [311]
2022 hepatitis of unknown origin in children | 2021–2022  | Worldwide  | Hepatitis by Adenovirus variant AF41 (Unconfirmed)  | 18  | [312][313][314]
2022–2024 Southern Africa cholera outbreak | 2022–present  | Southern Africa  | Cholera | 3000+  | [315]
2022–2023 mpox outbreak | 2022–2023  | Worldwide  | Mpox | 280  | [316][317][318][319]
2022 Uganda Ebola outbreak | 2022–2023  | Uganda  | Sudan ebolavirus | 77  | [320]
2023–2024 Zambian cholera outbreak (part of the 2022–2024 Southern Africa cholera outbreak)  | 2023–present  | Zambia  | Cholera | 685  | [321]
2023 South Poland Legionellosis outbreak  | 2023  | Poland  | Legionnaires' disease | 41  | [322][323]
African mpox epidemic | 2023–present  | Worldwide, primarily Africa  | Mpox | 812  | [324]
2023–2024 Bangsamoro measles outbreak | 2023–present  | Bangsamoro, Philippines  | Measles | 14  |
2023–2024 Oropouche virus disease outbreak | 2023–2024  | Brazil  | Oropouche fever | 2  | [325][326][327]
2024 American dengue epidemic | 2024–present | Latin America and the Caribbean | Dengue fever | 9,636 | [328]
2024 Kwango province malaria outbreak | 2024–present | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Malaria | 143 | [329]
HMPV outbreak in East Asia | 2024–present | East Asia | Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) | Unknown |

## See also

[edit]

* Pandemic portal

* Globalization and disease – Overview of globalization and disease transmission
* History of smallpox
* List of Ebola outbreaks – Cases and outbreaks of Ebola virus disease
* List of infectious diseases
* List of natural disasters by death toll#Deadliest epidemics
* Timeline of plague – Human and animal diseasePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

## Explanatory notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b The COVID-19 pandemic started as a regional outbreak/epidemic of COVID-19 in China in late 2019. The World Health Organization referred to it as a "pandemic" on 11 March 2020.[305] The starting time of this epidemic is thus 2019, regardless of the time when it became a pandemic.
2. ^ The disease was a public health emergency of international concern from January 30, 2020 to May 5, 2023.

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[edit]

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## Further reading

[edit]

* Eisenberg, Merle, and Lee Mordechai. "The Justinianic Plague and Global Pandemics: The Making of the Plague Concept." American Historical Review 125.5 (2020): 1632–1667.
* Hunter, Philip (2007). "Inevitable or avoidable? Despite the lessons of history, the world is not yet ready to face the next great plague". EMBO Reports. 8 (6): 531–534\. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400987. PMC 2002527. PMID 17545992.
* Snowden, Frank M. (2019). Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300192216.

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* Maritime
* Rail
* Shipwreck
* Spaceflight

Man-made|

* Crowd collapses and crushes
* Economic crises
* Environmental disasters
* Sacrifice zone
* Military
* Nightclub fires
* Riots
* Societal collapse
* Terrorist incidents
* Wars

Preparation|

* Disaster risk reduction
* Earthquake preparedness
* Hurricane preparedness
* Safety
* Survival kit
* Anticipatory action

Countermeasures|

* Crisis management
* Disaster area
* Earthquake warning system
* Emergency Alert System
* Emergency management
* Emergency population warning
* Evacuations
* Humanitarian aid
* Hurricane response

Media|

* Disaster film (List of disaster films)

Organizations|

* Civil defense (List of civil defense organisations)
* Disaster Accountability Project
* International Association of Emergency Managers
* International Disaster and Risk Conference
* International Disaster Emergency Service

* WikiProject

* v
* t
* e

Natural disasters – list by death toll

Geological|

| Mass wasting|

* Landslide
* Avalanche
* Mudflow
* Debris flow

|

Earthquake
(List)|

* Seismic hazard
* Seismic risk
* Soil liquefaction

Volcano eruption|

* Pyroclastic flow
* Lahar
* Volcanic ash

Natural erosion|

* Sinkhole

Hydrological|

| Flood
(List)|

* Coastal flood
* Flash flood
* Storm surge

|

Other|

* Tsunami
* Megatsunami
* Limnic eruption

Meteorological|

| Temperature|

* Blizzard
* Cold wave
* Ice storm
* Heat wave

|

Drought|

* Megadrought

Cyclonic storms|

* Bomb cyclone
* Thunderstorm (Hail)
* Tornado (Tornado outbreak)
* Tropical cyclone

