List of famines

Famines which have happened throughout world history

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Depiction of victims of the Irish Great Famine, 1845–1852. |

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2024)

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## List

[edit]

Date  | Event  | Location  | Death toll (where known; estimated)

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c. 2,700 BC  | Seven year famine, recorded on the Famine Stela[1][2] | Egypt |
2200 BC–2100 BC | The 4.2-kiloyear event caused famines and civilizational collapse worldwide | Global |
441 BC | The first famine recorded in ancient Rome. | Ancient Rome[3] |
114 BC | Famine caused by drought during the third year in the Yuanding period. Starvation in over 40 commanderies east of the Hangu mountain pass.[4] | Han China |
103 BC–89 BC | Beminitiya Seya during the reign of the Five Dravidians[5] | Anuradhapura Kingdom |
c. 43 BC | Famine due to volcanic winter following the eruption of Mount Etna in 44 BC and the larger eruption of Mount Okmok early in 43 BC,[6] affecting China (43 BC),[7] Italy (43 BC), Greece (42 BC) and Egypt (c. 43 BC – c. 42 BC).[6] | Roman Republic, Egypt and China |
26 BC | Famine recorded throughout Near East and Levant, as recorded by Josephus[citation needed] | Judea | 20,000\+
333 AD  | Famine in Antioch[8] | Coele Syria, Roman Empire |
368–369  | Famine[9][10] during the drought of the 360s–370s[11] | Cappadocia, Byzantine Empire |
370 | Famine in Phrygia[citation needed] | Phrygia |
372–373 | Famine in Edessa[citation needed] | Edessa |
375–376 | Famine during the drought of the 360s–370s[11] | Byzantine Empire |
383  | Famine in Rome. A policy had been introduced in 364 AD that stipulated taxes in Rome had to be paid in grain[12] | Italian peninsula[citation needed] |
400–800 | Various famines in Western Europe associated with the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and its sack by Alaric I. Between 400 and 800 AD, the population of the city of Rome fell by over 80%, mainly because of famine and plague.[citation needed] | Western Europe |
470 | Famine[citation needed] | Gaul |
535–536 | Volcanic winter of 536 | Global |
544  | Famine in Myra[9] | Roman Empire |
585 | Famine[citation needed] | Gaul |
618–619  | Famine in Constantinople[9] | Byzantine Empire |
639 | Famine in Arabia during the reign of Umar[13] | Arabia |
676–678 | Famine[9] | Thessalonica, Byzantine Empire |
698–700 | Famine | Ireland[14] |
750s | Famine | Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus)[15] |
762–764  | Famine associated with hard winters and drought[16] | Carolingian Europe, the Balkans, the Byzantine Empire and possibly north of the Black Sea |
779 | Famine[16] | Northern Carolingian Europe and possibly Ireland |
791–794 | Famine, possibly associated with heavy rain[16] | Carolingian Europe and England |
800–1000 | Severe drought killed millions of Maya people due to famine and thirst and initiated a cascade of internal collapses that destroyed their civilization.[17][page needed] | Mayan areas of Mesoamerica | 1,000,000\+
805–807 | Famine associated with a hard winter and drought[16] | Northern Carolingian Empire |
820–824 | Famine associated with heavy rain, hard winters, drought, hail and possibly cattle pestilence[16] | Carolingian Empire, possibly Ireland, England and the Byzantine Empire |
841–845 | Famine associated with heavy rain and hard winters[16] | Northern (and possibly southern) Carolingian Empire, the Byzantine Empire and the Middle East |
867–869 | Famine associated with heavy rain, flooding and possibly cattle pestilence[16] | Northern Carolingian Empire |
872–874 | Famine associated with heavy rain, hail, locusts, a hard winter, drought and Saharan sand[16] | Carolingian Empire |
875–884  | Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine;[18][19] Huang Chao captured capital  | China |
895–897 | Famine associated with hail and a hard winter[16] | Northern Carolingian Europe, England and Ireland |
927–928  | Famine caused by four months of frost[20][21] | Byzantine Empire |
939–944  | Famine associated with hard winters, heavy rain, flooding, Saharan sand, locusts and possibly cattle pestilence[16] | Northern (and possibly southern) Carolingian Europe, Ireland and the Middle East |
942–944  | Famine in the Yellow River Basin caused by severe drought and locust plagues. During the first month 5387 families fled, then approximately 10% of the remaining population starved to death.[22] | China |
963–968 | Famine[citation needed] | Egypt |
975–976 | Famine[23] | Iceland |
996–997  | Famine in the Fatimid Caliphate, with food price increases[24] | Egypt |
1004–1007  | Famine, resulting in food scarcity, price increases and widespread illnesses. Caliph al-Ḥākim punished merchants who raised prices too high with the death penalty, and prohibited the slaughter of healthy cows which could be used for ploughing[24] | Maghreb area in Northwest Africa: Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt |
1005–1006 | Famine | Europe[25] |
1010  | Famine in Nīshābūr[24] | Ghaznavid Empire |
1016 | Famine throughout Europe[26] | Europe |
1021 | Famine[23] | Norway |
1025 | Famine[citation needed] | Egypt |
1031  | Famine caused by a sandstorm that destroyed crops, trees and provisions[24] | Arabian Peninsula; Modern day Iraq and Saudi Arabia |
1051 | Famine forced the Toltecs to migrate from a stricken region in what is now central Mexico[27] | Mexico (present day) |
1055–1056 | Famine[citation needed] | Egypt |
1057–1058 | Famine[23] | Iceland |
1064–1072 | Mustansirite Hardship[28][29] | Egypt | 40,000[28]
1069–1070 | Harrying of the North | England | 100,000
1097 | Famine and plague[30] | France | 100,000
1099–1101 | Probable famine[31] | Denmark |
1118 | Famine[23] | Iceland |
1124–1126 | Famine[citation needed] | Europe |
