List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages

A large number of languages known only from brief mentions are thought to have been Uto-Aztecan languages, but became extinct without being documented. The following list is based on Campbell (1997:133–135).

* San Nicolás (Nicoleño): spoken in California, thought to be a Takic language.
* Giamina/Omomil:[1] Kroeber (1907) and Lamb (1964) believe Giamina may constitute a separate branch of Northern Uto-Aztecan, although Miller (1983) is uncertain about this. It was spoken in Southern California.
* Vanyume: a Takic language of California
* Acaxee (Aiage): closely related to Tahue, a Cahitan language, linked with Tebaca and Sabaibo.
* Amotomanco (Otomoaco):[2] uncertain classification, possibly Uto-Aztecan. (See Troike (1988) for more details.)
* Cazcan (Caxcan): sometimes considered to be the same as Zacateca, although Miller (1983) would only consider these to be geographical classifications.
* Baciroa: closely connected to Tepahue
* Basopa
* Batuc: possibly an Opata dialect
* Cahuameto:[4] probably belongs with Oguera and Nio
* Chínipa: may be a Tarahumaran language close to Ocoroni, since colonial sources claim the two are mutually intelligible. It may also instead be a local name for a variety of Guarijío.
* Coca: spoken near Lake Chapala.
* Colotlan: a Pimic language closely related to Tepehuan, or Teul and Tepecano
* Comanito: a Taracahitic language closely related to Tahue
* Concho:[5] probably a Taracahitic language (Troike 1988). Subdivisions include Chinarra[6], Abasopalme,[7] Chizo; Toboso is possibly related to Concho as well.
* Conicari:[8] a Taracahitic language closely related to Tahue
* Guachichil: possibly a variant or close relative of Huichol
* Guasave: possibly a Taracahitic language, or may instead be non-Uto-Aztecan language possibly related to Seri due to the speakers' maritime economy (Miller 1983). Dialects include Compopori, Ahome, Vacoregue, and Achire.
* Guazapar (Guasapar):[9] probably a Tarahumara dialect, or it may be more closely related to Guarijío and Chínipa. Guazapar, Jova, Pachera, and Juhine may possibly all be dialects of Tarahumara.
* Guisca (Coisa)
* Hio: possibly a Taracahitic language
* Huite: closely related to Ocoroni, and may be Taracahitic
* Irritila: a Lagunero band
* Jova (Jobal, Ova):[10] most often linked with Opata, although some scholars classify it as a Tarahumara dialect. Miller (1983) considers it to be "probably Taracahitan."
* Jumano;[11] also Humano, Jumana, Xumana, Chouman (from a French source), Zumana, Zuma, Suma, and Yuma. Suma is probably the same language, while Jumano is possibly Uto-Aztecan. (Not to be confused with the Jumana language of Colombia.)
* Lagunero: may be the same as Irritila, and may also be closely related to Zacateco or Huichol.
* Macoyahui: probably related to Cahita.
* Mocorito: a Tahue language, which is Taracahitic.
* Naarinuquia (Themurete?): Uto-Aztecan affiliation is likely, although it may instead be non-Uto-Aztecan language possibly related to Seri due to the speakers' maritime economy.[12]
* Nacosura: an Opata dialect
* Nio: completely undocumented, although it is perhaps related to Ocoroni.
* Ocoroni: most likely a Taracahitic language, and is reported to be mutually intelligible with Chínipa, and similar to Opata. Related languages may include Huite and Nio.
* Oguera (Ohuera)
* Patarabuey: unknown affiliation (Purépecha region near Lake Chapala), and is possibly a Nahuatl dialect.
* Tahue: may also include Comanito, Mocorito, Tubar, and Zoe. It is possibly a Taracahitic language, and is definitely not Nahuan.
* Tanpachoa:[13] unknown affiliation, [14] and was once spoken along the Río Grande. Only one word is known, which is ocae 'arrow'.[15]
* Tecuexe: speakers were possibly part of a "Mexicano" (Nahua) colony.
* Teco-Tecoxquin: an Aztecan language
* Tecual: closely related to Huichol. According to Sauer (1934:14), the "Xamaca, by another name called Hueitzolme [Huichol], all ... speak the Thequalme language, though they differ in vowels."
* Témori: may be a Tarahumara dialect.
* Tepahue: possibly a Taracahitic language. Closely related languages or dialects include Macoyahui, Conicari, and Baciroa.
* Tepanec: an Aztecan language.
* Teul (Teul-Chichimeca): a Pimic language, possibly of the Tepecano subgroup.
* Toboso: grouped with Concho.
* Topia: perhaps the same as Xixime (Jijime).
* Topiame: possibly a Taracahitic language.
* Totorame: grouped with Cora.
* Xixime (Jijime): spoken by the Xiximes, possibly a Taracahitic language. Subdivisions are Hine and Hume. Its links with Acaxee are uncertain.
* Zacateco: often considered the same as Acaxee, although this is uncertain. It is possibly related to Huichol, although Miller (1983) leaves it as unclassified.
* Zoe: possibly a Taracahitic language, with Baimena as a subdivision. It is possibly affiliated with Comanito.

## References[edit]

1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Omomil". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Amotomanco". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. ^ a b c Barnes, Thomas C.; Naylor, Thomas H.; Polzer, Charles W. Northern New Spain: A Research Guide. University of Arizona. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
4. ^ Alternate spellings include Cahuimeto or Cahuemeto.[3]
5. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Concho". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
6. ^ Alternate spellings include Chimarra, Chinara, Chinasa, Chinaso, Chinaza, Chinazo, Chinnara, Chivarra.[3]
7. ^ Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009). Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced. McFarland. p. 10\. ISBN 978-0-7864-5169-2.
8. ^ Alternate spellings include Concuari or Conicare.[3]
9. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Guazapar". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
10. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jova". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
11. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jumano". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
12. ^ Miller 1983.
13. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tanpachoa". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
14. ^ Troike 1988.
15. ^ Zamponi, Raoul (2024). "Unclassified languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America. De Gruyter. pp. 1627–1648. doi:10.1515/9783110712742-061. ISBN 978-3-11-071274-2.

## Bibliography[edit]

* Miller, Wick R. (1983). "Uto-Aztecan languages". In Ortiz, Alfonso (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 10\. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 113–124.
* Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1. OCLC 32923907.
* Troike, Rudolf C. (1988). "Amotomanco (Otomoaca) and Tanpachoa as Uto-Aztecan languages". International Journal of American Linguistics. 54: 235–241. doi:10.1086/466084.