List of human evolution fossils

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The following tables give an overview of notable finds of hominin fossils and remains relating to human evolution, beginning with the formation of the tribe Hominini (the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages) in the late Miocene, roughly 7 to 8 million years ago.

As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare, this overview is not complete, but shows some of the most important findings. The fossils are arranged by approximate age as determined by radiometric dating and/or incremental dating and the species name represents current consensus; if there is no clear scientific consensus the other possible classifications are indicated.

The early fossils shown are not considered ancestors to Homo sapiens but are closely related to ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage. After 1.5 million years ago (extinction of Paranthropus), all fossils shown are human (genus Homo). After 11,500 years ago (11.5 ka, beginning of the Holocene), all fossils shown are Homo sapiens (anatomically modern humans), illustrating recent divergence in the formation of modern human sub-populations.

## Late Miocene (7.2–5.5 million years old)

[edit]

Further information: Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor, Ardipithecus, Sahelanthropus, Homininae, and Hominini

The chimpanzee–human divergence likely took place around 10 to 7 million years ago.[1] The list of fossils begins with Graecopithecus, dated some 7.2 million years ago, which may or may not still be ancestral to both the human and the chimpanzee lineage. For the earlier history of the human lineage, see Timeline of human evolution#Hominidae, Hominidae#Phylogeny.

Image  | Name  | Age (Ma)  | Species  | Year
discovered  | Country  | Discovered by  | Now located at

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| El Graeco  | 7.20[2] | Graecopithecus | 1944, 2017  | Greece, Bulgaria
Site:Pyrgos Vassilissis, Azmaka  | Böhme (Tübingen), Spassov (BAS)  | Met, Athens; Tübingen, Germany
| TM 266 (Toumai) | 7.00–6.00[3] | Sahelanthropus tchadensis | 2001  | Chad
Site:Djurab Desert | Michel Brunet, Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye  | N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC
| BAR 1000'00 | 6.1–5.7[4] | Orrorin tugenensis | 2000  | Kenya
Site:Lukeino  | Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut
| Trachilos footprints | 6.05[5] | Made by hominin or hominin-like primate  | 2002  | Greece | Gerard D. Gierliński  |
| ALA-VP 1/20[6] | 5.65±0.150  | Ardipithecus kadabba | 1997  | Ethiopia
Site:Middle Awash | Yohannes Haile-Selassie |

## Pliocene (5.3–2.58 million years old)

[edit]

Further information: Kenyanthropus, Australopithecus, and Paranthropus

Image  | Name  | Age (Ma)  | Species  | Year
discovered  | Country  | Discovered by  | Now located at

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| Ardi | 4.40[7] | Ardipithecus ramidus | 1994  | Ethiopia | Yohannes Haile-Selassie |
| Lothagam mandible (KNM-LT 329)[8] | 4.60±0.40[9] | Australopithecus anamensis or undetermined Hominidae | 1967  | Kenya | Arnold Lewis,[10] Bryan Patterson[11][12][13] |
| KNM-TH 13150  | 4.70±0.55[14] | Australopithecus anamensis | 1984  | Kenya | Kiptalam Cheboi[11] |
| KNM-KP 271  | 4.00[15] | Australopithecus anamensis | 1965  | Kanapoi, Kenya | Bryan Patterson[11] |
| Laetoli Footprints | 3.70  | Bipedal hominin | 1976  | Tanzania | Mary Leakey |
| LH 4 | 3.40±0.50  | Australopithecus afarensis | 1974  | Laetoli, Tanzania | Mary Leakey[16] |
| KSD-VP-1/1 (Kadanuumuu)  | 3.58  | Australopithecus afarensis | 2005  | Ethiopia | Yohannes Haile-Selassie |
| KT-12/H1 (Abel) | 3.50  | Australopithecus bahrelghazali | 1995  | Chad | Mamelbaye Tomalta and Michel Brunet | N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC
| KNM-WT 22944 G-J[17] | 3.50  | Australopithecus sp.  | 1990  | Kenya | Multinational team  | National Museums of Kenya
| KNM-WT 40000 (Flat Faced Man)[18] | 3.50-3.20  | Kenyanthropus platyops | 1999  | Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), Kenya | Justus Erus and Meave Leakey[19] |
| BRT-VP-3/14  | 3.40±0.10  | Australopithecus deyiremeda | 2015  | Ethiopia  | Yohannes Haile-Selassie[20] |
| Stw 573 (Little foot) | 3.67  | Australopithecus prometheus(?)  | 1994  | Sterkfontein, South Africa | Ronald J. Clarke |
| DIK-1 (Selam) | 3.30  | Australopithecus afarensis | 2000  | Ethiopia | Zeresenay Alemseged |
| AL 288-1 (Lucy) | 3.20  | Australopithecus afarensis | 1974  | Ethiopia | Tom Gray, Donald Johanson, Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb | National Museum of Ethiopia
| AL 200-1 | 3.10±0.10  | Australopithecus afarensis | 1975  | Afar Region, Ethiopia | Donald Johanson Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb |
| AL 129-1 | 3.10±0.10  | Australopithecus afarensis | 1973  | Afar Region, Ethiopia | Donald Johanson |
| AL 444-2[21] | 3.00  | Australopithecus afarensis | 1992  | Afar Region, Ethiopia | Yoel Rak |
| LD 350-1[22] | 2.775±0.025[23] | Homo(?)  | 2013  | Ethiopia | Chalachew Seyoum |
| Taung Child 1 | 3.03–2.61  | Australopithecus africanus | 1924  | Buxton-Norlim Limeworks, South Africa  | Raymond Dart | University of the Witwatersrand

