List of icebreakers

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "List of icebreakers" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

This is a list of icebreakers and other special icebreaking vessels (except cargo ships and tankers) capable of operating independently in ice-covered waters. Ships known to be in service are presented in bold.[1][2]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

## Argentina

[edit]

* ARA General San Martín (1954–1982; broken up)
* ARA Almirante Irízar (1978–2007, 2017–)
* ARA Bahía Paraíso (1980–1989; sank in Antarctica)
* A new icebreaking Antarctic logistics vessel is planned to enter service in the late 2020s.[3]

## Australia

[edit]

* Aurora Australis (1990–2020; decommissioned)
* Nuyina (2021–)[4]

## Austria

[edit]

* Eisvogel (1955–)
* Röthelstein (1995–)

## Azerbaijan

[edit]

* Kapitan A. Radzhabov (1992–1999; laid up)[5]

## Canada

[edit]

See also: ICE Pact

### Canadian Coast Guard

[edit]

CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent in Halifax Harbour

* CGS Northern Light (1876–1890; sold)
* CGS Stanley (1888–1935; broken up)
* CGS Minto (1899–1915; sold to Russia)
* CGS Montcalm (1904–1942; sold to Russia)
* CGS Earl Grey (1909–1914; sold to Russia)[6]
* CGS Mikula (1916; 1923–1937; ex-J.D. Hazen, ex-Mikula Seleaninovich; broken up)[6]
* CCGS Saurel (1929–1967; broken up)[6]
* CCGS N.B. McLean (1930–1979; broken up)
* CCGS Ernest Lapointe (1939–1978; museum ship)
* CCGS C.D. Howe (1950–1969; sold to private company)
* CCGS D'Iberville (1952–1983; broken up)
* CCGS Labrador (1954–1987; broken up)
* CCGS Montcalm (1957–1988; broken up)
* CCGS Sir William Alexander (1959–1989; CCGS William since 1987; sold to private company)
* CCGS Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1959–2001; sold to private company)
* CCGS Alexander Henry (1959–1984; museum ship)
* CCGS Camsell (1959–1988; broken up)
* CCGS Wolfe (1959–1988; broken up)
* CCGS Tupper (1959–1997; sold to private company)
* CCGS John A. Macdonald (1960–1991; broken up)
* CCGS John Cabot (1965–1994; sold to private company)
* CCGS Norman McLeod Rogers (1969–1993; sold to Chile)
* CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent (1969–)
* CCGS Griffon (1970–)
* Pierre Radisson class
* CCGS Pierre Radisson (1977–)
* CCGS Amundsen (1979–)
* CCGS Des Groseilliers (1982–)
* CCGS Henry Larsen (1987–)
* Samuel Risley class
* CCGS Samuel Risley (1985–)
* CCGS Earl Grey (1986–)
* Martha L. Black class
* CCGS Martha L. Black (1986–)
* CCGS George R. Pearkes (1986–)
* CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier (1986–)
* CCGS Kopit Hopson 1752 (1986–; ex-Edward Cornwallis)
* CCGS Sir William Alexander (1987–)
* CCGS Ann Harvey (1987–)
* CCGS Terry Fox (1991–)
* Interim icebreakers
* CCGS Captain Molly Kool (2019–; ex-Vidar Viking)[7]
* CCGS Jean Goodwill (2022–; ex-Balder Viking)[7][8]
* CCGS Vincent Massey (2023–; ex-Tor Viking)[7][8]
* CCGS Judy LaMarsh (2023–; ex-Mangystau-2)[9][10]
* New icebreakers and icebreaking vessels planned as part of the National Shipbuilding Strategy
* sixteen multi-purpose vessels[11]
* six medium-sized "program icebreakers"[12]
* two polar icebreakers
* CCGS Arpatuuq (2030– (planned); under construction)[13][14]
* CCGS Imnaryuaq (2030– (planned))[13][15]
* two modified Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessels[16]
* CCGS Donjek Glacier (2026– (planned); under construction)[17]
* CCGS Sermilik Glacier (2027– (planned); under construction)[17]

### Royal Canadian Navy

[edit]

* HMCS Labrador (1954–1961; transferred to Coast Guard)
* Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessel
* HMCS Harry DeWolf (2021–)[18]
* HMCS Margaret Brooke (2022–)[19]
* HMCS Max Bernays (2024–)[20]
* HMCS William Hall (2024–)[21]
* HMCS Frédérick Rolette (delivered)
* HMCS Robert Hampton Gray (under construction)

### Commercial

[edit]

* Canmar Kigoriak (1979–2003; sold to Russia)
* Robert LeMeur (1982–1997; sold to China)
* Terry Fox (1983–1991; leased and later sold to the Canadian Coast Guard)
* Arctic Kalvik (1983–2003; sold to Russia)
* Ikaluk (1983–1998; Canmar Ikaluk since 1995; sold to Russia)
* Miscaroo (1983–1998; Canmar Miscaroo since 1995; sold to Russia)
* Arctic Ivik (1985–1997; sold and later converted to survey vessel Geco Snapper)
* Polar S (2000–2022; ex-Njord, ex-Polar Star; broken up)
* Polar Prince (2000–; ex-CCGS Sir Humphrey Gilbert)
* Arcticaborg (2018–2019; transferred to Russia)

## China

[edit]

### State Oceanic Administration

[edit]

#### Polar Research Institute of China

[edit]

* Xuě Lóng (雪龙; "Snow Dragon") (1993–)
* Xuě Lóng 2 (雪龙2; "Snow Dragon 2") (2019–)[22]

#### North Sea Branch

[edit]

* Ji Di (极地; "Polar") (2024–)[23][24]

### People's Liberation Army Navy

[edit]

* Type 071 icebreaker
* Haibing 722 (海冰722; "Sea Ice 722") (1971–2013; ex-C722, ex-Haibing 101; in reserve)
* Haibing 721 (海冰721; "Sea Ice 721") (1973–2013; ex-C721, ex-Haibing 102; transferred to the China Coast Guard)
* Type 210 icebreaker
* Haibing 723 (海冰723; "Sea Ice 723") (1982–2012; ex-C723; transferred to the China Marine Surveillance)
* Type 272 icebreaker
* Haibing 722 (海冰722; "Sea Ice 722") (2016–)
* Haibing 723 (海冰723; "Sea Ice 723") (2016–)

### China Marine Surveillance

[edit]

* Haijian 111 (海监111; "Marine Surveillance 111") (2012–2013; transferred to the China Coast Guard)

