List of ghost towns in Oklahoma

This article is about abandoned settlements in Oklahoma. For supposedly haunted places in Oklahoma, see List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States § Oklahoma.

Collection of maps from the ghost towns documented in Ghost Towns of Oklahoma (first seven images) and Here Today (final image)

The U.S. state of Oklahoma has an estimated two thousand ghost towns. These towns began for a number of reasons, often as liquor towns, boomtowns, or mining towns, with some pre-dating statehood. The population and activity later declined in these locations due to the exhaustion of natural resources, manmade or natural disasters, urbanization, the creation of a water source, or after being bypassed by highways and interstates.

These places vary in their current states with some having completely disappeared while others still have small communities. A small number have also gained notability for other reasons, such as being part of the Tar Creek Superfund site, for existing in an unusual location, or for crimes. The earliest known ghost town in the state was said to have been one by 1839 while the latest were evacuated in 2010.

Contents

* Top
* History
* List of ghost towns

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* V
* W
* Y
* Z

* See also
* Notes
* References
* Further reading
* External links

## History

[edit]

Oklahoma is a U.S. state in the South Central region of the United States. It has the nation's twenty-eighth largest population and ranks twentieth in terms of land area in the United States.[1] There are an estimated two thousand ghost towns within the state.[2] Many of these sites emerged quickly for various reasons. Prior to statehood, these were often "liquor towns" (or "whiskey towns"), located in Oklahoma Territory which served alcohol to adjacent residents of Indian Territory, a then-dry territory. Similarly, towns in the Oklahoma panhandle (then called "No Man's Land") were a place for lawlessness where alcohol was also served to residents of the surrounding towns in Kansas and Texas where it was otherwise prohibited. In later years, after Oklahoma was admitted to the union, several boomtowns were established after the discovery of natural resources, such as oil or petroleum jelly. Several mining towns also took form when lead, zinc, gold, or coal was discovered.[3][4][5][6]

Over time, these towns ceased to exist for a variety of reasons. Some towns diminished as the natural resources were exhausted and the population moved to other locations. The residents in other places frequently relocated to be closer to newly-laid railroad tracks, a post office, a water source, or larger cities. Some towns were abandoned when the townspeople were displaced after manmade and natural disasters such as tornadoes, fires (both wild and arson), floods, sinkholes, or being declared a superfund site. A number of places were also demolished to create artificial lakes and dams. In later years, many towns faded away when they were bypassed by the U.S. Numbered Highway System, and later the Interstate Highway System.[3][4]

Ghost towns in Oklahoma have been extensively researched and documented in two books, both released by the University of Oklahoma Press: Ghost Towns of Oklahoma (1978) by John W. Morris and Here Today: Oklahoma's Ghost Towns, Vanishing Towns, and Towns Persisting Against the Odds (2024) by Jeffrey B. Schmidt. The definition of "ghost town" varies from author to author. Morris, for example, classified them as such if they met one of three criteria: places that no longer exist and have no physical evidence remaining, places in which structures remain but have been abandoned and are unused, or places where the population has decreased eighty percent or more from its peak.[3][4]

Schmidt, meanwhile, had a lower threshold for population decline and placed listed towns into one of five specific categories—Barren Site, Neglected Site, Abandoned Site, Semi-Abandoned Site, or Historic Community—which are used as a methodology to describe the locations' then-statuses. While still covering historic communities in his book, Schmidt did not consider them to meet the criteria of a ghost town. Further definitions of what a ghost town is have been shaped by various other authors whose scope often extends outside of Oklahoma itself.[4]

Oklahoma's ghost towns are in various states of existence. The locations of Autwine and Zincville, among others, have very little to no physical evidence remaining, such as ruins or foundations, and have been reverted for agricultural use. Other locations are similar to those of Gotebo and Warwick and may still have abandoned buildings or even a community that contains businesses, schools, or a local government, and in which citizens reside.[7][8]

