List of fascist movements

Evolution of fascism

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Fascism

Principles

* Actual idealism
* Aestheticization of politics
* Anti-communism
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-materialism
* Anti-pacifism
* Authoritarianism
* Chauvinism
* Class collaboration
* Corporatism
* Proprietary Corporation
* Cult of personality
* Dictatorship
* Direct action
* Dirigisme
* Eugenics
* Heroic capitalism
* Heroic realism
* Heroism
* Imperialism
* Economic
* Social
* Irrationalism
* Machismo
* Masculinity
* Militarism
* National syndicalism
* Nationalism
* Integral
* Palingenetic
* Ultra
* New Man
* One-party state
* Perpetual war
* Populism
* Proletarian nation
* Propaganda
* Racism
* Reactionary modernism
* Social Darwinism
* Social order
* Spazio vitale
* State capitalism
* Statolatry
* Supercapitalism
* Syncretism
* Third Position
* Totalitarianism

Topics

* Definitions
* Economics
* Ideology
* Martyrs
* Movements
* Mysticism
* Symbolism

Politicians

* al-Gaylani
* Arcand
* Araki
* Balbo
* Böszörmény
* Bottai
* Bourgin
* Blythe
* Bucard
* Ciano
* Codreanu
* Darnand
* Déat
* Degrelle
* Déroulède
* Doriot
* Engdahl
* Federzoni
* Flores
* Frashëri
* Goga
* Hitler
* Hlinka
* Hoornaert
* Ljotić
* de Man
* von Marées
* Monshizadeh
* Mosley
* Mussolini
* Nakano
* O'Duffy
* Quisling
* Pavelić
* Pavolini
* Pelley
* Preto
* Primo de Rivera
* Ramos
* Rodzaevsky
* Saadeh
* Salgado
* Sima
* Starace
* Starhemberg
* Strasser (Gregor)
* Strasser (Otto)
* Szálasi
* Tiso
* Türkeş
* Vallat
* Valois
* Van Severen
* Wilson

Intellectuals

* Arthuys
* Bardèche
* Béraud
* Brăileanu
* Brasillach
* Céline
* Chamberlain
* Chesterton
* Civinini
* Cogni
* Collins
* Corradini
* Crainic
* Croce
* Cupcea
* D'Annunzio
* Dilling
* Drieu La Rochelle
* Evola
* Gentile
* Giani
* Gini
* de Gobineau
* Herseni
* Kita
* Krannhals
* de Lapouge
* Lewis
* Malaparte
* Manuilă
* Marinetti
* Maxence
* Michels
* Mosley
* Ojetti
* Ōkawa
* Olivetti
* Orano
* Panero
* Panunzio
* Pirandello
* Pitt-Rivers
* Pound
* Ramos
* Rebatet
* Reghini
* Rosenberg
* Sadoveanu-Evan
* Saint-Loup
* Savarkar
* Scaligero
* Schmitt
* Schwarz
* Soffici
* Spirito
* Streel
* Thomson
* Ungaretti
* Valois

Literature

* Triumph of Death (1894)
* The Flame (1900)
* The Will to Power (1901)
* Reflections on Violence (1908)
* Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione
Internazionalista (1914)
* Prussianism and Socialism (1919)
* "Futurist Manifesto" (1919)
* Fascist Manifesto (1919)
* Das Dritte Reich (1923)
* Mein Kampf (1925)
* Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals (1925)
* Frederick the Second (1927)
* My Autobiography (1928)
* The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930)
* The Outlaws (1930)
* "The Doctrine of Fascism" (1932)
* Twenty-Six Point Program of
the Falange (1934)
* Man, the Unknown (1935)
* For My Legionaries (1936)
* Guide to Kulchur (1938)
* Gilles (1939)

Organizations

* Arrow Cross Party
* Blackshirts
* Blueshirts
* Brazilian Integralist Action
* British National Party
* British Union of Fascists
* Stewards
* Canadian Union of Fascists
* Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
* Fatherland Front
* FE de las JONS
* FET y de las JONS
* French Popular Party
* Futurist Political Party
* IKL
* Iron Guard
* Kataeb Party
* Kokumin Dōmei
* Lapua Movement
* Legionary Action
* Mouvement Franciste
* Nasjonal Samling
* National Christian Party
* National Fascist Party
* Nazi Party
* Gestapo
* Hitler Youth
* RAD
* SA
* SS
* National Radical Camp
* National Social Movement
* New Party
* Opera Nazionale Balilla
* Patriotic People's Movement
* Ratniks
* Republican Fascist Party
* Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
* Revolutionary Union
* Rexist Party
* Russian Fascist Party
* Silver Legion of America
* Squadrismo
* School of Fascist Mysticism
* Slovak People's Party
* Taisei Yokusankai
* Tōhōkai
* UR Group
* Ustaše
* Ustaše Youth
* Verdinaso
* VFO
* Vlajka
* VNV

Media

* Action
* The American Review
* Der Angriff
* Arriba
* The Blackshirt
* Buna Vestire
* Critica fascista
* Fashist
* Gândirea
* Gringoire
* Il Popolo d'Italia
* Je suis partout
* La Conquista del Estado
* Le Pays Réel
* L'Idea Nazionale
* Lidel
* Nash Put'
* Nástup
* Neues Volk
* Nippon Fujin
* NS-Frauen-Warte
* Das Schwarze Korps
* Volk en Staat
* Völkischer Beobachter

History

* March on Rome
* Beer Hall Putsch
* Gentile Reform
* Aventine Secession
* Second Italo-Senussi War
* Mukden Incident
* German election of 1932
* Enabling Act
* Austrian Civil War
* Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution
* 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
* Second Italo-Ethiopian War
* 1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle
* Spanish Civil War
* Unification Decree
* Battle of Cable Street
* Second Sino-Japanese War
* Marco Polo Bridge Incident
* Japanese war crimes
* Anti-Comintern Pact
* Kristallnacht
* Italian invasion of Albania
* Pact of Steel
* Peasant March
* World War II
* The Holocaust
* Downfall in Italy
* Downfall in Germany
* Surrender of Japan
* Nuremberg trials
* International Military Tribunal for
the Far East

Variants

* Arab
* Argentine
* Nacionalismo
* Orthodox Peronism
* Austrian
* Banderism
* Brazilian
* British
* Christian
* Christian Identity
* Clerical
* Confucian
* Crypto-
* Eco-
* Falangism
* Francoism
* French
* Doriotism
* Pétainism
* Valoisism
* Hindutva
* Hungarism
* Hutu
* Ilminism
* Irish
* Islamic
* Italian
* Intransigent
* Japanese
* Reform bureaucratism
* Statism
* Restoration
* Jewish
* Kahanism
* Revisionist Maximalism
* Nazism
* Austrian
* Esoteric
* Hitlerism
* Strasserism
* Swedish
* Neo-
* Finnish
* Pan-Turkic
* Rexism
* Romanian
* Legionarism
* National Legionary State
* Neo-Legionarism
* Romanianism/Stelism
* Syndicalist
* Syrian Social Nationalism
* Techno-
* Third Position
* National-anarchism
* National Bolshevism
* Nazi-Maoism
* Uruguayan
* Marzism
* Revisionism
* Sosism
* Ustašism

By continent

* Asia
* Europe
* Bulgaria
* Netherlands
* North America
* Canada
* South America
* Peru
* Uruguay

Related topics

* Anti-fascism
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* Donald Trump and fascism
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* F-scale
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* Feudal fascism
* Futurism
* Glossary of Fascist Italy
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This page lists political regimes and movements that have been described as fascist.

Whether a certain government is to be characterized as a fascist (radical authoritarian nationalist) government, an authoritarian government, a totalitarian government, a police state or some other type of government is often a matter of dispute. The term "fascism" has been defined in various ways by different authors. Many of the regimes and movements which are described in this article can be considered fascist according to some definitions but they cannot be considered fascist according to other definitions. See definitions of fascism for more information about that subject.

## The Axis (1922–1945)

[edit]

### Italy (1922–1943)

[edit]

Main article: Italian fascism

The first fascist country was Italy, ruled by Benito Mussolini (Il Duce). The Italian Fascists imposed totalitarian rule and crushed political and intellectual opposition, while promoting economic modernization, traditional social values and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church.

Italy was a leading member of the Axis powers in World War II, battling with initial success on several fronts. However, after the German-Italian defeats in Africa and the Soviet Union and the subsequent Allied landings in Sicily, King Victor Emmanuel III overthrew and arrested Mussolini, and the Fascist Party in areas (south of Rome) controlled by the Allied invaders was shut down. The new government signed an armistice with the Allies in September 1943. Mussolini was then rescued from prison by German paratroopers, and after his rescue, he was installed as the head of the "Italian Social Republic" in northern Italy, a state which continued to fight against the Allies alongside Germany.[1]

### Germany (1933–1945)

[edit]

Main article: Nazism

The Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, espoused a form of fascism[2][3][4][5] that incorporated fervent antisemitism, anti-communism, scientific racism, national socialism, and the use of eugenics into its creed. Its extreme nationalism originated in pan-Germanism and the ethno-nationalist Völkisch movement which had been a prominent aspect of German nationalism since the late 19th century, and it was strongly influenced by the Freikorps paramilitary groups that emerged after Germany's defeat in World War I, from which came the party's underlying "cult of violence".[6] Nazism subscribed to pseudo-scientific theories of a racial hierarchy[7] and social Darwinism, identifying the Germans as a part of what the Nazis regarded as an Aryan or Nordic master race.[8]

On 30 January 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, the head of government, by the President of the Weimar Republic, Paul von Hindenburg, the head of State. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all sources of political opposition and it also began to consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the offices and powers of the Chancellery and the Presidency. Genocide and mass murder became hallmarks of the regime. Starting in 1939, hundreds of thousands of German citizens with mental or physical disabilities were murdered in hospitals and asylums. Einsatzgruppen paramilitary death squads accompanied the German armed forces inside the occupied territories and conducted the mass killings of millions of Jews and other Holocaust victims. After 1941, millions of others were imprisoned, worked to death, or murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps. This genocide is known as the Holocaust.