### China Coast Guard

[edit]

* Donghai 519 (东海519; "East China Sea 519") (2013–; ex-Haibing 721, ex-C721, ex-Haibing 102)
* Haijing 6401 (海警6401; "China Coast Guard 6401") (2012–; ex-Haijing 1411, ex-Haijian 111, ex-Haibing 723)

### Sun Yat-sen University

[edit]

* Zhong Shan Da Xue Ji Di (中山大学极地; "Sun Yat-sen University Polar") (2021–; ex-Beijing Ocean Leader, ex-Ikaluk, ex-Smit Sibu, ex-Canmar Ikaluk)

### Chinese Academy of Sciences

[edit]

* Tan Suo San Hao (探索三号; "Discovery Three") (2024–)[25]

### Other

[edit]

* Bin Hai 293 (滨海293; "Coastal 293") (1997–2016; ex-Robert LeMeur; broken up)[26]
* Beijing Ocean Leader (北京号破冰船) (2018–2021; ex-Ikaluk, ex-Smit Sibu, ex-Canmar Ikaluk; sold to Sun Yat-sen University)

## Chile

[edit]

### Chilean Navy

[edit]

* Piloto Pardo (1959–1997; sold to private company)[27]
* Almirante Óscar Viel (1995–2019; ex-Norman McLeod Rogers; decommissioned and later sunk as target)[28][29]
* Almirante Viel (2024–)[30]

## Denmark

[edit]

Danbjørn, Isbjørn and Thorbjørn moored at Frederikshavn

* Bryderen (1884–1947; sold to Poland; broken up in 1960)
* Isbjørn (1923–1965)[31]
* Lillebjørn (1926–1968)[31]
* Storebjørn (1931–1974; broken up)[31]
* Elbjørn (1954–1996; used as a restaurant ship until sold for scrap in 2019)[32]
* Danbjørn (1965–2013; sold for scrap in 2023)[33]
* Isbjørn (1966–2013; sold for scrap in 2023)[33]
* Thorbjørn (1980–2015; sold to private company)[34]

## Estonia

[edit]

### Estonian Maritime Museum

[edit]

* Suur Tõll (1922–1940; museum ship in Tallinn since 1987)

### Estonian Maritime Administration

[edit]

* Tarmo (1993–; purchased from Finland)
* EVA 316 (1995–; ex-Lonna; purchased from Finland and converted for icebreaking)

### Port of Tallinn

[edit]

* Karu (1988–2002; ex-Karhu, ex-Kapitan Chubakov; purchased from Finland and sold to Russia)
* Botnica (2012–; purchased from Finland)

## Finland

[edit]

See also: ICE Pact

### State-owned icebreakers

[edit]

#### Steam-powered

[edit]

Steam-powered icebreakers Tarmo and Jääkarhu

* Murtaja (1890–1958; broken up)
* Sampo (1898–1960; broken up)
* Apu (1899–1959; broken up)
* Tarmo (1907–1970; museum ship in Kotka since 1992)
* Wäinämöinen (1918–1922; handed over to Estonia)
* Ilmarinen (1918–1922; handed over to the Soviet Union)
* Voima (1924–1945; handed over to the Soviet Union as war reparations)
* Jääkarhu (1926–1945; handed over to the Soviet Union as war reparations)

#### Diesel-electric

[edit]

Six modern Finnish icebreakers docked for the summer season at Katajanokka, Helsinki

* Sisu (1939–1974; transferred to the Finnish Navy)
* Voima (1954–)
* Karhu class
* Karhu (1958–1986; sold to the Soviet Union)
* Murtaja (1959–1986; broken up)
* Sampo (1961–1987; sold to the city of Kemi)
* Tarmo class
* Tarmo (1963–1993; sold to Estonia)
* Varma (1968–1994; sold to Latvia)
* Apu (1970–2006; sold to Russia)
* Hanse (1966–1998; sold to Greece; wrecked off Tunisia)
* Urho class
* Urho (1975–)
* Sisu (1976–)
* Otso class
* Otso (1986–)
* Kontio (1987–)
* Multipurpose icebreakers
* Fennica (1993–)
* Nordica (1994–)
* Botnica (1998–2012; sold to Estonia)
* Polaris (2016–)
* A new icebreaker is expected to enter service in 2028.[35]

### Finnish Navy

[edit]

* Louhi (1975–1986; ex-Sisu; broken up)
* Louhi (2011–)

### Alfons Håkans

[edit]

* Zeus of Finland (1995–; ex-Zeus)
* Thetis (2016–2023; ex-Storm Express, ex-Maersk Shipper, ex-Maersk Placentia, ex-Placentia Bay; sold to Russia)[36]

### City of Kemi

[edit]

* Sampo (1987–)

### City of Helsinki

[edit]

* Otso (1936–1970s; sold)
* Turso (1944–1945; handed over to the Soviet Union as war reparations)
* Teuvo (1975–1985; sold)

## France

[edit]

### French Navy

[edit]

* L'Astrolabe (2017–)[37]

### Compagnie du Ponant

[edit]

* Le Commandant Charcot (2021–)[38]

### Other

[edit]

* L'Astrolabe (1988–2017; ex-Austral Fish, ex-Fort Resolution; decommissioned and sold to private company)

## Germany

[edit]

See also: Icebreakers of Germany

### Historical

[edit]

* Elbe (1911–??; museum ship)
* Hindenburg (1916–1918; sunk by mine)
* Stettin (1933–1981; museum ship)
* Wal (1938–1990; museum ship)
* Castor (1941–1945; sunk by mine but later raised by the Soviet Union)
* Eisvogel (1942–1945; handed over to the Soviet Union)
* Eisbär (1942–1946; handed over to the Soviet Union)
* Pollux (1943–1945; sunk by mine)

### Alfred-Wegener-Institut

[edit]

* Polarstern (1982–)
* New icebreaking polar research vessel is expected to enter service in 2030.[39]

### Other

[edit]

* Eisvogel class
* Eisvogel (1961–2006; sold)
* Eisbär (1961–1997; sold)
* Max Waldeck (1966–2006; broken up; fitted with Thyssen-Waas bow in 1981)
* Stephan Jantzen (1967–2005; museum ship)[40]
* Neuwerk (1997–)
* Arkona (2004–)

## Italy

[edit]

* Laura Bassi (2019–)[41]

## Japan

[edit]

### Imperial Japanese Navy

[edit]

* Ōtomari (1921–1945; broken up)

### Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

[edit]

* Fuji (1965–1985; museum ship)
* Shirase (1981–2008; sold to private company)
* Shirase (2008–)

### Japan Coast Guard

[edit]

* Sōya (PL107) (1938–1978; museum ship)
* Sōya (PHL01) (1978–)
* Teshio (PM 15) (1995–)

### Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

[edit]

* Mirai II (2027– (planned); under construction)[42][43]

## Kazakhstan

[edit]

The following icebreaking supply ships are operating or have operated in the Kazakh Caspian Sea oil fields:

* Arcticaborg (1998–2018; transferred to Canada)
* Antarcticaborg (1998–2019; sold to Russia)
* Tulpar (2002–)
* Mangystau-class icebreaking tugs
* Mangystau-1 (2010–2023; transferred to Turkmenian flag)
* Mangystau-2 (2010–2020; transferred to Turkmenian flag)
* Mangystau-3 (2011–)
* Mangystau-4 (2011–)
* Mangystau-5 (2011–)

### Kazakhstani Coast Guard

[edit]

* Kazhymukan (2016–)

### Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Kazakhstan

[edit]

* Ledokol-2 (1984–)

## Latvia

[edit]

* Krišjānis Valdemārs (1925–1941; sunk)
* Varma (1994–)[44]
* Foros (2013–2024; ex-Fobos; sold to private company)[45][46]

## Netherlands

[edit]

### Greenpeace

[edit]

* Arctic Sunrise (1995–)

### Other

[edit]

* Nabil (2022–; completed but not delivered to Russia due to sanctions)[47]

## Norway

[edit]

### Norwegian Coast Guard

[edit]

* NoCGV Svalbard (2001–)

### Norwegian Polar Institute

[edit]

* Kronprins Haakon (2018–)

### Other

[edit]

* Polar Circle (2022–2024; sold to Sweden)[48]

## Poland

[edit]

* Kuna (1884–; oldest in service river icebreaker in the world)
* Perkun (1963–1993; broken up)

## Russia

[edit]

### Icebreakers

[edit]

Main article: Icebreakers of Russia

The following lists include icebreakers owned and/or operated by either Russian governmental or commercial entities.

#### Nuclear-powered icebreakers

[edit]

Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker Yamal

The following ships are nuclear-powered icebreakers;

* Lenin (1959–1989; museum ship in Murmansk)
* Arktika class
* Arktika (1975–2008; ex-Leonid Brezhnev, ex-Arktika; decommissioned)[49]
* Sibir (1977–1992; decommissioned)[49]
* Rossiya (1985–2013; decommissioned)[49][50]
* Sovetskiy Soyuz (1990–2014; decommissioned)[51][52]
* Yamal (1992–)
* 50 Let Pobedy (2007–)
* Taymyr class
* Taymyr (1989–)
* Vaygach (1990–)
* Project 22220
* Arktika (2020–)[53]
* Sibir (2021–)[54]
* Ural (2022–)[55]
* Yakutiya (2024–)[56]
* Chukotka (2026– (planned); under construction)[57]
* Leningrad (2028– (planned); under construction)[58]
* Stalingrad (2030– (planned); under construction)[59]
* Project 10510
* Rossiya (2030– (planned); under construction)[60]

#### Diesel-powered icebreakers

[edit]

Icebreaker Kapitan Khlebnikov in Vladivostok

The following ships are/were fitted with diesel engines for powering their propulsion;

* Wind class
* Severny Veter (1944–1951; ex-USCGC Staten Island; returned to the United States)
* Severniy Polyus (1945–1951; ex-USS Westwind; returned to the United States)
* Admiral Makarov (1945–1949; ex-USCGC Southwind; returned to the United States)
* Kapitan Belousov class
* Kapitan Belousov (1954–1991; sold to Ukraine)[61]
* Kapitan Voronin (1955–1996; broken up)[62]
* Kapitan Melekhov (1956–1994; broken up)[63]
* Moskva class
* Moskva (1959–1998; broken up)[64]
* Leningrad (1960–1993; broken up)[65]
* Kiev (1965–1993; broken up)[66]
* Murmansk (1968–1995; broken up)[67]
* Vladivostok (1969–1997; broken up)[68]
* Civilian variants of Dobrynya Nikitich class (Project 97A)
* Vasiliy Pronchishchev (1961–1989; ex-Ledokol-1; broken up)[69]
* Afanasy Nikitin (1962–1992; ex-Ledokol-2; passed over to Ukraine)[70]
* Khariton Laptev (1962–1996; ex-Ledokol-3; broken up)[71]
* Vasiliy Poyarkov (1963–1988; ex-Ledokol-4; broken up)[72]
* Yerofey Khabarov (1963–1993; ex-Ledokol-5; broken up)[73]
* Ivan Kruzenstern (1964–; ex-Ledokol-6)[74]
* Vladimir Rusanov (1964–1988; ex-Ledokol-7; broken up)[75]
* Semyon Chelyuskin (1965–1988; ex-Ledokol-8; broken up)[76]
* Yuriy Lisyanskiy (1965–2021; ex-Ledokol-9; to be broken up)[77]
* Fyodor Litke (1970–2013; broken up)[78]
* Ivan Moskvitin (1971–1997; broken up)[79]
* Semyon Dezhnev (1971–)[80]
* Ermak class
* Ermak (1974–2021; broken up)[81]
* Admiral Makarov (1975–)
* Krasin (1976–)
* Kapitan M. Izmaylov class
* Kapitan M. Izmaylov (1976–)
* Kapitan Kosolapov (1976–)
* Kapitan A. Radzhabov (1976–1992; transferred to Azerbaijan)
* Kapitan Sorokin class
* Kapitan Sorokin (1977–; fitted with Thyssen-Waas bow in 1991)
* Kapitan Nikolaev (1978–; rebuilt in 1990)
* Kapitan Dranitsyn (1980–)
* Kapitan Khlebnikov (1981–)
* Kapitan Chechkin class
* Kapitan Chechkin (1977–)
* Kapitan Plakhin (1977–)
* Kapitan Chadaev (1978–)
* Kapitan Krutov (1978–)
* Kapitan Bukaev (1978–)
* Kapitan Zarubin (1978–)
* Mudyug class
* Mudyug (1982–; fitted with Thyssen-Waas bow in 1986)
* Magadan (1982–)
* Dikson (1983–)
* Kapitan Evdokimov class
* Kapitan Evdokimov (1983–)
* Kapitan Babichev (1983–)
* Kapitan Chudinov (1983–)
* Kapitan Borodkin (1983–)
* Avraamiy Zavenyagin (1984–)
* Kapitan Mecaik (1984–)
* Kapitan Deminov (1984–)
* Kapitan Moshkin (1986–)
* Tor (2000–; purchased from Sweden)[82]
* Karu (2002–2020; ex-Karhu, ex-Kapitan Chubakov; purchased from Estonia; broken up)
* Dudinka (2006–; ex-Apu; purchased from Finland)
* Project 21900
* Moskva (2008–)
* Sankt-Peterburg (2009–)
* Project 21900M
* Vladivostok (2015–)
* Murmansk (2015–)[83]
* Novorossiysk (2016–)[84]
* Ob (2019–)[85]
* Georgiy Sedov (2019–; ex-Antarcticaborg; purchased from Kazakhstan)
* Viktor Chernomyrdin (2020–)[86]
* Project 21900M2
* Unnamed Project 21900M2 icebreaker (construction stopped as of 2021)[87]
* Unnamed Project 21900M2 icebreaker (2028– (current estimate); under construction)[88]
* Project 23620
* Unnamed Project 23620 icebreaker (2024– (original plan); ordered)[89][90]
* Unnamed Project 23620 icebreaker (2024– (original plan); ordered)[89]
* Project 22740M
* Unnamed Project 22740M icebreaker (under construction)[91]
* Unnamed Project 22740M icebreaker (under construction)[92]