A few ghost towns have also become particularly notable in their own right for other reasons. For example, Picher has been referred to as the most toxic town in America,[a] while residents in Texola were classified as both Oklahomans and Texans because the town was surveyed eight different times, often with different results about whether the area actually existed in Oklahoma or Texas.[13] Kenton is known for being the only place in Oklahoma to observe Mountain Time[14] and Shamrock rose to notoriety after it was discovered that local law enforcement were issuing illegal traffic tickets because they were not actually police officers to begin with.[15]

## List of ghost towns

[edit]

* Abandoned church building in Meridian, Oklahoma

* Abandoned duplex housing units in Picher, Oklahoma, the most recent ghost town in Oklahoma

* Abandoned convenience store with an attached gas station in Shamrock, Oklahoma

* Abandoned high school in Skedee, Oklahoma

* Abandoned restaurant and service station in Texola, Oklahoma

List of ghost towns in Oklahoma[b] Town  | Other name(s)  | County  | Existed[c] | Current remnants/status  | Ref(s).

|
|
|
|
|

Incorporated  | Dissolved
Academy | Armstrong Academy,
Chahta Tamaha  | Bryan | 1844  | c. 1921 | Foundations and cemetery  | [16]
Acme | —  | Grady | 1911  | 1930  | Residences and ruins  | [17]
Adamson | —  | Pittsburg | c. early 1900s | 1950  | Residences and grocery stores  | [18]
Addington | —  | Jefferson | 1901  | c. 1930s | Businesses and abandoned structures  | [19]
Afton | —  | Ottawa | 1886  | 1997  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [20][21]
Akins | —  | Sequoyah | 1894  | 1943  | Few residents in an agricultural community  | [22]
Aline | —  | Alfalfa | 1894  | 2000  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [23]
Alluwe | Lightning Creek  | Nowata | c. 1880s | c. 1950s | Current site of Oologah Lake | [24]
Alpha | —  | Kingfisher | 1893  | 1902  | None  | [25][26]
America | —  | McCurtain | 1907  | 1944  | Current site of the Ouachita National Forest | [27][28]
Atwood | Newburg  | Hughes | 1897  | 1967  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [29]
Autwine | Virginia City  | Kay | 1899  | 1930  | None  | [30]
Avard | —  | Woods | 1904  | 2010  | Restaurant, grain elevator, and abandoned structures  | [31][32]
Avery | —  | Lincoln | 1902  | 1957  | Residences and abandoned structures  | [33]
Beer City | White City  | Texas | 1888  | 1890  | Agricultural use  | [34]
Benton | —  | Beaver | c. early 1880s | 1920  | Agricultural use  | [35]
Bernice | Needmore  | Delaware | c. late 1880s | 1941  | Current site of Grand Lake o' the Cherokees | [36]
Bessie | —  | Washita | 1903  | 1950s  | Small community  | [37]
Bickford | —  | Blaine | 1904  | 1929  | Current site of Roman Nose State Park | [38]
Bigheart[d] | —  | Osage | 1905  | 1921  | Few structures  | [39]
Big Cedar | Bigcedar  | LeFlore | 1903  | 1943  | Gas stations and John F. Kennedy monument  | [40]
Blackburn | —  | Pawnee | 1893  | 1960  | Churches and abandoned structures  | [41][42]
Boggy Depot | Old Boggy Depot  | Atoka | 1837  | 1883  | Cemetery  | [43]
Bridgeport | —  | Caddo | 1893  | 1909  | Grocery store  | [44]
Brinkman | —  | Greer | 1910  | 1974  | None  | [45]
Bromide | Juanita,
Zenobia  | Coal | c. early 1900s | 1930  | Grocery store  | [46]
Johnston
Brooksville | Lelian,
Sewell  | Pottawatomie | 1909  | 1955  | Residents and abandoned structures  | [47]
Burke City | —  | Okfuskee | 1901  | c. 1903 | None, flooded by North Canadian River | [48]
Byars | —  | McClain | 1902  | 1964  | Residences and abandoned buildings  | [49]
Caney | —  | Atoka | 1879  | 1960  | Small community  | [50][51]
Cardin[e][f] | Tar River  | Ottawa | 1913  | 1938  | Abandoned  | [53][54]
1983  | 2010
Carter | —  | Beckham | 1900  | 2002  | Small community  | [55]
Catesby | —  | Ellis | 1902  | 1970  | Church  | [56]
Cayuga | —  | Delaware | 1884  | 1913  | Structures  | [57]
