List of ethnic groups in China

For the ethnic groups in historical China, see Ethnic groups in Chinese history.

Ethnolinguistic map of China China's Autonomous Regions and its Designated Ethnic Minority

The Han people are the largest ethnic group in mainland China. In 2010, 91.51% of the population were classified as Han (~1.2 billion).[1][needs update] Besides the Han Chinese majority, 55 other ethnic (minority) groups are categorized in present-day China, numbering approximately 105 million people (8%), mostly concentrated in the bordering northwest, north, northeast, south and southwest but with some in central interior areas.

The major ethnic minorities in China are the Zhuang (19.6 million), Hui (11.4 million), Uyghurs (11 million), Miao (11 million), Manchus (10.4 million), Yi (9.8 million), Tujia (9.6 million), Tibetans (7 million), Mongols (6.3 million), Buyei (3.5 million), Dong (3.5 million), Yao (3.3 million), Bai (2 million), Koreans (1.7 million), Hani (1.7 million), Li (1.6 million), Kazakhs (1.5 million), and Dai (1.2 million).[2] In addition, there are a number of unrecognized ethnic groups which together comprise over 730,000 people. Collectively, the ethnic groups of China are referred to as the Zhonghua minzu (Chinese: 中华民族; pinyin: Zhōnghuá mínzú; lit. 'Chinese ethnicity'). However, being part of the Zhonghua minzu (i.e. being part of one of the 56 ethnic groups) does not necessarily mean one must have Chinese nationality (Chinese: 中国国籍; pinyin: Zhōngguó guójí) or be loyal to the People's Republic of China.

## Officially recognized groups

[edit]

Officially recognized ethnic groups receive or have received certain benefits over Han Chinese under the regional ethnic autonomy system, including affirmative action, exemptions from the one-child policy, designated seats in political organs and government support to preserve their culture. Ethnic minority autonomous areas receive additional state subsidies.[3][4] Languages of officially recognized minorities are used in official government documents.[5][non-primary source needed]

Soon after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, 39 ethnic groups were recognized by the first national census in 1954. This further increased to 54 by the second national census in 1964, with the Lhoba people added in 1965. The last change was the addition of the Jino people in 1979, bringing the number of recognized ethnic groups to the current 56. The following are the 56 ethnic groups (listed by population) officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.[6]

English Name | Standard Romanization | Code[a] | Simplified Chinese | Mandarin Pinyin | 2020 National Shares | 2020 Population[b] | 2010 Population[b] | 2000 Population[b] | 1990 Population[b] | Year of recognition[c]