#### Steam-powered icebreakers

[edit]

Steam-powered icebreaker Yermak

The following icebreakers were powered by steam;

* Pilot (1864–1890; broken up?)
* Ledokol 1 (1890–1915; later converted to a gunboat)[93][94][95]
* Ledokol 2 (1895–1923; handed over to Latvia)[93]
* Saratovskiy Ledokol (1895–1968; sunk)[96]
* Nadeshnyy (1897–1924; later converted to a gunboat)[93]
* Yermak (1899–1963; broken up)
* Gaydamak (1898–1930; broken up)[93]
* Ledokol 3 (1899–1923; broken up)[93][97]
* Ledokol IV (1907–1942; sunk by Germans)[93]
* A. Sibiryakov (1909–1942; sunk by Germans)
* Vaygach (1909–1918; sank in 1918)
* Taymyr (1909–1950s?; broken up)
* Silatch (1910–1918, 1922–late 1950s; broken up)
* Malygin (1912–1940; sunk in 1940)
* Volynets (1914–1918, 1940–1985; ex-Tsar' Mikhail Fyodorovich, ex-Wäinämöinen, ex-Suur Tõll; sold to Estonia in 1987)
* Fyodor Litke (1914–1958; ex-CGC Earl Grey; broken up)
* Georgiy Sedov (1915–1967; ex-Beothic (1909–1915); broken up)
* Sadko (1915–1941; ex-Lintrose (1912–1915); sank in 1941)
* Mikula Seleaninovich (1916–1918)[93]
* Ledokol V (1916–1941; sank in 1941)[98]
* Ledokol VI (1916–1961; broken up)[99]
* Ledokol VII (1916–1954; broken up)[100]
* Ledokol VIII (1917–1961; broken up)[101]
* Ledokol IX (1917–1932; sank in White Sea)[102]
* Krasin (1917–1971; extensively rebuilt in 1953–1960, now a museum ship in St. Petersburg)
* Lenin (1917–1968; broken up)
* Stepan Makarov (1917–1941; sunk)
* Toros (1929–1964)[93]
* Sibir (1938–1973; ex-I. Stalin (−1961); broken up)
* Admiral Lazarev (1938–1967; ex-L. Kaganovich (−1951); broken up)
* Admiral Makarov (1941–1967; ex-V. Molotov (−1956); broken up)
* A. Mikoyan (1941–1968; broken up)
* Malygin (1945–1970; ex-Voima; broken up)
* Sibiryakov (1945–1972; ex-Jääkarhu; broken up)
* Alyosha Popovich (1945–1970; ex-Eisvogel; decommissioned and abandoned off Russky Island)
* Ilya Muromets (1946–1979; ex-Eisbär; broken up in 1981)[103]
* Peresvet (1951–1980; ex-Castor; decommissioned and abandoned off Reyneke Island)

### Other icebreaking vessels

[edit]

#### Rescue and salvage vessels

[edit]

* Stroptivyy class
* Stroptivyy (1979–1992; sold to private company and later broken up)[104]
* Spravedlivyy (1980–)[105]
* Stakhanovets (1980–2012; laid up)[106]
* Suvorovets (1980–)[107]
* Sibirskiy (1980–)[108]
* Fobos (1983–2014; sold to Latvia)[109]
* Deimos (1983–2002; sold to private company and later broken up)[110]
* Baltika (2014–)[111]
* Project MPSV06
* Beringov Proliv (2015–)[112]
* Murman (2015–)[112]
* Kerchenskiy Proliv (2025– (latest estimate); under construction)[113]
* Project MPSV06M
* Pevek (2026– (current estimate); under construction)[114]
* Anadyr (under construction)[115]
* Boris Lavrov (2025– (current estimate); under construction)[116]

#### Offshore vessels

[edit]

The following Russian-owned, -operated and/or -flagged icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessels, platform supply vessels, standby vessels etc. are or have been engaged primarily in offshore oil and gas projects:

* Ikaluk (1998–2018; ex-Ikaluk, ex-Canmar Ikaluk, ex-Smit Sibu; sold to China)
* Smit Sakhalin (1998–2017; ex-Miscaroo, ex-Canmar Miscaroo; broken up)
* Kigoriak (2003–2022; ex-Canmar Kigoriak, ex-Kigoria, ex-Talagy; broken up)[117]
* Vladimir Ignatyuk (2003–2018; ex-Arctic Kalvik; laid up)[118]
* SCF Sakhalin (2005–; ex-FESCO Sakhalin)
* SCF Enterprise (2006–; ex-Pacific Enterprise)
* SCF Endeavour (2006–; ex-Pacific Endeavour)
* SCF Endurance (2006–; ex-Pacific Endurance)
* Polar Pevek (2006–2022)[119]
* Hermes (2006–; ex-Yury Topchev)
* Antey (2006–; ex-Vladislav Strizhov)
* Toboy (2008–)
* Varandey (2008–)
* Vidar Viking (2012–2016; charter under Russian flag)[120]
* Vitus Bering (2012–)
* Aleksey Chirikov (2013–)
* Aleut (2015–)[121]
* Pomor (2016–)
* Normann (2016–)
* Gennadiy Nevelskoy (2017–)
* Stepan Makarov (2017–)
* Fedor Ushakov (2017–)
* Yevgeny Primakov (2018–)
* Aleksandr Sannikov (2018–)[122]
* Andrey Vilkitskiy (2018–)[123]
* Arcticaborg (2019–)
* Katerina Velikaya (under construction)[124]
* Svyataya Mariya (under construction)[124]
* Aleksandr Nevskiy (under construction)[124]
* Vladimir Monomakh (under construction)[124]