1143–1147 | Famine[citation needed] | Europe |
1150–1151 | Famine[citation needed] | Europe |
1150–1151 | Widespread famine due to wet/cold[32] | Japan |
1153 | Local famine of unknown cause[32] | Japan |
1155 | Widespread famine of unknown cause[32] | Japan |
1161 | Widespread famine of unknown cause[32] | Japan |
1161–1162 | Famine[citation needed] | Aquitaine |
1174–1175 | Local famine due to wet/cold[32] | Feudal Japan |
1180–1182 | Yōwa famine[33] | Japan | 42,300 in Kyoto
1182 | Famine[23] | Norway |
1183 | Local famine of unknown cause[32] | Japan |
1185 | Widespread famine due to drought[32] | Japan |
1196–1197 | Famine[citation needed] | Europe |
1196–1198 | Probable famine[31] | Denmark |
1199–1202 | Famine due to the low water level of the Nile impacting food prices[24] | Egypt | 100,000
1201 | Local famine due to wet/cold[32] | Japan |
1206 | Widespread famine of unknown cause[32] | Japan |
1207–1213 | Famine(s), e.g. in 1207 and 1211–1213[23] | Norway |
1224–1226 | Famine[citation needed] | Europe |
1225–1226 | Probable famine[31] | Denmark |
1229–1232  | The Kanki famine, possibly the worst famine in Japan's history.[34] Caused by volcanic eruptions.[35] | Japan | 2,000,000[citation needed]
1230 | Famine in the Novgorod Republic[citation needed] | Novgorod Republic |
1233 | Local famine due to wet/cold[32] | Japan |
1235 | Famine[36] | England | 20,000 in London
1252  | Famine[37] | Ethiopia |
1252 | Widespread famine due to wet/cold[32] | Japan |
1255–1262[38] | Famine in Spain[38] and Portugal[39][better source needed] | Iberian Peninsula |
1256  | Famine in Tuscany[40] | Tuscany |
1256–1258 | Famine[38] | Low Countries |
1256–1258 | Famine[41] | Italy |
1257–1260  | Shōga famine, aggravated by the 1257 Samalas eruption[42] | Japan |
1258–1259[38][42] | Famine in England,[42][43] Italy,[40] France, the Holy Roman Empire and the Iberian Peninsula, aggravated by the 1257 Samalas eruption[42] | Western Europe |
1263 | Famine[38] | Ireland |
1264 | Famine[citation needed] | Egypt |
1270–1271 | Famine[38] | Ireland |
1271 | Widespread famine due to drought[32] | Japan |
1271–1272 | Famine[41] | Italy |
1273–1274 | Widespread famine due to drought[32] | Japan |
1275–1277 | Famine[38][41] | Italy |
1275–1299 | Collapse of the Anasazi civilization, widespread famine occurred[44] | United States |
1279 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1281–1282 | Famine[38] | Central Europe |
1282 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1283 | Apparent severe famine[45] | Denmark |
1285–1286 | Famine.[41] (Perhaps 1286 only.[38]) | Italy |
1291 | Famine[38] caused by years of drought and recorded in one chronicle[45] | Sweden[46] |
1294–1296 | Famine caused by sandstorm that covered plantations and destroyed crops.[24] | Egypt, Syria, Yemen |
1294–1296 | Famine lasting 1294–1296 in Ireland and 1295–1296 in Great Britain[38] | British Isles |
1300 | Famine due to the eruption of Hekla[23] | Iceland |
1301–1302 | Famine[38] | Spain |
1302–1303 | Famine[38][41] | Italy |
1304 | Famine[47] | France |
1305 | Famine[47] | France |
1308–1310 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1310 | Famine[47] | France |
1310 | Probable famine and apparent drought[45] | Denmark |
1311 | Famine[38] | Spain |
1311–1312 | Famine[41] | Lombardy, Italy |
1313 | Famine[41] | Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy |
1314–1315  | Famine. Dikes collapsed, fields vanished, crops rotted, and livestock died in huge numbers due to the disease "Rinderpest". The price of wheat jumped "8 fold".[12] | England |
1315–1317 or 1322  | Great Famine of 1315–1317. Famine lasted from 1313–1317 in Spain and 1314–1316 in Russia/Ukraine.[38] Elsewhere, famine began in 1315 and ended in either 1317 (Great Britain, France, the Low Countries,[38] Denmark and Sweden[45]) or 1318 (Central Europe[38] and Ireland[38][48]).  | Europe[49] | 7,500,000
1319–1320 | Great Bovine Pestilence | England |
1321 | Famine[citation needed] | England |
1326–1330 | Famine in Italy[41] (possibly beginning in 1328[38]), Spain and Ireland[citation needed] | Europe |
1330–1331 | Famine[38] with humid, rainy and stormy weather[48] | Ireland |
1330–1332 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1330–1333 | Famine[citation needed] | France |
1333–1336 | Famine[38] | Spain |
1333–1337 | Chinese famine of 1333–1337 | China[50] | 6,000,000
1338–1339 | Famine[38] (possibly just 1339[48]) | Ireland |
1339–1341 | Famine in Italy[41] (possibly ending in 1340[38]), Spain and Ireland[citation needed] | Europe |
1344–1345 | Famine in India, under the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq[51] | India |
1346 | Famine[38] | Ireland |
1346–1348  | Widespread European famine, particularly in the south, including Italy (1346–1347),[41] Spain (1346–1348) and France (1347)[38] | Europe |
1349–1351 | Famine[38] affecting England (1351)[47] | Great Britain |
1349–1351 | Famine[citation needed] | France |
1352–1353 | Famine[41] | Italy |
1358–[citation needed]1360 | Famine[38] | France |
1361–1362 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1364–1366 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1368 | Famine[41] | Italy |
1369 | Famine[citation needed] | England |
1369–1370 | Famine[41] | Florence, Tuscany, Italy |
1370 | Famine caused by harvest failure in 1369[52] | Norway |
1371 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1371 | Famine[citation needed] | France |
1374 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1374–1375 | Near pan-Mediterranean famine in France, Spain[38] and Italy[38][41] | Europe |
1374–1375 | Famine[citation needed] | Egypt |
1384–1385 | Famine[41] | Italy |
1389 | Famine[41] | Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy |
1390–1391 | Famine[citation needed] | France |
1393 | Famine[41] | Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy |
1394–1396 | Famine[citation needed] | Egypt |
1397 | Famine, with a windy, wet and cold summer and autumn[48] | Ireland |
1396–1407 | The Durga Devi famine | India[53][26] |
1402–1404  | Famine[8] | Ottoman Empire |
1403–1404 | Famine[citation needed] | Egypt |
1409 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1410 | Great famine[38][48] | Ireland |
1410–1412 | Famine[41] | Italy |
1420–1421 | Oei famine (due to drought)[54] | Japan |
1420–1421 | Famine[38] | France |
1420–1423 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1429–1432 | Famine[38] | France |
1431 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1432–1434 | The Hungry Years | Czech Republic |
1434–1437 | Famine[38] | Nordic countries |
1435 | Famine[38] | Spain |
1436–1440  | Famine in Russia/Ukraine (1436–1438), the Low Countries and Great Britain (1437–1438), France (1437–1439)[38] and Germany and Switzerland (1437–1440)[55] | Europe |
1441  | Famine in Mayapan | Mexico[56] |
1442–1445 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1446 | Famine[38] | Nordic countries |
1447 | Famine[38] (or hunger[48]) | Ireland |
1447–1448 | Famine[57] | Sweden |
1450–1454  | Famine in the Aztec Empire,[58] interpreted as the gods' need for sacrifices.[59] | Mexico |
1458 | Famine[41] | Italy |
1459–1461 | Kanshō famine[60] (due to drought)[54] | Japan | 82,000[citation needed]
1460  | The Deccan region faced significant famine, leading to severe food shortages.[61] | India |
1468 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1470 | Famine[38] | France |
1470 | Famine[38] | Nordic countries |
1472 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1472 | Famine in central Honshu due to drought[62] | Japan |
1472–1474 | Famine[38][63] | Italy |
1475–1477 | Famine[38] | Spain |
1476 | Famine[38][63] | Italy |
1477 | Famine in central Honshu[62] | Japan |
1481–1484 | Famine(s) in the Low Countries (1481–1482), France (1481–1483)[38] and Italy (1482–1484)[38][63] | Western Europe |
1485 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1491–1492 | Famine[38] | Low Countries |
1491–1492 | Famine[62] | Kai Province, Japan |
1492 | Famine[38] | Ireland |
1493 | Famine[38][63] | Italy |
1497–1498 | Great famine[38][48] (possibly just 1497[48]) | Ireland |
1502–1505 | Famine[38][63] | Italy |
1503 | Famine[38] | Nordic countries |
1504  | Famine during a drought[64] | Spain |
1506–1508 | Famine[38] | Spain |
1512 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1513 | Famine during a drought[64] | Murcia, Spain |
1515 | Famine[38] | France |
1515–1516 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1516–1518 | Famine[38] | Germany and Switzerland[55] |
1518–1520 | Famine[38][63] | Italy |
1520–1523 | Famine[38] | Nordic countries |
1521–1522 | Famine(s)[38] | France and the Low Countries |
1521–1522  | Famine[38] during a drought[64] | Andalusia,[64][65] Spain  |
1523 | Great famine[38][48] | Ireland |
1525 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1527–1532  | Famine(s) in Italy (1527–1529),[38][63] France (1527–1532,[38] including Languedoc by 1528[66]), Spain (1528–1530)[38] and Austria and Switzerland (1530–1531)[55] | Europe |
1533–1534 | Famine[38][63] | Italy |
1535 | Famine in Ethiopia | Ethiopia |
1539–1540 | Famine[63][67] | Italy |
1539–1540  | Tenbun famine (due to rain)[54] | Japan |
1540 | Famine during a drought[64] | Spain |
1544–1545 | Famine[38][63] | Italy |
1545 | Famine[38] | France |
1550–1551 | Famine in isolated areas of central Honshu due to an earthquake and typhoon[68] | Japan |
1550–1552 | Famine[38][63] | Italy |
1556 | Famine[38] | Ireland |
1556–1557 | Famine[38] | Low Countries |
1556–1557 | Famine[38] (perhaps affecting Denmark but not Sweden, and perhaps only in 1556[57]) | Nordic countries[38] |
1557[38] | Famine[38] in the Volga region and northern Russia[69] | Russia |
1557  | Famine[38] throughout Spain due to a rainy winter, coinciding with a typhus outbreak[70] | Spain |
1557–1558 | Famine in Honshu[68] | Japan |
1557–1559  | Famine[38] coinciding with an influenza outbreak[71] | Great Britain |
1558–1560 | Famine[38][63] | Italy |
1560–1561 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1562  | Famine[38] following a harsh winter in 1561[72] | France |
1565–1566 | Famine[38] | Central Europe |
1566–1567 | Famine during a drought[64] | Andalusia, Spain |
1567–1570 | Famine in Harar, combined with plague[citation needed]. The Emir of Harar died. | Ethiopia |
1568–1574  | Pan-European famine[citation needed] or famines affecting Russia and mostly east of[citation needed] Ukraine (1568–1572),[38] Italy (1569–1572),[38][63] Germany, Austria and Switzerland (1569–1574),[55] the Nordic countries (1571–1572), the Low Countries (1572–1573) and France (1573–1574).[38] Germany/Austria/Switzerland saw crop failures, plague and witch hunts in one of their most severe famines.[55] | Europe |
1573 | Famine due to drought[68] | Western Japan |
1585–1589  | Pan-European famine[citation needed] or famines, affecting Great Britain, France and the Low Countries (1585–1587),[38] Italy (1586–1587)[38][63] and Ireland (1586–1589).[38][48] In Ireland, this famine followed the Second Desmond Rebellion.[73] | Western Europe
1586  | Famine and drought. Rice prices skyrocketed and there was widespread population migration and starvation.[74] | Qishan County, Shaanxi province, China |
1588 | Famine[74] | Wei County, Hebei province, China |
1589 | Famine[38] | Russia/Ukraine |
1590–1598[75] | Major European famine,[76] including Italy (1590–1593),[38][63][77] the Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway,[78] 1590–1597),[38][77][78] Russia/Ukraine (1591),[38] Spain (1591–1595),[38][77] France (1593 & 1598),[77] Great Britain (either 1594–1598[77] or 1597–1599[38]), Germany and Austria (1594–1598).[55] The degree to which this should be considered one widespread famine as opposed to many regional ones is unclear: it mainly affected southern Europe in 1590–1593, then central and northern Europe in 1594–1598. The famine may also be associated with a critical phase of the Little Ice Age. It caused the large-scale restructuring of European grain trade routes, which contributed to the Low Countries' avoiding this famine.[79] | Europe |