## Pleistocene

[edit]

### Lower Paleolithic: 2.58–0.3 million years old

[edit]

Further information: Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo, and Homo erectus

| Name  | Age (Ma)  | Species  | Date
discovered  | Country  | Discovered by  | Now located at

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|
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| KNM-WT 17000
(The Black Skull) | 2.50  | Paranthropus aethiopicus | 1985  | Kenya | Alan Walker |
| BOU-VP-12/130[24] | 2.50  | Australopithecus garhi | 1997  | Ethiopia | Yohannes Haile-Selassie |
| STS 71[25] | 2.61–2.07  | Australopithecus africanus | 1947  | Sterkfontein, South Africa | Robert Broom and John T. Robinson | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
| STS 52 | 2.61–2.07  | Australopithecus africanus | 1947  | Sterkfontein, South Africa | Robert Broom | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
| UR 501 (Uraha jawbone)  | 2.40±0.10  | Homo rudolfensis[26] | 1991  | Malawi | Tyson Msiska, Timothy Bromage, Friedemann Schrenk  |
| STS 5 (Mrs. Ples)
(STS 14)[27] | 2.07[28] | Australopithecus africanus | 1947  | Sterkfontein, South Africa | Robert Broom | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
| DNH 134 (Simon)[29] | 2.04[29] | Homo erectus | 2015  | Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa | Andy Herries' team (excavated by Richard Curtis, Andy Herries, Angeline Leece; reconstructed by Jesse Martin)  | University of the Witwatersrand
| DNH 155[30] | 2.04–1.95  | Paranthropus robustus | 2018  | Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa  | Andy Herries and Stephanie Baker's team (first found by Samantha Good and excavated by Samantha Good, Angeline Leece, Stephanie Baker and Andy Herries; reconstructed by Jesse Martin)  | University of the Witwatersrand
| DNH 152[29](Khethi)  | 2.04–1.95[29] | Paranthropus robustus | 2018  | Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa  | Andy Herries and Stephanie Baker's team (first part found by Khethi Nkosi. later parts by Amber Jaeger, Eunice Lalunio; reconstructed by Jesse Martin & Angeline Leece)  | University of the Witwatersrand
| DNH 7
(Eurydice)[31] | 2.04–1.95[29] | Paranthropus robustus | 1994  | Drimolen, Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa | R. Smith and André Keyser | University of the Witwatersrand
| KNM-ER 64060  | 2.03  | Homo habilis | 2012  | Ileret, Kenya |  |
| KNM-ER 64061  | 2.02  | Homo erectus | 2012-2013  | Ileret, Kenya |  |
| TM 1517[32] | 2.0  | Paranthropus robustus | 1938  | South Africa | Gert Terblanche  | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
| MH1 (Karabo)[33][34] | 1.98[35] | Australopithecus sediba | 2008  | Malapa, South Africa | Matthew Berger and Lee Rogers Berger | University of the Witwatersrand
| KNM-ER 1813 | 1.90  | Homo habilis | 1973  | Kenya | Kamoya Kimeu |
| KNM-ER 1470 | 1.90  | Homo rudolfensis | 1972  | Kenya | Bernard Ngeneo[36] |
| SK 48 | 2.25–1.80  | Paranthropus robustus | 1948  | Swartkrans, South Africa | Robert Broom | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
| SK 46[37] | 2.25–1.80  | Paranthropus robustus | 1949  | Swartkrans, South Africa | Robert Broom | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
| SK 847[38] | 2.25–1.80  | Homo habilis | 1949  | Swartkrans, South Africa |  | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
| OH 24
(Twiggy)[39] | 1.80  | Homo habilis | 1968  | Tanzania | Peter Nzube  |
| OH 8[40] | 1.80  | Homo habilis | 1960  | Olduvai, Tanzania |  |