In addition, the following shallow-draught icebreaking offshore vessels operate in the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea oil fields:

* Arctic (2012–)[125]
* Antarctic (2017–)[125]
* Polar (2021–)[126][127]
* Polus (2021–)[128]

#### Patrol and naval vessels

[edit]

The following icebreakers and other icebreaking vessels are or have been in service with the Russian Navy, Russian Border Guard, and their predecessors:

* Purga (1957–1990; broken up)[129]
* Dobrynya Nikitich class (Project 97) and its variants
* Dobronya Nikitich (1960–1998; broken up)[130]
* Purga (1961–2012; broken up)[131]
* Vyuga (1962–1991; broken up)[132]
* Ilya Muromets (1965–1993; broken up)[133]
* Buran (1966–)[134]
* Sadko (1968–2022; expended as target)[135]
* Peresvet (1970–2011; broken up)[136]
* Ivan Susanin class (Project 97P)
* Ivan Susanin (1973–)[137]
* Aysberg (1974–2006; broken up)[138]
* Ruslan (1975–)[139]
* Anadyr (1976–2019; ex-Dnepr, ex-Imeni XXV syezda KPSS; broken up)[140]
* Dunay (1977–2017; broken up)[141]
* Neva (1978–)[142]
* Volga (1980–)[143]
* Murmansk (1981–2013; ex-Imeni XXVI syezda KPSS, ex-Irtysh; broken up)
* Ilya Muromets (2017–)[144]
* Project 21180M
* Evpatiy Kolovrat (2024–)[145]
* Svyatogor (2027– (planned); under construction)[146][147]
* Project 23550
* Ivan Papanin (2025– (current estimate); under construction)[148]
* Nikolay Zubov (2024– (original plan); under construction)
* Purga (2024– (original plan); under construction)[149]
* Dzerzhinsky (under construction)[150]

#### Research and survey vessels

[edit]

* Dobrynya Nikitich class (Project 97) variants
* Pyotr Pakhtusov (1966–1997; ex-Mendeleev, ex-Ledokol-10; broken up)[151]
* Georgiy Sedov (1967–1992; broken up)[152]
* Vladimir Kavrayskiy (1969–2012; used as stationary floating barracks PKZ-86)[153]
* Otto Schmidt (1979–1991; broken up)[154]
* Mikhail Somov (1975–)[155]
* Akademik Fedorov (1987–)[156]
* Akademik Tryoshnikov (2012–)[157]
* Ivan Frolov (2028– (planned); under construction)[158]

## South Africa

[edit]

* S. A. Agulhas (1977–2012; retired from Antarctic service and used as a training ship)
* S. A. Agulhas II (2012–)

## South Korea

[edit]

* Araon (2009–)
* A new research icebreaker is expected to enter service by 2027[159]

## Soviet Union

[edit]

See Russia

## Sweden

[edit]

### Swedish Maritime Administration

[edit]

Swedish icebreaker Ymer

* Sankt Erik (1915–1977; ex-Isbrytaren II (−1959); museum ship since 1977)
* Atle (1926–1967; ex-Statsisbrytaren (−1931); broken up)[160]
* Ymer (1933–1977; broken up)[161]
* Thule (1953–1998; broken up)[162]
* Oden (1957–1988; broken up)[163]
* Tor (1964–2000; sold to Russia)[82]
* Njord (1969–2000; sold and renamed Polar Star)[164]
* Ale (1973–)
* Atle class
* Atle (1974–)
* Frej (1975–)
* Ymer (1977–)
* Oden (1988–)
* Idun (2024–; purchased from Norway)[165]
* New icebreaker is expected to be delivered in 2027 and enter service in 2028[166]

### Trans Viking Icebreaking & Offshore

[edit]

Three icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessels were chartered by the Swedish Maritime Administration for escort icebreaking duties in the Baltic Sea until 2015.

* Tor Viking II (2000–2015; as Tor Viking under Norwegian flag until 2003)[167]
* Balder Viking (2000–2015)
* Vidar Viking (2001–2012; contract ended prematurely)[120]

## Turkmenistan

[edit]

* Mangystau-2 (2020–2021; sold to Canada)
* Mangystau-1 (2023–)

## Ukraine

[edit]

* Afanasy Nikitin (1962–1995; broken up)[70]
* Kapitan Belousov (1991–; damaged and later captured by Russians in 2022)[61]
* Noosfera (2021–; ex-James Clark Ross; purchased from United Kingdom)[168]

## United Kingdom

[edit]

HMS Protector

* HMS Endurance (1990–2008; broken up)[169]
* RRS James Clark Ross (1991–2021; sold to Ukraine)[170]
* RRS Ernest Shackleton (1995–2019; sold to Italy)[171]
* HMS Protector (2011–)[172]
* RRS Sir David Attenborough (2020–)[173]

## United States

[edit]

See also: ICE Pact

### United States Coast Guard

[edit]

