List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules

Molecules detected in space

Infrared spectrum of HH 46/47 (image in inset), with vibrational bands of several molecules labelled in colour

This is a list of molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium and circumstellar envelopes, grouped by the number of component atoms. The chemical formula is listed for each detected compound, along with any ionized form that has also been observed.

## Background[edit]

Idealised example of the rotational spectrum (bottom) produced by transitions between different rotational energy levels (top) of a simple linear molecule.  B {\displaystyle B} is the rotational constant of the molecule,  J {\displaystyle J} is the rotational quantum number,  J ′ {\displaystyle J'} is the upper level and  J ″ {\displaystyle J''} is the lower level.

The molecules listed below were detected through astronomical spectroscopy. Their spectral features arise because molecules either absorb or emit a photon of light when they transition between two molecular energy levels. The energy (and thus the wavelength) of the photon matches the energy difference between the levels involved. Molecular electronic transitions occur when one of the molecule's electrons moves between molecular orbitals, producing a spectral line in the ultraviolet, optical or near-infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Alternatively, a vibrational transition transfers quanta of energy to (or from) vibrations of molecular bonds, producing signatures in the mid- or far-infrared. Gas-phase molecules also have quantised rotational levels, leading to transitions at microwave or radio wavelengths.[1]

Sometimes a transition can involve more than one of these types of energy level e.g. ro-vibrational spectroscopy changes both the rotational and vibrational energy level. Occasionally all three occur together, as in the Phillips band of C2 (diatomic carbon), in which an electronic transition produces a line in the near-infrared, which is then split into several vibronic bands by a simultaneous change in vibrational level, which in turn are split again into rotational branches.[2]

The spectrum of a particular molecule is governed by the selection rules of quantum chemistry and by its molecular symmetry. Some molecules have simple spectra which are easy to identify, whilst others (even some small molecules) have extremely complex spectra with flux spread among many different lines, making them far harder to detect.[3] Interactions between the atomic nuclei and the electrons sometimes cause further hyperfine structure of the spectral lines. If the molecule exists in multiple isotopologues (versions containing different atomic isotopes), the spectrum is further complicated by isotope shifts.

Detection of a new interstellar or circumstellar molecule requires identifying a suitable astronomical object where it is likely to be present, then observing it with a telescope equipped with a spectrograph working at the required wavelength, spectral resolution and sensitivity. The first molecule detected in the interstellar medium was the methylidyne radical (CH•) in 1937, through its strong electronic transition at 4300 angstroms (in the optical).[4] Advances in astronomical instrumentation have led to increasing numbers of new detections. From the 1950s onwards, radio astronomy began to dominate new detections, with sub-mm astronomy also becoming important from the 1990s.[3]

The inventory of detected molecules is highly biased towards certain types which are easier to detect: e.g. radio astronomy is most sensitive to small linear molecules with a high molecular dipole.[3] The most common molecule in the Universe, H2 (molecular hydrogen), is completely invisible to radio telescopes because it has no dipole;[3] its electronic transitions are too energetic for optical telescopes, so detection of H2 required ultraviolet observations with a sounding rocket.[5] Vibrational lines are often not specific to an individual molecule, allowing only the general class to be identified. For example, the vibrational lines of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified in 1984,[6] showing the class of molecules is very common in space,[7] but it took until 2021 to identify any specific PAHs through their rotational lines.[8][9]

The carbon star CW Leo. The visible shells of circumstellar material were ejected by the central star over thousands of years.

One of the richest sources for detecting interstellar molecules is Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2), a giant molecular cloud near the centre of the Milky Way. About half of the molecules listed below were first found in Sgr B2, and many of the others have been subsequently detected there.[10] A rich source of circumstellar molecules is CW Leonis (also known as IRC +10216), a nearby carbon star, where about 50 molecules have been identified.[11] There is no clear boundary between interstellar and circumstellar media, so both are included in the tables below.

