List of extremely severe cyclonic storms

Cyclone Biparjoy, at peak intensity while approaching the India-Pakistan border region on June 12, 2023

Behind super cyclonic storms, extremely severe cyclonic storms are the second-highest classification on the India Meteorological Department (IMD)'s intensity scale. There have been 32 of them since reliable records began in 1960. The most recent extremely severe cyclonic storm was Cyclone Biparjoy of the 2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season.

## Background

[edit]

The North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone basin is located to the north of the Equator, and encompasses the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, between the Malay Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula.[1] The basin is officially monitored by the India Meteorological Department's Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in New Delhi.[1] Within the basin, an extremely severe cyclonic storm is defined as a tropical cyclone that has 3-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds between 90–119 knots (165–220 km/h; 105–135 mph).[1]

## Systems

[edit]

Name  | Dates as a
tropical cyclone  | Sustained
wind speeds  | Pressure  | Areas affected  | Deaths  | Damage
(USD)  | Refs

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Two | May 18 – 29, 1963 | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 947 hPa (27.96 inHg) | No land areas | 0 | None | [2][3]
Unnamed | November 1 – 11, 1966 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 961 hPa (28.38 inHg) |  |  |  | [4]
Unnamed | October 21 – 28, 1968 | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) |  |  |  | [5]
Unnamed | November 7 – 8, 1969 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Andrah Pradesh | 200 |  | [6]
Bhola | November 8 – 13, 1970 | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 966 hPa (28.53 inHg) | India, Bangladesh | 300000  |  | [7]
Unnamed | October 29 – 30, 1971 | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 967 hPa (28.56 inHg) |  |  |  | [8]
Unnamed | September 8 – 9, 1972 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 957 hPa (28.26 inHg) |  |  |  | [9]
Unnamed | September 21 – 22, 1972 | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 963 hPa (28.44 inHg) |  |  |  | [9]
Unnamed | October 21 – 23, 1975 | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 967 hPa (28.56 inHg) |  |  |  | [10]
Unnamed | June 9 – 13, 1977 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) |  |  |  | [11]
Unnamed | November 17 – 18, 1977 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 974 hPa (28.76 inHg) |  |  |  | [11]
Unnamed | November 8 – 9, 1978 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) |  |  |  | [12]
Unnamed | May 11 – 12, 1979 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 936 hPa (27.64 inHg) |  |  |  | [13]
BOB 01 | May 3 – 5, 1982 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | Not Specified | Myanmar | 5 | Moderate | [14]
BOB 02 | June 3, 1982 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 952 hPa (28.11 inHg) |  |  |  | [14]
ARB 15 | November 8, 1982 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 962 hPa (28.41 inHg) | India | 341 | Unknown | [14]
BOB 06 | November 8 – 9, 1983 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | Not Specified |  |  |  | [14]
BOB 05 | November 12 – 14, 1984 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | Not Specified | India | ≥430 | Moderate | [14][15]
BOB 06 | November 30 – December 1, 1984 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 973 hPa (28.73 inHg) | India, Somalia | 0 | Unknown | [14]
BOB 07 | November 17, 1988 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | Not Specified |  |  |  | [14]
"Bangladesh" | November 25 – 29, 1988 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Bangladesh, India | 6,240 | $13 million | [14]
Forrest | November 15 – 22, 1992 | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 952 hPa (28.11 inHg) | Bangladesh, Myanmar | 2 | Unknown | [14][16][17][18]
BOB 02 | December 1 – 4, 1993 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 968 hPa (28.59 inHg) | India | 70 | $216 million | [14][19][20]
"Bangladesh" | April 26 – May 2, 1994 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Bangladesh, Myanmar | 350 | $125 million | [14][21][22][23]
BOB 07 | November 21 – 25, 1995 | 190 km/h (115 mph) | 956 hPa (28.23 inHg) | Sumatra, Myanmar, Bangladesh | 172 | Unknown | [14][24][25][26]
"Bangladesh" | May 14 – 20, 1997 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | Bangladesh | 1,146–1296 | Significant | [14][27][28]
"Gujarat" | June 13 – 15, 1998 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 958 hPa (28.29 inHg) | India | 4,000–10,000 | $3 billion | [14][29][30][31]
"Pakistan" | May 16 – 22, 1999 | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 946 hPa (27.94 inHg) | Pakistan | 700 | $6 million | [14][32]
BOB 05 | October 15 – 19, 1999 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 968 hPa (28.59 inHg) | India | >80 | Unknown | [14][32][33]
BOB 05 | November 26 – 30, 2000 | 190 km/h (115 mph) | 958 hPa (28.29 inHg) | West India, Somalia | 12 | >$12 million | [14][34][35]
"Sri Lanka" | December 23 – 28, 2000 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Sri Lanka, India | 9 | Minimal | [36][37][34][14]
"India" | May 21 – 28, 2001 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 932 hPa (27.52 inHg) | Western India, Myanmar, Andaman Islands | 900 | Minimal | [14][38]
"Myanmar" | May 16 – 19, 2004 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 952 hPa (28.11 inHg) | Myanmar | 236 | $99.2 million | [14][39][40][41]
Mala | April 24 – 30, 2006 | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 954 hPa (28.17 inHg) | Andaman Islands, Myanmar, Thailand | 37 | $6.7 million | [14][42][43]
Sidr | November 11 – 16, 2007 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 944 hPa (27.88 inHg) | Bangladesh, West Bengal, Northeast India | 15,000 | $2.21 billion | [14][44][45]
Nargis | April 27 – May 3, 2008 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 962 hPa (28.41 inHg) | Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Yunnan | 138 373 | $12.9 billion | [14][46][47]
Giri | October 20 – 23, 2010 | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Yunnan | 157 | $359 million | [14]
Phailin | October 8 – 14, 2013 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Malay Peninsula, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, India, Myanmar, Nepal | 45 | $4.26 billion | [14]
Hudhud | October 7 – 14, 2014 | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, India, Nepal | 124 | $3.58 billion | [14]
Nilofar | October 28 – 29, 2014 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | India, Pakistan | 0 | Minor | [14]
Chapala | October 30 – November 2, 2015 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Oman, Somalia, Yemen | 9 | $100 million | [14]
Megh | November 8, 2015 | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | Oman, Somalia, Yemen | 18 | Unknown | [14]
Mekunu | May 25, 2018 | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Yemen, Oman, Saudi Arabia | 26 | $1.5 billion | [48]
Fani | April 30 – May 3, 2019 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 932 hPa (27.52 inHg) | Sumatra, Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan | 89 | $8.1 billion | [49]
Maha | October 30 – November 7, 2019 | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 956 hPa (28.23 inHg) | Sri Lanka, Southern India, Maldives, Western India, Oman | 0 | Minor |
Tauktae | May 14 – 19, 2021 | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Maldives, India, Pakistan | 174 | $1.57 billion | [50]
Mocha | May 9 –15, 2023 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) | Bangladesh, Myanmar | 463 | $1.5 billion | [51]
Biparjoy | June 6  – 19, 2023 | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 958 hPa (28.29 inHg) | India, Pakistan | 17 |  | [52]