USCGC Polar Star (WAGB-10) USCGC Healy

* USCGC Storis (WMEC-38) (1942–2007; broken up)
* USCGC Mackinaw (WAGB-83) (1944–2006; museum ship)
* Wind class
* USCGC Staten Island (WAGB-278) (1944–1974; ex-Severny Veter, ex-Northwind; broken up)
* USCGC Eastwind (WAGB-279) (1944–1968; broken up in 1976–1977)
* USCGC Southwind (WAGB-280) (1944–1974; ex-Admiral Makarov, ex-Atka; broken up in 1976)
* USCGC Westwind (WAGB-281) (1944–1988; ex-Severniy Polyus; broken up)
* USCGC Northwind (WAGB-282) (1945–1989; broken up in 1999)
* USCGC Burton Island (WAGB-283) (1946–1978; broken up in 1982)
* USCGC Edisto (WAGB-284) (1947–1974; broken up in 1980)
* USCGC Glacier (WAGB-4) (1955–1987; broken up in 2012)
* Polar class
* USCGC Polar Star (WAGB-10) (1977–2006, 2013–)
* USCGC Polar Sea (WAGB-11) (1978–2010; inactive)
* Bay class
* USCGC Katmai Bay (WTGB-101) (1979–)
* USCGC Bristol Bay (WTGB-102) (1979–)
* USCGC Mobile Bay (WTGB-103) (1979–)
* USCGC Biscayne Bay (WTGB-104) (1979–)
* USCGC Neah Bay (WTGB-105) (1980–)
* USCGC Morro Bay (WTGB-106) (1981–)
* USCGC Penobscot Bay (WTGB-107) (1985–)
* USCGC Thunder Bay (WTGB-108) (1986–)
* USCGC Sturgeon Bay (WTGB-109) (1988–)
* USCGC Healy (WAGB-20) (2000–)
* USCGC Mackinaw (WLBB-30) (2006–)
* Polar Security Cutters
* USCGC Polar Sentinel (WMSP-21) (2030– (current estimate); ordered)[174]
* Second Polar Security Cutter has been ordered[175][176]
* Third Polar Security Cutter has been authorized[175][176]
* USCGC Storis (WAGB-21) (2025–; ex-Aiviq; awaiting commissioning)[177]

### National Science Foundation

[edit]

* Nathaniel B. Palmer (1992–)[178]
* Laurence M. Gould (1997–2024)[179]
* Sikuliaq (2014–)

### Edison Chouest Offshore

[edit]