The discipline of astrochemistry includes understanding how these molecules form and explaining their abundances. The extremely low density of the interstellar medium is not conducive to the formation of molecules, making conventional gas-phase reactions between neutral species (atoms or molecules) inefficient. Many regions also have very low temperatures (typically 10 kelvin inside a molecular cloud), further reducing the reaction rates, or high ultraviolet radiation fields, which destroy molecules through photochemistry.[12] Explaining the observed abundances of interstellar molecules requires calculating the balance between formation and destruction rates using gas-phase ion chemistry (often driven by cosmic rays), surface chemistry on cosmic dust, radiative transfer including interstellar extinction, and sophisticated reaction networks.[13] The use of molecular lines to determine the physical properties of astronomical objects is known as molecular astrophysics.

## Molecules[edit]

The following tables list molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium or circumstellar matter, grouped by the number of component atoms. Neutral molecules and their molecular ions are listed in separate columns; if there is no entry in the molecule column, only the ionized form has been detected. Designations (names of molecules) are those used in the scientific literature describing the detection; if none was given that field is left empty. Mass is listed in atomic mass units. Deuterated molecules, which contain at least one deuterium (2H) atom, have slightly different masses and are listed in a separate table. The total number of unique species, including distinct ionization states, is indicated in each section header.

Most of the molecules detected so far are organic. The only detected inorganic molecule with five or more atoms is SiH4.[14] Molecules larger than that all have at least one carbon atom, with no N−N or O−O bonds.[14]

Carbon monoxide is frequently used to trace the distribution of mass in molecular clouds.[15]

### Diatomic (43)[edit]

Molecule | Designation | Mass | Ions

|
|
|

AlCl | Aluminium monochloride[16][17] | 62.5 | —
AlF | Aluminium monofluoride[16][18] | 46 | —
AlO | Aluminium monoxide[19] | 43 | —
— | Argonium[20][21] | 37[note 1] | ArH+
C2 | Diatomic carbon[22][23] | 24 | —
— | Fluoromethylidynium | 31 | CF+[24]
CH | Methylidyne radical[25][26] | 13 | CH+[27]
CN | Cyano radical[16][26][28][29] | 26 | CN+,[30] CN−[31]
CO | Carbon monoxide[16][32][33] | 28 | CO+[34]
CP | Carbon monophosphide[29] | 43 | —
CS | Carbon monosulfide[16] | 44 | —
FeO | Iron(II) oxide[35] | 82 | —
— | Helium hydride ion[36][37] | 5 | HeH+
H2 | Molecular hydrogen[5] | 2 | —
HCl | Hydrogen chloride[38] | 36.5 | HCl+[39]
HF | Hydrogen fluoride[40] | 20 | —
HO | Hydroxyl radical[16] | 17 | OH+[41]
KCl | Potassium chloride[16][17] | 75.5 | —
NH | Imidogen radical[42][43] | 15 | —
N2 | Molecular nitrogen[44][45] | 28 | —
NO | Nitric oxide[46] | 30 | NO+[30]
NS | Nitrogen sulfide[16] | 46 | —
NaCl | Sodium chloride[16][17] | 58.5 | —
— | Magnesium monohydride cation  | 25.3 | MgH+[30]
O2 | Molecular oxygen[47] | 32 | —
PN | Phosphorus mononitride[48][49] | 45 | —
PO | Phosphorus monoxide[50] | 47 | —
SH | Sulfur monohydride[51] | 33 | SH+[52]
SO | Sulfur monoxide[16] | 48 | SO+[27]
SiC | Carborundum[16][53] | 40 | —
SiN | –[54] | 42 | —
SiO | Silicon monoxide[16] | 44 | —
SiS | Silicon monosulfide[16] | 60 | —
TiO | Titanium(II) oxide[55] | 63.9 | —
The H+
3 cation is one of the most abundant ions in the universe. It was first detected in 1993.[56][57]