Center | —  | Pontotoc | c. mid 1880s | 1900  | Vacant structures  | [58]
Centralia | —  | Craig | c. mid 1890s | c. 1930s | Store, post office, and abandoned structures  | [59]
Cestos | —  | Dewey | 1892  | c. early 1920s | Store and abandoned structures  | [60]
Cherokee Town | —  | Garvin | 1874  | c. mid 1880s | Agricultural use  | [61]
Clearview | Abelincoln,
Lincoln  | Okfuskee | 1889  | 1992  | Residences and abandoned structures  | [62]
Cloud Chief | Tacola  | Washita | 1892  | 1913  | Church and abandoned structures  | [63]
Cold Springs | —  | Kiowa | 1901  | c. 1903 | None, cleared for West Otter Creek  | [64]
Colony | Seger's Colony  | Washita | 1886  | 1941  | Abandoned structures  | [65]
Cooperton | Cooper  | Kiowa | 1899  | c. 1970s | Small community, population of 3  | [66]
Corbett | —  | Cleveland | 1893  | 1930  | Church and abandoned structures  | [67]
Crawford | —  | Roger Mills | 1910  | 1930  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [68]
Cromwell | —  | Seminole | 1923  | 1930  | Small community  | [69]
Cross[g] | —  | Kay | 1893  | 1894  | Unknown  | [70][5]
Denoya | Whizbang  | Osage | 1921  | c. 1930s | Oil rigs and foundations  | [71]
Devol | —  | Cotton | 1907  | 1959  | Small community  | [72]
Doaksville | Fort Towson  | Choctaw | 1820  | c. early 1900s | Cemetery  | [73][74]
Doby Springs[h] | Bellaire  | Harper | 1907  | 1912  | City of Buffalo park and water source  | [75]
Dougherty | Henderson Flat,
Strawberry Flat  | Murray | 1887  | 1993  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [76]
Douglas City | —  | Oklahoma | c. 1890s | c. 1900s | Barren, wooded area  | [77]
Douthat[e] | Century  | Ottawa | 1916  | 1970  | Abandoned  | [78]
Downs | —  | Kingfisher | 1889  | 1900  | Agricultural use  | [79]
Eagle City | Dillon  | Blaine | 1902  | 1960s  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [80][81]
Eagletown | Eagle, Eagle Town  | McCurtain | 1832  | 1920  | Abandoned structures, new eponymous townsite still inhabited  | [82]
Earlsboro | —  | Pottawatomie | 1891  | 1940  | Businesses and abandoned structures  | [83][84]
Eschiti | Eschite  | Tillman | 1907  | 1909  | Cemetery, agricultural use  | [85]
Fallis | Mission  | Lincoln | 1892  | 1970  | Residences and abandoned structures  | [86]
Faxon | Slogan  | Comanche | 1902  | 1995  | Abandoned structures  | [87]
Fay | —  | Dewey | 1894  | 1969  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [88]
Fleetwood | —  | Jefferson | 1885  | 1961  | Farms and abandoned structures  | [89]
Foraker | —  | Osage | 1905  | c. 1930s | Few residences  | [90]
Foss | —  | Washita | c. 1890s | 1977  | Grocery store, gas station, and abandoned structures  | [91]
Francis | Newton  | Pontotoc | 1894  | 1940  | Businesses and abandoned structures  | [92]
Frazer | —  | Jackson | 1886  | 1891  | Agricultural use  | [93]
Frisco | Veteran City  | Canadian | 1889  | 1905  | Only cemetery remains  | [94]
Gene Autry | Berwyn,
Dresden,
Lou  | Carter | 1883  | 1975  | Small community  | [95][96]
Gerty | Guertie,
Raydon  | Hughes | 1893  | 1965  | Abandoned buildings remain  | [97]
Gotebo | —  | Kiowa | 1904  | 1990  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [98]
Gould | Gibson  | Harmon | 1917  | 1990  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [99]
Grand | —  | Ellis | 1892  | 1908  | Landscaping and abandoned structures  | [100]
Grayson | Wildcat  | Okmulgee | 1897  | 1967  | Churches and community building  | [101]
Gray Horse | —  | Osage | 1884  | 1931  | Residences and abandoned structures  | [102]
Hanna | Hasson  | McIntosh | 1902  | 1938  | Schools  | [103]
Hanson | —  | Sequoyah | 1888  | 1910  | Few residences  | [104]
Hastings | —  | Jefferson | 1902  | 1960s  | Small community  | [105][106]
Hess | —  | Jackson | 1889  | 1920  | Abandoned structures  | [107]
Hitchcock | —  | Blaine | 1901  | 1959  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [108]