| D2700 (Dmanisi Skull 3)  | 1.81±0.40[41] | Homo erectus | 2001  | Dmanisi, Georgia | David Lordkipanidze and Abesalom Vekua  |
| D3444 (Dmanisi Skull 4)  | 1.81±0.40  | Homo erectus | 2003  | Dmanisi, Georgia | David Lordkipanidze |
| D4500 (Dmanisi Skull 5)  | 1.81±0.40  | Homo erectus | 2005 (published in 2013)  | Dmanisi, Georgia | David Lordkipanidze |
| KNM-ER 62000–62003[42] | 1.84±0.60  | Homo rudolfensis | 2012  | Koobi Fora, Kenya | Meave Leakey's team  |
| KNM-ER 64062  | 1.84±0.02  | Homo erectus | 2013  | Ileret, Kenya |  |
| OH 5
(Zinj or
nutcracker man) | 1.75  | Paranthropus boisei | 1959  | Tanzania | Mary Leakey |
| OH 7 | 1.75  | Homo habilis | 1960  | Tanzania | Jonathan Leakey  |
| StW 53  | 1.8–1.6[28] | variously A. africanus, H. habilis, H. gautengensis | 1976  | Sterkfontein, South Africa | A. R. Hughes | University of the Witwatersrand
| KNM-ER 1805 | 1.74  | Homo habilis | 1973/4  | Kenya | Paul Abell  |
| Yuanmou Man | 1.70
or 0.60–0.50
(disputed)[43] | Homo erectus | 1965  | China | Fang Qian |
| KNM-ER 406 | 1.70  | Paranthropus boisei | 1969  | Kenya | Richard Leakey |
| KNM-ER 732[44] | 1.70  | Paranthropus boisei | 1970  | Kenya | Richard Leakey |
| KNM-ER 23000[45] | 1.70  | Paranthropus boisei | 1990  | Koobi Fora, Kenya | Benson Kyongo  |
| KNM-WT 17400[46][47] | 1.70  | Paranthropus boisei | Not known[48] | Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana) Kenya | unknown[48] | National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi (Kenia)
| KNM-ER 3733 | 1.63±0.15[49] | Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)  | 1975  | Kenya |  |
| Lantian Man | 1.62±0.03  | Homo erectus | 1963  | Lantian County, China | Woo Ju-Kang  |
| KNM-WT 15000
(Turkana Boy) | 1.60  | Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)  | 1984  | Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), Kenya | Kamoya Kimeu | Kenya National Museum
| Peninj Mandible | 1.50  | Paranthropus boisei | 1964  | Tanzania | Richard Leakey |
| Ileret Footprints  | 1.50  | Homo erectus | 2007-2014  | Ileret, Kenya |  |
| KNM-ER 992 | 1.50  | Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)  | 1971  | Kenya | Richard Leakey |
| KNM-ER 3883 | 1.57±0.08  | Homo erectus | 1976  | Kenya | Richard Leakey |
| Mojokerto 1
(Mojokerto child) | 1.43±0.10  | Homo erectus | 1936  | Indonesia | Andojo, G.H.R. von Koenigswald |
| BL02-J54-100[50] | 1.40  | Similar to H. heidelbergensis | Unknown  | Spain | Unknown  |
| KGA 10-525[51][52] | 1.40  | Paranthropus boisei | 1993  | Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia | A. Amzaye |
| OH 9
(Chellean Man)[53] | 1.40  | Homo erectus | 1960  | Olduvai, Tanzania | Louis Leakey |
| Sima del Elephante maxilla[54] | 1.40  | Homo erectus?  | 2022  | Spain |  |
| OH 80 | 1.34  | Paranthropus boisei | 2010  | Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania | Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo | National Museum of Tanzania
| ATE9-1[55] | 1.20  | Homo sp. or Homo erectus?[54] | 2008  | Spain | Eudald Carbonell | Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
| Kocabaş | 1.10[56] | Homo erectus[57] | 2002  | Turkey | M. Cihat Alçiçek |
| Daka | 1.00  | Homo erectus | 1997  | Ethiopia | Henry Gilbert |
| Sangiran 4 | 1.00  | Homo erectus | 1939  | Indonesia | G.H.R. von Koenigswald |
| Sangiran 2 | 1.15±0.45  | Homo erectus | 1937  | Indonesia | G.H.R. von Koenigswald |
| Madam Buya[58] | 1.00  | Homo erectus | 1997  | Eritrea | Ernesto Abbate | National Museum of Eritrea
| ATD6-15 and ATD6-69

