List of language families

This article is a list of language families. This list only includes primary language families that are accepted by the current academic consensus in the field of linguistics; for language families that are not accepted by the current academic consensus in the field of linguistics, see the article "List of proposed language families".

## List of language families

[edit]

### Spoken language families

[edit]

* Map of the main language families of the world

* The language families of Africa

* Map of the Austronesian languages

* Map of major Dravidian languages

* Distribution of the Indo-European language family branches across Eurasia

* Area of the Papuan languages

* Map of the Australian languages

* Distribution of language families and isolates north of Mexico at first contact

* The major South American language families

* Ethnolinguistic groups of mainland Southeast Asia

* Caucasian languages

* Distribution of the Uralic, Altaic, and Yukaghir languages

Family  | Languages[1] | Current speakers[2] | Location  | Proposed parent family

|
|
|
|

Afroasiatic | 381  | 499,294,669  | Africa, Eurasia |
Aroid | 5  | 438,100  | Africa | Afroasiatic
Atlantic–Congo | 1,410  | 500,000,000  | Africa | Niger–Congo
Berta | 6  | 380,000  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Central Sudanic | 63  | 9,145,280  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Daju | 7  | 261,000  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Dizoid | 3  | 88,840  | Africa | Afroasiatic
Dogon | 20  | 630,820  | Africa | Niger–Congo
Eastern Jebel | 4  | 104,600  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Fur | 2  | 786,900  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Gumuz | 3  | 253,680  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Heiban | 10  | 276,690  | Africa | Niger–Congo
Ijaw | 9  | 3,221,650  | Africa | Niger–Congo
Kadu | 6  | 120,600  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Katla-Tima | 3  | 25,000  | Africa | Niger–Congo
Khoe-Kwadi | 14  | 337,337  | Africa |
Koman | 5  | 94,000  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Kresh-Aja | 3  | 48,200  | Africa | Central Sudanic
Kru | 38  | 3,800,000  | Africa | Niger–Congo
Kuliak | 3  | 14,070  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Kunama | 2  | 181,000  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Kx'a | 5  | 104,000  | Africa |
Maban | 10  | 1,115,260  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Mande | 75  | 27,003,000  | Africa | Niger–Congo
Nilotic | 55  | 33,306,780  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Nubian | 13  | 842,050  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Nyima | 2  | 162,000  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Rashad | 2  | 126,000  | Africa | Niger–Congo
Saharan | 10  | 10,940,500  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Songhay | 10  | 3,228,000  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Surmic | 11  | 544,680  | Africa |
Talodi | 8  | 112,250  | Africa | Niger–Congo
Taman | 4  | 128,800  | Africa |
Ta-Ne-Omotic | 23  | 7,383,320  | Africa | Afroasiatic
Temein | 2  | 14,400  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan
Tuu | 9  | 2,500  | Africa |
Zande | 6  | 1,898,500  | Africa |
Indo-European | 586  | 3,237,999,904  | Global  |
Uralic | 49  | 20,716,457  | Eurasia |
Tyrsenian | 3 or 4  | extinct  | Eurasia |
Turkic | 35  | 179,945,933  | Eurasia | Altaic (controversial)
Hurro-Urartian | 2  | extinct  | Eurasia | Alarodian
Northwest Caucasian | 4  | 1,655,000  | Eurasia | North Caucasian
Northeast Caucasian | 29[3] | 4,155,258  | Eurasia | North Caucasian or Alarodian
Kartvelian | 4  | 4,850,000  | Eurasia |
Dravidian | 84  | 252,807,610  | Eurasia |
Great Andamanese | 10  | 3  | Eurasia |
Ongan | 2  | 296  | Eurasia |
Yeniseian | 5  | 153  | Eurasia | Dene-Yeniseian
Yukaghir | 4  | 516  | Eurasia |
Sino-Tibetan | 514  | 1,385,995,195  | Eurasia |
Mijiic | 2  | 29,500  | Eurasia | Sino-Tibetan
Hmong–Mien | 43  | 9,332,070  | Eurasia | Miao–Dai or Austric
Kra–Dai | 95  | 81,549,828  | Eurasia | Austro-Tai