Hockerville[e] | —  | Ottawa | 1916  | 2010  | Abandoned  | [78]
Hollister | —  | Tillman | 1909  | 1968  | Abandoned structures and ruins  | [109]
Independence | —  | Custer | 1892  | 1922  | None, agricultural use  | [110]
Ingalls | —  | Payne | 1889  | 1938  | Monument  | [111]
Ingersoll | —  | Alfalfa | 1901  | 1942  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [112]
Ioland | —  | Ellis | c. 1890s | c. 1920s | Nothing remains besides cemetery  | [113]
Jefferson | —  | Grant | 1866  | 1974  | Churches and few residents  | [114]
Jumbo | —  | Pushmataha | 1906  | 1950s | Small community  | [115]
Kaw City | —  | Kay | 1902  | 1970  | Current site of Kaw Reservoir | [116]
Kenton | Carrizo,
Florence  | Cimarron | 1886  | 1913  | Museum and post office  | [117][118]
Keokuk Falls | Keokuk  | Pottawatomie | 1891  | 1918  | Abandoned structure  | [119][120]
Knowles | Sands City  | Beaver | 1906  | 1966  | Grocery store and post office  | [121][122]
Kosoma | —  | Pushmataha | 1888  | 1954  | Residences and abandoned structures  | [123]
Lamar | Scott Company Town  | Hughes | 1908  | 1961  | Churches and abandoned structures  | [124]
Lehigh | —  | Coal | 1880  | 1956  | Residences and businesses  | [125]
Lenora | —  | Dewey | 1896  | 1955  | Small community  | [126]
Lima[i] | —  | Seminole | 1904  | 1978  | School and abandoned structures  | [127]
Loco | —  | Stephens | 1890  | early 1980s | Small community and abandoned structures  | [128][129]
Logan | —  | Beaver | 1888  | 1973  | Cemetery and abandoned structures  | [130]
Lookeba | —  | Caddo | 1898  | 1960  | Small community  | [131]
Lost City | —  | Cherokee | early 1890s | 2008  | Small community  | [132][133]
Loveland | Harriston  | Tillman | 1908  | 1968  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [134]
Lovell | Perth  | Logan | 1889  | 1950  | Residences, abandoned structures, and foundations  | [135]
Loyal | Kiel  | Kingfisher | 1894  | 1940  | School, agricultural use  | [136][137]
Lugert | —  | Kiowa | 1901  | 1940  | Ruins, current site of Lake Altus-Lugert | [138]
Macomb | McComb  | Pottawatomie | 1903  | 1950  | Small community  | [139][140]
Maramec | —  | Pawnee | 1901  | 1957  | Small community  | [141]
Marshall | —  | Logan | 1890  | 1976  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [142]
Martha | —  | Jackson | 1889  | 1993  | Few residences and abandoned structures  | [143]
May | —  | Harper | 1896  | 1973  | Post office and abandoned structures  | [144]
Meers | —  | Comanche | 1901  | 1905  | Abandoned structures  | [145]
Meridian | —  | Logan | 1902  | 2000  | Few residences and abandoned structures  | [146][147][148]
Mineral | Mineral City  | Cimarron | 1886  | 1910  | Abandoned structures  | [149]
Moral | Old Moral  | Pottawatomie | 1892  | Unknown  | Only cemetery remains, wooded area  | [5]
Mouser | —  | Texas | 1928  | Unknown[j] | Abandoned  | [150]
Mulhall | —  | Logan | 1889  | 1920  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [151]
Payne
Nash | Nashville  | Grant | 1894  | 1993  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [152]
Navajoe | —  | Jackson | 1887  | 1905  | Cemetery  | [153]
Oakwood | —  | Dewey | 1899  | 1958  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [154]
Oktaha | —  | Muskogee | 1872  | 1920  | Post office and ruins  | [155][156]
Omega | —  | Kingfisher | 1892  | 2009  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [157]
Orlando | —  | Logan | 1893  | 1964  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [158]
Payne
Osage | Osage City  | Osage | 1906  | 1961  | Church and post office  | [159]
Park Hill | —  | Cherokee | 1836  | 1942  | Cemeteries and tourism building  | [160]
Peoria[e] | —  | Ottawa | 1891  | 1941  | Small community  | [161]
Picher[e] | —  | Ottawa | 1916  | 2010  | Chat piles, abandoned structures, and foundations  | [162][54][163]
Pittsburg | —  | Pittsburg | 1909  | 1959  | Small community  | [164]