(Niño de la Gran Dolina 342)

| 0.900[59] | Homo antecessor

Homo erectus | 1994  | Spain | Bermúdez & Arsuaga | Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
| Trinil 2
Pithecanthropus-1

Java Man[60] | 0.850±0.150  | Homo erectus | 1891  | Indonesia | Eugène Dubois | Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden
| Ternifine 2-3 now Tighennif[61] | 0.70  | Homo erectus | 1954  | Algeria | C. Arambourg & B. Hoffstetter  |
| Sangiran 17[62] | 0.70  | Homo erectus | 1969  | Indonesia | S. Sartono  |
| Peking Man | 0.73±0.50[63] | Homo erectus | 1921  | China | Davidson Black | Lost/stolen
| Heidel  | 0.60  | Homo Aeserniensis

or Homo Heidelbergensis

| 2014  | Italy |  | National Paleolithic Museum of Isernia
| Nanjing Man | 0.60±0.02  | Homo erectus | 1993  | China | Liu Luhong  |
| Bodo[64] | 0.600  | Homo heidelbergensis

Homo erectus | 1976  | Ethiopia | A. Asfaw |
| Benjamina[65][66] | 0.53  | Homo neanderthalensis[67] | 2001-2001  | Spain | Ana Gracia Téllez  |
| Mauer 1
(Heidelberg Man) | 0.50  | Homo heidelbergensis | 1907  | Germany | Daniel Hartmann  | Heidelberg University
| Saldanha man[68] | 0.50  | Homo rhodesiensis | 1953  | South Africa |  |
| Boxgrove Man | 0.50[69] | Homo heidelbergensis | 1994  | UK |  | Natural History Museum
| Arago 21
(Tautavel Man) | 0.45  | Homo erectus | 1971  | France | Henry de Lumley |
| Ceprano Man[70][71] | 0.450±0.050  | Homo cepranensis
/Homo heidelbergensis | 1994  | Ceprano, Italy  | Italo Biddittu | Servizio di antropologia, Soprintendenza ai beni culturali, Regione Lazio, Italy
| Agamenón[72] | 0.43  | Homo neanderthalensis[67] | 1997  | Spain | Paleontological teams  | Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
| Miguelón | 0.40  | Homo neanderthalensis[67] | 1992  | Spain | Bermúdez, Arsuaga & Carbonell | Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
| Aroeira 3 | 0.40  | Homo heidelbergensis | 2014  | Portugal | João Zilhão [de] | Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, Lisbon
| Salé cranium[73][74][75] | 0.40-0.20  | Homo sapiens?[76] | 1971  | Morocco | Quarry worker  |
| Swanscombe Man[77] | 0.40  | Homo neanderthalensis | 1935, 1936, 1955  | UK | Alvan T Marston, John J Wymer and Adrian Gibson  | Natural History Museum
| Ndutu[78][79] | 0.45±.04  | Homo neanderthalensis affinities  | 1973  | Tanzania | A.A. Mturi  |
| Hexian Man[80][81] | 0.412±0.025[82] | Homo erectus | 1980-1981[83] | Hexian, China |  |
| BH-1  | 0.40[84] | Homo heidelbergensis |  | Mala Balanica, Serbia |  |
| Gawis cranium | 0.350±0.150  | Homo erectus/Homo sapiens | 2006  | Ethiopia | Asahmed Humet |
| Steinheim Skull | 0.35  | Homo heidelbergensis | 1933  | Germany |  |
| Dinaledi Chamber hominins | 0.325±0.090[85] | Homo naledi | 2013  | South Africa | Rick Hunter and Steven Tucker  | University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa)
| Montmaurin-La Niche mandible | ~0.25  | Homo heidelbergensis | 1949  | Haute-Garonne, France | Louis Mèroc  | Musée de l'Homme

### Middle Paleolithic: 300,000–50,000 years old

[edit]

Further information: Middle Stone Age, Southern Dispersal, Archaic humans, and Anatomically modern humans

| Name  | Age (ka)  | Species  | Year
discovered  | Country  | Discovered by  | Now located at

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| Dragon Man | 309–138  | Homo longi | 1933  | China |  | Hebei GEO University
| Broken Hill 1
(Kabwe 1, Rhodesian Man)  | 299±25[86] | Homo rhodesiensis (Homo heidelbergensis)  | 1921  | Zambia | Tom Zwiglaar  |
| Jebel Irhoud 1–5 | 315±32[87] | Homo sapiens | 2017  | Morocco | INSAP  |
| Samu[88] | 275±25  | Homo heidelbergensis | 1964  | Hungary | László Vértes  |
| Dali Man[89] | 260±20[90] | Homo daliensis | 1978  | China | Shuntang Liu  |
| Jinniushan | 260-200 ka[91] | Homo longi Homo daliensis | 1984  | China[92] | Paleolithic Archeology Student Excavation Team[92] |
| Florisbad Skull | 259±35  | early Homo sapiens
or Homo heidelbergensis
or Homo helmei | 1932  | South Africa | T. F. Dreyer, G. Venter  |
| Galilee Man | 250±50  | Homo heidelbergensis | 1925  | Israel | Francis Turville-Petre |
| Coupe-Gorge[93] | 250  | Homo heidelbergensis | 1949  | France | Raoul Cammas  |
| Montmaurin-La Niche mandible[94] | 250  | Homo heidelbergensis | 1949  | France | Raoul Cammas  | Musée de l'Homme
| Saccopastore 1 | 250[95] | Homo neanderthalensis | 1929  | Grotta Guattari / Italy | Mario Grazioli  |
| Saccopastore 2[96] | 250  | Homo neanderthalensis | 1935  | Grotta Guattari / Italy | Henry Breuil and Alberto Carlo Blanc |
| Narmada Cranium | 236-46  | Homo erectus or Homo sapiens |  | Narmada River, India
| Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site, Denbighshire, Wales  | 230  | Homo neanderthalensis | 1981  | Wales, UK |  |
| Apidima 1
(LAO 1/S1)  | 210[97] | Homo sapiens | 1978  | Apidima Cave / Greece | Theodore Pitsios[98] |
| Petralona 1 | 200±40[99] | Homo heidelbergensis (uncertain)  | 1960  | Greece |  |
| Omo remains | 233±22[100] or 195±5[101] | Homo sapiens | 1967  | Ethiopia | Richard Leakey |
| Laterite Baby  | 190(?)[102] | H. erectus