## Climatology

[edit]

Extremely severe cyclonic
storms by month.[53] Month  | Number of storms

|

January  |

February  |

March  |

April  |

May  |

June  |

July  |

August  |

September  |

October  |

November  |

December  |

Extremely severe cyclonic
storms by decade.[53] Decade  | Number of storms

|

1960s  |

1970s  |

1980s  |

1990s  |

2000s  |

2010s  |

2020s  |

## See also

[edit]

* Tropical cyclones portal

* North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee. Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea 2019 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
2. ^ David Membery (July 2002). "Monsoon tropical cyclones: Part 2". Weather. 57 (7): 246–255\. Bibcode:2002Wthr...57..246M. doi:10.1256/004316502760195911.
3. ^ India Meteorological Department (1963). "Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Severe cyclonic storm in the Arabian Sea" (PDF). India Weather Review: 2–5. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
4. ^ India Weather Review Annual Summary — Part-C: Storms and Depressions 1966 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 1967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-06-14. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
5. ^ India Weather Review Annual Summary — Part-C: Storms and Depressions 1968 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 1969. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-06-14. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
6. ^ India Weather Review Annual Summary — Part-C: Storms and Depressions 1969 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 1970. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-06-14. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
7. ^ India Weather Review Annual Summary — Part-C: Storms and Depressions 1970 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 1971. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
8. ^ Das, P K; George, C A; Jambunathan, R (1972). "Cyclones and Depressions of 1971 - Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea" (PDF). Mausam. 23 (4): 453–466\. doi:10.54302/mausam.v23i4.5305. S2CID 247037040.
9. ^ a b Das, P K; George, C A; Jambunathan, R (1973). "Cyclones and Depressions of 1972 - Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea" (PDF). Mausam. 24 (4): 327–344\. doi:10.54302/mausam.v24i4.5165. S2CID 247045331.
10. ^ Alexander, George; George, C A; Jambunathan, R (1977). "Cyclones and Depressions of 1975 - Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea" (PDF). Mausam. 28 (1): 3–20\. doi:10.54302/mausam.v28i1.2655. S2CID 246968196.
11. ^ a b Pant, P S; Ramakrishnan, A R; Jamdunathan, R (1980). "Cyclones and Depressions over the Indian Seas in 1977" (PDF). Mausam. 31 (3): 337–356\. doi:10.54302/mausam.v31i3.3533. S2CID 246784388.
12. ^ Srinivasan, V; Ramakrishnan, A R; Jamdunathan, R. "Cyclones and Depressions over the Indian Seas in 1978" (PDF). Mausam. 31 (4): 495–506\. doi:10.54302/mausam.v31i4.3444. S2CID 246781079.
13. ^ Mukherjee, A K; Ramakrishnan, A R; Jamdunathan, R (1981). "Cyclones and Depressions over the Indian Seas in 1979" (PDF). Mausam. 32 (2): 115–126\. doi:10.54302/mausam.v32i2.3398. S2CID 246848511.
14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "IMD Best track data 1982-2022" (xls). India Meteorological Department. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
15. ^ 1984 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 135, 145. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
16. ^ Gregory Salvato (1993). "Typhoon Forrest (30W)" (PDF). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). United states Navy. pp. 141–144\. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 15, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
17. ^ Sabir Mustafa (November 20, 1992). "Huge cyclone threatens Bangladesh". Dhaka, Bangladesh. United Press International.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
18. ^ Farid Hossain (November 21, 1992). "Cyclone Weakens as it Hits Bangladesh, No Casualties or Damage". Chittagong, Bangladesh. Associated Press.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
19. ^ Sam Rajappa (December 5, 1993). "Officials say Indian typhoon killed 70, wrecked 44,000 homes". United Press International. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
20. ^ "Heavy damage to samba patty in Thanjavur, Nagapattinam" (PDF). Indian Express. December 6, 1993. Annex II. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
21. ^ "2. Detailed description of cyclonic disturbances: 2.1 Pre-monsoon season (March–May)". Report on Cyclonic Disturbances (Depressions and Tropical Cyclones) over North Indian Ocean in 1994 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. January 1995. pp. 22–25\. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 24, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
22. ^ "3.2 North Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones". 1994 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
23. ^ Bangladesh - Cyclone May 1994 UN DHA Information Reports 1-4. United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (Report). May 1994. ReliefWeb. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