Port | —  | Washita | 1901  | 1966  | Few structures, agriculture use  | [165]
Putnam | —  | Dewey | 1895  | 1950  | Store, abandoned structures, and foundations  | [166]
Quay | Lawson  | Pawnee | 1894  | 1957  | Few structures  | [167]
Payne
Quinlan | —  | Woodward | 1893  | late 1920s | Church and few structures  | [168]
Reed | —  | Greer | 1892  | 1975  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [169]
Red Bird | Redbird  | Wagoner | 1902  | 1975  | Church and abandoned structures  | [170]
Ringo | —  | Washington | 1889  | 1900  | Hotel  | [171]
Rocky | —  | Washita | 1898  | 1967  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [172]
Roosevelt | —  | Kiowa | 1901  | 1993  | Abandoned structures  | [173]
Rosedale | —  | McClain | 1908  | 1971  | Residences and abandoned structures  | [174]
Sacred Heart | Sacred Heart Mission  | Pottawatomie | 1879  | 1954  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [175]
Santa Fe | —  | Stephens | 1921  | 1950  | Oil rigs and foundations  | [176]
Shamrock | —  | Creek | 1910  | 2010  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [177][178][179]
Silver City | —  | Grady | 1883  | 1890  | Cemetery, agricultural use  | [180]
Skedee | Lamert  | Pawnee | 1902  | 1963  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [181][182][183]
Skullyville | Scullyville  | LeFlore | 1831  | 1917  | Cemetery  | [184]
Slick | —  | Creek | 1920  | 1930  | Small community  | [185]
Sparks | —  | Lincoln | 1902  | 1930s | Small community and abandoned structures  | [186]
Spencerville | —  | Choctaw | 1844  | Unknown  | Small community  | [187]
St. Louis | Simpsonville  | Pottawatomie | 1906  | 1993  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [188]
Stecker | —  | Caddo | 1909  | 1954  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [189]
Strong City | —  | Roger Mills | 1911  | 1956  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [190]
Stuart | Hoyuby  | Hughes | 1896  | 1940  | School and residences  | [191][192]
Sugden | —  | Jefferson | early 1890s | 1955  | Small community and foundations  | [193]
Summit | —  | Muskogee | 1896  | 1959  | Cemeteries  | [194]
Sumner | —  | Noble | 1893  | 1964  | Churches and foundations  | [195]
Tahlonteeskee | —  | Sequoyah | c. 1828–1829 | 1839  | Unknown  | [196]
Taft | —  | Muskogee | 1902  | 1990  | Small community  | [197][198]
Talala | —  | Rogers | 1890  | early 1920s | Small agricultural community  | [199]
Tamaha | —  | Haskell | 1884  | 1964  | Small community  | [200]
Tatums | Tatum  | Carter | 1894  | 1990  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [201][202]
Texola | Texokla,
Texoma  | Beckham | 1901  | 1990  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [203][204]
Terlton | —  | Pawnee | 1894  | 1962  | Small community  | [205]
Three Sands | —  | Kay | 1921  | 1951  | Agricultural use  | [206]
Noble
Vernon | —  | McIntosh | 1910  | 1991  | Residences and abandoned structures  | [207]
Vinson | Francis,
Trotter  | Harmon | 1903  | 1964  | Churches  | [208]
Wanette | Aberline  | Pottawatomie | 1877  | 1930  | Small community and abandoned structures  | [209]
Warwick | —  | Lincoln | 1892  | 1972  | Small community  | [210][211]
Whitefield | —  | Haskell | 1881  | Unknown[k] | Post office, agricultural use  | [213][212]
Willow | —  | Greer | 1899  | 1957  | Churches and restaurants  | [214]
Wirt[l] | Ragtown  | Carter | 1913  | 1972  | Abandoned structures  | [215]
Woodford | Bywater  | Carter | 1870  | 1974  | Abandoned structures  | [216]
Woodville | Harney  | Marshall | 1880  | early 1940s | Current site of Lake Texoma | [217]
Yeager | —  | Hughes | 1902  | 1974  | Few residents  | [218]
Yeldell | —  | Jackson | 1888  | 1908  | Abandoned structures  | [219]
Yewed | —  | Alfalfa | 1898  | 1958  | Residences and abandoned structures  | [220]
Zincville[e] | Berlin,[m]
Schwarz,
St. Louis[n] | Ottawa | 1917  | 1954  | Abandoned  | [78][221]