Austroasiatic | 158  | 116,323,040  | Eurasia | Austric languages
Austronesian | 1,274  | 325,862,510  | Africa, Eurasia, Oceania | Austro-Tai
Tungusic | 15  | 55,800  | Eurasia | Altaic (controversial)
Mongolic | 16  | 7,269,480  | Eurasia | Altaic (controversial)
Koreanic | 2  | 77,269,890  | Eurasia | Altaic (controversial)
Nivkh | 2  | 200  | Eurasia | Nivkh–Kamchukotic
Japonic | 13  | 129,240,180  | Eurasia | Altaic (controversial)
Ainu | 3  | 2  | Eurasia | Altaic (controversial)
Chukotko-Kamchatkan | 7  | 6,875  | Eurasia | Nivkh–Kamchukotic
Trans–New Guinea | 376  | 3,678,184  | New Guinea |
Torricelli | 57  | 114,565  | New Guinea |
Sepik | 49  | 263,404  | New Guinea |
Lower Sepik | 6  | 13,070  | New Guinea | Ramu–Lower Sepik languages
Timor–Alor–Pantar | 23  | 380,120  | New Guinea | Trans–New Guinea
Lakes Plain | 20  | 8,455  | New Guinea |
Yam | 19  | 7,677  | New Guinea |
Anim | 17  | 32,898  | New Guinea | Trans–New Guinea
Border | 15  | 17,080  | New Guinea |
North Halmahera | 15  | 279,035  | New Guinea | West Papuan
Angan | 13  | 103,739  | New Guinea | Trans–New Guinea
Geelvink Bay | 10  | 8,005  | New Guinea |
Sko | 10  | 5,665  | New Guinea |
South Bougainville | 9  | 68,700  | New Guinea |
Baining | 6  | 13,800  | New Guinea |
Strickland | 8  | 6,175  | New Guinea |
Goilalan | 6  | 47,330  | New Guinea |
Kiwaia | 6  | 38,030  | New Guinea |
Left May | 6  | 2,005  | New Guinea | Left May – Kwomtari
South Bird's Head | 6  | 8,200  | New Guinea |
Eleman | 5  | 45,240  | New Guinea |
Foja Range | 26  | 23,845  | New Guinea |
Pauwasi | 5  | 3,880  | New Guinea |
West Bird's Head | 5  | 20,090  | New Guinea | West Papuan
Yuat | 5  | 7,700  | New Guinea |
Eastern Trans-Fly | 4  | 6,760  | New Guinea |
North Bougainville | 4  | 10,020  | New Guinea |
Demta–Sentani | 4  | 36,680  | New Guinea |
Gogodala–Suki | 4  | 30,160  | New Guinea |
Kikorian | 6  | 13,510  | New Guinea |
Walio | 4  | 856  | New Guinea |
East Bird's Head | 3  | 34,800  | New Guinea | West Papuan
Mairasi | 3  | 4,385  | New Guinea |
Amto–Musan | 2  | 720  | New Guinea |
Baibai-Fas | 2  | 2,840  | New Guinea | Left May – Kwomtari, Kwomtari–Fas
Bulaka River | 3  | 520  | New Guinea |
Hatam-Mansim | 2  | 16,000  | New Guinea | West Papuan
Inanwatan–Duriankere | 2  | 1,130  | New Guinea |
Kaure-Kosare | 2  | 700  | New Guinea |
Konda-Yahadian | 2  | 1,000  | New Guinea |
Senu River | 3  | 1,510  | New Guinea | Left May–Kwomtari or Kwomtari–Fas
Lepki-Murkim-Kembra | 3  | 840  | New Guinea |
Namla-Tofanma | 2  | 280  | New Guinea |
Pahoturi | 2  | 4,050  | New Guinea |
Madang–Upper Yuat | 112  | >10,000  | New Guinea |
Senagi | 2  | 2,960  | New Guinea |
Taulil-Butam | 2  | 2,000  | New Guinea |
Ramu | 29  | 64,730  | New Guinea | Ramu–Lower Sepik
Teberan–Pawaian | 4  | 37,100  | New Guinea |
Yawa-Saweru | 2  | 10,300  | New Guinea | West Papuan
Central Solomon | 4  | 14,800  | New Guinea |
Chimbu-Wahgi | 15  | 613,400  | New Guinea |
Engan | 9  | 606,930  | New Guinea |
Pama–Nyungan | 250  | 23,539  | Australia |
Gunwinyguan | 5  | 1,314  | Australia |
Western Daly | 3  | 21  | Australia |
Nyulnyulan | 3  | 94  | Australia |
Worrorran | 3  | 108  | Australia |
Mirndi | 3  | 261  | Australia |
Iwaidjan | 4  | 491  | Australia | Arnhem
Mangarrayi-Maran | 4  | 10  | Australia |
Maningrida | 4  | 1,434  | Australia | Arnhem
Tangkic | 4  | 73  | Australia |
Jarrakan | 3  | 130  | Australia |
Bunuban | 2  | 100  | Australia |
Eastern Daly | 2  | extinct  | Australia |
Garrwan | 2  | 130  | Australia |
Limilngan-Wulna | 2  | 23  | Australia |
Marrku-Wurrugu | 2  | extinct  | Australia |
Northeastern Tasmanian | 2  | extinct  | Australia |
Northern Daly | 2  | 8  | Australia |
Southeastern Tasmanian | 2  | extinct  | Australia |
Western Tasmanian | 2  | extinct  | Australia |
Northern Tasmanian | 2  | extinct  | Australia |
Eskaleut | 10  | 108,705  | North America, Eurasia |
Na-Dene | 46  | 208,552  | North America | Dene-Yeniseian
Tsimshianic | 4  | 2,910  | North America | Penutian
Wakashan | 6  | 710  | North America |
Salishan | 25  | 1,969  | North America |
Chimakuan | 2  | extinct  | North America |