* Aiviq (2012–2024; sold to the United States Coast Guard)
* Laurence M. Gould (2024–; laid up)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Ilmari Aro (17 November 2008). "THE WORLD ICEBREAKER AND ICEBREAKING SUPPLY VESSEL FLEET" (PDF). Baltic Icebreaking Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
2. ^ Major icebreakers of the world. USCG Office of Waterways and Ocean Policy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
3. ^ "Naval shipyard Tandanor to build new icebreaker for Argentina". Navy Recognition. 30 December 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
4. ^ "Flying the flag over Australia's new icebreaker". Australian Antarctic Division. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
5. ^ "Kapitan A. Radzhabov (7406332)". Sea-web. S&P Global. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
6. ^ a b c Ships of the CCG 1850–1967 Archived 2009-12-17 at the Wayback Machine. Canadian Coast Guard. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
7. ^ a b c "Canada Acts on Icebreaker Shortage". The Maritime Executive. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
8. ^ a b "SHIPPING NEWS: Halifax's ice-free status nearly on the rocks". The Chronicle Herald. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
9. ^ "Canadian Coast Guard announces an addition to the southern icebreaking fleet with the purchase of light icebreaker from Atlantic Towing Limited". Government of Canada. 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
10. ^ "Canadian Coast Guard names light icebreaker - the CCGS Judy LaMarsh". Canadian Coast Guard. 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
11. ^ "Multi-Purpose Vessels". Seaspan Shipyards. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
12. ^ "Six New Icebreakers to be Built for Canadian Coast Guard". Naval News. 11 August 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
13. ^ a b "Working with the North, for the North". Government of Canada. Canadian Coast Guard. 19 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
14. ^ "Built in Canada for Canada: Seaspan Begins Construction on Heavy Polar Icebreaker, the Most Capable Ship in the Canadian Coast Guard's Fleet". 3 April 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
15. ^ "Davie and Canadian Government Agree on Heavy Icebreaker Construction – Work to Begin at Helsinki Shipyard". Helsinki Shipyard. 8 March 2025. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
16. ^ "Irving to receive $58 million for 'minimal' changes to new Coast Guard ships". Ottawa Citizen. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
17. ^ a b "Canadian Coast Guard celebrates new Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ships shipbuilding milestones". Government of Canada. Canadian Coast Guard. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
18. ^ Melanson, Ryan (25 June 2021). "HMCS Harry DeWolf: RCN to commission first new ship in over two decades". Government of Canada. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
19. ^ "Irving Shipbuilding delivers second Arctic patrol warship to Royal Canadian Navy". CTV News. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
20. ^ Defence, National (2024-05-03). "HMCS Max Bernays Commissioned today in Vancouver, B.C." www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
21. ^ "HMCS William Hall Commissioned into Service in Halifax, N.S." Government of Canada. 16 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
22. ^ "Chinese icebreaker sails to North Pole, explores remote Arctic ridge". Arctic Today. 12 August 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
23. ^ "GUANGZHOU 21110077 (9970351)". Sea-web. S&P Global. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
24. ^ "中國完全自主研製破冰科考船「極地號」料明年下半年執行任務" (in Chinese). 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
25. ^ "China delivers independently-developed deep-sea scientific research, archaeological vessel". China Daily. 26 December 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
26. ^ Shipbreaking Bulletin of information and analysis on ship demolition #46, from October 1 to December 31, 2016. Robin Des Bois, 31 January 2017. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
27. ^ Chilean submarine Simpson calls at Palmer Station. Palmer Station. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
28. ^ "Rompehielos "Óscar Viel" se despide tras navegar lo equivalente a casi 20 vueltas al mundo". Armada de Chile. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
29. ^ @seawaves_mag (September 21, 2021). "USS Mustin joined Chilean warships Almirante Cochrane, Capitan Prat, Almirante Reveros and Almirante Montt in a SINKEX of icebreaker Admiral Óscar Viel (ex-CCGS Norman McLeod Rogers) during Teamwork South 13-18 Sep. @CoastGuardCAN" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
30. ^ "Es chileno: Así es el primer buque rompehielos construido en Sudamérica". GobiernodeChile. 3 July 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
31. ^ a b c Mens vi venter på isen. Maskinmesteren Februar 2009, page 36. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
32. ^ "Tidligere Elbjørn-ejer: Vi ødelægger vores maritime kulturarv" (in Danish). TV2 Nord. 6 May 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
33. ^ a b "Isbrydere blev kaldt 'øjebæ': Nu er køberen afsløret" (in Danish). TV2 Nord. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
34. ^ Statslig isbryder solgt – bliver i Danmark. Nordjylland, 8 September 2015. Retrieved 2016-07-02.
35. ^ "Finland confirms plans to order new icebreaker after pact with US and Canada". TradeWinds. 16 December 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
36. ^ "Turkulaisvarustamon Kiinaan myymä alus matkaa Istanbuliin: "Kaupassa ei ole venäläisiä osapuolia"" (in Finnish). Turun Sanomat. 15 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
37. ^ La construction de l'Astrolabe a débuté. Mer et Marine, 6 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-07.
38. ^ "Le Commandant Charcot delivered". Vard Group AS. 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
39. ^ "Polarstern-Neubau: Auftrag für deutschen Forschungseisbrecher vergeben". Alfred-Wegener-Institut (in German). 19 December 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
40. ^ "DES Stephan Jantzen". Technische Flotte Rostock. Retrieved 2018-12-08.
41. ^ "OGS, una nuova nave per la ricerca. Verso i ghiacci con la "Ernest Shackleton"". Triesteall News (in Italian). 11 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
42. ^ "Stay up-to-date with the Arctic Research Vessel". JAMSTEC. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
43. ^ "Japan's First Arctic Research Vessel to Be Named "Mirai II"". Nippon.com. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
44. ^ Icebreakers: Varma. Freeport of Riga. Retrieved 2017-06-02.
45. ^ "Чем колоть лед будем? Рижский порт продал эстонцам латвийский ледокол «Форос»". BB.lv (in Russian). 23 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
46. ^ "Rīgas brīvostai beidzot izdevies pārdot ledlauzi "Foros" – igauņiem par miljonu eiro". TV3.lv (in Latvian). 22 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
47. ^ "Sanctions stop Niestern Sander from delivering new ice-breaking W2W vessel". SWZ Maritime. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
48. ^ "Sjöfartsverket köper norsk isbrytare". Sjöfartsverket (in Swedish). 25 March 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
49. ^ a b c Russia prepares to dismantle first nuclear icebreaker ever. Bellona, 14 November 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
50. ^ Russian nuclear icebreaker Rossiya taking last voyage along Norway’s coast. Bellona, 11 April 2013. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
51. ^ Northern Sea Route. Rosatom. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
52. ^ "Росатомфлот" начал процесс утилизации атомных ледоколов. Life, 19 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
53. ^ "На ледоколе "Арктика" поднят российский флаг" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
54. ^ "Baltiysky Zavod shipyard delivers Sibir, first serial icebreaker of Project 22220, to Atomflot". PortNews. 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
55. ^ "На ледоколе "Урал" прошла церемония поднятия флага" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
56. ^ "На построенном ОСК атомном ледоколе «Якутия» поднят государственный флаг" (in Russian). 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
57. ^ "Балтзавод заложил атомоход проекта 22220 "Чукотка"" (in Russian). PortNews. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
58. ^ "Пятый серийный атомный ледокол проекта 22220 получит название «Ленинград»". Media Paluba (in Russian). 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
59. ^ "На Балтийском заводе начата резка металла для универсального атомного ледокола Сталинград проекта 22220" [Metal cutting for the universal nuclear icebreaker Stalingrad of Project 22220 has begun at the Baltic Shipyard]. Neftegaz.ru (in Russian). 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
60. ^ "Срок выпуска атомного ледокола «Россия» сдвинули на 2030 год" [The release date of the nuclear-powered icebreaker Rossiya has been pushed back to 2030]. Kommersant (in Russian). 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
61. ^ a b "Kapitan Belousov (5181598)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
62. ^ "Kapitan Voronin (5181689)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
63. ^ "Kapitan Meheklov (5181639)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
64. ^ "Moskva (5242495)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
65. ^ "Leningrad (5206104)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
66. ^ "Kiev (6424040)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
67. ^ "Murmansk (6723678)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
68. ^ "Vladivostok (6822786)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
69. ^ "Василий Прончищев". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
70. ^ a b "Афанасий Никитин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
71. ^ "Харитон Лаптев". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
72. ^ "Пояр". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
73. ^ "Ерофей Хабаров". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
74. ^ "Ivan Kruzenstern (640380)". Register of ships. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
75. ^ "Vlad". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
76. ^ "Семён Челюскин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
77. ^ "Росморпорт готов заплатить до 26 млн рублей за утилизацию ледокола "Юрий Лисянский"" (in Russian). PortNews. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
78. ^ "Fyodor Litke (7020085)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
79. ^ "Иван Москвитин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
80. ^ "Semyon Dezhnev (7119446)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
81. ^ "Ермак". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 12 January 2024.
82. ^ a b "Tor (5418197)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