1592–1594  | Famine during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), known in Korea as the Kyegap Famine (Korean: 계갑대기근; Hanja: 癸甲大飢饉).[80] | Joseon |
1593–1600 | Famine[81] | Portugal |
1600–1601 | Famine in Emilia and southern Lombardy[82] | Italy |
1600–1603 | Famine linked to the Nine Years' War[83] | Ireland |
1601–1602 | Cooling, famine and epidemics following the eruption of Huaynaputina in 1600[7] | Guizhou and Shanxi provinces, China |
1601–1603  | One of the worst famines in all of Russian history, with as many as 100,000 in Moscow and up to one-third of the country's population killed; see Russian famine of 1601–1603.[84] The same famine killed about half of the Estonian population.  | Russia | 2,000,000
1601–1603[38] | Famine in 1601 in Finland[85] and in 1602–1603 in Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway,[86] following the eruption of Huaynaputina in 1600[87] | Nordic countries |
1607–1608 | Famine[63] | Italy |
1616–1623 | Famine[81] | Portugal |
1618–1622 | Famine[63] | Italy |
1618–1648[citation needed] | Famines in Europe[citation needed] caused by the Thirty Years' War, including in 1620–1623 in Germany (often attributed to Kipper und Wipper, violent conflict, the closing of borders and trade routes, and requisitioning by armies),[88] possibly in 1628–1630 in Jutland[89] and in 1635–1636 in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In the 1630s, famine in these countries was frequent but more local, often resulting from occupation or sieges.[88] | Europe |
1619  | Famine in Japan. During the Edo period, there were 154 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious.[90] | Japan |
1622–1624  | Famine due to wet and cold weather.[91] This famine hit Scotland in 1623, following harvest failures in the autumns of 1621–1622.[92] | North West England, Ireland and Scotland[91]
1625–1630  | Famine(s) involving plague and witch hunts, due to exceptionally bad harvests[88] | Austria and Germany |
1626–1627  | Pyongsong Famine (Korean: 병정대기근; Hanja: 丙丁大飢饉)[93] | Joseon |
1628–1632 | Famine[63] | Italy |
1630 | Apparent famine, with people eating bark in the south[85] | Sweden |
1630–1631 | Famine in Northwest China | China |
1630–1632 | Deccan famine of 1630–1632 | India | 7,400,000
1630–1632 | Famine[81] | Portugal |
1633–1634 | Famine in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Sweden's Baltic possessions[94] | Swedish Empire and Norway |
1640–1643 | Kan'ei Great Famine | Japan | 50,000–100,000
1640s–1650s  | A succession of famines related to the Irish Confederate Wars. Deaths were concentrated in the more sparsely populated Ulster and north-east Connacht in the 1640s; afterwards, the south was worst affected and plague exacerbated the famine.[73] | Ireland |
1647–1652 | Famine[81] | Portugal |
1648–1649 | Famine[95] | Italy |
1648–1660 | The Deluge saw Poland lose an estimated 1/3 of its population due to wars, famine, and plague[citation needed] | Poland |
1649 | Famine in northern England[96] | England |
1650–1652 | Famine in the east of France[97] | France |
1651–1652  | Famine due to exceptionally bad harvests[88] | Germany |
1651–1653  | Famine throughout much of Ireland during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.[98] The more densely populated south was worst affected, and plague exacerbated the famine.[99] | Ireland |
1657–1663 | Famine[81] | Portugal |
1661 | Famine in India, due to lack of any rainfall for two years[100][26] | India |
1670s–1680s | Plague and famines[citation needed] | Spain |
1670–1671 | Kyungshin Famine | Joseon | 1,000,000[101]–1,500,000
1672 | Famine in southern Italy[102] | Italy |
1675–1678 | Famine[81] | Portugal |
1678–1679 | Famine[103] | Italy |
1680 | Famine in Sardinia[104] | Italy (present day) | 80,000[105]
1680–1682 | Enpo-Tenna famine (due to rain)[54] | Japan |
1680s | Famine in Sahel[97] | West Africa |
1690s  | Seven Ill Years – a famine which killed 5–15% of the population.[106] | Scotland | 60,000–180,000
1691–1695  | Particularly severe famine due to severe rain and cold, which reduced harvests[107] | Germany, Austria and Switzerland |
1693–1694  | Great Famine of 1693–1694 [fr] | France | 700,000–1,300,000[108][109]
1693–1695 | Famine[110] | Italy |
1693–1697 | Famine[81] | Portugal |
1695–1696 | First Genroku famine (due to rain)[54] | Japan |
1695–1697 | Great Famine of 1695–1697, including the Great Famine of Estonia. Famine also hit Sweden (80,000–100,000 dead)[citation needed] | Swedish Empire | 150,000 in Finland
1695–1697  | Great Famine of Estonia, which killed about a fifth of the population.  | Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia | 70,000–100,000
1696 | Famine in Aleppo[8] | Ottoman Empire |
1696–1699  | Ŭlbyŏng famine [ko] | Joseon | 1,410,000 per official Annals, but possibly higher.[111]
1698–1701  | Famine due to severe rain and cold, which reduced harvests[107] | Germany, Austria and Switzerland |
1701–1703 | Second Genroku famine (due to rain)[54] | Japan |
1702–1704 | Famine in Deccan[112] | India | 2,000,000[112]
1708–1711 | Famine in East Prussia killed 250,000 people or 41% of its population.[113] According to other sources the great mortality was due to plague (disease), which between 1709 and 1711 killed about 200,000–250,000 out of 600,000 inhabitants of East Prussia.[114] The Great Northern War plague outbreak of 1708–1712 also affected East Prussia. | East Prussia | 250,000
1709 | Famine[63] | Italy |
1709–1710  | The Great Famine of 1709 [fr] | France[115] | 600,000