Chinookan | 4  | extinct  | North America | Penutian
Kalapuyan | 3  | extinct  | North America | Penutian
Coosan | 2  | extinct  | North America | Penutian
Sahaptian | 4  | 125  | North America | Penutian
Shastan | 4  | extinct  | North America | Hokan
Pakawan | 5  | extinct  | North America | Hokan
Yuki–Wappo | 2  | extinct  | North America |
Pomoan | 7  | 47  | North America | Hokan
Wintuan | 2  | extinct  | North America | Penutian
Palaihnihan | 2  | 10  | North America | Hokan
Maiduan | 4  | 3  | North America | Penutian
Utian | 13  | 18  | North America | Penutian
Chumashan | 6  | extinct  | North America |
Uto-Aztecan | 58  | 1,910,442  | North America | Aztec–Tanoan
Yuman–Cochimí | 12  | 3,710  | North America | Hokan
Siouan | 14  | 33,399  | North America | Macro-Siouan
Algic | 47  | 214,768  | North America |
Tanoan–Kiowa | 6  | 6,000  | North America | Aztec–Tanoan
Caddoan | 5  | 46  | North America | Macro-Siouan
Totonacan | 12  | 282,250  | North America | Totozoquean
Oto-Manguean | 176  | 1,678,214  | North America |
Mixe–Zoque | 17  | 153,612  | North America | Totozoquean
Tequistlatecan | 3  | 5,494  | North America | Hokan
Muskogean | 6  | 15,640  | North America | Gulf
Mayan | 31  | 6,522,182  | North America |
Xincan | 5  | extinct  | North America | Macro-Chibchan
Jicaquean | 2  | 500  | North America | Hokan
Lencan | 2  | extinct  | North America | Macro-Chibchan or Hokan
Misumalpan | 5  | 709,000  | North America | Macro-Chibchan
Iroquoian | 9  | 14,543  | North America | Macro-Siouan
Arawakan | 77  | 699,709  | North America, South America | Macro-Arawakan
Chibchan | 27  | 306,267  | North America, South America | Macro-Chibchan
Chocoan | 9  | 114,600  | North America, South America |
Cariban | 42  | 67,376  | North America, South America | Je–Tupi–Carib
Barbacoan | 6  | 24,800  | South America | Macro-Paesan
Chicham | 4  | 89,630  | South America |
Quechuan | 45  | 7,768,820  | South America |
Aymaran | 4  | 2,808,740  | South America |
Uru–Chipaya | 2  | 1,200  | South America |
Huarpean | 3  | extinct  | South America |
Araucanian | 2  | 262,000  | South America |
Chonan | 6  | extinct  | South America | Moseten–Chonan
Alacalufan | 3  | 12  | South America |
Guajiboan | 5  | 39,290  | South America | Macro-Arawakan
Nukak–Kakwa | 2  | 610  | South America | Macro-Puinavean
Otomákoan | 2  | extinct  | South America | Macro-Otomákoan
Piaroa–Saliban | 3  | 18,630  | South America |
Nadahup | 4  | 2,894  | South America | Macro-Puinavean
Yanomaman | 4  | 31,670  | South America |
Tucanoan | 23  | 30,308  | South America |
Boran | 2  | 1,500  | South America | Bora–Witoto
Witotoan | 7  | 17,478  | South America | Bora–Witoto
Peba–Yaguan | 3  | 5,700  | South America | Saparo–Yawan
Zaparoan | 3  | 90  | South America | Saparo–Yawan
Hibito–Cholon | 2  | extinct  | South America |
Cahuapanan | 2  | 10,370  | South America |
Ticuna–Yuri | 2  | 48,580  | South America |
Panoan | 38  | 48,679  | South America | Macro-Panoan
Arawan | 6  | 5,870  | South America |
Katukinan | 2  | 10  | South America | Macro-Puinavean
Harákmbut | 2  | 2,220  | South America | Harákmbut–Katukinan or Macro-Otomákoan
Tupian | 70  | 5,026,502  | South America | Je–Tupi–Carib
Chapacuran | 4  | 2,019  | South America | Wamo–Chapakura
Nambikwaran | 6  | 1,068  | South America |
Bororoan | 3  | 1,392  | South America | Macro-Jê
Kariri | 4  | extinct  | South America | Macro-Jê
Zamucoan | 2  | 5,900  | South America |
Tacanan | 7  | 2,860  | South America | Macro-Panoan languages
Mascoian | 6  | 20,728  | South America | Mataco–Guaicuru
Matacoan | 7  | 60,280  | South America | Mataco–Guaicuru
Guaicuruan | 4  | 49,350  | South America | Mataco–Guaicuru
Macro-Jê | 29  | 51,093  | South America | Je–Tupi–Carib
Charruan | 3  | extinct  | South America | Mataco–Guaicuru
Kamakanan | 4  | extinct  | South America | Macro-Jê
Purian | 2  | extinct  | South America | Macro-Jê
Puquina | 4  | extinct  | South America |
Catacaoan | 3  | extinct  | South America |
Jirajaran | 3  | extinct  | South America |
Lule-Vilela | 2  | extinct  | South America |
Timotean | 2  | 200  | South America |
Tiniguan | 3  | 1  | South America |