## See also

[edit]

* List of ghost towns by country

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Attributed to multiple references: [9][10][11][12]
2. ^ Although Oklahoma has an estimated 2,000 ghost towns, the following list only contains entries for locations that can be explicitly verified through a reliable source and have sufficient information to be assumed notable in their own right.
3. ^ The year that the town was officially established or dissolved is listed when available. Some communities were never formally established. In other cases, the listed year may be the earliest or latest year in which a post office, school, railroad, major economic development, or a significant population existed. A year listed does not necessarily imply that the town has been formally dissolved or that the population in that location is zero.
4. ^ Former city limits annexed by Barnsdall[39]
5. ^ a b c d e f Part of the Tar Creek Superfund site[52]
6. ^ After being incorporated in 1913, Cardin was officially dissolved for the first time in 1938. The residents re-incorporated in 1983 before the town was dissolved for a second time in 2010 after federal buyouts by the Environmental Protection Agency.[53]
7. ^ Former city limits annexed by Ponca City[70]
8. ^ Former city limits annexed by Buffalo[75]
9. ^ Consolidated with the nearby town of New Lima[127]
10. ^ By 1975[150]
11. ^ Whitefield is said to have begun declining during the Great Depression.[212]
12. ^ Former city limits annexed by Healdton[215]
13. ^ Not to be confused with Berlin, Roger Mills County, Oklahoma
14. ^ Not to be confused with St. Louis, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Omondi, Sharon (June 13, 2019). "When Was The US State Of Oklahoma Founded?". WorldAtlas. Retrieved March 20, 2025.
2. ^ Ruth, Kent (November 13, 1983). "Oklahoma's Ghost Towns Make for Interesting Outings". The Daily Oklahoman. Gannett Media. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
3. ^ a b c Morris 1978, pp. 3–9.
4. ^ a b c d Schmidt 2024, pp. 1–20.
5. ^ a b c Wilson, Linda D. (January 15, 2010). "Ghost Towns". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 16, 2025. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
6. ^ Shepherd, Dan (April 26, 2024). "Last Residents of Picher, Oklahoma Won't Give Up the Ghost (Town)". NBC News. NBCUniversal Media Group. Archived from the original on December 8, 2024. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
7. ^ Morris 1978.
8. ^ Schmidt 2024.
9. ^ Daniel 2019, p. 5.
10. ^ Dangerfield, Maya (December 7, 2017). "Picher, Oklahoma Is America's Most Toxic Town". Business Insider. Insider Inc. Archived from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
11. ^ Paynter, Ben (August 30, 2010). "Take a Tour of America's Most Toxic Town". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on February 22, 2025. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
12. ^ Valera, Stephanie (March 11, 2016). "Inside an Eerie Ghost Town and 'Most Toxic Place in America' (PHOTOS)". The Weather Channel. The Weather Company. Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
13. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 234–236.
14. ^ Young, Norma Gene (January 15, 2010). "Cimarron County". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 20, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
15. ^ Fullbright, Lori (December 8, 2010). "Police In Shamrock, Oklahoma Writing Illegal Tickets". KOTV. Griffin Media. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
16. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 10–11.
17. ^ Morris 1978, p. 12.
18. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 12–14.
19. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 14–16.
20. ^ Hinckley & Kerrick 2020, pp. 60–63.
21. ^ O'Dell, Larry (January 15, 2010). "Afton". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 13, 2025. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
22. ^ Etter 1996, pp. 167–176.
23. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 243–245.
24. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 16–17.
25. ^ Schmidt 2024, p. 69.
26. ^ Morris 1978, p. 8.
27. ^ Morris 1978, p. 18.
28. ^ Etter 1996, pp. 133–137.
29. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 143–144.
30. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 19–20.
31. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 20–22.
32. ^ Reichenberger, Donovan (January 15, 2010). "Avard". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 22, 2025. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
33. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 22–23.
34. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 24–25.
35. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 25–26.
36. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 26–27.
37. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 189–192.
38. ^ Morris 1978, p. 27.
39. ^ a b Etter 1996, pp. 111–122.
40. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 28–30.
41. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 30–31.
42. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 95–98.
43. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 31–34.
44. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 34–36.
45. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 36–37.
46. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 37–38.
47. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 29–31.
48. ^ Morris 1978, p. 40.
49. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 31–35.
50. ^ Etter 1996, pp. 159–166.
51. ^ Denison, Cindy (January 15, 2010). "Caney". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
52. ^ "EPA - Cleanups in My Community". Environmental Protection Agency. March 5, 2025. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
53. ^ a b Magoteaux, Savannah (January 2020). "Ghost Town – Cardin, Oklahoma". Oklahoma Farm & Ranch. Vol. 5, no. 1\. Post Oak Media.
54. ^ a b Stogsdill, Shelia. "Towns of Picher, Cardin Officially Dissolved". The Oklahoman. Archived from the original on March 3, 2025. Retrieved March 3, 2025.
55. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 192–196.
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### Bibliography