### Japan (1926–1945)

[edit]

Main article: Statism in Shōwa Japan

Right-wing elements in Japan, including industrialists, military officers, and the nobility, had long opposed democracy as an anathema to national unity. Military cliques began to dominate the national government starting in the 1930s. A major militarist nationalist movement which existed in Japan from the 1920s to the 1930s was the Imperial Way Faction, or "Kodoha". In 1936, Japan and Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, aimed at countering the Soviet Union and the Communist International. In 1940, Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoye established the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, or the Taisei Yokusankai, to consolidate all political parties under a single umbrella group. That same year, Japan joined Germany and Italy by signing the Tripartite Pact.

## Other countries

[edit]

### Austria (1933–1945)

[edit]

Main article: Austro-fascism

Engelbert Dollfuß's idea of a "Ständestaat" was borrowed from Mussolini. Dollfuß dissolved parliament and established a clerical-fascist dictatorship which lasted until Austria was incorporated into Nazi Germany through the Anschluss of 1938.[9]

### Brazil (1932–1938)

[edit]

Briefly, the regime of Getúlio Vargas aligned with Plínio Salgado's Integralist Party, a Brazilian "fascist" movement. Later Vargas launched his own cult of personality, and took inspiration from Mussolini in a number of areas, such as labor law. The Brazilian Consolidation of Labor Laws, a decree issued by Vargas in 1943, has been described as partly inspired by Mussolini's laws of 1927.[10]

There are debates about whether the Vargas government was fascist or not. Some scholars have argued Vargas's leadership was clearly a version of fascism or drew substantial inspiration from fascism.[11][12] Others argue against this position from the fact that Vargas followed the Caudillismo ideology, which is strongly Positivist, described as incompatible with Fascism's metaphysical, traditionalist, almost occultist ideas.[13] Vargas also led Brazil to join Allies side and declared war on the fascist Axis alliance in WW2. Brazil sent Expeditionary Forces to help the Allies in multiple fronts.

### China (1925–1949)

[edit]

Main article: Chiangism

The Kuomintang, a Chinese nationalist political party, had an alleged history of fascism under Chiang Kai-shek's leadership.[14][15] The Blue Shirts Society, a fascist paramilitary organization within the KMT that modeled itself after Mussolini's blackshirts, was anti-foreign and anti-communist, and it stated that its agenda was to end the influences of foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists in China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.[16] In addition to being anti-communist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man Dai Li were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.[17] Close Sino-German ties also promoted cooperation between the Nationalist Government and Nazi Germany.

The New Life Movement was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by Chiang Kai-shek to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon Confucianism, mixed with Christianity, nationalism and authoritarianism that have some similarities to fascism.[18] It rejected individualism and liberalism, while also opposing socialism and communism.

There is debate among scholars on whether Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist regime was fascist. Some historians such as Jay Taylor argued that Chiang’s ideology does not expouse fascism.[19] Other historians regard this movement as imitating Nazism and being a neo-nationalistic movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. Frederic Wakeman suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".[20] Other historians argue that despite Chiang’s flaws and his authoritarian rule, his regime did not espouse the fascist ideology of totalitarianism and ultranationalism.[21] Chiang repeatedly attacked his enemies such as the Empire of Japan as fascistic and ultra-militaristic.[22][23] The Sino-German relationship also rapidly deteriorated as Germany failed to pursue a detente between China and Japan, which led to the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War. China later declared war on fascist countries, including Germany, Italy, and Japan, as part of Declarations of war during World War II.

During World War II, the Wang Jingwei regime was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan established in 1940 in Japanese-occupied eastern China. The official name of this state was simply the Republic of China, but it is widely known as the "Wang Jingwei regime" so as to distinguish it from the Nationalist government of the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, which was fighting with the Allies of World War II against Japan. Wang Jingwei was a high-ranking former Kuomintang (KMT) official, a rival of Chiang Kai-shek and a member of the pro-peace faction of the KMT. He defected to the Japanese side and formed a collaborationist government in occupied Nanjing in 1940. The new state claimed the entirety of China during its existence, but effectively only Japanese-occupied territory was under its direct control. Its diplomatic recognition was limited to other members of the Anti-Comintern Pact, of which it was a signatory. Wang Jingwei supported Hitler and Mussolini's ideals of a fascist state.[24]

### Croatia (1941–1945)

[edit]

Poglavnik Ante Pavelić, leader of the infamous Ustaše movement, came to power in 1941 as the Croatian puppet leader under the control of Nazi Germany. Under the indirect control of Germany, the Ustaše regime was based heavily upon both clerical fascism and the Italian model of fascism, with elements of racial integrity and organic nationalism drawn from Nazism.

### France (1940–1944)

[edit]

The Vichy regime of Philippe Pétain, established following France's defeat by Germany, collaborated with the Nazis. However, the minimal importance of fascists in the government until its direct occupation by Germany makes it appear to seem more similar to the regime of Franco or Salazar than the model fascist powers. While it has been argued that anti-Semitic raids performed by the Vichy regime were more in the interests of pleasing Germany than in service of ideology, anti-semitism was a full component of the "National Revolution" ideology of Vichy.

As early as October 1940 the Vichy regime introduced the infamous statut des Juifs, that produced a new legal definition of Jewishness and which barred Jews from certain public offices. They interned Liberals, Communists, Jews, Gypsies, and homosexuals in concentration camps as soon as 1940.

Also, in May 1941 the Parisian police force had collaborated in the internment of foreign Jews. As a means of identifying Jews, the German authorities required all Jews in the occupied zone to wear a yellow badge. On the 11 June, they demanded that 100,000 Jews be handed over for deportation.

The most infamous of these mass arrests was the so-called Vel' d'Hiv Roundup (Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv) which took place in Paris on the 16 and 17 July 1942. The Vélodrome d'Hiver was a large cycle track situated on the rue Nélaton near the Quai de Grenelle in the 15th arrondissement of Paris. In a vast operation codenamed "Spring Breeze" (Vent printanier), the French police rounded up 13,152 Jews from Paris and its surrounding suburbs. These were mostly adult men and women however approximately 4,000 children were among them. Identifications for the arrests were made easier by the large number of files on Jews compiled and held by Vichy authorities since 1940. The French police, headed by René Bousquet, were entirely responsible for this operation and no German soldiers assisted. Pierre Laval, head of Vichy, included the children in the deportations to Auschwitz against general German orders. Most of the deportees sealed in the transports died en route due to lack of food or water. The few survivors were sent to the gas chambers. A few months later, a police operation took place in Marseille, known as the Battle of Marseille, and led to massive raids in the so-called "free zone", administrated by Vichy.

### Greece (1936–1941)

[edit]

The dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas from 1936 to 1941, known as the 4th of August Regime, was partly fascist in its ideological nature, and might hence be characterized as quasi-fascist or authoritarian. It had a National Youth Organisation based on the Hitlerjugend, developed an armaments-centered economy, established a police-state akin to that of Nazi Germany (Greece received tactical and material support from Himmler, who exchanged correspondence with the Greek Minister of State Security Konstantinos Maniadakis) and brutality against communists in big cities such as Athens (communism was not known in the small towns and villages of Greece yet). The Colonel George Papadopoulos' 1967 to 1974 military dictatorship, which was supported by the United States, however, was less ideological and lacked a clear fascist element other than militarism.

### Hungary (1932–1945)

[edit]

By 1932, support for right-wing ideology, embodied by Prime Minister Gyula Gömbös, had reached the point where Hungarian Regent Miklós Horthy could not postpone appointing a fascist prime minister. Horthy also showed signs of admiring the efficiency and conservative leanings of the Italian fascist state under Mussolini and was not too reluctant to appoint a fascist government (with terms for the extent of Horthy's power). Horthy would keep control over the mainstream fascist movement in Hungary until near the end of the Second World War. However, Gömbös never had a truly powerful fascist base of support. Instead, the radical Arrow Cross Party, which gained support in Budapest as well as the countryside, became a powerful political movement, gaining nearly 800,000 votes in the election of 1939. Horthy became paranoid due to his new rival, and imprisoned the Arrow Cross Party's leader, Ferenc Szálasi. However, this action only increased popular support for the fascist movement. In another attempt to challenge the Arrow Cross, Horthy's government began to imitate the Arrow Cross Party's ideology. Starting in 1938, several racial laws, mostly against Jews, were passed by the regime, but the extremist Arrow Cross Party, led by Ferenc Szálasi, was banned until German pressure lifted the law, and until Germany occupied Hungary during Operation Margarethe on 19 March 1944, no Jews were in direct danger of being annihilated. In July 1944, armor-colonel Ferenc Koszorús and the First Armour Division, under Horthy's orders, resisted the Arrow Cross militia and prevented the deportation of the Jews of Budapest, thus saved over 200,000 lives. This act impressed upon the German occupying forces, including Adolf Eichmann, that as long as Hungary continued to be governed by Horthy, no real Endlösung could begin. Following Horthy's attempt to have Hungary jump out of the war on 15 October, Szálasi, with German military support, launched Operation Panzerfaust and replaced Admiral Horthy as Head of State. The regime changed to a system more in line with Nazism and would remain this way until the capture of Budapest by Soviet troops. Over 400,000 Jews were sent by Hungary to German death camps from 1944 to 1945.[25][26]

### Norway (1942–1945)

[edit]

Vidkun Quisling had staged a coup d'état during the German invasion on 9 April 1940. This first government was replaced by a Nazi puppet government under his leadership from 1 February 1942. His party, the Nasjonal Samling, never had any substantial support in Norway, undermining his attempts to emulate the Italian fascist state.