1709–1712  | Famine following the Großer Winter (Great Winter) of 1708–1709, coinciding with the Great Palatine Migration of 1709[107] | Germany and Austria |
1716 | Famine[116] | Italy |
1722 | Famine | Arabia[117] |
1724 | Famine[116] | Italy |
1724–1725 | Famine[55] | Germany |
1727–1728 | Famine in the English Midlands[118] | England |
1730s | Famine in Damascus[8] | Ottoman Empire |
1732–1733 | Kyōhō famine | Japan | 12,172–169,000[119]
1738–1756 | Famine in West Africa, half the population of Timbuktu died of starvation[120] | West Africa |
1739–1740 | Famine associated with extremely cold winter(s) (Große Kälte)[107] | Germany and Austria |
1740–1741 | Irish Famine (1740–1741) | Ireland | 300,000–480,000
1750–1756 | Famine in the Senegambia region[121] | Senegal, Gambia (present day) |
1755–1757 | Horeki famine (due to rain)[54] | Japan |
1755–1758 | Famine coinciding with crop failures and the Seven Years' War[55] | Germany |
1756–1757 | Partial famine and influenza epidemic. There was a modest public relief effort and a temporary embargo on distilling.[122] | Ireland |
1757 | Famine[8] | Syria |
1764 | Famine in Italy (including the Kingdom of Naples[123]) during a period of drought[124] | Italy |
1766 | Smaller famine[125] | Ireland |
1767 | Famine during a period of drought[124] | Italy |
1769–1773 | Great Bengal famine of 1770,[26] 10 million dead (one third of population) | India, Bangladesh (present day) | 10,000,000
1770–1772  | Severe famine in German-speaking lands and most neighbouring countries, due to a series of harvest failures. Heavy rain had affected an area stretching from France to Poland and from Scandinavia to Switzerland, impeding the storage and transportation of grain. Epidemic disease resulted from malnutrition and migration. In the Ore Mountains and Bohemia, around 200,000 people (10% of the population) either died or fled. The famine provoked migration, plus changes in education, economics, welfare and medicine.[126] See also: Famines in Czech lands.  | Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Bohemia | 60,000 in Saxony[127]
1773 | Famine in Sweden[128] | Sweden |
1776  | Famine following a series of hurricanes that struck the island[129] | Martinique |
1779 | Famine in Rabat | Morocco[130] |
1782 | Famine in Karahisar[8] | Ottoman Empire |
1782–1784 | Famine leading to an embargo on food exports from June 1783–January 1784[122] | Ireland |
1782–1788 | Great Tenmei famine | Japan | 20,000–920,000
1783 | Famine in Iceland caused by the eruption of Laki killed one-fifth of Iceland's population[131] | Iceland |
1783–1784 | Chalisa famine | India | 11,000,000[132]
1784 | Widespread famine throughout Egypt, one-sixth of the population died[133] | Egypt |
1784–1785 | Famine in Tunisia[134] | Tunisia |
1788 | The two years previous to the French Revolution saw bad harvests and harsh winters, possibly because of a strong El Niño cycle[135] or caused by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland.[136][137] | France |
1789 | Famine in Ethiopia afflicted the Amhara and Tigray Regions | Ethiopia |
1789–1793 | Doji bara famine or Skull famine | India | 11,000,000
1796 | Famine caused by locusts[37] | Northern Ethiopia |
1799–1800 | Famine in Diyarbakır[8] | Ottoman Empire |
1799–1801 | Famine and disease. Emergency rice and maize imports were bought from the United States.[138] | Ireland | 40,000
1801 | Famine (during a food crisis in Milan lasting 1799–1801)[139] | Italy |
1804–1872, 1913 | A series of 14 famines in Austrian Galicia | Poland, Ukraine (present day) | 400,000–550,000
1809–1815  | Crop failure due to dry weather conditions.  | Joseon (Korea)  | 2,000,000[140]
1811–1812 | Famine devastated Madrid[141] | Spain | 20,000[142]
1815 | Eruption of Mount Tambora. Tens of thousands died in subsequent famine | Indonesia | 10,000
1816–1817 | Year Without a Summer | Europe and Yunnan | 65,000\+ in Europe
1822 | Famine[143] | Western Ireland |
1831 | Famine[125] | Ireland |
1830–1833 | Famine, claimed to have killed 42% of the population | Cape Verde | 30,000[144]
1832–1833 | Guntur famine of 1832 | Madras Presidency, India | 150,000
1833–1837 | Tenpō famine | Japan |
1837–1838 | Agra famine of 1837–1838 | India | 800,000
1845–1857 | Highland Potato Famine | Scotland | 150,000 estimated
1845–1852 | Great Famine killed more than 1,000,000 out of over 8.5 million people inhabiting Ireland. Between 1.5–2 million people were forced to emigrate[145] | Ireland | 600,000 to over 1,500,000 that emigrated
1846 | Famine led to the peasant revolt known as "Maria da Fonte" in the north of Portugal[146] | Portugal |
1846–1848  | The Newfoundland Potato Famine, related to the Great Famine of Ireland | Newfoundland, present-day Canada |
1849–1850 | Demak and Grobogan in central Java, caused by four successive crop failures due to drought. | Indonesia | 83,000[147]
1860–1861  | Black Winter of 1860–1861[148] | Qajar Iran |
1860–1861 | Upper Doab famine of 1860–1861 | India | 2,000,000
1863–1867 | Famine in Cape Verde | Cape Verde | 30,000[149]
1866 | Orissa famine of 1866 | India | 1,000,000[150]
1866 | Keio famine (due to rain)[54] | Japan |
1866–1868 | Finnish famine of 1866–1868. About 15% of the entire population died | Finland | 150,000\+
1866–1868 | Famine in French Algeria[151] | French Algeria | 820,000
1867–1869 | Swedish famine of 1867–1869 | Sweden |
1869 | Rajputana famine of 1869 | India | 1,500,000[150]
1869–1870  | Famines due to weather, with North Hamgyong Province particularly affected.[152] | Joseon |
1870–1872 | Persian famine of 1870–1872, extended by some scholars from 1869 to 1873[153] | Qajar Iran | 200,000–3,000,000 Estimates vary[154]
1873–1874 | Famine in Anatolia caused by drought and floods[155][156] | Turkey (present day) |
1873–1874 | Bihar famine of 1873–1874 | India |