### Triatomic (44)[edit]

Molecule | Designation | Mass | Ions

|
|
|

AlNC | Aluminium isocyanide[16] | 53 | —
AlOH | Aluminium hydroxide[58] | 44 | —
C3 | Tricarbon[59][60] | 36 | —
C2H | Ethynyl radical[16][28] | 25 | —
CCN | Cyanomethylidyne[61] | 38 | —
C2O | Dicarbon monoxide[62] | 40 | —
C2S | Thioxoethenylidene[63] | 56 | —
C2P | —[64] | 55 | —
CO2 | Carbon dioxide[65] | 44 | —
CaNC | Calcium isocyanide[66] | 92 | —
FeCN | Iron cyanide[67] | 82 | —
— | Protonated molecular hydrogen | 3 | H+
3[56][57]
H2C | Methylene radical[68] | 14 | —
— | Chloronium | 37.5 | H2Cl+[69]
H2O | Water[70] | 18 | H2O+[71]
HO2 | Hydroperoxyl[72] | 33 | —
H2S | Hydrogen sulfide[16] | 34 | —
HCN | Hydrogen cyanide[16][28][73] | 27 | —
HNC | Hydrogen isocyanide[74][75] | 27 | —
HCO | Formyl radical[76] | 29 | HCO+[27][76][77]
HCP | Phosphaethyne[78] | 44 | —
HCS | Thioformyl[79] | 45 | HCS+[27][77]
— | Diazenylium[77][27][80] | 29 | HN+

HNO | Nitroxyl[81] | 31 | —
— | Isoformyl | 29 | HOC+[28]
HSC | Isothioformyl[79] | 45 | —
KCN | Potassium cyanide[16] | 65 | —
MgCN | Magnesium cyanide[16] | 50 | —
MgNC | Magnesium isocyanide[16] | 50 | —
NH2 | Amino radical[82] | 16 | —
N2O | Nitrous oxide[83] | 44 | —
NaCN | Sodium cyanide[16] | 49 | —
NaOH | Sodium hydroxide[84] | 40 | —
OCS | Carbonyl sulfide[85] | 60 | —
O3 | Ozone[86] | 48 | —
SO2 | Sulfur dioxide[16][87] | 64 | —
c-SiC2 | c-Silicon dicarbide[16][53] | 52 | —
SiCSi | Disilicon carbide[88] | 68 | —
SiCN | Silicon carbonitride[89] | 54 | —
SiNC | [90] | 54 | —
TiO2 | Titanium dioxide[55] | 79.9 | —
Formaldehyde is an organic molecule that is widely distributed in the interstellar medium.[91]

### Four atoms (30)[edit]

Molecule | Designation | Mass | Ions

|
|
|

CH3 | Methyl radical[92] | 15 | CH+3[93]
l-C3H | Propynylidyne[16][94] | 37 | l-C3H+[95]
c-C3H | Cyclopropynylidyne[96] | 37 | —
C3N | Cyanoethynyl[97] | 50 | C3N−[98]
C3O | Tricarbon monoxide[94] | 52 | —
C3S | Tricarbon sulfide[16][63] | 68 | —
— | Hydronium | 19 | H3O+[99]
C2H2 | Acetylene[100] | 26 | —
H2CN | Methylene amidogen[101] | 28 | H2CN+[27]
H2NC | Aminocarbyne[102] | 28 | —
H2CO | Formaldehyde[91] | 30 | —
H2CS | Thioformaldehyde[103] | 46 | —
HCCN | —[104] | 39 | —
HCCO | Ketenyl[105] | 41 | —
— | Protonated hydrogen cyanide | 28 | HCNH+[77]
— | Protonated carbon dioxide | 45 | HOCO+[106]
HCNO | Fulminic acid[107] | 43 | —
HOCN | Cyanic acid[108] | 43 | —
CNCN | Isocyanogen[109] | 52 | —
HOOH | Hydrogen peroxide[110] | 34 | —
HNCO | Isocyanic acid[87] | 43 | —
HNCN | Cyanomidyl radical[111] | 41 | —
HNCS | Isothiocyanic acid[112] | 59 | —
NH3 | Ammonia[16][113] | 17 | —
HSCN | Thiocyanic acid[114] | 59 | —
SiC3 | Silicon tricarbide[16] | 64 | —
HMgNC | Hydromagnesium isocyanide[115] | 51.3 | —
HNO2 | Nitrous acid[116] | 47 | —
Methane, the primary component of natural gas, has also been detected on comets and in the atmosphere of several planets in the Solar System.[117]