### Portugal (1933–1974)

[edit]

The Estado Novo regime of António de Oliveira Salazar borrowed many of the ideas towards military and governance from Mussolini's Fascist regime and adapted to the Portuguese example of paternal iconography for authoritarianism.[27] However Salazar distanced himself from fascism and Nazism, which he criticized as a "pagan Caesarism" that recognized neither legal, religious nor moral limits.[28] Unlike Mussolini or Hitler, Salazar never had the intention to create a party-state. Salazar was against the whole-party concept and in 1930 he created the National Union a single-party, which he marketed as a "non-party",[29] announcing that the National Union would be the antithesis of a political party.[29] Salazar's aim was the depoliticization of society not the mobilization of populace.[30] Salazar promoted Catholicism, but argued that the role of the Church was social, not political, and negotiated the Concordat of 1940.

The other fascist movement was the National Syndicalists, also called the "Blue Shirts" (camisas azuis), who were active briefly between 1932 and 1934. Following the tradition of uniformed right-wing paramilitary groups, the Blue Shirts were an organisation advocating syndicalism and unionism, inspired by Benito Mussolini's brand of Italian Fascism. As Francisco Rolão Preto wrote in July 1922, "our organic syndicalism is essentially the basis of current syndicalist thought among Mussolini's friends".[31] MNS was also built on previous allegiances to Integralismo Lusitano, but it was not inspired by the Action Française as alleged by their adversaries.[32][33]

The leader Francisco Rolão Preto advocated the personalism of Emmanuel Mounier and some of the aspects of unionism. His unionist platform was based on leftist ideas of social justice, such as "a minimum family wage", "paid holidays", "working class education", and a world in which workers are "guaranteed the right to happiness".

In 1934, Salazar banned the National Syndicalists. Salazar denounced the National Syndicalists as "inspired by certain foreign models" and condemned their "exaltation of youth, the cult of force through direct action, the principle of the superiority of state political power in social life, and the propensity for organising masses behind a single leader".[34][35] However, Salazar adopted many of the traits he criticized the National Syndicalists for. Most of the National Syndicalists eventually joined the National Union, the party of the Estado Novo regime.[36]

### Poland (1930s)

[edit]

During the 1930s, the rise of fascist-inspired organizations occurred in Poland. Fascist organizations like the Association of Polish Fascists (Związek Faszystów Polskich) were however marginal and ephemeral. Fascist-inspired organizations were however stronger than parties with clearly fascist programs. National Radical Camp Falanga was the most prominent of them. It was created by radical youth members with National Democratic origins. Falanga was nonetheless quickly banned by the authoritarian ruling Sanacja regime and continued to operate clandestinely. It was also involved in frequent street violence and anti-Semitic riots.

### Romania (1940–1944)

[edit]

Main article: Kingdom of Romania under Fascism

The Iron Guard turned more and more into a pro-Nazi and pro-German movement and took power in September 1940 when Ion Antonescu forced King Carol II to abdicate. However, the cohabitation between the Iron Guard and Ion Antonescu was short-lived.

During the 1930s, the group combined a mix of Christian faith, antisemitism, and calls for land reform for farmers, who still lived in a quasi-feudal society. However, although widely popular for a period of time, the extremely violent and fanatically "death-romanticist" nature of the movement made it difficult for the Iron Guard to attract conservatives and middle class people, and as a result, the movement could never be as successful as the Nazi Party.

The Antonescu regime that followed had elements of fascism, but it lacked a clear political program or party. It was more a military dictatorship. The regime was characterized by nationalism, antisemitism, and anti-communism, but had no social program. Despite the Iaşi pogrom and a near-liquidation of the Jews of many parts of Moldavia, the regime ultimately refused to send the Romanian Jews to German death camps. The regime was overthrown on 23 August 1944 in a coup led by the king Mihai of Romania.

### Slovakia (1939–1945)

[edit]

The Slovak People's Party was a quasi-fascist nationalist movement. It was associated with the Roman Catholic Church and founded by Father Andrej Hlinka. His successor Monsignor Jozef Tiso was a president of nominally independent Slovakia in 1939–1945. His government colleagues like Vojtech Tuka or Alexander Mach collaborate with fascism. The clerical element lends comparison with Austrofascism or the clerical fascism of Croatia, though not to the excesses of either model. The market system was run on principles agreeing with the standard Italian fascist model of industrial regulation.

### Spain (1936–1975)

[edit]

After the 1936 arrest and execution of its founder, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, during the Spanish Civil War, the fascist Falange Española Party was allied to and ultimately came to be dominated by Generalísimo Francisco Franco, who became known as El Caudillo, the undisputed leader of the Nationalist side in the war and, after victory, head of state until his death over 35 years later.

### South Africa (1930s–1940s)

[edit]

There have been several waves of fascism in South Africa. Beginning with D F Malan's support of Hitler's brown shirts and the activities of Robey Leibbrandt in the 1930s and 1940s. The Ossewabrandwag was a far-right movement of mostly Afrikaners who opposed South Africa's participation in World War II and was sympathetic to the Nazi and Fascist regimes in Europe.[37] In 1942 the future Apartheid-era Prime Minister of South Africa, BJ Vorster was appointed a ‘General’ of the Ossewabrandwag. Vorster declared:

“We stand for Christian Nationalism which is an ally of National Socialism. You can call this anti-democratic principle dictatorship if you wish. In Italy it is called Fascism, in Germany National Socialism and in South Africa, Christian Nationalism.”[38]

The Ossewabrandwag led insurrections against the Union government, resulting in some of the leadership, including Vorster, to be detained under emergency regulations. Towards the end of the war they were paroled on house arrest.

When the National Party came to power in the 1948 election, former members of the Ossewabrandwag became members of the new government.

The election of 1948 saw the installation of Apartheid, which dramatically strengthened the racial hierarchy of the country. Policies such as the Group Areas Act and the Pass Laws were implemented with high degrees of state violence. Fundamental human rights were heavily curtailed or removed entirely. These included: free speech, freedom of movement, right of assembly, and right to privacy. Whilst elections were held on a regular basis, the system was marred by gerrymandering and restructured weighting of voting districts. Previously enshrined constitutional rights were slowly eroded over time, most significantly when they NP controlled Parliament installed a new, higher court of law (High Court of Parliament) to overturn decisions of the Supreme Court.[39]

Interned alongside BJ Vorster in 1942 was another Ossewabrandwag member Hendrik Johan van den Bergh who eventually went on to found the Bureau of State Security (BOSS), an intelligence agency created by the government on 16 May 1969 to coordinate military and domestic intelligence. Van den Bergh was to become known as the “tall assassin” given his physical height.[40] BOSS was later subsumed by the Civil Co-operation Bureau which oversaw the death squads of Vlakplaas and conducted other forms of state violence.

A later wave of fascism during the 1970s and 1980s created fringe right-wing groups such as the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging.

## Fascism in liberal democracies

[edit]

Prior to World War II, fascist or quasi-fascist movements also appeared in democratic nations, often taking their inspiration from the regimes established by Mussolini and Hitler.

### Australia (1931–1940s)

[edit]

The New Guard was founded in Sydney in 1931 and was opposed to the rule of the then New South Wales premier Jack Lang. The organisation was pro-Monarchy and anti-Communist and was led by World War I veteran Eric Campbell. At its height, the New Guard had a membership of over 50,000 and was almost exclusively based in New South Wales. Following the dismissal of the Lang government in 1932, the New Guard lost much of its momentum and officially disbanded in 1935.[41]

Another Fascist movement was the short-lived anti-semitic, anti-Communist and Nazi-inspired Australia First Movement founded by former communist Percy Stephensen.[42] The organisation was founded in October 1941 and existed until March 1942 when it was suppressed by Australian security agencies who believed the movement was supportive of the Axis Powers. Its leaders (including Stephensen) and several members were also interned.[43]

A small Nazi movement was founded among South Australia's ethnic German Australian community by Johannes Becker, a German migrant who arrived in Australia in 1927.[44][45] Becker had joined the NSDAP in 1932 and was appointed State Leader (Landeskreisleiter) for the South Pacific the following year. Following the outbreak of World War II, Becker was interned and released in 1946, then deported to West Germany the following year.[46]

### Belgium (1930s–1945)

[edit]

Main article: Rexism

The Rexist movement and the Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond party achieved some electoral success in the 1930s. The party could be labeled[by whom?] as clerical fascist with its roots in Catholic conservatism. The party gained rapid support for a brief period, focusing on the secularism, corruption, and ineffectiveness on parliamentary democracy in Belgium. Many of its members assisted the Nazi occupation during World War II. The Verdinaso movement, too, can be considered fascist. Its leader, Joris Van Severen, was killed before the Nazi occupation. Some of its adepts collaborated, but others joined the resistance. These collaborationist movements are generally classified as belonging to the National Socialist model or the German fascist model because of its brand of racial nationalism and the close relation with the occupational authorities.

### Canada (1930s–1940)

[edit]

In the 1930s, Canada had fascist fringe groups within it. One stronger group was the Parti national social chrétien of Adrien Arcand which had significant support. Arcand believed in the anti-Semitic policies of Hitler and called himself the "Canadian Führer". In 1934, his Quebec-based party merged with the fascist, western-based Nationalist Party of Canada. In 1938, the English Canadian and French Canadian fascist movements united into the National Unity Party. In 1940, all fascist parties were banned under Canada's War Measures Act.