1876–1878 | Great Indian Famine of 1876–1878 | India | 5,500,000
1876–1879 | Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 | China | 9,000,000–13,000,000[157]
1876–1878 | Brazilian drought of 1877–1878, also known as the Grande Seca | Brazil | 500,000
1878–1880 | St. Lawrence Island famine, Alaska[158] | United States | 1,000
1879 | 1879 Famine in Ireland. Unlike previous famines, this famine mainly caused hunger and food shortages but little mortality. | Ireland |
1879  | Famine in the Eastern areas of the Empire[159] | Ottoman Empire |
1883–1885  | Famine caused by failure of rainy seasons and drought.[160] | East Africa,Tanzania and Kenya |
1888–1889 | Famine in Orrisa, Ganjam and Northern Bihar | India | 150,000
1888–1892 | Ethiopian Great famine. About one-third of the population died.[161][162] Conditions worsen with cholera outbreaks (1889–92), a typhus epidemic, and a major smallpox epidemic (1889–90). | Ethiopia | 1,000,000
1891–1892 | Russian famine of 1891–1892. Beginning along the Volga River and spreading to the Urals and the Black Sea. | Russia | 375,000–500,000[163][164]
1895–1898 | Famine during the Cuban War of Independence | Cuba | 200,000–300,000
1896–1902 | Indian famine of 1896–1897 and Indian famine of 1899–1900 due to drought and British policies.[165][166][167] | India | 2,000,000 (British territories), mortality unknown in princely states
1897–1901  | Famine in East Africa, caused by drought and locust swarms. Resulted in increased grain prices, starvation and smallpox epidemic. Known as Yua ya Ngomanisye, meaning the famine that went everywhere[168] | East Africa, Kenya and Uganda |
1900–1903 | Famine in Cape Verde | Cape Verde | 11,000–20,000[149]
1901  | Northern Chinese Famine in Spring 1901, caused by drought from 1898-1901. The famine was one of the causes of the anti-imperialist Boxer rebellion.[169] | China (Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces) and Inner Mongolia | 200,000 in Shaanxi province.
1904–1906 | Famine in Spain[170][171][172] | Spain |
1906–1907 | Chinese famine of 1906–1907 | China | 20,000,000–25,000,000[173]
1913–1914  | Famine, grain price rose "thirtyfold"[37] | Ethiopia |
1914–1918 | Mount Lebanon famine during World War I which was caused by the Entente and Ottoman blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people, estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population[174] | Lebanon | 200,000
1914–1919 | Famine caused by the Allied blockade of Germany during World War I until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles.[175] | Germany | 763,000
1917 | Famine in German East Africa | German East Africa | 300,000
1917–1919 | Persian famine of 1917–1919 | Iran | 2,000,000,[176] but estimates range as high as 10,000,000[177]
1918–1919 | Rumanura famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo | Rwanda and Burundi (present day)[citation needed] |
1919–1922 | Kazakh famine of 1919–1922. A series of famines in Turkestan at the time of the Bolshevik revolution killed about a sixth of the population | Turkestan | [178]
1920–1921 | Famine in northern China | China | 500,000
1920–1922 | Famine in Cape Verde | Cape Verde | 24,000–25,000[149]
1921 | Russian famine of 1921–1922 | Russia | 5,000,000[179]
1921–1922 | 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan | Russia | 500,000–2,000,000[180]
1921–1923 | 1921–1923 famine in Soviet Russian Ukraine | Ukraine | 250,000–1,000,000[181]
1924–1925 | Famine in Volga German colonies in Russia. One-third of the entire population perished[182][unreliable source?] | Russia |
1924–1925 | Minor famine in Ireland due to heavy rain | Irish Free State [citation needed] |
1926  | Famine in Darfur[183] | Darfur, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan |
1928–1929 | Famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo | Rwanda and Burundi (present day) |
1928–1930 | Chinese famine of 1928–1930 in northern China. The drought resulted in millions of deaths | China | 3,000,000–10,000,000
1930–1934 | First Kere | Madagascar | 500,000
1932–1933 | Soviet famine of 1932–1933, including famine in Ukraine, and famine in Kazakhstan, caused by Soviet collectivization policy, abnormal cold period,[184] and bad harvests in the years of 1931–1932.[185] | Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, and Kazakh ASSR | 5,000,000[185]–7,000,000[186]
1939–1952 | Famine in Spain caused primarily by the implementation of the autarkic economy | Spain | 200,000[187][188]
1940–1943 | Famine in Cape Verde | Cape Verde | 20,000[149]
1940–1945 | Famine in Warsaw Ghetto, as well as other ghettos and concentration camps (note: this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis).[189] | Occupied Poland |
1940–1948 | Famine in Morocco between 1940 and 1948, because of refueling system installed by France.[190] | Morocco | 200,000
1941–1944 | Leningrad famine caused by a 900-day blockade by German troops. About a million Leningrad residents starved, froze, or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941–42, when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to −40 °C (−40 °F).[191] According to other estimates about 800,000 out of an immediate pre-siege population of about 2.5 million perished.[192] | Soviet Union | 800,000–1,000,000
1941–1944 | Famine in Greece caused by the Axis occupation.[193][194] | Greece | 300,000
1941–1942 | Famine in Kharkiv. In a city with a population of about 450,000 while under German occupation, there was a famine starting in the winter of 1941–42 that lasted until the end of September 1942. The local administration recorded 19,284 deaths between the second half of December 1941 and the second half of September 1942, thereof 11,918 (59.6%) from hunger.[195] The Foreign Office representative at Army High Command 6 noted on 25.03.1942 that according to reports reaching municipal authorities at least 50 people were dying of hunger every day, and that the true number might be much higher as in many cases the cause of death was stated as "unknown" and besides many deaths were not reported.[196] British historian Alex Kay estimates that at least 30,000 city inhabitants died in the famine.[197] According to Soviet sources about 70–80,000 people died of starvation in Kharkiv during the occupation by Nazi Germany.[198] | Soviet Union | 30,000–80,000