### Sign language families

[edit]

See also: List of sign languages and Sign Language § Classification

The family relationships of sign languages are not well established due to lagging linguistic research, and many are isolates (cf. Wittmann 1991).[4]

Family Name  | Location  | Number of

|
|

French Sign | Europe, the Americas, Francophone Africa, parts of Asia | Over 50
British Sign | United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa | 4–10
Arab Sign | Much of the Arab World | 6–10
Japanese Sign | Japan, Korea, Taiwan | 3
German Sign | Germany, Poland, Israel | 3
Swedish Sign | Sweden, Finland, Portugal | 3
Chinese Sign | China (including Hong Kong and Macau) | 2

## See also

[edit]

* Constructed language – Language that is intentionally devised; not emergent from human interaction
* Endangered language – Language that is at risk of going extinct
* Ethnologue#Language families
* Extinct language – Language that no longer has any first-language or second-language speakers
* Index of language articles
* Intercontinental Dictionary Series – Linguistics database
* International auxiliary language – Constructed language meant to facilitate communication
* Glottolog#Language families
* Language isolate#List of language isolates by continent
* Lists of languages
* List of proposed language families

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Glottolog 5.0 -". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
2. ^ "What are the largest language families?". Ethnologue. May 25, 2019.
3. ^ "North Caucasian". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
4. ^ Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement" (PDF). Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée (in French). 10 (1): 215–288.