### Chile (1932–1938)

[edit]

In Chile, during the 1930s, there was a fascist party named National Socialist Movement of Chile (MNS), ruled by Jorge González von Marées, a Hitler sympathizer. However, the MNS was dissolved in 1938.[47]

Esoteric Nazi Miguel Serrano gathered a following of Nazis, fascists and far-right occultists in Chile.

### Finland (1929–1932)

[edit]

The Lapua Movement, established in 1929, originally a nationalist movement that opposed Sweden and Russia, turned into a fascist movement in the early 1930s whose members were infamous for their violent and brutal methods. However, the party's origins could date back to the early 1920s, in anti-communist forces during the Finnish Civil War. They attempted a coup d'état in 1932, after which the movement was banned. The Lapua Movement, however, affected the selection of Pehr Evind Svinhufvud as the president and the passing of extensive anti-communist laws. Finland stayed a democracy throughout World War II, despite co-operating with Nazi Germany.

### Ireland (1932–1933)

[edit]

Fascist sympathizers led by General Eoin O'Duffy established the Army Comrades Association, or "Blueshirts" in 1932 as a veterans organization. Renamed the National Guard, it provided physical protection for political groups such as Cumann na nGaedheal from intimidation and attacks by the IRA. The Blueshirts wanted to establish a corporate state in Ireland and frequently clashed with Republican supporters of the ruling Fianna Fáil, who were using force to disrupt that party's meetings. O'Duffy planned a parade in Dublin in 1933, and the government, fearing a coup, banned the organization. In response to the banning of the National Guard, Cumann na nGaedheal and the National Centre Party merged to form a new party, Fine Gael, on 3 September 1933. Former Blueshirts under O'Duffy's leadership later fought for Franco during the Nationalist uprising in Spain.

### Lebanon

[edit]

In Lebanon, the Kataeb Party (Phalange) was formed in 1936, with inspiration of the Spanish Falange and Italian fascism. The founder of the party, Pierre Gemayel, founded the party after returning from a visit at the 1936 Summer Olympics. The party is still active today, although it has abandoned the Falangist and Fascist ideology in place of Phoenicianism, social conservatism, republicanism, and Christian fundamentalism.

### Mexico (1930–1942)

[edit]

A reactionary nationalist movement called Acción Revolucionaria Mexicana (Mexican Revolutionary Action), founded by former Villista general Nicolas Rodriguez Carrasco, agitated for right-wing causes, such as the deportation of Jews and Chinese-Mexicans, throughout the 1930s. ARM maintained a paramilitary force called the Goldshirts, which clashed frequently with Communist activists, and supported the presidential faction of Plutarco Calles against the socialist[48] reformist president Lázaro Cárdenas. The paramilitary group was banned in 1936 and the ARM officially disbanded in 1942, when Mexico declared war against the Axis.

### The Netherlands (1923–1945)

[edit]

Main article: Fascism in the Netherlands

The Verbond van Actualisten (Union of Actualists) was the oldest fascist movement in the Netherlands. It was established on 22 January 1923 and its ideology was based on Mussolini's Italian fascist movement. It ceased all activities in November 1928 after having had no success at all. It was succeeded by the Vereeniging De Bezem (Association 'The Broom') which was founded on 15 December 1928 by some men who previously were active in the Verbond van Actualisten. Its aim was to clean Dutch politics – hence the name. Its downfall in 1932 was caused by continuous discord between its leaders.

On 14 December 1931 Anton Mussert and Cornelis van Geelkerken founded the Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland (NSB), the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands. It started as a fascist movement, Italian style, with an ideology also based on Hitler's NSDAP. In the years 1935–1936 the party embraced antisemitism. Its best pre-war election result was 7.9% of the voters (1935). The maximum number of member of the NSB was 100,000 (around 1.25% of the Dutch population). Soon after the German occupation in May 1940 the NSB became the only allowed political party. During WWII the NSB was never given any real power, and instead, the Germans used the NSB for their own purposes. After the German defeat, the NSB disappeared.

On 29 June 1932 Jan Baars (previously active in the Vereeniging 'De Bezem') founded the Algemeene Nederlandsche Fascisten Bond (General Dutch Fascist Federation). It was the first Dutch fascist political party to gain significant election results and it had a considerable number of members. Its political views were quite moderate and it disapproved of German Nazi racism and antisemitism. It ended its existence in 1934. Its main successful successor was Zwart Front (Black Front), 1934–1941. Its leaders were of a Catholic origin and the party was strongly based on Italian fascism. During the pre-war period, it never established a prominent position like Mussert's NSB. After the German invasion in May 1940, the number of members rose from 4,000 to 12,000. The Germans prohibited Zwart Front in December 1941.

Other, smaller, fascist and Nazi parties were: Verbond van Nationalisten (Union of Nationalists, 1928–1934), the Nationaal-Socialistische Nederlandsche Arbeiders Partij (National Socialist Dutch Workers Party, 1931–1941), Nationaal-Socialistische Partij (National Socialist Party, 1932–1941), Nederlandsche Fascisten Unie (Dutch Fascist Union, 1933), Unie van Nederlandsche Fascisten (Union of Dutch Fascists, 1933), Oranje-Fascisten (Orange Fascists, 1933), Frysk Fascisten Front (Frisian Fascist Front, 1933), Corporatieve Concentratie (Corporative Concentration, 1933–1934), Verbond voor Nationaal Herstel (Union for National Restoration, 1933–1941), Nederlandsche Nationaal-Socialistische Partij (Dutch National Socialist Party, 1935) and the Nederlandsche Volkspartij (Dutch People's Party, 1938–1940).

Dutch fascism and Nazism is known for its lack of coherence and it was dominated by the egos of its leaders. An important fact for its marginal position in pre-war Dutch politics was the absence of a 'lost generation' of combatants of WWI.

### Sweden (1926–1929)

[edit]

The Sveriges Fascistiska Folkparti (SFF; "Fascist People's Party of Sweden") was founded in 1926. Major figures of the party included its founding leader, Konrad Hallgren, a former German officer, and Swedish soldiers Sven Olov Lindholm and Sven Hedengren.

In 1929 a delegation of the party, led by Hallgren and Lindholm, attended a major rally of the German Nazi party, at Nuremberg. Afterwards, the SFF was more strongly influenced by Nazism and changed its name to Sveriges Nationalsocialistiska Folkparti (SNF; Swedish National Socialist People's Party). The SNF was one of several Swedish Nazi parties.

### United Kingdom (1932–1940)

[edit]

Sir Oswald Mosley, an admirer of Mussolini, established the British Union of Fascists in 1932 as a nationalist alternative to the three mainstream political parties in Britain. Even though the BUF only acquired a limited amount of success in some local elections, its existence caused frequent riots, the riots were usually instigated by members and supporters of Communist movements. Alarmed by the violence which was caused by the BUF, in 1936, the government passed the Public Order Act to restrict its activity. During the latter years of the decade, the party experienced a revival in popularity on the back of its anti-war campaign. The BUF was banned in 1940 and Mosley was interned for the duration of the war. The relative stability of democratic institutions, the long-time assimilation of Jews, and the lack of a strong, threatening Communist movement, had made it difficult for fascism to succeed in Britain.[49]

### United States (1922-1987)

[edit]

The Louisiana governor and politician Huey Long built a powerful state machine and at the time of his assassination in 1935, he was building a national following. Experts on the far left and the far right called him a fascist. Some historians reject this designation.[50]

In the late 1930s, some pro-German organizations seemed comfortable with fascist ideals. The Silver Legion of America (1933-1941), claiming to have around 15,000 members, managed to run a candidate for President on a third-party ticket, but it was outlawed after Nazi Germany's declaration of war on the United States in December 1941. The German-American Bund openly supported Nazi Germany, and, like the Silver Legion, it was banned during World War II. Charles Coughlin, a Roman Catholic priest, used his nationally syndicated radio show to promote anti-Semitic and pro-fascist views.[51]

There has also been a recent rise in neo-fascist movements, including groups like the Three Percenters and Proud Boys. Neo-fascism is also akin to the positions of the alt-right, with other beliefs such as white supremacy and neo-Nazism.[52][53][54]

## See also

[edit]

* Alt-right
* Anti-fascism
* Anti-Fascist Action
* Antifa (United States)
* Anti-racism
* Anti-Racist Action
* Antisemitism
* Christian fascism
* Christian Identity
* Clerical fascism
* Creativity (religion)
* Definitions of fascism
* Ecofascism
* Esoteric Nazism
* Esotericism in Germany and Austria
* Ethnic nationalism
* Ethnocentrism
* Far-right politics
* Far-right subcultures
* Fascism and ideology
* Fascism in Asia
* Fascism in Europe
* Fascism in North America
* Fascism in South America
* Fascist International
* Geography of antisemitism
* German Christians (movement)
* Grand Council of Fascism
* Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites
* History of antisemitism
* Identitarian movement
* Identity politics
* List of fascist movements by country
* List of Ku Klux Klan organizations
* List of neo-Nazi organizations
* List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups
* List of white nationalist organizations
* Nativism (politics)
* Nazism in the Americas
* Neo-Confederates
* Neo-fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Neo-völkisch movements
* Occultism in Nazism
* Positive Christianity
* Racial antisemitism
* Racial nationalism
* Racism
* Racism by country
* Radical right (Europe)
* Radical right (United States)
* Religious antisemitism
* Religious nationalism
* Religious terrorism
* Right-wing politics
* Right-wing populism
* Right-wing terrorism
* Social Darwinism
* Stochastic terrorism
* Supremacism#Racial
* Ultranationalism
* Völkisch movement
* White nationalism
* White supremacy
* Wotansvolk
* Xenophobia