24. ^ Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (November 1995). Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement (PDF) (Report). Vol. 14\. Bureau of Meteorology. p. 2. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
25. ^ United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (1995-11-25). Bangladesh - Cyclone Information Report No.3 (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
26. ^ "The Rohingya Muslims: Ending a Cycle of Exodus?". Human Rights Watch. 8 (8). Burma Library. September 1996. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
27. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1998). "Tropical Cyclone 01B Preliminary Report" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2009.
28. ^ "Bangladesh: Cyclone [ACT: 21-May-97]". Archived from the original on 2005-03-17. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
29. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1999). "Tropical Cyclone 03A Preliminary Report" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
30. ^ Gary Padgett (July 14, 1998). "Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for June 1998". Typhoon 2000. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
31. ^ Staff Writer (December 29, 1998). "1998 Natural Catastrophes: Top 10". Munich Re. Archived from the original on February 10, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
32. ^ a b 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
33. ^ Staff Writer (October 20, 1999). "Cyclone kills 79". The Birmingham Post. Retrieved July 30, 2009.
34. ^ a b Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 2000 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. February 2001. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
35. ^ Gary Padgett (2000). "Monthly Tropical Weather Summary for November 2000". Retrieved 2015-05-22.
36. ^ Gary Padgett (2001). "Monthly Tropical Weather Summary for December 2000". Retrieved 2015-05-24.
37. ^ Vijitha Silva (2001). "Cyclone wreaks havoc across northern Sri Lanka". World Socialist Web Site. Archived from the original on 15 December 2006. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
38. ^ Gary Padgett (2001-07-01). "Monthly Tropical Weather Summary for May 2001". Typhoon2000. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
39. ^ Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 2004 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. January 2005. Retrieved 2015-05-24.
40. ^ Gary Padgett (2000). "Monthly Tropical Weather Summary for May 2004". Retrieved 2015-05-24.
41. ^ Myanmar: Storm OCHA Situation Report No. 1. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (Report). ReliefWeb. 2004-05-27. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
42. ^ "Very severe cyclonic storm "Mala" over the Bay of Bengal 25–29 April 2006" (PDF). Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 2006 (Report). India Meteorological Department. January 2007. pp. 22–26\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
43. ^ Myanmar: Cyclone Mala Final Report for DREF Bulletin no. MDRMM01 (PDF). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (Report). ReliefWeb. February 15, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
44. ^ "Tropical Storm "SIDR" Advisory No. Four". India Meteorological Department. November 12, 2007. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
45. ^ "Tropical Storm "SIDR" Advisory No. Seven". India Meteorological Department via Webcitation.org. November 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
46. ^ "Cyclone 01B (Nargis) Best Track". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 2009. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
47. ^ "Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 2008: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm "NARGIS" over Bay of Bengal during 27 April to 3 May 2008" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. 2009. pp. 24–33\. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
48. ^ Report on Cyclonic Disturbances (Depressions and Tropical Cyclones) over North Indian Ocean in 2018 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. July 2019. pp. 56–79. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
49. ^ http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/fani.pdf [bare URL PDF]
50. ^ "India - Tropical Cyclone TAUKTAE update (GDACS, IMD, NDM India) (ECHO Daily Flash of 19 May 2021) - India". ReliefWeb. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
51. ^ "Bulletin on Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha". mausam.imd.gov.in. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
52. ^ Report on Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Biparjoy (Report). Cyclocane. June 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
53. ^ a b "Monthly and annual frequency of ESCS (Max wind 90-119 knots) over NIO during 1965-2018" (xls). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved May 8, 2020.

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