H. sapiens | 2001  | Tamil Nadu, India | P Rajendran  |
| Misliya-1 | 187±13[103] | Homo sapiens | 2002  | Israel | Israel Hershkovitz  |
| Apidima 2
(LAO 1/S2)  | 170[97] | Homo neanderthalensis | 1978  | Apidima Cave / Greece | Theodore Pitsios[98] |
| Penghu 1 | 160±30 or 40±30[104] | Denisovan?[105][106][107] | c. 2008 | Taiwan |  | National Museum of Natural Science
| Herto remains[108] | 160  | Homo sapiens | 1997  | Ethiopia | Tim White |
| Xiahe mandible | 160[109] | Denisovan | 1980  | China |  |
| Altamura Man | 151±21[110] | Homo neanderthalensis | 1993  | Italy |  | in situ
| Nesher Ramla Homo | 140±120  | Nesher Ramla Homo

Homo neanderthalensis | 2021  | Israel | Israel Hershkovitz  |
| Maba Man | 140±120  | early modern human,

Homo neanderthalensis

Denisovan

| 1958  | Shaogun, China |  | Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology
| Callao Man
(CCH9)  | 134±14[111] | Homo luzonensis | 2011–2015  | Callao Cave, Philippines | Florent Détroit & Armand Mijares |
| EH 06 | 132–88  | Homo sapiens ?  | 2002–2006  | Lake Eyasi, Tanzania | Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo |
| LH 18  | 120±30  | Homo sapiens | 1976  | Ngaloba beds at Laetoli, Tanzania | Mary Leakey[112] |
| Tabun C1[113] | 120  | Homo neanderthalensis | 1967  | Israel | Arthur Jelinek  |
| Sarstedt (Sst) I-III[114] | 115-58 ka  | Homo neanderthalensis?  | 1997-1999  | Germany | Frangenberg brothers  |
| Krapina 3[115] | 113.5±13.5[116] | Homo neanderthalensis | 1899  | Croatia | Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger |
| Ngandong 7 | 112[117] | Homo erectus | 1931  | Indonesia | C. ter Haar and G. H. R. von Koenigswald |
| Denisova 8 | 110[118][119] | Denisovan | 2010  | Russia |  |
| Qafzeh 6[120] | 95±5[116] | Homo sapiens | 1930  | Israel | R. Neuville, M. Stekelis  |
| Qafzeh 9 | 100–90[116] | Homo sapiens[121][122] | 1933  | Israel | B. Vandermeersch  |
| Scladina | 103±23[116] | Homo neanderthalensis | 1993  | Belgium |  |
| Skhul 5 | 100±20  | Homo sapiens | 1933  | Israel | T. McCown and H. Moivus Jr.  |
| Skhul 9 | 100±20  | Homo sapiens |  | Israel |  |
| Klasies River Caves[123] | 100±25  | Homo sapiens | 1960  | South Africa | Ray Inskeep, Robin Singer, John Wymer, Hilary Deacon  |
| Eve's footprints | 117  | Homo sapiens | 1995  | South Africa | David Roberts & Lee R. Berger |
| Liujiang man | 113.5±45.5  | Homo sapiens | 1958  | China |  |
| Denny[124][125][126] | 90  | Hybrid – (Homo neanderthalensis/Denisovan)  | 2012  | Denisova Cave / Siberia / Russia | Viviane Slon & Svante Pääbo | Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Leipzig, Germany)
| Panga ya Saidi[127] | 78.3±4.1  | Homo sapiens | 2021  | Kenya |  |
| Obi-Rakhmat 1[128] | 75[116] | Homo neanderthalensis | 2003  | Uzbekistan |  |
| Teshik-Tash Skull[129] | 70  | Homo neanderthalensis | 1938  | Uzbekistan | A. Okladnikov  |
| La Ferrassie 1 | 70  | Homo neanderthalensis | 1909  | France | R. Capitan and D. Peyrony  |
| Shanidar 1 | 70±10  | Homo neanderthalensis | 1961  | Iraq | Ralph Solecki |
| Sambungmacan (Sm) 1-4 | 70- 40[130] | Homo erectus | 1973-2001[130] | Indonesia | Construction and fossil collectors[130] |
| Callao Man
(CCH1)  | 66.7±1[111] | Homo luzonensis | 2007  | Callao Cave, Philippines | Florent Détroit & Armand Mijares |
| La Quina 5[131] | 65  | Homo neanderthalensis |  | France |  |
| La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 | 60  | Homo neanderthalensis | 1908  | France | A. and J. Bouyssonie and L. Bardon  |
| Kebara 2 (Moshe)[132] | 60  | Homo neanderthalensis | 1983  | Israel | Lynne Schepartz  |
| Amud 7[133] | 55±5  | Homo neanderthalensis |  | Israel |  |
| LB 1 (Hobbit) | 55±5  | Homo floresiensis | 2003  | Liang Bua, Indonesia | Peter Brown  |
| Manot 1 | 55  | Homo sapiens | 2008  | Israel | [134] |
| La Quina 18[citation needed] | 52.5±7.5[116] | Homo neanderthalensis |  | France |  |
| Tam Pa Ling Cave[135] | 54.5±8.5[135][136] | Homo sapiens | 2009  | Laos |  |