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Richard J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915–1945 (2007).
2. ^ Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2010) [1996] Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History New York: Routledge. p. 1 ISBN 978-0131924697 Quote: "Nazism was only one, although the most important, of a number of similar-looking fascist movements in Europe between World War I and World War II."
3. ^ Orlow, Dietrick (200) The Lure of Fascism in Western Europe: German Nazis, Dutch and French Fascists, 1933–1939 London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 6–9. ISBN 978-0230608658. Excerpt
4. ^ Eley, Geoff (2013) Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany 1930–1945 New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415812634
5. ^ Kailitz, Steffen and Umland, Andreas (2017). "Why Fascists Took Over the Reichstag but Have Not captured the Kremlin: A Comparison of Weimar Germany and Post-Soviet Russia". Nationalities Papers. 45 (2): 206–221.
6. ^ Evans (2003), p. 229.
7. ^ Ramin Skibba (20 May 2019). "The Disturbing Resilience of Scientific Racism". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
8. ^ Baum, Bruce David (2006). The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity. New York City/London: New York University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-1429415064.
9. ^ Anton Pelinka, The Dollfuss/Schuschnigg Era in Austria: A Reassessment (Routledge, 2017).
10. ^ "Dois fatores contribuíram, de forma decisiva, na institucionalização da Justiça do Trabalho no Brasil, quais sejam: o surgimento das convenções coletivas de trabalho e a influência da doutrina da Itália, visto que nosso sistema acabou por copiar, em vários aspectos, o sistema italiano da Carta del Lavoro, de 1927, de Mussolini (regime corporativista)." Renato Saraiva and Aryanna Linhares.Curso de Direito Processual do Trabalho (2016)
11. ^ Bakota, Carlos Steven, and Frank D. McCann. "Getulio Vargas and the Estado Novo: An Inquiry into Ideology and Opportunism." Latin American Research Review, vol. 14, no. 1, 1979, pp. 205–210. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2502832. Accessed 25 Nov. 2020.
12. ^ Pinto A.C. (2020) Brazil in the Era of Fascism: The "New State" of Getúlio Vargas. In: Iordachi C., Kallis A. (eds) Beyond the Fascist Century. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46831-6_11
13. ^ João Fábio Bertonha, "Between sigma and fascio: an analysis of the relationship between Italian Fascism and Brazilian Integralism." Luso-Brazilian Review (2000): 93–105. online
14. ^ Eastman, Lloyd (2021). "Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts". The China Quarterly (49). Cambridge University Press: 1–31. JSTOR 652110. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
15. ^ Payne, Stanley (2021). A History of Fascism 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 337\. ISBN 978-0299148744. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
16. ^ Frederic E. Wakeman (2003). Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service. University of California Press. p. 75\. ISBN 978-0-520-23407-9. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
17. ^ Jonathan Fenby (2005). Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 414\. ISBN 978-0-7867-1484-1. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
18. ^ Schoppa, R. Keith. The Revolution and Its Past. New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 l.
19. ^ Taylor, Jay (2009). The Generalissimo. Harvard University Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0674054714.
20. ^ Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." The China Quarterly 150: 395–432.
21. ^ Taylor 2009, pp. 102–103.
22. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
23. ^ "Chiang Kai-shek's victory speech in 1945". 2013-06-09. Retrieved 2022-07-19 - via M.youtube.com.
24. ^ Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.). Fascism Outside of Europe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-88033-988-8. p. 255.
25. ^ Guy Miron, The Waning of Emancipation: Jewish History, Memory, and the Rise of Fascism in Germany, France, and Hungary (2011).
26. ^ Bodó, Béla. "Paramilitary violence in Hungary after the first world war." East European Quarterly 38.2 (2004): 129–173.
27. ^ Lewis, Paul H. (2002). Latin Fascist Elites: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes. Abc-Clio. ISBN 978-0313013348.
28. ^ Kay 1970, p. 68.
29. ^ a b Gallagher 2020, p. 43.
30. ^ Gallagher 2020, p. 2.
31. ^ Preto, R., 'Crónica social', Nação Portuguesa, 2ª série, Nº 1, July 1922, p. 34.
32. ^ José Hipólito Raposo, Dois Nacionalismos – L'Action française e o Integralismo Lusitano, Lisboa, Férin, 1929.
33. ^ Costa Pinto, António (2000). The Blue Shirts – Portuguese Fascists and the New State. Social Science Monographs, Boulder – Distributed by Columbia University Press, NY. ISBN 0880339829.
34. ^ Costa Pinto, António (2000). The Blue Shirts – Portuguese Fascists and the New State (PDF). Social Science Monographs, Boulder – Distributed by Columbia University Press, NY. ISBN 0880339829.
35. ^ Kay 1970, p. 55.
36. ^ Lewis, Paul H. (2002-12-30). Latin Fascist Elites: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes. Abc-Clio. ISBN 978-0313013348.
37. ^ Dickens, Peter. "Christian Nationalism". The Observation Post. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
38. ^ Dickens, Peter. "Christian Nationalism". The Observation Post.
39. ^ "History". Supreme Court of Appeal. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
40. ^ Dickens, Peter. "Christian Nationalism". The Observation Post. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
41. ^ "New Guard Movement, 1931-35 – Fact sheet 183 – National Archives of Australia, Australian Government". 2019-03-05. Archived from the original on 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
42. ^ "Nazism in Australia has a long history. Here's the short version". www.abc.net.au. 2019-01-16. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
43. ^ "Australia First Movement - Fact sheet 28 – National Archives of Australia, Australian Government". 2019-03-30. Archived from the original on 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
44. ^ Herald Sun https://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad/barossa-lied-about-war-injustice/news-story/9e77978638626617afc5da1c8cc057b2?sv=7b82061835890da72d15bd6aaa9f8662. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)[dead link‍]
45. ^ "Nazism in Australia has a long history. Here's the short version". www.abc.net.au. 2019-01-16. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
46. ^ "Becker, Johannes Heinrich (1898–1961)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
47. ^ Diálogos-Revista do Departamento de História e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História 13.1 (2009). online
48. ^ Weston, Charles H. (1983). "The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas". The Americas. 39 (3): 383–405. doi:10.2307/981231. JSTOR 981231. S2CID 146906012.
49. ^ G. C. Webber, "Patterns of Membership and Support for the British Union of Fascists" Journal of Contemporary History (1984) 19#4 pp. 575-606 online
50. ^ William Ivy Hair (1996). The Kingfish and His Realm: The Life and Times of Huey P. Long. LSU Press. pp. 296–97. ISBN 9780807141069.
51. ^ Carl A. Sokoll, The German-American Bund as a model for American Fascism, 1924-1946 (Columbia UP, 1974).
52. ^ "What is Project 2025? Wish list for a Trump presidency, explained". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
53. ^ Darby, David (2024-07-17). "American fascism starts in places like Montana • Daily Montanan". Daily Montanan. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
54. ^ Stanley, Jason (2018) How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them. New York: Random House. p.13. ISBN 978-0-52551183-0

### Cited sources

[edit]

* Gallagher, Tom (2020). Salazar : the dictator who refused to die. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. ISBN 9781787383883.
* Kay, Hugh (1970). Salazar and Modern Portugal. New York: Hawthorn Books.

## Further reading

[edit]

### General

[edit]

* Atkins, Stephen E. Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups (Greenwood, 2004).
* Blamires, Cyprian, ed. World fascism: a historical encyclopedia(Abc-Clio, 2006).
* Blinkhorn, Martin. Fascism and the Right in Europe 1919-1945 ( Routledge, 2014).
* Davies, Peter, and Derek Lynch, eds. The Routledge companion to fascism and the far right (Routledge, 2005). excerpt
* Davies, Peter J., and Paul Jackson. The far right in Europe: an encyclopedia (Greenwood, 2008). excerpt and list of movements
* Eatwell, Roger. 1996. Fascism: A History. New York: Allen Lane.
* Finchelstein, Federico. Transatlantic fascism: ideology, violence, and the sacred in Argentina and Italy, 1919-1945 (Duke UJP, 2009).
* Gallagher, Tom (1983). Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation. Manchester University Press. pp. 60, 99. ISBN 978-0719008764.
* Gallagher, Tom (1990). "Chapter 9: Conservatism, dictatorship and fascism in Portugal, 1914–45". In Blinkhorn, Martin (ed.). Fascists and Conservatives. Routledge. pp. 157–173. ISBN 004940086X.
* Gallagher, Tom (2020). Salazar : the dictator who refused to die. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. ISBN 9781787383883.
* Kay, Hugh (1970). Salazar and Modern Portugal. New York: Hawthorn Books.
* Larsen, Stein Ugelvik, ed. Fascism outside Europe: the European impulse against domestic conditions in the diffusion of global fascism (East European Monographs, 2001).
* Mises, Ludwig von. 1944. Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War. Grove City: Libertarian Press.
* Morgan, Philip. Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945 (2003).
* Paxton, Robert O. 2004\. The Anatomy of Fascism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 1-4000-4094-9
* Payne, Stanley G. 1995. A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 0-299-14874-2
* Petropoulos, Jonathan, "Co-Opting Nazi Germany: Neutrality in Europe During World War II." Dimensions 14.1 (2000): 13+. excerpt
* Reich, Wilhelm. 1970. The Mass Psychology of Fascism. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.