### Five atoms (20)[edit]

Molecule | Designation | Mass | Ions

|
|
|

— | Ammonium ion | 18 | NH+
4[118][119]
CH4 | Methane[120] | 16 | —
CH3O | Methoxy radical[121] | 31 | —
c-C3H2 | Cyclopropenylidene[28][122][123] | 38 | —
l-H2C3 | Propadienylidene[123] | 38 | —
H2CCN | Cyanomethyl[124] | 40 | —
H2C2O | Ketene[87] | 42 | —
H2CNH | Methylenimine[125] | 29 | —
HNCNH | Carbodiimide[126] | 42 | —
— | Protonated formaldehyde | 31 | H2COH+[127]
C4H | Butadiynyl[16] | 49 | C4H−[128]
HC3N | Cyanoacetylene[16][28][77][129][130] | 51 | —
HCC-NC | Isocyanoacetylene[131] | 51 | —
HCOOH | Formic acid[132][129] | 46 | —
NH2CN | Cyanamide[133][134] | 42 | —
NH2OH | Hydroxylamine[135] | 37 | —
— | Protonated cyanogen | 53 | NCCNH+[136]
HC(O)CN | Cyanoformaldehyde[137] | 55 | —
C5 | Linear C5[138] | 60 | —
SiC4 | Silicon-carbide cluster[53] | 92 | —
SiH4 | Silane[139] | 32 | —
In the ISM, formamide (above) can combine with methylene to form acetamide.[140]

### Six atoms (16)[edit]

Molecule | Designation | Mass | Ions

|
|
|

c-H2C3O | Cyclopropenone[141] | 54 | —
E-HNCHCN | E-Cyanomethanimine[142] | 54 | —
C2H4 | Ethylene[143] | 28 | —
CH3CN | Acetonitrile[87][144][145] | 40 | —
CH3NC | Methyl isocyanide[144] | 40 | —
CH3OH | Methanol[87][146] | 32 | —
CH3SH | Methanethiol[147] | 48 | —
l-H2C4 | Diacetylene[16][148] | 50 | —
— | Protonated cyanoacetylene | 52 | HC3NH+[77]
HCONH2 | Formamide[140] | 44 | —
HOCOOH | Carbonic acid[149] |  | —
C5H | Pentynylidyne[16][63] | 61 | —
C5N | Cyanobutadiynyl radical[150] | 74 | —
HC2CHO | Propynal[151] | 54 | —
HC4N | —[16] | 63 | —
CH2CNH | Ketenimine[122] | 40 | —
C5S | —[152] | 92 | —
Acetaldehyde (above) and its isomers vinyl alcohol and ethylene oxide have all been detected in interstellar space.[153]

### Seven atoms (13)[edit]

Molecule | Designation | Mass | Ions

|
|
|

c-C2H4O | Ethylene oxide[154] | 44 | —
CH3C2H | Methylacetylene[28] | 40 | —
H3CNH2 | Methylamine[155] | 31 | —
CH2CHCN | Acrylonitrile[87][144] | 53 | —
HCCCHNH | Propargylimine[156] | 53 | —
H2CHCOH | Vinyl alcohol[153] | 44 | —
C6H | Hexatriynyl radical[16][63] | 73 | C6H−[123][157]
HC4CN | Cyanodiacetylene[87][130][144] | 75 | —
HC4NC | Isocyanodiacetylene[158] | 75 | —
HC5O | —[159] | 77 | —
CH3CHO | Acetaldehyde[16][154] | 44 | —
CH3NCO | Methyl isocyanate[160] | 57 | —
HOCH2CN | Glycolonitrile[161] | 57 | —
The radio signature of acetic acid, a compound found in vinegar, was confirmed in 1997.[162]

### Eight atoms (14)[edit]

Molecule | Designation | Mass

|
|

H3CC2CN | Methylcyanoacetylene[163] | 65
HC3H2CN | Propargyl cyanide[164] | 65
H2COHCHO | Glycolaldehyde[165][166] | 60
(CHOH)2 | 1,2-ethenediol[167] | 60
HCOOCH3 | Methyl formate[87][129][166] | 60
CH3COOH | Acetic acid[162] | 60
H2C6 | Hexapentaenylidene[16][148] | 74
CH2CHCHO | Propenal[122] | 56
CH2CCHCN | Cyanoallene[122][163] | 65
CH3CHNH | Ethanimine[168] | 43
C2H3NH2 | Vinylamine[169] | 43
C7H | Heptatrienyl radical[170] | 85
NH2CH2CN | Aminoacetonitrile[171] | 56
(NH2)2CO | Urea[172] | 60