### Upper Paleolithic: 50,000–11,500 years old

[edit]

Further information: Archaic humans, Anatomically modern humans, Archaic admixture, Recent human evolution, and Epipalaeolithic

Further information: European early modern humans § Assemblages and fossils

| Name  | Age (ka)  | Species  | Date
discovered  | Country  | Discovered by  | Now located at

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Mungo Man | 50±10  | Homo sapiens | 1974  | Australia |  |
| Mt. Circeo 1[137] | 50±10  | Homo neanderthalensis | 1939  | Italy | Prof. Blanc  |
| SID-00B  | 49.2±2.5[138] | Homo neanderthalensis | 1994  | Sidrón Cave, Spain |  |
| Simanya Neanderthals[139] | 49-42  | Homo neanderthalensis | 1978-1979, 2022  | Simanya cave, Spain  | Miguel Aznar  | Archaeology Museum of Catalonia
| Callao Man
(CCH6a–e)  | 49.6±1.2[111] | Homo luzonensis | 2011–2015  | Callao Cave, Philippines | Florent Détroit & Armand Mijares |
| Tabon tibia
(IV-2000-T-197)  | 47±11  | Homo sapiens | 2000  | Tabon Caves, Philippines |  | National Museum of Anthropology[140]
| Ust'-Ishim man | 45  | Homo sapiens | 2008  | Russia | Nikolai Peristov  |
| Kents Cavern 4 maxilla | 43.5±2.5  | Homo sapiens | 1927  | UK |  |
| Zlatý kůň woman | 43  | Homo sapiens | 1950  | Czech Republic |  |
| Tianyuan man | 40.5±1.5  | Homo sapiens | 2007  | China |  |
| Amud 1[141] | 41[142] | Homo neanderthalensis | 1961  | Israel | Hisashi Suzuki |
| Neanderthal 1[143] | 40  | Homo neanderthalensis | 1856  | Germany | Johann Carl Fuhlrott |
| Denisova hominin (X-Woman)  | 40  | Homo sp. Altai | 2008  | Russia | Johannes Krause, et al. |
| hominin toe bone | 40  | Homo sp. Altai (possible Neanderthal–Denisovan hybrid)  | 2010  | Russia |  |
| Oase 1 | 42–37[144] | Homo sapiens (EEMH x Neanderthal hybrid)  | 2002  | Romania |  |
| Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora) | 40–37[145] | Homo sapiens (EEMH)  | 1954  | Russia |  |
| SID-20[146] | 37.30±0.83[138] | Homo neanderthalensis | 1994  | Sidrón Cave, Spain |  |
| Balangoda Man | 37  | Homo sapiens | 2012  | Sri Lanka |  |
| Hofmeyr Skull | 36  | Homo sapiens | 1952  | South Africa |  |
| Wadjak 1[147] | 33±4.5[148] | Homo sapiens (proto-Australoid[149])  | 1888  | Indonesia |  |
| Red Lady of Paviland | 33  | Homo sapiens | 1823  | Wales, UK | William Buckland |
| Yamashita-Cho Man | 32  | Homo sapiens | 1962  | Japan |  |
| Engis 2 | 40±10[116][150] | Homo neanderthalensis | 1829  | Belgium | Philippe-Charles Schmerling |
| Gibraltar 1 | 40±10[116] | Homo neanderthalensis | 1848  | Gibraltar | Captain Edmund Flint |
| Le Moustier | 40±10  | Homo neanderthalensis | 1909  | France |  |
| Denisovan tooth | 40±10  | Homo sp. Altai | 2000  | Russia |  |
| PES-2  | 38.9–92  | Uncertain, possibly Homo neanderthalensis |  | Serbia  |  |
| PES-1[151] | 31–29  | Uncertain, possibly Homo sapiens |  | Serbia  |  |
| Yana RHS | 31.63  | Homo sapiens |  | Russia |  |
| Sungir I | 30.25±0.25  | Homo sapiens |  | Russia |  |
| Cro-Magnon 1 | 30  | Homo sapiens (EEMH)  | 1868  | France | Louis Lartet |
| WLH-50 | 29±5  | Homo sapiens | 1982  | Australia |  |
| Pangpond[152] | 29  | Homo sapiens | 2025  | Khao Sam Roi Yot, Thailand[153] |  |
| Predmost 3[154] | 26  | Homo sapiens | 1894  | Czech Republic | Karel Jaroslav Maška |
| Lapedo Child | 24.5  | Homo neanderthalensis