### Fascist ideology

[edit]

* De Felice, Renzo Fascism : an informal introduction to its theory and practice, an interview with Michael Ledeen, New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Books, 1976 ISBN 0-87855-190-5.
* Fritzsche, Peter. 1990. Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505780-5
* Griffin, Roger. 2000. "Revolution from the Right: Fascism", chapter in David Parker (ed.) Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560–1991, Routledge, London.
* Laqueur, Walter. 1966. Fascism: Past, Present, Future, New York: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
* Schapiro, J. Salwyn. 1949. Liberalism and The Challenge of Fascism, Social Forces in England and France (1815–1870). New York: McGraw-Hill.
* Laclau, Ernesto. 1977. Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, Populism. London: NLB/Atlantic Highlands Humanities Press.
* Sternhell, Zeev with Mario Sznajder and Maia Asheri. [1989] 1994. The Birth of Fascist Ideology, From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution., Trans. David Maisei. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

### International fascism

[edit]

* Coogan, Kevin. 1999. Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Autonomedia.
* Griffin, Roger. 1991. The Nature of Fascism. New York: St. Martin's Press.
* Ledeen, Michael A. 1972. Universal Fascism: The Theory and Practice of the Fascist International, 1928-1936. New York: H Fertig.
* Paxton, Robert O. 2004. The Anatomy of Fascism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
* Weber, Eugen. [1964] 1985. Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, (Contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries.)
* Wallace, Henry. "The Dangers of American Fascism". The New York Times, Sunday, 9 April 1944.
* Robert Soucy. French Fascism: the First Wave, 1924–1933, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1995. and French Fascism: the Second Wave, 1933–1939, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1995.
* John Githongo's Stanford University Distinguished Visitor Lecture 05-02-15.[1]

## External links

[edit]

* Fascism Part I – Understanding Fascism and Anti-Semitism
* The Political Economy of Fascism – From Dave Renton's anti-fascist website
* Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt – Umberto Eco's list of 14 characteristics of Fascism, originally published 1995.
* Fascism and Zionism – From The Hagshama Department – World Zionist Organization
* Site of an Italian fascist party Italian and German languages
* Site dedicated to the period of fascism in Greece (1936–1941)
* Support for Hitler (or Fascism) in the United States – A pathfinder at Radical Reference
* Profits über Alles! American Corporations and Hitler by Jacques R. Pauwels

* v
* t
* e

Fascism

Themes

| Core tenets|

* Actual idealism
* Aestheticization of politics
* Anti-communism
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-materialism
* Anti-pacifism
* Authoritarianism
* Chauvinism
* Class collaboration
* Conspiracism
* Corporatism
* Cult of personality
* Dictatorship
* Direct action
* Dirigisme
* Economic interventionism
* Eugenics
* Heroic capitalism
* Heroic realism
* Heroism
* Imperialism
* Indoctrination
* Irrationalism
* Machismo
* Masculinity
* Militarism
* National syndicalism
* Nationalism
* Integral
* Palingenetic
* Ultra
* New Man
* One-party state
* Perpetual war
* Populism
* Proletarian nation
* Propaganda
* Racism
* Reactionary modernism
* Social Darwinism
* Social interventionism
* Social order
* State capitalism
* Statolatry
* Supercapitalism
* Syncretism
* Third Position
* Totalitarianism

|

Topics|

* Definitions
* Economics
* Fascism and ideology
* Fascism worldwide
* Symbolism

Variants

* Arab
* Argentine
* Nacionalismo
* Orthodox Peronism
* Austrian
* Banderism
* Brazilian
* British
* Christian
* Christian Identity
* Mexican synarchism
* Clerical
* Confucian
* Crypto
* Eco
* Falangism
* French
* Doriotism
* Pétainism
* Neo-Pétainism
* Jeune Nation
* L'Œuvre Française
* Valoisism
* Hindu
* Hungarism
* Hutu
* Irish
* Islamic
* Ziaism
* Italian
* Intransigent
* Japanese
* Reform bureaucratism
* Statism
* Restoration
* Jewish
* Kahanism
* Revisionist Maximalism
* Korean
* Ilminism
* Nyulaiteu
* LaRoucheism
* Latvian
* Mystical
* Nazism
* Austrian
* Esoteric
* Hitlerism
* Neo-Nazism
* Russian
* Strasserism
* Swedish
* Neo
* Finnish
* NRx
* Pan-Turkic
* Rexism
* Romanian
* Legionarism
* Neo-Legionarism
* Romanianism/Stelism
* Russian
* Neo-Eurasianism
* Syndicalist
* Syrian Social Nationalism
* Techno
* Third Positionism
* National-anarchism
* National Bolshevism
* Nazi-Maoism
* Uruguayan
* Marzism
* Revisionism
* Sosism
* Ustašism

Movements

| Africa|

* Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
* Greyshirts
* Muslim Association of the Lictor
* Ossewabrandwag
* Young Egypt Party (1933)

|

Asia|

* Abhinav Bharat
* Al-Muthanna Club
* Aria Party
* Azerbaijan National Democrat Party
* Azure Party
* Black Dragon Society
* Brit HaBirionim
* Concordia Association
* Grey Wolves
* Golden Square
* Hindu Mahasabha
* Iran-e-No Party
* Jewish National Front
* Kach
* Kataeb Party
* Kenkokukai
* Kokumin Dōmei
* Korea Nationalist Party
* Korean National Youth Association
* Lehi
* Liberal Party (South Korea)
* Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf
* National Socialism Association
* National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party
* Nationalist Movement Party
* Nationalist Task Party
* National Will Party
* Nation Party of Iran
* Otzma Yehudit
* Pan-Iranist Party
* Palestine Arab Party
* Patrol 36
* Progress Party (Iran)
* Philippine Falange
* Rastakhiz Party
* Rastriya Prajatantra Party
* Reform bureaucrats
* Religious Zionist Party
* Sakurakai
* Sangh Parivar
* Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
* Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal
* Bharatiya Janata Party
* Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
* Bharatiya Jana Sangh
* Bharatiya Kisan Sangh
* Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh
* Bharat Vikas Parishad
* Ekal Vidyalaya
* Hindu Makkal Katchi
* Hindu Munnani
* Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh
* Jammu Praja Parishad
* Muslim Rashtriya Manch
* Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas
* Rashtra Sevika Samiti
* Rashtriya Sikh Sangat
* Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
* Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana
* Seva Bharati
* Vidya Bharati
* Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram
* Vishva Hindu Parishad
* Bajrang Dal
* Durga Vahini
* SUMKA
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Tōhōkai
* Tsagaan Khas
* Turkish Union Party
* Wang Jingwei Kuomintang

Northern / Northwestern Europe|

* Academic Karelia Society
* Ailtirí na hAiséirghe
* Autonome Nationalisten
* Bases Autónomas
* Black Front (Netherlands)
* Blood & Honour
* Blueshirts
* Breton Social-National Workers' Movement
* British Democratic Party
* British Fascists
* Britain First
* British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women
* British Movement
* British National Party (1960)
* British National Party
* British People's Party (1939)
* British People's Party (2005)
* British Union of Fascists
* The Britons
* La Cagoule
* Casuals United
* Centre Party '86
* Clerical People's Party
* Dutch Fascist Union
* English Defence League
* English National Association
* European Liberation Front
* Le Faisceau
* Fédération d'action nationale et européenne
* Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation
* Finnish People's Organisation
* Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party
* Flemish National Union
* French National-Collectivist Party
* French Nationalist Party
* French Popular Party
* General Dutch Fascist League
* Greater Britain Movement
* Groupe Collaboration
* Heathen Front
* Imperial Fascist League
* International Third Position
* Jeune Nation
* Lalli Alliance of Finland
* Lapua Movement
* League of Saint George
* Les Identitaires
* Mouvement d'Action Civique
* Mouvement Franciste
* Nasjonal Samling
* National Action (UK)
* National Alliance (Sweden)
* National Corporate Party
* National Fascisti
* National Front (UK)
* National League of Sweden
* Nationalist Party
* National Popular Rally
* National Rally
* National Socialist Bloc
* National Socialist Dutch Workers Party
* National Socialist Front
* National Socialist League
* National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)
* National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)
* National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
* National Socialist Movement of Norway
* National Socialist Union of Finland
* National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)
* National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
* National Socialists of Finland
* National Syndicalists
* National Union (Netherlands)
* National Union (Portugal)
* New Party
* Nipsters
* Nordic League
* The Nordic Realm Party
* Nordic Resistance Movement
* Northern League
* Norwegian Defence League
* Nouvelle Droite
* GRECE
* L'Œuvre Française
* Official National Front
* Order of Flemish Militants
* Order of Nine Angles
* Organisation of National Socialists
* Parti Communautaire National-Européen
* Party of Finnish Labor
* Party of the Swedes
* Patriotic Alternative
* Patriotic People's Movement
* Patriotic People's Movement (1993)
* Pērkonkrusts
* Phalange Française
* Rexist Party
* Rising Finland
* Scottish Democratic Fascist Party
* Scottish Protestant League
* Stormers
* Terre et Peuple
* Third Way (France)
* Third Way (UK)
* Union Movement
* Verdinaso
* Vigrid
* White Aryan Resistance
* World Union of National Socialists

Central Europe|

* Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists
* Arrow Cross Party
* Artgemeinschaft
* Austrian Nazism
* Black Front (Germany)
* Bund Deutscher Osten
* Christian National Socialist Front
* Deutsche Reichspartei
* Eidgenössische Sammlung
* Free German Workers' Party
* German Faith Movement
* German National Movement in Liechtenstein
* German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)
* German Social Union
* Hungarian National Front
* Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party
* Hungarian National Socialist Party
* Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten
* Liechtenstein Homeland Service
* National Democratic Party (Austria)
* National Democratic Party of Germany
* National Front (Hungary)
* National Front (Switzerland)
* National Movement of Switzerland
* National Radical Camp
* National Radical Camp (1993)
* National Revival of Poland
* National Union (Switzerland)
* Nationalist Front (Germany)
* Nazi Party
* Greater German People's Community
* Nazi Germany
* National Socialist Freedom Movement
* National Socialist Working Association
* New Order
* Nipsters
* Positive Christianity
* German Christians
* The Right (Germany)
* Socialist Reich Party
* Sudeten German Party
* The Third Path
* United Hungarian National Socialist Party
* Volksdeutsche Bewegung
* Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit
* Wiking-Jugend