### Nine atoms (10)[edit]

Molecule | Designation | Mass | Ions

|
|
|

CH3C4H | Methyldiacetylene[173] | 64 | —
CH3OCH3 | Dimethyl ether[174] | 46 | —
CH3CH2CN | Propionitrile[16][87][144] | 55 | —
CH3CONH2 | Acetamide[122][140][134] | 59 | —
CH3CH2OH | Ethanol[175] | 46 | —
C8H | Octatetraynyl radical[176] | 97 | C8H−[177][178]
HC7N | Cyanohexatriyne or Cyanotriacetylene[16][113][179][180] | 99 | —
CH3CHCH2 | Propylene (propene)[181] | 42 | —
CH3CH2SH | Ethyl mercaptan[182] | 62 | —
CH3NHCHO | N-methylformamide[134] |  |

A number of polyyne-derived chemicals are among the heaviest molecules found in the interstellar medium.

### Ten or more atoms (21)[edit]

Atoms | Molecule | Designation | Mass | Ions

|
|
|
|

10 | (CH3)2CO | Acetone[87][183] | 58 | —
10 | (CH2OH)2 | Ethylene glycol[184][185] | 62 | —
10 | CH3CH2CHO | Propanal[122] | 58 | —
10 | CH3OCH2OH | Methoxymethanol[186] | 62 | —
10 | CH3C5N | Methylcyanodiacetylene[122] | 89 | —
10 | CH3CHCH2O | Propylene oxide[187] | 58 | —
11 | NH2CH2CH2OH | Ethanolamine[188] | 61 | —
11 | HC8CN | Cyanotetraacetylene[16][179] | 123 | —
11 | C2H5OCHO | Ethyl formate[189] | 74 | —
11 | CH3COOCH3 | Methyl acetate[190] | 74 | —
11 | CH3C6H | Methyltriacetylene[122][173] | 88 | —
12 | C6H6 | Benzene[148] | 78 | —
12 | C3H7CN | n-Propyl cyanide[189] | 69 | —
12 | (CH3)2CHCN | iso-Propyl cyanide[191][192] | 69 | —
13 | C

5CN | Benzonitrile[193] | 104 | —
13 | HC10CN | Cyanopentaacetylene[179] | 147 | —
17 | C9H8 | Indene[9] | 116 | —
19 | C10H7CN | 1-cyanonaphthalene[8] | 153 | —
19 | C10H7CN | 2-cyanonaphthalene[8] | 153 | —
27 | C11H12N2O2 | Tryptophan[194] |  | —
60 | C60 | Buckminsterfullerene
(C60 fullerene)[195] | 720 | C+
60[196][197][198]
70 | C70 | C70 fullerene[195] | 840 | —

## Deuterated molecules (22)[edit]

These molecules all contain one or more deuterium atoms, a heavier isotope of hydrogen.

Atoms | Molecule | Designation

|
|

2 | HD | Hydrogen deuteride[199][200]
3 | H2D+, HD+
2 | Trihydrogen cation[199][200]
3 | HDO, D2O | Heavy water[201][202]
3 | DCN | Hydrogen cyanide[203]
3 | DCO | Formyl radical[203]
3 | DNC | Hydrogen isocyanide[203]
3 | N2D+ | —[203]
3 | NHD, ND2 | Amidogen[204]
4 | NH2D, NHD2, ND3 | Ammonia[200][205][206]
4 | HDCO, D2CO | Formaldehyde[200][207]
4 | DNCO | Isocyanic acid[208]
5 | NH3D+ | Ammonium ion[209][210]
6 | NH
2CDO; NHDCHO | Formamide[208]
7 | CH2DCCH, CH3CCD | Methylacetylene[211][212]

## Unconfirmed (13)[edit]

Evidence for the existence of the following molecules has been reported in the scientific literature, but the detections either are described as tentative by the authors, or have been challenged by other researchers. They await independent confirmation.