1941–1943 | Famine in Kyiv. On April 1, 1942, well after the first winter of famine, Kyiv officially had about 352,000 inhabitants. In the middle of 1943—more than four months before the end of German rule—the city officially had about 295,600. Death by starvation was not the only reason for the rapid decline in population: deportation to Germany and Nazi shootings also played their part. Nevertheless, starvation was an important factor.[199] British historian Alex Kay estimates that about 10,000 city inhabitants died of starvation.[197] | Soviet Union | 10,000
1942–1943 | Chinese famine of 1942–1943 | Henan, China | 700,000
1942–1943 | Iranian famine of 1942–1943 | Iran | 4,000,000[200][page needed]
1943 | Bengal famine of 1943 | Bengal, British India | 2,100,000
1943–1944 | Ruzagayura famine in Ruanda-Urundi, causing emigrations to Congo | Rwanda and Burundi (present day) | 36,000–50,000
1943–1945 | Famine in Hadhramaut | Yemen (present day) | 10,000[201][202]
1943–1946  | Second Kere | Madagascar | 1,000,000
1944–1945 | Java under Japanese occupation | Java, Indonesia | 2,400,000[203]
1944–1945 | Dutch famine of 1944–1945 during World War II[204] | Netherlands | 20,000
1944–1945 | Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 | Vietnam | 600,000–2,000,000[205]
1945–1947 | Famine in Königsberg (Kaliningrad) | Soviet Union | 57,000–76,500[206]
1946–1947 | Hungerwinter | Germany | >100,000[207]
1946–1947 | Soviet famine of 1946–1947 | Soviet Union | 1,000,000–1,500,000[208][209]
1946–1948 | Famine in Cape Verde | Cape Verde | 30,000[149]
1949 | Nyasaland famine of 1949 | Malawi | 200
1950 | 1950 Caribou Inuit famine | Canada | 60
1955–1958  | Third Kere | Madagascar |
1958 | Famine in Tigray[37] | Ethiopia | 100,000
1959–1961 | The Great Chinese Famine[210][211][212] Some researchers also include the year 1958 or 1962.[213] | China (mainland) | 15,000,000–55,000,000[211][214][215]
1966–1967 | Lombok, drought and malnutrition, exacerbated by restrictions on regional rice trade | Indonesia | 50,000[216]
1966–1967  | Rice crisis[217] | Burma |
1967–1970 | Famine caused by Nigerian Civil War and blockade | Biafra | 2,000,000
1968–1972 | Sahel drought created a famine that killed a million people[218] | Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso | 1,000,000 [citation needed]
1970–1972  | Fourth Kere | Madagascar |
1971–1973  | Afghanistan drought  | Afghanistan |
1972–1973 | Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall of Haile Selassie and to Derg rule | Ethiopia | 60,000[219]
1973  | Darfur drought  | Darfur, Sudan | 1,000
1974 | Bangladesh famine of 1974[220] | Bangladesh | 27,000–1,500,000 [citation needed]
1975–1979 | Khmer Rouge. A maximum estimate of 500,000 Cambodians lost their lives to famine | Cambodia | 500,000[221]
1980–1981 | Caused by drought and conflict[219] | Uganda | 30,000[219]
1980–1982  | Fifth Kere | Madagascar |
1982–1983  | Sixth Kere | Madagascar |
1982–1985 | Famine caused by the Mozambican Civil War | Mozambique | 100,000
1983–1985 | 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia[222] | Ethiopia | 400,000–600,000[223]
1984–1985 | Famine caused by drought, economic crisis and the Second Sudanese Civil War | Sudan | 240,000
1986–1987  | Seventh Kere | Madagascar |
1988 | Famine caused by the Second Sudanese Civil War | Sudan | 100,000
1988–1989  | Eighth Kere | Madagascar |
1991–1992 | Famine in Somalia caused by drought and civil war[219] | Somalia | 300,000[219]
1992–1994  | Ninth Kere | Madagascar |
1993 | 1993 Sudan famine | Sudan | 20,000[224]
1994–1998 | North Korean famine.[225][226] Scholars estimate 600,000 died of starvation (other estimates range from 200,000 to 3.5 million).[227] | North Korea | 200,000–3,500,000
1995–1996  | Tenth Kere | Madagascar |
1997–1998  | Eleventh Kere | Madagascar |
1998 | 1998 Sudan famine caused by war and drought | Sudan | 70,000[219]
1998  | 1998 Afghanistan famine  | Afghanistan |
1998–2000 | Famine in Ethiopia. The situation worsened by Eritrean–Ethiopian War | Ethiopia |
1998–2004 | Second Congo War. 2.7 million people died, mostly from starvation and disease | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2,700,000
2003–2005 | Famine during the War in Darfur | Sudan | 200,000
2004–2005  | Twelfth Kere | Madagascar |
2005–2006 | 2005–2006 Niger food crisis. At least three million were affected in Niger and 10 million throughout West Africa[228][229][230] | Niger and West Africa |
2009–2013  | Thirteenth Kere | Madagascar |
2011–2012 | Famine in Somalia, brought on by the 2011 East Africa drought[231] | Somalia | 285,000
2012 | Famine in West Africa, brought on by the 2012 Sahel drought[232] | Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso |
2014–2017  | Fourteenth Kere | Madagascar |
2016–present | Famine in Yemen, arising from the Yemeni Civil War and the subsequent blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia | Yemen | 85,000 children as of 2017.[233] Unknown number of adults.
2017 | Famine in South Sudan[234] Famine in Somalia, due to 2017 Somali drought. Famine in Nigeria | South Sudan, Unity State, Somalia, and Nigeria. |
2020–present  | Famine in the Tigray War[235] | Tigray, Ethiopia | 150,000–200,000+[236]
2021–present  | 2021–present Madagascar famine | Madagascar |
2021–present  | Aftermath of the War in Afghanistan | Afghanistan |
2024–present  | 2024 Sudan famine | Sudan | 1050+[237]
2024–present  | 2024 famine in Haiti | Haiti