Southern Europe|

* ADÑ–Spanish Identity
* Albanian Fascist Party
* Balli Kombëtar
* Brothers of Italy
* CEDADE
* Democratic Fascist Party
* European Nation State
* Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
* Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Falange
* Sección Femenina
* La Falange (1999)
* Falange Auténtica
* Falange Española
* Falange Española Auténtica
* Falange Española de las JONS
* Falange Española de las JONS (1976)
* Falange Española Independiente
* Falangist Movement of Spain
* Freethinkers' Party
* Imperium Europa
* Italian fascism
* National Fascist Party (Italy)
* Italian Social Republic
* Republican Fascist Party
* Italian Social Movement
* Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
* Juntas Españolas
* National Alliance (Spain)
* National Alliance July 18
* National Democracy (Italy)
* National Democracy (Spain)
* National Front (Spain, 1986)
* National Front (Spain, 2006)
* National Union (Italy, 1923)
* National Union (Spain)
* New Force (Italy)
* New Force (Spain)
* Republican Social Movement
* The Right (Italy)
* Sammarinese Fascist Party
* Spanish Military Union
* Struggle of the People
* Student Action
* Terza Posizione
* Tricolour Flame
* Unidad Falangista Montañesa
* Youth Front

Eastern and Southeastern Europe|

* Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights
* Bosnian Movement of National Pride
* Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party
* Croatian Liberation Movement
* Croatian National Resistance
* Croatian Party of Rights
* Crusade of Romanianism
* Ethnic National Union
* Eurasia Movement
* Eurasia Party
* Falanga
* Format18
* For the Native Language!
* Front of National Revolutionary Action
* German Party
* German People's Party
* Golden Dawn
* Greek National Socialist Party
* Hosank
* Iron Guard
* LEPEN
* Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
* Lithuanian Nationalist Union
* National Agrarian Party
* National Bolshevik Front
* National Bolshevik Party
* National-Christian Defense League
* National Christian Party
* National Fascist Community
* National Fascist Movement
* National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
* National Party – Greeks
* National Socialist Patriotic Organisation
* National Socialist Society
* National Social Movement
* National Radical Camp
* National Romanian Fascio
* National Renaissance Front
* National Salvation Front
* National Socialism / White Power
* Occupy Pedophilia
* Order of Nine Angles
* Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
* The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov
* Pamyat
* Patriotic Alliance
* People's Party
* Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
* Ratniks (Bulgaria)
* Romanian Front
* Russian Imperial Movement
* Russian Fascist Party
* Russian National Unity
* Russian Women's Fascist Movement
* Serbian Action
* Serbian Radical Party
* Slovak People's Party
* Steel Shield
* Svoboda
* Union of Bulgarian National Legions
* Ustaše
* Ustaše in Australia
* Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
* Vlajka
* Yugoslav Radical Union
* ZBOR

North America|

* Fascism in Canada
* Aryan Guard
* Aryan Nations
* Canadian Association for Free Expression
* Canadian Union of Fascists
* Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform
* Heritage Front
* Parti national social chrétien
* Fascism in the United States
* American Front
* American Nazi Party
* Creativity
* Fascist League of North America
* German American Bund
* Goyim Defense League
* Hammerskins
* Identity Evropa
* LaRouche movement
* League of the South
* National Alliance (United States)
* National Renaissance Party
* Nationalist Social Club-131
* National Socialist Legion
* National Socialist Liberation Front
* National Socialist Movement
* National States' Rights Party
* National Vanguard
* Nationalist Front (United States)
* The Order
* Patriot Front
* Proud Boys
* Rise Above Movement
* Silver Legion of America
* Christian Party (United States, 1930s)
* Third Klan
* Traditionalist Worker Party
* Vanguard America
* Volksfront
* White Aryan Resistance
* Wotansvolk
* Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
* Mexican Democratic Party
* Mexican Fascist Party
* National Pro Patria Party
* National Synarchist Union
* Nationalist Front of Mexico
* Order of Nine Angles

Oceania|

* Action Zealandia
* Antipodean Resistance
* Australia First Movement
* Australia First Party
* Australian Defence League
* Australian National Socialist Party
* Centre Party
* Lads Society
* National Action (Australia)
* National Socialist Network
* National Socialist Party of Australia
* Progressive Nationalist Party
* Reclaim Australia
* True Blue Crew
* United Patriots Front

South America|

* Agrarian Labor Party
* Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
* Argentine Fascist Party
* Argentine Nationalist Action
* Argentine Patriotic League
* Bolivian Socialist Falange
* Brazilian Integralism
* Brazilian Integralist Action
* Brazilian Integralist Front
* Falangism in Latin America
* Female Peronist Party
* Iron Guard (Argentina)
* Nacionalismo
* National Fascist Party (Argentina)
* National Fascist Union
* Nationalist Liberation Alliance
* National Liberation Movement
* National Socialist Movement of Chile
* National Universitary Concentration
* New Triumph Party
* Patriot Front (Argentina)
* Popular Dignity
* Popular Freedom Alliance
* Popular Representation Party
* Popular Socialist Vanguard
* Republican League
* La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia
* Revolutionary Union
* Tacuara Nationalist Movement

People

| Australia|

* Campbell (Eric)
* Campbell (Graeme)
* Cottrell
* Groot
* Mills
* Saleam

|

Austria|

* Dollfuss
* Miklas
* Pfrimer
* Planetta
* Schuschnigg
* Seyss-Inquart
* Starhemberg

Belgium|

* Daye
* Declercq
* Degrelle
* Denis
* Elias
* Eriksson
* Hermans
* Lagrou
* Poulet
* Severen
* Streel
* van de Wiele

Croatia|

* Boban
* Francetić
* Kraljević
* Kvaternik
* Luburić
* Pavelić
* Pavičić
* Rover
* Servatzy

Finland|

* Helanen
* Isotalo
* Kalsta
* Konkka
* Kosola
* Orko
* Simojoki
* Somersalo
* Törni
* Varjonen

France|

* Augier
* Bardèche
* Benoist-Méchin
* Béraud
* Brasillach
* Bucard
* Châteaubriant
* Déat
* Déroulède
* Dior
* Doriot
* La Rochelle
* Lagardelle
* Laval
* Pétain
* Rebatet
* Myatt
* Valois
* Vial

Germany|

* Abetz
* Andrae
* Baeumler
* Berchtold
* Berger
* Best
* Brunner
* Bühler
* Darré
* Falkenhausen
* Hocke
* Feder
* Forster
* Frank
* Franz V
* Gesche
* Goebbels
* Göring
* Graf
* Greiser
* Günther
* Hanke
* Heiden
* Hess
* Heydrich
* Himmler
* Hitler
* Klintzsch
* Kuhn
* Kühnen
* Ludendorff
* Maurice
* Müller
* Niekisch
* Ploetz
* Rahn
* Reitsch
* Remer
* Renthe-Fink
* Ribbentrop
* Rieger
* Rosenberg
* Schmitt
* Schreck
* Skorzeny
* Strasser (Gregor)
* Strasser (Otto)
* Streicher
* Terboven
* Thadden
* Krosigk
* Zündel

Greece|

* Dragoumis
* Kasidiaris
* Koryzis
* Lagos
* Michaloliakos
* Papadopoulos

India|

* Advani
* Bose
* Godse
* Golwalkar
* Hedgewar
* Modi
* Mukherjee
* Savarkar
* Vajpayee

Iran|

* Forouhar
* Kashani
* Monshizadeh
* Pezeshkpour
* Teymourtash

Israel|

* Ahimeir
* Ben-Ari
* Ben-Gvir
* Eldad
* Eliyahu
* Goldstein
* Gopstein
* Greenberg
* Ha'ivri
* Heruti
* Kahane
* Marzel
* Natan-Zada
* Stern
* Yeivin

Italy|

* Acerbo
* Alfieri
* Ambris
* D'Annunzio
* Azara
* Badoglio
* Balbo
* Torrente Ballester
* Bastianini
* Bianchi
* Boni
* Bono
* Boselli
* Bottai
* Ciano (Costanzo)
* Ciano (Galeazzo)
* Cogni
* Corradini
* Evola
* Freda
* Gentile
* Giuriati
* Gozi
* Grandi
* Graziani
* Guidi
* Malaparte
* Marinetti
* Michels
* Morgagni
* Mussolini
* Olivetti
* Panunzio
* Papini
* Pavolini
* Rauti
* Ricci
* Ridruejo
* Rocco
* Rossoni
* Sarfatti
* Soffici
* Spirito
* Volpi

Japan|

* Akao
* Araki
* Chō
* Hashimoto
* Honjō
* Kita
* Kodama
* Matsuoka
* Nonaka
* Ōkawa
* Sasakawa

Romania|

* Antonescu
* Bacaloglu
* Codreanu
* Crainic
* Cuza
* Gigurtu
* Goga
* Manoilescu
* Moța
* Ogoranu
* Sima

Russia|

* Ayo
* Astroŭski
* Barkashov
* Borovikov
* Dugin
* Dugina
* Ilyin
* Kaminski
* Kuryokhin
* Letov
* Limonov
* Martsinkevich
* Milchakov
* Oktan
* Prilepin
* Prokhanov
* Rodzaevsky
* Stojadinović
* Zhirinovsky