Atoms | Molecule | Designation

|
|

2 | SiH | Silylidine[74]
4 | PH3 | Phosphine[213]
4 | MgCCH | Magnesium monoacetylide[152]
4 | NCCP | Cyanophosphaethyne[152]
5 | H2NCO+ | —[214]
6 | SiH3CN | Silyl cyanide[152]
10 | H2NCH2COOH | Glycine[215][216]
10 | C2H5NH2 | Ethylamine[169]
12 | CO(CH2OH)2 | Dihydroxyacetone[217][218]
12 | C2H5OCH3 | Ethyl methyl ether[219]
18 | C
10H+
8 | Naphthalene cation[220]
24 | C24 | Graphene[221]
24 | C14H10 | Anthracene[222][223]
26 | C16H10 | Pyrene[222]

## See also[edit]

* Astrochemistry
* Cosmic dust
* Diffuse interstellar band
* Lists of molecules
* Molecular astrophysics
* Molecular spectroscopy
* Molecules in stars
* Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
* Tholin

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202. ^ Butner, H. M.; et al. (2007), "Discovery of interstellar heavy water", Astrophysical Journal, 659 (2): L137–L140, Bibcode:2007ApJ...659L.137B, doi:10.1086/517883, hdl:10261/2640, S2CID 43076462
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206. ^ Hatchell, J. (2003), "High NH2D/NH3 ratios in protostellar cores", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 403 (2): L25–L28, arXiv:astro-ph/0302564, Bibcode:2003A&A...403L..25H, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030297, S2CID 118846422.
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## Notes[edit]

1. ^ On Earth, the dominant isotope of argon is 40Ar, so ArH+ would have a mass of 41 amu. However, the interstellar detection was of the 36ArH+ isotopologue, which has a mass of 37 amu.

## External links[edit]

* Woon, David E. (October 1, 2010). "Interstellar and Circumstellar Molecules". Retrieved 2010-10-04.
* "Molecules in Space". Universität zu Köln. April 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
* Dworkin, Jason P. (February 1, 2007). "Interstellar Molecules". NASA's Cosmic Ice Lab. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
* Wootten, Al (November 2005). "The 129 reported interstellar and circumstellar molecules". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
* Lovas, F. J.; Dragoset, R. A. (February 2004). "NIST Recommended Rest Frequencies for Observed Interstellar Molecular Microwave Transitions, 2002 Revision". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 33 (1): 177. Bibcode:2004JPCRD..33..177L. doi:10.1063/1.1633275. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
* Williams, David A.; Cecchi-Pestellini, Cesare (8 February 2023). Astrochemistry: Chemistry in Interstellar and Circumstellar Space. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-1-83916-939-7.

* v
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Molecules detected in outer space

Molecules|

| Diatomic|

* Aluminium monochloride
* Aluminium monofluoride
* Aluminium(II) oxide
* Argonium
* Carbon cation
* Carbon monophosphide
* Carbon monosulfide
* Carbon monoxide
* Cyano radical
* Diatomic carbon
* Fluoromethylidynium
* Helium hydride ion
* Hydrogen chloride
* Hydrogen fluoride
* Hydrogen (molecular)
* Hydroxyl radical
* Iron(II) oxide
* Magnesium monohydride
* Methylidyne radical
* Nitric oxide
* Nitrogen (molecular)
* Imidogen
* Sulfur mononitride
* Oxygen (molecular)
* Phosphorus monoxide
* Phosphorus mononitride
* Potassium chloride
* Silicon carbide
* Silicon monoxide
* Silicon monosulfide
* Sodium chloride
* Sodium iodide
* Sulfur monohydride
* Sulfur monoxide
* Titanium(II) oxide

|
|

Triatomic|

* Aluminium(I) hydroxide
* Aluminium isocyanide
* Amino radical
* Carbon dioxide
* Carbonyl sulfide
* CCP radical
* Chloronium
* Diazenylium
* Dicarbon monoxide
* Disilicon carbide
* Ethynyl radical
* Formyl radical
* Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
* Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC)
* Hydrogen sulfide
* Hydroperoxyl
* Iron cyanide
* Isoformyl
* Magnesium cyanide
* Magnesium isocyanide
* Methylene radical
* N2H+
* Nitrous oxide
* Nitroxyl
* Ozone
* Phosphaethyne
* Potassium cyanide
* Protonated molecular hydrogen
* Sodium cyanide
* Sodium hydroxide
* Silicon carbonitride
* c-Silicon dicarbide
* SiNC
* Sulfur dioxide
* Thioformyl
* Thioxoethenylidene
* Titanium dioxide
* Tricarbon
* Water