Other|

* Derecho
* Wildfire
* Firestorm
* ARkStorm

Astronomical|

* Potentially hazardous object
* Impact event
* Meteor shower
* Geomagnetic storm
* Solar flare
* Supernova
* Hypernova

* v
* t
* e

Pandemics, epidemics and notable disease outbreaks

* List of epidemics and pandemics

Local|

| Ancient|

* Hittite plague (c. 1330 BC)
* Plague of Athens (429–426 BC)
* Antonine Plague (165–180 AD)
* Plague of Cyprian (250–266)

|

Post-
classical|

* Plague of Justinian (541–542)
* Roman Plague (590)
* Plague of Sheroe (627–628)
* Plague of Amwas (638–639)
* Plague of 664 (664–689)
* Japanese smallpox (735–737)
* Black Death (1346–1353)
* Sweating sickness (1485–1551)

Early
modern|

| 16th century|

* Influenza pandemic (1510)
* Mexican smallpox (1520)
* "Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico (1545, 1576)
* Influenza pandemic (1557–1559)
* London plague (1563–1564)
* Maltese plague (1592–1593)
* London plague (1592–1593)

|

17th century|

* London plague (1603)
* Maltese plague (1623)
* Italian plague (1629–1631)
* Massachusetts smallpox (1633)
* Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty (1633–1644)
* Great Plague of Seville (1647–1652)
* Maltese plague (1655)
* Naples Plague (1656)
* Great Plague of London (1665–1666)
* Maltese plague (1675–1676)
* Great Plague of Vienna (1679)

18th century|

* Iceland smallpox epidemic (1707–1708)
* Great Northern War plague (1710–1712)
* Great Plague of Marseille (1720–1722)
* Great Plague of 1738 (1738)
* Russian plague (1770–1772)
* Persian Plague (1772)
* North American smallpox (1780–1782)
* Philadelphia yellow fever (1793–1798)

Modern|

| 19th century|

* Ottoman plague (1812–1819)
* Maltese plague (1813–1814)
* Caragea's plague (1813)
* Groningen epidemic (1829)
* Great Plains smallpox (1837–1838)
* Typhus (1847–1848)
* Copenhagen cholera (1853)
* Stockholm cholera (1853)
* Broad Street cholera (1854)
* Guam smallpox (1856)
* Pacific Northwest smallpox (1862–1863)
* Barcelona yellow fever (1870)
* Buenos Aires yellow fever (1871)
* Australia scarlet fever (1875–1876)
* Hong Kong plague (1894)

|

20th century|

* San Francisco plague (1900–1904)
* Manchurian plague (1910–1911)
* LA pneumonic plague (1924)
* Croydon typhoid (1937)
* NYC smallpox (1947)
* Wrocław smallpox (1963)
* Yugoslav smallpox (1972)
* London flu (1972–1973)
* Indian smallpox (1974)
* Surat plague (1994)
* Malaysian Nipah virus (1998–1999)

21st century|

* SARS (2002–2004)
* Midwest monkeypox (2003)
* Bird flu (2003–2005)
* Singaporean dengue (2005)
* Indian dengue (2006)
* Chikungunya outbreaks (2006)
* Pakistani dengue (2006)
* Iraqi cholera (2007)
* Zimbabwean cholera (2008–2009)
* Madagascar plague (2008–2017)
* Bolivian dengue (2009)
* Gujarat hepatitis (2009)
* Western African meningitis (2009–2010)
* Haiti cholera (2010–2019)
* Pakistani dengue (2011)
* Darfur yellow fever (2012)
* MERS (2012)
* Singaporean dengue (2013)
* Swansea measles (2013)
* Chikungunya (2013–2014)
* Western African Ebola (2013–2016)
* DR Congo Ebola (2014)
* Madagascar plague (2014)
* Odisha hepatitis (2014)
* Polio declaration (2014)
* Indian swine flu (2015)
* South Korean MERS (2015)
* Zika (2015–2016)
* Angolan yellow fever (2016)
* Yemeni cholera (2016–2022)
* Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis (2017)
* Saudi Arabian MERS (2018)
* Kerala Nipah virus (2018)
* Équateur province Ebola (2018)
* Kivu Ebola (2018–2020)
* Madagascar measles (2018)
* Samoa measles (2019)
* Philippine measles (2019)
* Pacific NW measles (2019)
* New York measles (2019)
* Kuala Koh measles (2019)
* Tonga measles (2019)
* DRC measles (2019–2020)
* New Zealand measles (2019–2020)
* Singaporean dengue (2020)
* Uganda Ebola (2022–2023)
* Jamaica dengue (2023)
* Bangsamoro measles (2023–present)
* 2024 Latin American dengue
* Argentina (2024)