83. ^ Vyborg Shipyard starts building hull of 21900M icebreaker "Novorossiysk" for Rosmorport (photo). PortNews, 8 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
84. ^ FSUE Rosmorport takes delivery of Novorossiysk, icebreaker built by Vyborg Shipyard (photo). PortNews, 26 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
85. ^ "The icebreaker "Ob" built for work in Sabetta will be delivered to the customer". Sever-Press. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
86. ^ "Acceptance/delivery certificate signed for Victor Chernomyrdin icebreaker". PortNews. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
87. ^ "Sietas (Германия) заложила ледокол мощностью 18 МВт для ФГУП "Росморпорт"". PortNews. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
88. ^ "IAA PortNews' interview with Aleksandr Solovyov, General Director of Vyborg Shipyard". PortNews. 7 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
89. ^ a b "Onego Shipyard to build Project 23620 LNG-fueled icebreaker duo for Rosmorport". PortNews. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
90. ^ "Reconstruction plan of the Onega Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Plant". VPK. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
91. ^ "Судостроители Петрозаводска заложили первый в истории Карелии ледокол" (in Russian). Интернет-газета «СТОЛИЦА на Onego.ru». 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
92. ^ "Заложен второй мелкосидящий ледокол проекта 22740М" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
93. ^ a b c d e f g h Andrienko, Vladimir Grigorievich (2017), Ледокольный флот России 1860–е – 1918 гг., Litres, ISBN 978-545-76850-6-2
94. ^ Портовые и многоцелевые ледоколы. Retrieved 2018-12-25.
95. ^ Holmen VIII. Tugboatlars.se. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
96. ^ Ледокол "Саратов" планируют поднять со дна Волги в декабре. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
97. ^ Ledokol 3 1899. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
98. ^ "Ledokol V (18155)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
99. ^ "Ledokol VI (23869)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
100. ^ Ledokol VII 1916. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
101. ^ "Ledokol VIII (23878)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
102. ^ Ledokol IX 1917. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
103. ^ Илья Муромец (Eisbar). FESCO. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
104. ^ "Ym Shanghai". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 9 August 2024.
105. ^ "Справедливый". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 7 August 2024.
106. ^ "Стахановец". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 7 August 2024.
107. ^ "Суворовец". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 7 August 2024.
108. ^ "Сибирский". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 7 August 2024.
109. ^ "Foros". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 7 August 2024.
110. ^ "Lira". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 7 August 2024.
111. ^ "Baltika (993025)". Register of ships. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
112. ^ a b Nordic Yards schedules launch of two MPSVs for Rosmorrechflot’s rescue service for September 2114 (photo). PortNews, 3 September 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
113. ^ "Росморречфлот проинспектировал ход строительства спасательного судна "Керченский пролив"" [Rosmorrechflot inspected the construction of the rescue vessel "Kerchenskiy Proliv"]. Sudostroenie.info (in Russian). 28 March 2025.
114. ^ "На ПСЗ "Янтарь" заложили спасательное судно "Певек" проекта MPSV06М" (in Russian). Paluba.media. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
115. ^ "ПСЗ "Янтарь" заложил киль МФАСС проекта MPSV06M "Анадырь" мощностью 7 МВт" (in Russian). PortNews. 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
116. ^ "Правительство разрешило увеличить стоимость строительства МФАСС проекта IBSV02 до 16,51 млрд рублей" [The government has allowed increasing the cost of construction of the IBSV02 MFASS project to 16.51 billion rubles]. PortNews (in Russian). 1 June 2025. Retrieved 2 June 2025.
117. ^ "Kigoriak (7824261)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
118. ^ "Vladimir Ignatyuk (8127804)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
119. ^ "GC Rieber scraps charter early to get Polar Pevek out of Russia". TradeWinds News. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
120. ^ a b Russia: Sakhalin Energy Hires Vidar Viking AHTS Archived 2018-07-21 at the Wayback Machine. Offshore Energy Today, 26 December 2011. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
121. ^ Havyard: Icebreaker Aleut on its way to Norway. Offshore Energy Today, 27 May 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-27.
122. ^ Russian flag raised on the Aleksandr Sannikov icebreaker. PortNews, 29 June 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
123. ^ Выборгский судзавод передал заказчику ледокольное судно обеспечения проекта IBSV01 «Андрей Вилькицкий». PortNews, 18 December 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
124. ^ a b c d На заводе «Звезда» заложили 4 судна снабжения. Sdelanounas.ru, 8 September 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
125. ^ a b "Ark Shipping takes delivery of shallow draft AHTS for Caspian operations". OSD IMT. 4 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
126. ^ "NB016 steel cutting ceremony". Atlas Shipyard. 21 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
127. ^ "Polar (9909003)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
128. ^ "Polus (9909015)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
129. ^ "Пурга". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 13 May 2023.
130. ^ "Добрыня Никитич". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
131. ^ "Пурга". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
132. ^ "Вьюга". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
133. ^ "Илья Муромец". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
134. ^ "Буран". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
135. ^ "Садко". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
136. ^ "Пересвет". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
137. ^ "Иван Сусанин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
138. ^ "Айсберг". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
139. ^ "Руслан". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
140. ^ "Анадырь". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
141. ^ "Дунай". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
142. ^ "Нева". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
143. ^ "Волга". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
144. ^ Admiralteiskie Verfi shipyard delivers icebreaker Ilya Muromets, Project 21180, to RF Navy (photo). PortNews, 30 November 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
145. ^ ""Евпатий Коловрат" отправится в Арктику" (in Russian). Shnyagi.Net. 8 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
146. ^ "Russian Navy builds more icebreakers". The Barents Observer. 7 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
147. ^ "Владимир Омельницкий участвовал в закладке ледокола на судостроительной верфи «Алмаз»" (in Russian). АНО "Санкт-Петербургский центр информационной поддержки". 1 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
148. ^ Russian Project 23550 Arctic patrol ship laid down. Jane's 360, 25 April 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
149. ^ "Как Выборгский завод начал строительство пограничного корабля "Пурга"" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 25 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
150. ^ "На Выборгском СЗ заложен пограничный сторожевой корабль ледового класса «Дзержинский» проекта 23550". Media Paluba (in Russian). 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
151. ^ "Prabhavi". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
152. ^ "Георгий Седов". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
153. ^ "ПКЗ-86". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
154. ^ "Отто Шмидт". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
155. ^ "Mikhail Somov (743089)". Register of ships. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
156. ^ "Akademik Fedorov (860742)". Register of ships. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
157. ^ "Akademik Tryoshnikov (090098)". Register of ships. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
158. ^ "Состоялась закладка научно-экспедиционного судна "Иван Фролов"". Sudostroenie.info (in Russian). 29 October 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
159. ^ "2027년 '아라온호'보다 강한 쇄빙연구선 극지 누빈다". 14 January 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
160. ^ "Atle (5503000)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
161. ^ "Ymer (5395802)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
162. ^ "Thule (5360560)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
163. ^ "Oden (5260916)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
164. ^ "Njord (6905745)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
165. ^ "Så ska den nya isbrytaren heta". Sjöfartsverket (in Swedish). 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
166. ^ "Två nya isbrytare blir en: "De stora dragen i designen ligger kvar"". NyTeknik (in Swedish). 13 August 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
167. ^ "Tor Viking (9199622)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
168. ^ "Украина переименовала купленный у Британии ледокол: как он теперь называется" (in Ukrainian). RBC. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
169. ^ "HMS Endurance: Former ice patrol ship to be scrapped". BBC News. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
170. ^ "After 30 years of service with British Antarctic Survey the RRS James Clark Ross has been sold to the Ukrainian National Antarctic Scientific Centre". British Antarctic Survey. 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
171. ^ "BAS to Redeliver Ernest Shackleton Vessel to GC Rieber". Subsea World News. 25 March 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
172. ^ HMS Protector (A173), Royal Navy, retrieved 22 October 2020
173. ^ "British Antarctic Survey takes delivery of RRS Sir David Attenborough". British Antarctic Survey. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
174. ^ "New U.S. Arctic icebreakers won't be ready until 2030, lawmakers say". Washington Times. 18 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
175. ^ a b "U.S. Government Shipbuilding (2020)". Retrieved 1 October 2022.
176. ^ a b "ICYMI: Senate Passes 2023 Defense Bill with King-Backed Provisions to Invest in Maine Shipbuilding, Strengthen National Security and Support Jobs". Senator Angus King (I-ME). 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
177. ^ "Coast Guard adds first polar icebreaker to its fleet in 25 years". United States Coast Guard. 23 December 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
178. ^ "R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
179. ^ "R/V Laurence M. Gould". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 2007-08-16.