Four
atoms|

* Acetylene
* Ammonia
* Cyanic acid
* Cyanoethynyl
* Formaldehyde
* Fulminic acid
* HCCN
* Hydrogen peroxide
* Hydromagnesium isocyanide
* Isocyanic acid
* Isothiocyanic acid
* Ketenyl
* Methylene amidogen
* Methyl cation
* Methyl radical
* Propynylidyne
* Protonated carbon dioxide
* Protonated hydrogen cyanide
* Silicon tricarbide
* Thioformaldehyde
* Tricarbon monoxide
* Tricarbon monosulfide
* Thiocyanic acid

Five
atoms|

* Ammonium ion
* Butadiynyl
* Carbodiimide
* Cyanamide
* Cyanoacetylene
* Cyanoformaldehyde
* Cyanomethyl
* Cyclopropenylidene
* Formic acid
* Isocyanoacetylene
* Ketene
* Methane
* Methoxy radical
* Methylenimine
* Propadienylidene
* Protonated formaldehyde
* Silane
* Silicon-carbide cluster

Six
atoms|

* Acetonitrile
* Cyanobutadiynyl radical
* E-Cyanomethanimine
* Cyclopropenone
* Diacetylene
* Ethylene
* Formamide
* HC4N
* Ketenimine
* Methanethiol
* Methanol
* Methyl isocyanide
* Pentynylidyne
* Propynal
* Protonated cyanoacetylene

Seven
atoms|

* Acetaldehyde
* Acrylonitrile
* Vinyl cyanide
* Cyanodiacetylene
* Ethylene oxide
* Glycolonitrile
* Hexatriynyl radical
* Methylacetylene
* Methylamine
* Methyl isocyanate
* Vinyl alcohol

Eight
atoms|

* Acetic acid
* Aminoacetonitrile
* Cyanoallene
* Ethanimine
* Glycolaldehyde
* Hexapentaenylidene
* Methylcyanoacetylene
* Methyl formate
* Propenal

Nine
atoms|

* Acetamide
* Cyanohexatriyne
* Cyanotriacetylene
* Dimethyl ether
* Ethanol
* Methyldiacetylene
* Octatetraynyl radical
* Propene
* Propionitrile

Ten
atoms
or more|

* Acetone
* Benzene
* Benzonitrile
* Buckminsterfullerene (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball)
* C70 fullerene
* Cyanodecapentayne
* Cyanopentaacetylene
* Cyanotetra-acetylene
* Ethylene glycol
* Ethyl formate
* Methyl acetate
* Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
* Methyltriacetylene
* Propanal
* n-Propyl cyanide
* Pyrimidine
* Heptatrienyl radical

Deuterated
molecules|

* Ammonia
* Ammonium ion
* Formaldehyde
* Formyl radical
* Heavy water
* Hydrogen cyanide
* Hydrogen deuteride
* Hydrogen isocyanide
* Methylacetylene
* N2D+
* Trihydrogen cation

Unconfirmed|

* Anthracene
* Dihydroxyacetone
* Ethyl methyl ether
* Glycine
* Graphene
* Hemolithin (possibly 1st extraterrestrial protein found)
* H2NCO+
* Linear C5
* Naphthalene cation
* Phosphine
* Pyrene
* Silylidine

Related|

* Abiogenesis
* Astrobiology
* Astrochemistry
* Atomic and molecular astrophysics
* Chemical formula
* Circumstellar dust
* Circumstellar envelope
* Cosmic dust
* Cosmic ray
* Cosmochemistry
* Diffuse interstellar band
* Earliest known life forms
* Extraterrestrial life
* Extraterrestrial liquid water
* Forbidden mechanism
* Homochirality
* Intergalactic dust
* Interplanetary medium
* Interstellar medium
* Photodissociation region
* Iron–sulfur world theory
* Kerogen
* Molecules in stars
* Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
* Organic compound
* Outer space
* PAH world hypothesis
* Pseudo-panspermia
* Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
* RNA world hypothesis
* Spectroscopy
* Tholin

* Category:Astrochemistry
* Outer space portal
* Astronomy portal
* Chemistry portal

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