## External links

[edit]

* Glottolog
* Ethnologue
* MultiTree Project Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Comparative Swadesh list tables of various language families (from Wiktionary)

* v
* t
* e

Primary language families

Africa|

* Afroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Khoe–Kwadi
* Kx'a
* Niger–Congo
* Nilo-Saharan(?)
* Tuu
* Dogon?
* Ijoid?
* Kadu?
* Katla?
* Kru?
* Lafofa?
* Mande?
* Rashad?
* Songhay?
* Talodi–Heiban?
* Ubangian?

Isolates|

* Bangime
* Gule
* Hadza
* Jalaa
* Sandawe
* Laal?
* Mimi of Decorse?
* Ongota?
* Shabo?

Eurasia
(Europe
and Asia)|

* Afroasiatic
* Ainu
* Austroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Dravidian
* Eskaleut
* Great Andamanese
* Hmong–Mien
* Hurro-Urartian
* Indo-European
* Japonic
* Kartvelian
* Koreanic
* Kra–Dai
* Mongolic
* Nivkh
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian
* Ongan
* Sino-Tibetan
* Tungusic
* Turkic
* Tyrsenian
* Uralic
* Yeniseian
* Yukaghir
* Arunachal?
* Digaro?
* Kho-Bwa?
* Mijiic?
* Miju?
* Siangic?

Isolates|

* Basque
* Burushaski
* Elamite
* Hattic
* Kusunda
* Nihali
* Rutulian
* Sumerian
* Vedda
* Bugun?
* Eteocretan?
* Eteocypriot?
* Hruso?
* Kenaboi?
* Minoan?
* Puroik?
* Shompen?
* Tambora?

New Guinea
and the Pacific|

* Arai–Samaia
* Austronesian
* Berau Gulf
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Border
* Bulaka River
* Central Solomons
* Chimbu–Wahgi
* Demta–Sentani
* Doso–Turumsa
* East Geelvink Bay
* East New Britain
* East Strickland
* Eleman
* Engan
* Fas
* Foja Range
* Gogodala–Suki
* Hatam–Mansim
* Kaure–Kosare
* Kiwaian
* Kutubuan
* Lakes Plain
* Lower Mamberamo
* Lower Sepik
* Madang
* Mairasi
* Mantion–Meax
* North Bougainville
* North Halmahera
* Pauwasi
* Ramu
* Senagi
* Senu River
* Sepik
* Skou
* South Bougainville
* Teberan–Pawaian
* Torricelli
* Trans-Fly
* Trans–New Guinea
* Turama–Kikorian
* Upper Yuat
* West Bird's Head
* Yam
* Yawan
* Yuat
* Northwest Papuan?
* Papuan Gulf?
* West Papuan?

Isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Burmeso
* Kol
* Kuot
* Maybrat
* Mpur
* Porome
* Anêm?
* Ata?
* Sulka?
* Taiap?
* Tambora?
* Yele?

Australia|

* Bunuban
* Eastern Daly
* Eastern Tasmanian
* Garawan
* Gunwinyguan
* Iwaidjan
* Jarrakan
* Maningrida
* Mirndi
* Northeastern Tasmanian
* Northern Tasmanian
* Nyulnyulan
* Pama–Nyungan
* Southern Daly
* Tangkic
* Wagaydyic (Northern Daly?)
* Western Daly
* Western Tasmanian
* Worrorran
* Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
* Darwin Region?
* Marrku–Wurrugu?
* Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?

Isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
* Tiwi
* Gaagudju?
* Kungarakany?