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Han Chinese[d] | Han | HA | 汉族 | Hànzú | 91.1098%  | 1,284,446,389 | 1,220,844,520 | 1,139,773,008 | 1,042,482,187 | 1954
Zhuang | Zhuang | ZH | 壮族 | Zhuàngzú | 1.3801%  | 19,568,546 | 16,926,381 | 16,187,163 | 15,489,630 | 1954
Uyghur | Uygur | UG | 维吾尔族 | Wéiwú'ěrzú | 0.8352%  | 11,774,538 | 10,069,346 | 8,405,416 | 7,214,431 | 1954
Hui[e] | Hui | HU | 回族 | Huízú | 0.8070%  | 11,377,914 | 10,586,087 | 9,828,126 | 8,602,978 | 1954
Miao[f] | Miao | MH | 苗族 | Miáozú | 0.7851%  | 11,067,929 | 9,426,007 | 8,945,538 | 7,398,035 | 1954
Manchu | Man | MA | 满族 | Mǎnzú | 0.7394%  | 10,423,303 | 10,387,958 | 10,708,464 | 9,821,180 | 1954
Yi | Yi | YI | 彝族 | Yízú | 0.6973%  | 9,830,327 | 8,714,393 | 7,765,858 | 6,572,173 | 1954
Tujia | Tujia | TJ | 土家族 | Tǔjiāzú | 0.6801%  | 9,587,732 | 8,353,912 | 8,037,014 | 5,704,223 | 1964
Tibetan[g] | Zang | ZA | 藏族 | Zàngzú | 0.5008%  | 7,060,731 | 6,282,187 | 5,422,954 | 4,593,330 | 1954
Mongol | Mongol | MG | 蒙古族 | Měnggǔzú | 0.4461%  | 6,290,204 | 5,981,840 | 5,827,808 | 4,806,849 | 1954
Bouyei | Bouyei | BY | 布依族 | Bùyīzú | 0.2537%  | 3,576,752 | 2,870,034 | 2,973,217 | 2,545,059 | 1954
Dong[h] | Dong | DO | 侗族 | Dòngzú | 0.2480%  | 3,495,993 | 2,879,974 | 2,962,911 | 2,514,014 | 1954
Yao | Yao | YA | 瑶族 | Yáozú | 0.2347%  | 3,309,341 | 2,796,003 | 2,638,878 | 2,134,013 | 1954
Bai | Bai | BA | 白族 | Báizú | 0.1484%  | 2,091,543 | 1,933,510 | 1,861,895 | 1,594,827 | 1954
Hani[i] | Hani | HN | 哈尼族 | Hānízú | 0.1229%  | 1,733,166 | 1,660,932 | 1,440,029 | 1,253,952 | 1954
Korean | Chosŏn | CS | 朝鲜族 | Cháoxiǎnzú | 0.1207%  | 1,702,479 | 1,830,929 | 1,929,696 | 1,920,597 | 1954
Li | Li | LI | 黎族 | Lízú | 0.1136%  | 1,602,104 | 1,463,064 | 1,248,022 | 1,110,900 | 1954
Kazakh | Kazak | KZ | 哈萨克族 | Hāsàkèzú | 0.1108%  | 1,562,518 | 1,462,588 | 1,248,022 | 1,110,900 | 1954
Dai[j] | Dai | DA | 傣族 | Dǎizú | 0.0943%  | 1,329,985 | 1,261,311 | 1,159,231 | 1,025,128 | 1954
Lisu | Lisu | LS | 傈僳族 | Lìsùzú | 0.0541%  | 762,296 | 702,839 | 635,101 | 574,856 | 1954
She | She | SH | 畲族 | Shēzú | 0.0529%  | 746,385 | 708,651 | 710,039 | 630,378 | 1964
Dongxiang | Dongxiang | DX | 东乡族 | Dōngxiāngzú | 0.0550%  | 774,947 | 621,500 | 513,826 | 373,872 | 1954
Gelao | Gelao | GL | 仡佬族 | Gēlǎozú | 0.0481%  | 677,521 | 550,746 | 579,744 | 437,997 | 1964
Lahu | Lahu | LH | 拉祜族 | Lāhùzú | 0.0354%  | 499,167 | 485,966 | 453,765 | 411,476 | 1954
Sui | Sui | SU | 水族 | Shuǐzú | 0.0352%  | 495,928 | 411,847 | 407,000 | 345,993 | 1954
Wa | Wa | WA | 佤族 | Wǎzú | 0.0306%  | 430,997 | 429,709 | 396,709 | 351,974 | 1954
Nakhi[k] | Naxi | NX | 纳西族 | Nàxīzú | 0.0230%  | 323,767 | 326,295 | 309,477 | 278,009 | 1954
Qiang | Qiang | QI | 羌族 | Qiāngzú | 0.0222%  | 312,981 | 309,576 | 306,476 | 198,252 | 1954
Tu | Tu | TU | 土族 | Tǔzú | 0.0200%  | 281,928 | 289,565 | 241,593 | 191,624 | 1954
Mulao[l] | Mulao | ML | 仫佬族 | Mùlǎozú | 0.0197%  | 277,233 | 216,257 | 207,464 | 159,328 | 1964
Kyrgyz | Kirgiz | KG | 柯尔克孜族 | Kē'ěrkèzīzú | 0.0145%  | 204,402 | 186,708 | 160,875 | 141,549 | 1954
Xibe | Xibe | XB | 锡伯族 | Xībózú | 0.0136%  | 191,911 | 190,481 | 189,357 | 172,847 | 1954
Salar | Salar | SL | 撒拉族 | Sālāzú | 0.0117%  | 165,159 | 130,607 | 104,521 | 87,697 | 1954
Jingpo[m] | Jingpo | JP | 景颇族 | Jǐngpōzú | 0.0114%  | 160,471 | 147,828 | 132,158 | 119,209 | 1954
Daur | Daur | DU | 达斡尔族 | Dáwò'ěrzú | 0.0094%  | 132,299 | 131,992 | 132,747 | 121,357 | 1964
Blang | Blang | BL | 布朗族 | Bùlǎngzú | 0.0090%  | 127,345 | 119,639 | 91,891 | 82,280 | 1964
Maonan[n] | Maonan | MN | 毛南族 | Máonánzú | 0.0088%  | 124,092 | 101,192 | 107,184 | 71,968 | 1964
Tajik[o] | Tajik | TA | 塔吉克族 | Tǎjíkèzú | 0.0036%  | 50,896 | 51,069 | 41,056 | 33,538 | 1954
Pumi | Pumi | PM | 普米族 | Pǔmǐzú | 0.0032%  | 45,012 | 42,861 | 33,628 | 29,657 | 1964
Achang | Achang | AC | 阿昌族 | Āchāngzú | 0.0031%  | 43,775 | 39,555 | 33,954 | 27,708 | 1964
Nu | Nu | NU | 怒族 | Nùzú | 0.0026%  | 36,575 | 37,523 | 28,770 | 27,123 | 1964
Evenki | Ewenki | EW | 鄂温克族 | Èwēnkèzú | 0.0025%  | 34,617 | 30,875 | 30,545 | 26,315 | 1954
Vietnamese[p] | Gin | GI | 京族 | Jīngzú | 0.0024%  | 33,112 | 28,199 | 22,584 | 18,915 | 1964
Jino | Jino | JN | 基诺族 | Jīnuòzú | 0.0018%  | 26,025 | 23,143 | 20,899 | 18,021 | 1979
Bonan | Bonan | BO | 保安族 | Bǎo'ānzú | 0.0017%  | 24,434 | 20,074 | 16,505 | 12,212 | 1954
De'ang[q] | Deang | DE | 德昂族 | Dé'ángzú | 0.0016%  | 22,354 | 20,556 | 17,935 | 15,462 | 1964
Russian | Russ | RS | 俄罗斯族 | Éluósīzú | 0.0011%  | 16,136 | 15,393 | 15,631 | 13,504 | 1954
Yugur | Yugur | YG | 裕固族 | Yùgùzú | 0.0010%  | 14,706 | 14,378 | 13,747 | 12,297 | 1954
Uzbek | Uzbek | UZ | 乌孜别克族 | Wūzībiékèzú | 0.0009%  | 12,742 | 10,569 | 12,423 | 14,502 | 1954
Monba | Monba | MB | 门巴族 | Ménbāzú | 0.0008%  | 11,143 | 10,561 | 8,928 | 7,475 | 1964
Oroqen | Oroqen | OR | 鄂伦春族 | Èlúnchūnzú | 0.0007%  | 9,168 | 8,659 | 8,216 | 6,965 | 1954
Derung | Derung | DR | 独龙族 | Dúlóngzú | 0.0005%  | 7,310 | 6,930 | 7,431 | 5,816 | 1964
Nanai[r] | Hezhen | HZ | 赫哲族 | Hèzhézú | 0.0004%  | 5,373 | 5,354 | 4,664 | 4,245 | 1964
Lhoba | Lhoba | LB | 珞巴族 | Luòbāzú | 0.0003%  | 4,237 | 3,682 | 2,970 | 2,312 | 1965
Tatars | Tatar | TT | 塔塔尔族 | Tǎtǎ'ěrzú | 0.0003%  | 3,544 | 3,556 | 4,895 | 4,873 | 1954
Gaoshan[s] | Gaoshan | GS | 高山族 | Gāoshānzú | 0.0002%  | 3,479 | 4,009 | 4,488 | 2,909 | 1954
Undistinguished | — | none | 未识别民族 | Wèi Shìbié Mínzú | 0.0593%  | 836,488 | 640,101 | 734,438 | 749,341 | —
Naturalized Citizen | — | none | 外国人加入中国籍 | Wàiguórén Jiārù Zhōngguójí | 0.0012%  | 16,595 | 1,448 | 941 | 3,421 | —