Global|

* First plague pandemic (541–767)
* Second plague pandemic (1348–19th century)
* Influenza pandemic (1510)
* Influenza pandemic (1557–1559)
* First cholera pandemic (1816–1826)
* Second cholera pandemic (1829–1851)
* Third cholera pandemic (1852–1860)
* Third plague pandemic (1855–1860)
* Fourth cholera pandemic (1863–1879)
* Fifth cholera pandemic (1881–1896)
* Russian flu (1889–1890)
* Sixth cholera pandemic (1899–1923)
* Spanish flu (1918–1920)
* encephalitis lethargica epidemic (1919–1930)
* Asian flu (1957–1958)
* Seventh cholera pandemic (1961–1975)
* Hong Kong flu (1968–1970)
* Russian flu pandemic (1977–1979)
* HIV/AIDS (1981–present)
* Swine flu (2009–2010)
* COVID-19 (2019–present)
* Mpox (clade II) outbreak (2022–2023)
* Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic (2023–2025)

* v
* t
* e

History of infectious diseases

Individual diseases|

* Cholera
* HIV/AIDS
* Leprosy
* Malaria
* Plague
* Polio
* Smallpox
* Syphilis
* Tuberculosis
* Typhoid fever
* Yellow fever

People|

* Alexander Fleming
* Maurice Hilleman
* Edward Jenner
* Robert Koch
* Louis Pasteur
* Jonas Salk
* Ignaz Semmelweis
* John Snow
* Israel Jacob Kligler

Major epidemics|

* Black Death (1346–1353)
* Spanish flu (1918–1920)
* HIV/AIDS pandemic (1981–present)
* COVID-19 pandemic (2019–present*)

Other|

* Discovery of disease-causing pathogens
* Smallpox eradication
* Social history of viruses

* v
* t
* e

History of medicine

Timeline of medicine and medical technology

Histories of basic sciences|

* Anatomy
* Biochemistry
* Biology
* Biotechnology
* Chemistry
* Embryology
* Genetics
* Immunology
* Timeline
* Medical diagnosis
* Microbiology
* Molecular biology
* Neuroscience
* Nutrition
* Pathology
* Pharmacology
* Physiology
* Virology
* Viruses

Histories of medical specialties|

* Alternative medicine
* Anesthesia
* General
* Neuraxial
* Cancer
* Cardiology (invasive and interventional)
* Dental treatments
* Dermatology
* Emergency medicine
* CPR
* Endocrinology
* Neurology
* Psychiatry
* Timeline
* Psychiatric institutions
* Psychosurgery
* Surgery
* Trauma and orthopaedics

Medicine in ancient societies|

* Prehistory
* Babylon
* Byzantinia
* Ancient Egypt
* Egyptian medical papyri
* Ancient Greece
* Ancient Iran
* Ancient Rome
* Medieval Islam
* Medieval Western Europe

History of methods in medicine|

* Antibiotics
* Timeline
* Blood transfusion
* Humorism
* Neuroimaging
* Radiation therapy
* Tracheal intubation
* Vaccines
* Timeline
* Wound care

Disasters and plagues|

* Black Death
* List of epidemics and pandemics
* Malaria
* Pandemics
* Plague
* Poliomyelitis
* Smallpox
* Syphilis
* Tuberculosis