North
America|

* Algic
* Caddoan
* Chimakuan
* Chinookan
* Chumashan
* Comecrudan
* Coosan
* Eskaleut
* Iroquoian
* Kalapuyan
* Maiduan
* Muskogean
* Na-Dene
* Palaihnihan
* Plateau Penutian
* Pomoan
* Salishan
* Shastan
* Siouan
* Tanoan
* Tsimshianic
* Utian
* Uto-Aztecan
* Wakashan
* Wintuan
* Yuki–Wappo
* Yuman–Cochimí

Isolates|

* Alsea
* Atakapa
* Cayuse
* Chimariko
* Chitimacha
* Coahuilteco
* Cotoname
* Esselen
* Haida
* Karuk
* Keres?
* Kutenai
* Natchez
* Salinan
* Seri
* Siuslaw
* Takelma
* Timucua
* Tonkawa
* Tunica
* Waikuri
* Washo
* Yana
* Yokuts?
* Yuchi
* Zuni

Mesoamerica|

* Arawakan
* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Tarascan/Purépecha

South
America|

* Alacalufan
* Andoque–Urequena
* Araucanian
* Arawakan
* Arawan
* Aymaran
* Barbacoan
* Boran
* Bororoan
* Cahuapanan
* Cañari–Puruhá
* Cariban
* Chapacuran
* Charruan
* Chibchan
* Chicham
* Choco
* Chonan
* Guaicuruan
* Guajiboan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Hibito–Cholón
* Huarpean
* Jirajaran
* Kakwa-Nukak
* Kariri
* Lule–Vilela
* Macro-Jê
* Mascoian
* Matacoan
* Nadahup
* Nambikwaran
* Otomákoan
* Pano-Tacanan
* Peba–Yaguan
* Piaroa–Saliban
* Quechuan
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Tucanoan
* Tupian
* Uru–Chipaya
* Witotoan
* Xukuruan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan
* Zaparoan
* Catacaoan?

Isolates|

* Aikanã
* Arutani
* Betoi
* Camsá
* Candoshi-Shapra
* Canichana
* Cayubaba
* Chimane
* Chiquitano
* Chono
* Cofán
* Culle
* Esmeralda
* Guachí
* Guamo
* Guató
* Hodï/Joti
* Iatê
* Irantxe
* Itonama
* Kanoê
* Kunza
* Kwaza
* Leco
* Maku/Jukude
* Matanawi
* Mochica
* Movima
* Munichi
* Mura-Pirahã
* Omurano
* Otí
* Páez
* Payaguá
* Puinave
* Purian
* Puquina
* Sape
* Sechura
* Tallán
* Taruma
* Taushiro
* Tequiraca
* Trumai
* Urarina
* Waorani/Huaorani
* Warao
* Yaruro
* Yahgan
* Yuracaré
* Yurumangui
* Katembri?
* Sanavirón?

Sign
languages|

* Arab
* Australian Aboriginal
* BANZSL
* Chinese
* Francosign
* Germanosign
* Hand Talk
* Indo-Pakistani
* Japanese
* Original Thai
* Swedish
* Paraguay–Uruguay?
* Providencia–Cayman?
* Sudanese?
* Tanzanian?

Isolates|

* See list of sign languages
* Village sign languages

See also|

* Constructed languages
* Creoles
* Language isolates
* Mixed languages
* Pidgins
* Spurious languages
* Unclassified languages
* Whistled languages

* Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Language families of Eurasia

Europe|

* Indo-European
* Afroasiatic
* Uralic
* Turkic
* Mongolic
* Basque
* Iberian
* Tartessian
* Paleo-Corsican
* Paleo-Sardinian
* Camunic
* Ligurian
* North Picene ?
* Rutulian
* Sicanian
* Tyrsenian
* Eteocretan
* Eteocypriot
* Minoan

West Asia|

* Afroasiatic
* Indo-European
* Turkic
* Elamite
* Gutian
* Hattic
* Hurro-Urartian
* Kaskian
* Kassite
* Sumerian

Caucasus|

* Kartvelian
* North Caucasian
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian
* Turkic
* Indo-European

South Asia|

* Indo-European
* Dravidian
* Sino-Tibetan
* Austroasiatic
* Burushaski
* Nihali
* Kusunda
* Harappan ?