1. ^ GB 3304－91 "Names of ethnicities of China in romanization with codes".[7]
2. ^ a b c d The population only includes mainland China.
3. ^ For ethnic groups officially recognised in 1964 or earlier, this is the year of first inclusion in the national census, which were in 1954[8] and 1964.[9]
4. ^ Also included are the Chuanqing.
5. ^ Also includes Utsuls of Hainan, descended from Cham refugees.
6. ^ One subset of which is also known as Hmong and other include Hmu, Xong and A-Hmao. Some of the related languages and groups of peoples are not necessarily classified under the Miao umbrella, which makes this term somewhat vague.
7. ^ Including Amdowa and Khampa, as well as roughly half of Pumi speakers, the remainder of whom are classified as a separate Pumi ethnicity.
8. ^ Also known as Kam.
9. ^ Also included are the Sangkong.
10. ^ This category includes several different Tai-speaking groups historically referred to as Bai-yi. In fact, the Dai nationality consists of speakers of varieties of Shan languages. For instance, the Tai Lue and Tai Nuea peoples are actually subgroups of the Shan people. Despite this, speakers of Bumang are also included in the Dai nationality.
11. ^ Also included are the Mosuo.
12. ^ Also included are the Qago (木佬人).
13. ^ Known as Kachin in Myanmar.
14. ^ Also included are the Then.
15. ^ They are not Tajik people but Pamiri people.
16. ^ The same group as Vietnamese or Kinh people in Sino-Vietnamese.
17. ^ Known as Palaung in Myanmar.
18. ^ The same group as Nanai on the Russian side of the border.
19. ^ A collective name for all Taiwanese aborigine groups in Taiwan. In fact, the numbers of Gaoshan in census covers only those who lives in mainland China (mainly in Fujian) and consists of Amis (autonym: Pangcah), Paiwan and Bunun peoples.[citation needed]