[edit]

* Boykin, Sondra (September 2004). "Caddo County: Stecker". Small Towns, Ghost Memories of Oklahoma: A Photographic Narrative of Hamlets and Villages throughout Oklahoma's Seventy-Seven Counties. By Berry, Sherry; Sperry, Sidney K.; Whitfield, Annie B.; Oklahoma Association of Electric Cooperatives; Oklahoma Living Magazine. Virginia Beach, Virginia: The Donning Company Publishers. ISBN 9781578642755.
* Daniel, Regina (December 9, 2019). Abandoned Picher, Oklahoma: The Most Toxic Town in America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781634991964.
* Etter, Jim Marion (May 14, 1996). Ghost-Town Tales of Oklahoma: Unforgettable Stories of Nearly Forgotten Places. Stillwater, Oklahoma: New Forums Press. ISBN 9780913507742.
* Gorremans, Richard (September 22, 2023). Ghost Towns In Oklahoma - Washington County. ISBN 9798892174268.
* Hinckley, Jim; Kerrick, James (October 27, 2020). Ghost Towns of Route 66: The Forgotten Places Along America's Famous Highway. Beverly, Massachusetts: The Quarto Group. ISBN 9780760369692.
* Morris, John Wesley (March 15, 1978). Ghost Towns of Oklahoma. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806114200.
* Schmidt, Jeffrey B. (May 21, 2024). Here Today: Oklahoma's Ghost Towns, Vanishing Towns, and Towns Persisting Against the Odds. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806193724.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Savage, Cynthia; Hedglen, Thomas (2009). "The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture | Oklahoma Historical Society". In Everett, Dianna; O'Dell, Larry; Wilson, Linda D.; May, Jon D. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society.
* Shirk, George H. (March 15, 1987). Oklahoma Place Names. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806120287.

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