Spain|

* Arrese
* Bau Nolla
* Bilbao Eguía
* Carrero Blanco
* Fernández-Cuesta
* Franco
* Franco y Polo
* Giménez Caballero
* Primo de Rivera
* Ramos
* Sánchez Mazas
* Serrano Suñer

Ukraine|

* Bandera
* Biletsky
* Dontsov
* Gubarev
* Klyachkivsky
* Lebed
* Rebet
* Samchuk
* Shukhevych
* Stetsko
* Tyahnybok
* Vitrenko

United Kingdom|

* Beckett
* Chamberlain
* Chesterton
* Griffin
* Jordan
* Leese
* Mosley (Diana)
* Mosley (Oswald)
* Pankhurst
* Pearson
* Ramsay
* Southgate
* Tyndall
* Wellesley

United States|

* Abascal
* Anglin
* Auernheimer
* Biggs
* Black
* Butler
* Carto
* Collins
* Dilling
* Duke
* Enoch
* Frankhouser
* Fuentes
* Garza
* Graves
* Heimbach
* Hall
* Invictus
* Jones
* Joyce
* Kessler
* Lane
* LaRouche
* Lindbergh
* MacDonald
* Mason
* Metzger
* Miller
* Mills
* Minadeo
* Mullins
* Nordean
* Patsalos
* Pelley
* Pierce
* Pound
* Rockwell
* Rubin
* Smith
* Spencer
* Strom
* Tarrio
* Thomson
* Trump
* Vonsyatsky
* Yockey

Other|

* Arana Osorio
* Arcand
* D'Aubuisson
* Bahçeli
* Blythe
* Bushati
* Caetano
* Carrasco
* Castillo Armas
* Celmiņš
* Cerro
* Clausen
* Coughlin
* Devi
* O'Duffy
* Ďurčanský
* Frashëri
* al-Gaylani
* Genoud
* Gömbös
* Gustloff
* Hácha
* Hamidov
* Hamsun
* Hlinka
* al-Husayni
* al-Husseini
* Lee
* Linderman
* Ljotić
* Lugones
* Lukov
* Mach
* Madero
* Martínez
* Merlika-Kruja
* Noreika
* Piasecki
* Perón
* Phibunsongkhram
* Preto
* Puyi
* Quisling
* Ramírez
* Rhee
* Riva-Agüero y Osma
* Rupnik
* Saadeh
* Salgado
* Sayigh
* Šešelj
* Szálasi
* Terre'Blanche
* Tiso
* Tsankov
* Vikernes
* Wang
* Weinstein

Works

| Literature|

* 1776 Returns
* La Conquista del Estado
* The Culture of Critique
* Defiance
* Did Six Million Really Die?
* The Doctrine of Fascism
* Fascist Manifesto
* For My Legionaries
* The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia
* The Fourth Political Theory
* Hitlers Zweites Buch
* Hunter
* Impeachment of Man
* Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics
* An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
* Kokutairon and Pure Socialism
* The Last Will of a Russian Fascist
* Manifesto of Race
* Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals
* Mein Kampf
* My Autobiography
* My Life
* The Myth of the Twentieth Century
* OPROP!
* Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World
* Protestantische Rompilger
* A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century
* Siege
* The Turner Diaries
* A Warning to the Hindus
* Who Are the Mind Benders?

|

Periodicals|

* Action
* Ajan Suunta
* L'Alba
* El Alcázar
* The American Review
* Der Angriff
* Arriba
* The Blackshirt
* La Conquista del Estado
* The Daily Stormer
* Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
* Das Deutsche Mädel
* La Difesa della Razza
* Eleftheros Kosmos
* The European
* Fashist
* Fashizmi
* La France au travail
* Fritt Folk
* Fronten
* Gândirea
* Gioventù Fascista
* Golden Dawn
* Hamaas
* Hrvatski Domobran
* Je suis partout
* Kangura
* Kansallissosialisti
* Limonka
* Masada2000
* Münchener Beobachter
* Nash Put'
* Nástup
* Nation Europa
* Neue Anthropologie
* Neues Volk
* Het Nieuwe Volk
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Novopress
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Organiser
* Panchjanya
* Panzerbär
* Parole der Woche
* Le Pays Réel
* Der Pimpf
* Il Popolo d'Italia
* Das Reich
* Revue d'histoire du fascisme
* Das Schwarze Korps
* Sfarmă-Piatră
* Signal
* Siniristi
* Spearhead
* Der Stürmer
* Türkische Post
* Der Umbruch
* Vairas
* Vlajka
* Volk en Staat
* Völkischer Beobachter
* Die Wehrmacht
* Wochenspruch der NSDAP

Film|

* L'Armata Azzurra
* Bengasi
* Condottieri
* The Daughter of the Samurai
* Erbkrank
* Europa: The Last Battle
* The Great Appeal
* The Old Guard
* Raza
* Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal
* Der Sieg des Glaubens
* The Siege of the Alcazar
* Lo squadrone bianco
* Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht
* Triumph of the Will

Other|

* Allach
* Ethnic Cleansing

Related topics|

* Art of the Third Reich
* Fascist architecture
* Heroic realism
* Hindutva pop
* Nazi architecture
* Nazism and cinema

Organizations

| Institutional|

* Ahnenerbe
* Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
* Grand Council of Fascism
* Imperial Way Faction
* Italian Nationalist Association
* National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise
* Quadrumvirs

|

Activist|

* Adelaide Institute
* Agrarian Trade Union Federation
* The Britons
* Casuals United
* DeVlag
* European Social Movement
* Finnish Realm Union
* Francisco Franco National Foundation
* Friends of New Germany
* German American Bund
* GRECE
* The Link
* Mladorossi
* National Party of Europe
* National Policy Institute
* National Popular Consciousness
* People's Party Our Slovakia
* Popular Force Party
* Republic (Slovakia)
* Resistance Records
* Right Club
* Russian Fascist Organization

Youth|

* Adler und Falke
* Albanian Lictor Youth
* Arab Lictor Youth
* Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
* Blue-and-Blacks
* Ethiopian Lictor Youth
* Fascist Union of Youth
* Frente de Juventudes
* Al-Futuwwa
* Gioventù Italiana del Littorio
* Great Japan Youth Party
* Hitler Youth
* Faith and Beauty Society
* Deutsches Jungvolk
* Jungmädelbund
* League of German Girls
* Jeunesse Populaire Française
* Juventudes de Acción Popular
* Korean National Youth Association
* Levente
* Mocidade Portuguesa
* Nationale Jeugdstorm
* National League of Sweden
* National Socialist Liberation Front
* National Youth (Sweden)
* National Youth (Italy)
* National Youth Alliance
* National Youth Organisation (Greece)
* Opera Nazionale Balilla
* Österreichisches Jungvolk
* Patriotic/Eureka Youth League
* Union of Fascist Little Ones
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)
* Ustaše Youth
* Wiking-Jugend
* Youth Front

Paramilitary and terrorist|

* Abhinav Bharat
* Albanian Fascist Militia
* Atomwaffen Division
* Azov Brigade
* Bajrang Dal
* The Base
* Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists
* Black Brigades
* Black Legion
* Blackshirts
* Blueshirts (Canada)
* Blueshirts (Ireland)
* Column 88
* Combat Terrorist Organization
* Confederation of the Nation
* Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar
* Croatian Defence Forces
* Croatian National Resistance
* Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
* Bugojno group
* Einsatzgruppen
* Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Falange Armata
* Falange Militia
* FEAR
* Flemish Guard
* Flemish Legion
* Frontbann
* Gold Shirts
* Hilfspolizei
* Hitler Youth
* Greenshirts (Romania)
* Greyshirts
* Heimwehr
* Hirden
* Hlinka Guard
* Hungarian National Defence Association
* Interbrigades
* Iron Wolf
* Jewish Defense League
* Jewish Defense Organization
* Kataeb Regulatory Forces
* Lăncieri
* Legion Wasa
* Lehava
* Lehi
* Levente
* Makapili
* Mano Blanca
* National Republican Guard
* National Socialism / White Power
* New Guard
* The Order
* Ostmärkische Sturmscharen
* Rodobrana
* Russian Imperial Movement
* Russian National Unity (2000)
* S14
* Schutzstaffel
* Serbian Volunteer Corps
* Sicarii
* Sich Battalion
* Silver Shirts
* Sturmabteilung
* Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
* Terror Against Terror
* Third Klan
* Ukrainian Insurgent Army
* Ukrainian People's Militsiya
* Ustaše Militia
* Volkssport
* Walloon Guard
* Walloon Legion
* Waffen-SS
* Wagner Group
* Rusich Group
* Weerbaarheidsafdeling
* Werwolf
* Westland New Post
* Yokusan Sonendan
* Youth Front

Student|

* Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
* Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista
* Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas
* German Student Union
* National Socialist German Students' League
* Sindicato Español Universitario
* Student Action

International|

* Axis powers
* NSDAP/AO
* ODESSA

History

| 1900s|

* Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust

|

1910s|

* Arditi
* Fascio
* Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Armenian genocide and the Holocaust

1920s|

* March on Rome
* Corfu incident
* Acerbo Law
* Beer Hall Putsch
* Aventine Secession
* Italian economic battles
* Le Faisceau
* 28 May 1926 coup d'état
* Libyan genocide

1930s|

* March of the Iron Will
* November 1932 German federal election
* March 1933 German federal election
* Enabling Act
* Austrian Civil War
* July Putsch
* 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
* Romani Holocaust
* 4th of August Regime
* Anti-Comintern Pact
* Spanish Civil War

1940s|

* World War II
* Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
* The Holocaust
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* End in Italy
* Nuremberg Trials
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