## Unlisted ethnic groups

[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

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Main article: Unrecognized ethnic groups in China

The following ethnic groups living in China are not recognized by the Chinese government:

* Äynu people – classified as Uyghurs
* Altai people – classified as Mongols[10]
* Fuyu Kyrgyz people – classified as Kyrgyz
* Gejia people – classified as Miao
* Bajia (八甲人; Bājiǎrén)
* Deng people
* Hu people – classified as Bulang
* Khmu people – classified as Bulang
* Kucong
* Mảng people
* Ili Turk people – classified as Uzbek
* Sherpa people – classified as Tibetan
* Tanka people, including Fuzhou Tanka
* Tebbu people
* Tuvans – classified as Mongols[11]
* Waxiang people
* Jewish people
* Macanese people, mixed race Catholic Portuguese speakers who lived in Macau since 16th century of various ethnic origins
* Utsuls – classified as Hui
* Yamato people and Ryukyuan people, primarily Japanese settlers that remained in China after the Second Sino-Japanese War, which mostly were women and orphaned children[12]

During the Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China held in 2000, 734,438 people on the mainland were recorded as belonging to "undistinguished ethnic groups"—of these, 97% resided in Guizhou.[13][needs update]

## Hong Kong and Macau

[edit]

See also: Demographics of Hong Kong and Demographics of Macau

Hong Kong and Macau are special administrative regions within China. The governments of Hong Kong and Macau do not use the official PRC ethnic classification system, nor does the PRC's official classification system take ethnic groups in Hong Kong and Macau into account. Minority groups such as Western Europeans (mainly English and Portuguese), and Southern or Southeastern Asians (mainly Filipinos, Indians, Indonesians, Nepalese, and Pakistanis) live in Hong Kong.[14] Macau's main ethnic groups are of Chinese and Portuguese descent, but other ethnicities also live in the territory.[15]

## Gallery

[edit]

* Zhuang

* Manchu

* Hui

* Miao

* Uyghur

* Tujia

* Yi

* Mongol

## See also

[edit]

* China portal

* 56 Flowers
* Affirmative action in China
* Demographics of China
* Demographics of Taiwan
* Local ethnic nationalism
* Taiwanese people
* Ethnic minorities in China
* Han Chinese subgroups
* Hua–Yi distinction
* Languages of China
* List of endangered languages in China
* Kra–Dai ethnic groups in China
* Taiwanese indigenous peoples
* Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
* Minzu (anthropology)
* Zhonghua minzu

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Han Chinese proportion in China's population drops: census data". Xinhua News (English). 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
2. ^ "index". www.stats.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2012-11-27. Retrieved 2017-06-08.
3. ^ Jarmuth, Anna (2020-09-22). "Ethnic Minorities and the Fight against Poverty in China: The Case of Yunnan". Institute for Security and Development Policy. Archived from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
4. ^ Lai, Hongyi. "China's Ethnic Policies and Challenges" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-11-21. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
5. ^ "White Paper 1999: Ethnic Minorities Policy in China". un.china-mission.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
6. ^ 胡鸿保; 张丽梅 (2009). 民族识别原则的变化与民族人口 [Changes in Ethnic Identification Principles and Ethnic Population]. Southwest University for Nationalities University Press (in Chinese) (4).
7. ^ GB 3304－91 Names of nationalities of China in romanization with codes Archived 2009-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
8. ^ First National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
9. ^ Second National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
10. ^ Olson, James S. (1998). "Altai". An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. pp. 9–11\. ISBN 0-313-28853-4.
11. ^ Mongush, M. V. (1996). "Tuvans of Mongolia and China". International Journal of Central Asian Studies (1): 225–243.
12. ^ "Left Behind: Japan's Wartime Defeat and the Stranded Women of Manchukuo". Archived from the original on 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
13. ^ 第五次人口普查数据(2000年). 表1—6. 省、自治区、直辖市分性别、民族的人口 Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine ( Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2000). Table 1-6: Population of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities by ethnicity). (in Chinese)
14. ^ Paul O'Connor (2018). "Ethnic Minorities and Ethnicity in Hong Kong". Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Hong Kong. Routledge. pp. 59–274\. ISBN 9780367580605.
15. ^ João de Pina Cabral. "THE 'ETHNIC' COMPOSITION OF MACAO". Cultural Bureau of Macau. Archived from the original on 2024-03-02. Retrieved 2023-11-29.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Olson, James S. (1998). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28853-4.
* Schwars, Henry G. (1984). The Minorities of Northern China: A Survey.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Ethnic groups in China at Wikimedia Commons