Homo sapiens | 1998  | Portugal | João Zilhão  |
| Mid-Upper Paleolithoic human humerus from Eel Point, Caldey Island, Wales, UK[155] | 24  | Homo sapiens | 1997  | Wales, UK |  |
| MA-1 (Mal'ta boy) | 24  | Homo sapiens (ANE)  | 1920s  | Russia |  |
| Abri Pataud Woman | 20.6  | Homo sapiens |  | France |  |
[156] | Minatogawa 1 | 17±1  | Homo sapiens | 1970  | Japan |  | Anthropology Museum, Tokyo University
| Tandou[157][158] | 17  | Homo sapiens | 1967  | Australia | Duncan Merrilees |
| Tabon skull cap
(P-XIII-T-288)  | 16.5±2  | Homo sapiens | 1962  | Tabon Caves, Philippines | Robert B. Fox | National Museum of Anthropology[140]
| Gough's Cave[159][160] | 14.7  | Homo sapiens | 2010  | UK |  |
| Iwo Eleru skull | 13[161] | Homo sapiens | 1965  | Nigeria |  |
| "Kotias"[162] | 13  | Homo sapiens (CHG)  |  | Kotias Klde cave, Georgia  |  |
| Arlington Springs Man | 13[163] | Homo sapiens | 1959  | United States | Phil Orr  |
| Chancelade find | 14.5±2.5[164] | Homo sapiens | 1888  | France |  |
| Villabruna 1 | 14  | Homo sapiens (WHG)  | 1988  | Italy  |  |
| Bonn-Oberkassel double burial[165] | 14-13[165] | Homo sapiens | 1914[166] | Germany |  |
| Bichon man | 13.7  | Homo sapiens (WHG)  | 1956  | Switzerland  |  |
Red Deer cave skull | Red Deer Cave | 13±1.5  | Homo sapiens | 1979  | China  | Darren Curnoe?  |

## Holocene (11,500–5,000 years old)

[edit]

Further information: Recent human evolution, Late Stone Age, Mesolithic, and Neolithic

| Name  | Age (ka)  | Culture /
association  | Year
discovered  | Country

|
|
|
|
|

| Luzia | 11.5[167] | Paleo-Indian | 1975  | Brazil
[168] | Cerro Sota 2[169] | 11  |  | 1936  | Chile
| "Satsurblia"  | 10  | Caucasian Epipaleolithic (CHG)[162] |  | Georgia
| Yaho skull[170] | 10?  |  | 1961  | Chad
| Kow Swamp 1 | 13–9  |  | 1968  | Australia
| Talgai Skull[171] | 10±1 |  | 1886  | Australia
| La Brea Woman | 10 (8000 BC)  | Paleo-Indian | 1914  | United States
| Combe Capelle | 9.6 (7600 BC)[172] | European Mesolithic | 1909  | France
| Asselar man | Between 9500 BP and 7000 BP, with caution, 6390 BP[173] | Neolithic | 1927  | Mali
| Cheddar Man | 9 (7000 BC)  | British Mesolithic | 1903  | United Kingdom
| Kennewick Man | 9 (7000 BC)  | Archaic period (North America) | 1996  | United States
| Barum Woman | 8.8 (6800 BC)  | European Mesolithic | 1939  | Sweden
| Tepexpan man | 8±3 | Paleo-Indian | 1947  | Mexico
| Loschbour man[174] | 8 (6000 BC)  | European Mesolithic (WHG)  | 1935  | Luxembourg
| Minnesota Woman | 7.9±0.1 (5900 BC)  | Paleo-Indian | 1931  | Minnesota, United States
| Lothagam 4b (Lo 4b)[175] | 7.5±1.5[176] |  | 1965–1975  | Kenya
| Bessé’[177] | 7.3–7.2  | Toalean | 2015  | Sulawesi, Indonesia
| Ötzi | 5.3 (3230 BC)  | European Neolithic | 1991  | Ötztal Alps, Italy

## Abbreviations used in fossil catalog name

[edit]

* AL - Afar Locality, Ethiopia
* ARA-VP - Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
* BAR - (Lukeino, Tugen Hills) Baringo District, Kenya
* BOU-VP - Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
* D - Dmanisi, Georgia
* ER - East (Lake) Rudolf, Kenya
* KGA - Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia
* KNM - Kenya National Museum
* KP - Kanapoi, Kenya
* LB - Liang Bua, Indonesia
* LH - Laetoli Hominid 4, Tanzania
* MH - Malapa Hominin, South Africa
* NG - Ngandong, Indonesia
* OH - Olduvai Hominid, Tanzania
* SK - Swartkrans, South Africa
* Sts, Stw - Sterkfontein, South Africa
* TM - Transvaal Museum, South Africa
* TM - Toros-Menalla, Chad
* WT - West (Lake) Turkana, Kenya

## See also

[edit]

* Human timeline
* List of first human settlements
* List of fossil primates
* List of fossil sites
* List of mummies
* List of transitional fossils
* Timeline of human evolution
* Timeline of prehistory

## Further reading

[edit]