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Public health

General|

* Auxology
* Biological hazard
* Chief medical officer
* Cultural competence
* Deviance
* Environmental health
* Eugenics
* History of
* Liberal
* Euthenics
* Genomics
* Globalization and disease
* Harm reduction
* Health economics
* Health literacy
* Health policy
* Health system
* Health care reform
* Housing First
* Human right to water and sanitation
* Management of depression
* Public health law
* National public health institute
* Health politics
* Labor rights
* Maternal health
* Medical anthropology
* Medical sociology
* Mental health (Ministers)
* Occupational safety and health
* Pharmaceutical policy
* Pollution
* Air
* Water
* Soil
* Radiation
* Light
* Prisoners' rights
* Public health intervention
* Public health laboratory
* Right to food
* Right to health
* Right to a healthy environment
* Right to housing
* Right to rest and leisure
* Right to sit
* Security of person
* Sexual and reproductive health
* Social psychology
* Sociology of health and illness
* Unisex changing rooms
* Unisex public toilets
* Workers' right to access the toilet

Preventive healthcare|

* Behavior change
* Theories
* Drug checking
* Family planning
* Harm reduction
* Health promotion
* Human nutrition
* Healthy diet
* Preventive nutrition
* Hygiene
* Food safety
* Hand washing
* Infection control
* Oral hygiene
* Needle and syringe programmes
* Occupational safety and health
* Human factors and ergonomics
* Hygiene
* Controlled Drugs
* Injury prevention
* Medicine
* Nursing
* Patient safety
* Organization
* Pharmacovigilance
* Reagent testing
* Safe sex
* Sanitation
* Emergency
* Fecal–oral transmission
* Open defecation
* Sanitary sewer
* Waterborne diseases
* Worker
* School hygiene
* Smoking cessation
* Supervised injection site
* Vaccination
* Vector control

Population health|

* Biostatistics
* Child mortality
* Community health
* Epidemiology
* Global health
* Health impact assessment
* Health system
* Infant mortality
* Open-source healthcare software
* Multimorbidity
* Public health informatics
* Social determinants of health
* Commercial determinants of health
* Health equity
* Race and health
* Social medicine

Biological and
epidemiological statistics|

* Case–control study
* Randomized controlled trial
* Relative risk
* Statistical hypothesis testing
* Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
* Regression analysis
* ROC curve
* Student's t-test
* Z-test
* Statistical software

Infectious and epidemic
disease prevention|

* Asymptomatic carrier
* Epidemics
* List
* Notifiable diseases
* List
* Public health surveillance
* Disease surveillance
* Quarantine
* Sexually transmitted infection
* Social distancing
* Tropical disease
* Vaccine trial
* WASH

Food hygiene and
safety management|

* Food
* Additive
* Chemistry
* Engineering
* Microbiology
* Processing
* Safety
* Safety scandals
* Good agricultural practice
* Good manufacturing practice
* HACCP
* ISO 22000

Health behavioral
sciences|

* Diffusion of innovations
* Health belief model
* Health communication
* Health psychology
* Positive deviance
* PRECEDE–PROCEED model
* Social cognitive theory
* Social norms approach
* Theory of planned behavior
* Transtheoretical model

Organizations,
education
and history|

| Organizations|

* Caribbean
* Caribbean Public Health Agency
* China
* Center for Disease Control and Prevention
* Europe
* Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
* Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
* Russia
* Rospotrebnadzor
* India
* Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
* Canada
* Health Canada
* Public Health Agency
* U.S.
* Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
* Health departments in the United States
* Council on Education for Public Health
* Public Health Service
* World Health Organization
* World Toilet Organization
* (Full list)

|

Education|

* Health education
* Higher education
* Bachelor of Science in Public Health
* Doctor of Public Health
* Professional degrees of public health
* Schools of public health

History|

* History of public health in the United Kingdom
* History of public health in the United States
* History of public health in Australia
* Sara Josephine Baker
* Samuel Jay Crumbine
* Carl Rogers Darnall
* Joseph Lister
* Margaret Sanger
* John Snow
* Typhoid Mary
* Radium Girls
* Germ theory of disease
* Social hygiene movement

* Category
* Commons
* WikiProject

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*[t]: Discuss this template
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*[c.]: circa
*[*]: Peaked 2020–2023