## Table

[edit]

## See also

[edit]

### Main article lists

[edit]

* Bengal famine
* Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union
* Famine in India
* Famines in the Czech lands
* Famines in Ethiopia
* Great Bengal famine of 1770
* Great Famine of 1876–1878
* Great Chinese Famine
* Holodomor
* List of famines in China
* North Korean famine
* Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

### Other articles

[edit]

* 2007–2008 world food price crisis
* 2010–2012 world food price crisis
* 2022–2023 food crises
* Disaster
* Famine Early Warning Systems Network
* Famine events
* Famine relief
* Famine scales
* Food security
* Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic
* List of natural disasters by death toll
* Live Aid
* Medieval demography
* Population decline
* Potato famine
* Starvation
* Theories of famines
* World population

## References

[edit]

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205. ^ Gunn, Geoffrey. (2001) The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Volume 9(5). Number 4. Article ID 3483. Jan 24. The demographics vary from French estimates of 600,000-700,000 dead, to official Vietnamese numbers of 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 victims.
206. ^ According to German historian Andreas Kossert, there were about 100,000 to 126,000 German civilians in the city at the time of Soviet conquest in early April 1945, and of these only 24,000 survived to be deported in 1947/48. Hunger accounted for 75 % of the deaths, epidemics (especially typhoid fever) for 2.6 % and violence for 15 % (Andreas Kossert, Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 347). This would mean 76,000 - 102,000 deaths and 57,000 - 76,500 thereof (75 %) from hunger. Peter B. Clark (The Death of East Prussia. War and Revenge in Germany's Easternmost Province, Andover Press 2013, PDF edition, p. 326) refers to Professor Wilhelm Starlinger, the director of the city's two hospitals that cared for typhus patients, who estimated that out of a population of about 100,000 in April 1945, some 25,000 had survived by the time large-scale evacuations began in 1947. This estimate is also mentioned by Richard Bessel, "Unnatural Deaths", in: The Illustrated Oxford History of World War II, edited by Richard Overy, Oxford University Press 2015, pp. 321–343, (p. 336).
207. ^ The number of excess deaths from hunger and cold has been estimated by historians at several hundred thousand, based on extrapolations from partial data (Der "weiße Tod" im Hungerwinter 1946/47, Norddeutscher Rundfunk, 07.05.2020).
208. ^ Ellman, M. (2000) The 1947 Soviet famine and the entitlement approach to famines, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(5), pp. 603-630
209. ^ Ganson, Nicholas (2009). The Soviet Famine of 1946–47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61333-1. Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
210. ^ Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max (2013-10-10). "Famines". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
211. ^ a b Meng, Xin; Qian, Nancy; Yared, Pierre (2015). "The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961" (PDF). Review of Economic Studies. 82 (4): 1568–1611\. doi:10.1093/restud/rdv016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
212. ^ Branigan, Tania (2013-01-01). "China's Great Famine: the true story". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
213. ^ "Documenting China's lost history of famine". BBC News. 2012-05-08. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
214. ^ Wemheuer, Felix (2011). Dikötter, Frank (ed.). "SITES OF HORROR: MAO'S GREAT FAMINE [with Response]". The China Journal (66): 155–164\. doi:10.1086/tcj.66.41262812. ISSN 1324-9347. JSTOR 41262812. S2CID 141874259.
215. ^ Peng Xizhe (彭希哲), "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces," Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (1987), 639–70.
For a summary of other estimates, please refer to this link
216. ^ Van der Eng, Pierre (2012) "All Lies? Famines in Indonesia during the 1950s and 1960s?" Archived 2014-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, Asian Historical Economics Conference, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo (Japan), September 13–15, 2012.
217. ^ Smith, Martin (1991). Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 225\. ISBN 9780862328689.
218. ^ Famine Casts Its Grim Global Shadow. May 13, 1974. TIME
219. ^ a b c d e f Ó Gráda 2009, p. 24
220. ^ "Famine - Entitlement, Causes, Effects | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-08-27. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
221. ^ Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 104–105\. ISBN 9780309073349. "Food supply remained deficient for most of 1979 and the famine could not be completely avoided. The most dramatic estimates of its toll are around 500,000 deaths (Ea, 1987; Banister and Johnson, 1993; Sliwinski, 1995) but those are again contested as much too high (Kiernan, 1986)."
222. ^ "Lasting legacy of Ethiopia's famine". 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
223. ^ De Waal, Alexander (1991). Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-038-3. OCLC 24504262.
224. ^ "A 'Silent' Famine Spreads Death in Southern Sudan : Africa: Bitter civil war, homelessness and disease in the remote area bring misery rivaling that of Somalia. - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 10 April 1993.
225. ^ "Online NewsHour Forum: The North Korea Famine -- August 26, 1997". PBS. Archived from the original on 1999-11-12.
226. ^ [8] Archived June 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
227. ^ "Bruce Cumings: We look at it and see ourselves". Lrb.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
228. ^ "Niger: An evidence base for understanding the current crisis - Niger | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2005-07-26. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
229. ^ "Amnesty International Report 2006 - Niger". Refworld. 23 May 2006. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
230. ^ "UN Seeks $240 Mln of Food Aid for West Africa". archive.globalpolicy.org. January 16, 2006. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
231. ^ "United Nations News Centre – UN declares famine in another three areas of Somalia". Un.org. 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
232. ^ "Sahel Famine Crisis". UNICEF. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
233. ^ Karasz, Palko (November 21, 2018). "85,000 Children in Yemen May Have Died of Starvation". The New York Times.
234. ^ "Famine declared in South Sudan". The Guardian. 2017-02-20.
235. ^ Reisen, Mirjam Van (2024-11-17). Tigray: The Hysteresis of War. African Books Collective. ISBN 978-9956-554-19-5.
236. ^ "Tigray war has seen up to half a million dead from violence and starvation, say researchers". The Globe and Mail. 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2024-09-05.
237. ^ SudanTribune (2024-10-17). "Famine tightens grip on Sudan's Nuba Mountains, hundreds dead". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2024-10-21.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Alfani, Guido; Ó Gráda, Cormac (2017). Famine in European History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-84123-5.
* Alfani, Guido; Ó Gráda, Cormac (2017a). "1 - Famines in Europe: An Overview". Famine in European History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–24\. ISBN 9781107179936. Retrieved 2025-03-23.
* Moreda, Vicente Pérez (2017). "3 - Spain". Famine in European History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–72\. ISBN 9781107179936. Retrieved 2025-03-16.
* Collet, Dominik; Krämer, Daniel (2017). "5 - Germany, Switzerland and Austria". Famine in European History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–118\. ISBN 9781107179936. Retrieved 2025-04-05.
* Ó Gráda, Cormac (2017). "8 - Ireland". Famine in European History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 166–184\. ISBN 9781107179936. Retrieved 2025-04-12.
* Dribe, Martin; Olsson, Mats; Svensson, Patrick (2017). "9 - Nordic Europe". Famine in European History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 185–211\. ISBN 9781107179936. Retrieved 2025-04-13.
* Alfani, Guido; Mocarelli, Luca; Strangio, Donatella (2015). "Italian Famines: An overview (ca. 1250-1810)". Working Papers (84). "Carlo F. Dondena" Centre for Research on Social Dynamics (DONDENA), Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi. Accessed at https://dondena.unibocconi.eu/sites/default/files/media/attach/Dondena_WP084.pdf on 2025-03-15.
* Dyson, Tim (1991). "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I". Population Studies. 45 (1): 5–25\. doi:10.1080/0032472031000145056. JSTOR 2174991. PMID 11622922.
* Farris, William Wayne (2006-01-01). Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, And Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2973-5.
* Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: a short history. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.

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