* Gibbons, Ann. The First Human: The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor. Anchor Books (2007). ISBN 978-1-4000-7696-3
* Hartwig, Walter Carl (2004) [2002]. Hartwig, Walter (ed.). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. Bibcode:2002prfr.book.....H. ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2..
* Johanson, Donald & Wong, Kate. Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. Three Rivers Press (2009). ISBN 978-0-307-39640-2
* Jones, Steve; Martin, Robert D.; Pilbeam, David R, eds. (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46786-5. (Note: this book contains very useful, information dense chapters on primate evolution in general, and human evolution in particular, including fossil history).
* Leakey, Richard & Lewin, Roger. Origins Reconsidered: In Search of What Makes us Human. Little, Brown and Company (1992). ISBN 0-316-90298-5
* Lewin, Roger. Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins. Penguin Books (1987). ISBN 0-14-022638-9
* Morwood, Mike & van Oosterzee, Penny. A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the 'Hobbits' of Flores, Indonesia. Smithsonian Books (2007). ISBN 978-0-06-089908-0
* Oppenheimer, Stephen. Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World. Constable (2003). ISBN 1-84119-697-5
* Roberts, Alice. The Incredible Human Journey: The Story of how we Colonised the Planet. Bloomsbury (2009). ISBN 978-0-7475-9839-8
* Shreeve, James. The Neanderthal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins. Viking (1996). ISBN 0-670-86638-5
* Stringer, Chris. The Origin of Our Species. Allen Lane (2011). ISBN 978-1-84614-140-9
* Stringer, Chris & Andrews, Peter. The Complete World of Human Evolution. Thames & Hudson (2005). ISBN 0-500-05132-1
* Stringer, Chris & McKie, Robin. African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity. Jonathan Cape (1996). ISBN 0-224-03771-4
* van Oosterzee, Penny. The Story of Peking Man. Allen & Unwin (1999). ISBN 1-86508-632-0
* Walker, Allan & Shipman, Pat. The Wisdom of the Bones: In Search of Human Origins. Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1996). ISBN 0-297-81670-5
* Wade, Nicholas. Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of our Ancestors. Penguin Press (2006). ISBN 978-0-7156-3658-9
* Weiss, M.L.; Mann, A.E. (1985). 'Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective (4th ed.). Boston: Little Brown. ISBN 978-0-673-39013-4. (Note: this book contains very accessible descriptions of human and non-human primates, their evolution, and fossil history).
* Wells, Spencer (2004). The Journey of Man : A Genetic Odyssey. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-7146-0.

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### Bibliography

[edit]

* Tattersall, Ian; Schwartz, Jeffery (2000). Extinct Humans. Boulder CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3482-0.
* Larsen, Clark Spencer; Matter, Robert M; Gebo, Daniel L (1991). Human Origins: the fossil record. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL. ISBN 978-0-88133-575-0.
* "Smithsonian Human Origins Program". Retrieved 2006-08-29.
* "Prominent Hominid Fossils". Retrieved 2006-08-31.
* Grine, F.E.; Jungers, W.L.; Schultz, J. (1996). "Phenetic Affinities Among Early Homo Crania from East and South Africa". Journal of Human Evolution. 30 (3): 189–225\. Bibcode:1996JHumE..30..189G. doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0019.

## External links

[edit]

* Interactive map of primate fossil finds around the world Archived 2012-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Informative lecture on Australopithecines
* The Age of Homo sapiens – Interactive Map of Human Evolution Fossils
* Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

* v
* t
* e

Human evolution

Taxonomy
(Hominins)|

| Last common ancestors|

* Chimpanzee–human
* Gorilla–human
* Orangutan–human
* Gibbon–human

|

Australopithecines|

* Nakalipithecus
* Orrorin
* Sahelanthropus
* Kenyanthropus

Ardipithecus|

* A. kadabba
* A. ramidus

Australopithecus|

* A. afarensis
* A. africanus
* A. anamensis
* A. bahrelghazali
* A. deyiremeda
* A. garhi
* A. sediba

Paranthropus|

* P. aethiopicus
* P. boisei
* P. robustus

Humans and
proto-humans
(Homo)|

| Proto-humans|

* H. gautengensis (?)
* H. habilis
* H. naledi
* H. rudolfensis (?)

Homo erectus|

* H. e. erectus
* H. e. georgicus
* H. e. lantianensis
* H. e. nankinensis
* H. e. pekinensis
* H. e. soloensis
* H. e. tautavelensis
* H. e. yuanmouensis

Archaic humans|

* H. antecessor
* Denisovans
* H. ergaster (?)
* H. floresiensis
* H. heidelbergensis
* H. longi (?)
* H. luzonensis
* H. neanderthalensis
* H. rhodesiensis (?)

Modern humans|

| Homo sapiens|

* H. s. sapiens (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
* Jebel Irhoud
* H. s. idaltu
* Cro-Magnon
* Manot people
* Tam Pa Ling
* Red Deer Cave people

|

Ancestors|

* Homo habilis → Homo ergaster / Homo erectus (→ Homo antecessor)? → Homo heidelbergensis → archaic Homo sapiens → Homo sapiens

Models|

| General models|

* Hunting
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* Endurance running
* Aquatic ape
* Sexual selection
* Self-domestication

|

Specific models|

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Topics

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