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Ethnic groups of China

Sino-Tibetan|

| Sinitic|

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* subgroups
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|

Lolo-Burmese|

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Qiangic|

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Tibetic|

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Others|

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Related|

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See also|

* Demographics of China
* Immigration to Hong Kong
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* History of the Jews in China
* Hong Kong
* Kaifeng
* Underoccupied developments in China
* Illegal immigration

Underlined: the 56 officially recognised ethnic groups ranked by population in their language families according to 2020 census

* Category
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Taiwanese indigenous peoples

Nationally recognized|

* Amis
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Locally recognized|

* Makatao
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Unrecognized|

* Babuza
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* List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan
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* Indigenous Area (Taiwan)

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Ethnic groups in Asia

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History|

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Sports|

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Education|

* Association of East Asian Research Universities
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Military|

* Horses in East Asian warfare
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Science and technology|

* Needham Research Institute
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* v
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China articles

History|

| Overviews|

* History
* Timeline
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* Language
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* before 1912
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* Ethnic groups
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|

Prehistoric|

* Paleolithic
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Ancient|

* Xia
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* Warring States

Imperial|

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* Eunuch

Modern|

* 1911 Revolution
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* Reform and opening up
* Tiananmen Square
* COVID-19
* persecution of Uyghurs
* List of massacres in China

Geography|

* Borders
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* Geology
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| Regions|

* East
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Terrain|

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Water|

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Environment|

* Climate change
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Subdivisions|

* Baseline islands
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Politics|

| Law|

* Judicial system
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Government|

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Military|

* Outline of military history
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Economy|

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Infrastructure|

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Transport|

* Automotive industry
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Society|

* Abortion
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Culture|

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| Fours of China|

* Four Treasures of the Study
* Four Great Inventions
* Four Gentlemen
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* Four Beauties
* Four Classic Novels
* Four arts
* Four Symbols
* Four Holy Beasts
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* Four Paragons of the Early Tang
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* Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty
* Four Wangs
* Gang of Four
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* Four Pests campaign

|

Demographics|

* Emigration
* Ethnic groups
* Eunuchs
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* Languages
* Life expectancy
* Statistics
* Population history
* "Post-80s"
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* Urbanization
* Women

Religion|

* Buddhism
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* Folk religion
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Symbols|

* Anthem
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* Outline
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* Category
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* v
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Taiwan articles

History

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* Timeline

* Geography

Overviews|

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* Government
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Government
and politics

* Cabinet
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Regions of Taiwan

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Political issues|

* Conscription
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* Chinese nationalism
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* Foreign relations
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* Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity
* Political status of Taiwan
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* Two Chinas
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Economy|

* Aerospace industry
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* Floriculture
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* Banking
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* National Symbols
* People
* Society
* Culture

National symbols|

* Anthems
* national
* flag
* Emblem
* Flags
* current
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People|

| Demographics|

* Overseas Taiwanese
* Taiwanese people
* Taiwanese indigenous peoples
* List
* Hans
* Hoklos
* Hakkas
* Waishengren

|

Languages|

* Formosan languages
* Amis
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* Rukai
* Saaroa
* Saisiyat
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* Seediq
* Thao
* Tsou
* Yami
* Sinitic
* Mandarin
* Taiwanese Hokkien
* Hakka
* Matsu dialect
* Sign Language
* Braille

Notable individuals|

* Actresses
* Artists
* Footballers
* Magistrates and mayors
* Olympic flagbearers
* Singers
* Taiwanese Americans
* Wealthiest
* Writers

Society|

* Architecture
* Crime
* Organized crime
* Sex trafficking
* Education
* Healthcare
* International rankings
* Inventions and discoveries
* Prostitution
* Public holidays
* Public housing
* Squatting
* Superlatives
* Taiwan studies
* Waste management
* Women

Culture|

* Animation
* Art
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Beer
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* Wine
* Whisky
* Dance
* Drama
* 2000 to 2010
* 2011 to 2020
* 2021 to present
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* T-Beauty
* Taiwanese wave
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* Tea
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* Tourist attractions
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* Category
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* Outline

Authority control databases

National|

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Other|

* IdRef
* Yale LUX

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