East Asia|

* Sino-Tibetan
* Austroasiatic
* Hmong–Mien
* Kra–Dai
* Austronesian
* Turkic
* Tungusic
* Mongolic
* Koreanic
* Japonic

Indian Ocean rim|

* Great Andamanese
* Ongan
* Sentinelese
* Kenaboi

North Asia|

| "Paleosiberian"|

* Ainu
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Nivkh
* Yeniseian
* Yukaghir

|

Other North Asia|

* Uralic
* Turkic
* Mongolic
* Tungusic
* Eskaleut
* Rouran ?
* Xiongnu ?

Proposed groupings|

* Alarodian
* Altaic
* Borean
* Nostratic
* Dené–Caucasian
* Eurasiatic
* Dené–Yeniseian
* Dravido-Korean
* Elamo-Dravidian
* Ibero-Caucasian
* Indo-Hittite
* Indo-Pacific
* Indo-Semitic
* Indo-Uralic
* Karasuk
* Serbi–Mongolic
* Pontic
* Ural-Altaic
* Uralo-Siberian
* Uralic–Yukaghir
* Eskimo–Uralic
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric

Arunachal|

* Greater Siangic
* Siangic
* Digaro
* Mijiic
* Miju
* Hrusish
* Kho-Bwa

East and Southeast Asia|

* Andamanese
* Austric
* Austro-Tai
* Austronesian–Ongan
* East Asian
* Sino-Austronesian

Substrata|

* Atlantic
* Pre-Celtic
* Pre-Germanic
* Pre-Goidelic
* Pre-Greek
* Vasconic
* Pre-Vedic
* Pre-Finno-Ugric
* Paleo-Laplandic
* Proto-Euphratean

* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

* v
* t
* e

Papuan language families
(Palmer 2018 classification)

Trans-New Guinea
subgroups|

| Central Papua, Indonesia|

* Ok-Oksapmin
* Dani
* Asmat-Kamoro
* Mek
* Paniai Lakes
* West Bomberai
* Somahai

|

Southeast Papua, Indonesia|

* Anim
* Greater Awyu
* Kayagaric
* Kolopom
* Marori

Southwest Papua New Guinea|

* Gogodala-Suki
* Turama-Kikori
* Kiwaian
* Awin-Pa

Central Papua New Guinea|

* Madang
* Finisterre-Huon
* Kainantu-Goroka
* Chimbu-Wahgi
* Enga-Kewa-Huli
* Bosavi
* East Strickland
* Kutubu
* Duna-Bogaya
* Wiru

Papuan Peninsula|

* Angan
* Greater Binanderean
* Dagan
* Mailuan
* Koiarian
* Goilalan
* Yareban
* Kwalean
* Manubaran

Eastern Nusantara
families and isolates|

* Timor-Alor-Pantar
* North Halmahera

* Tambora†

Bird's Head Peninsula
families and isolates|

* South Bird's Head
* Nuclear South Bird's Head
* Inanwatan–Duriankere
* Konda–Yahadian
* East Bird's Head
* Nuclear East Bird's Head
* Hatam–Mansim
* West Bird's Head

* Abun
* Mpur
* Maybrat
* Mor
* Tanah Merah

Northern Western New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Tor-Kwerba
* Lakes Plain
* Border
* Sko
* East Cenderawasih Bay
* Pauwasi
* East
* West
* Nimboran
* Sentani
* Mairasi
* Kaure
* Lepki-Murkim
* Senagi (Angor-Dera)
* Tofanma-Namla
* Yapen

* Abinomn
* Burmeso
* Elseng
* Kapauri
* Kembra
* Keuw
* Kimki
* Massep
* Mawes
* Molof
* Usku
* Yetfa

Central Western New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Bayono-Awbono

* Dem
* Uhunduni

Sepik-Ramu basin
families and isolates|

* Torricelli
* Sepik
* Lower Sepik-Ramu
* Lower Sepik
* Ramu
* Kwomtari
* Leonhard Schultze (Walio-Papi)
* Upper Yuat (Arafundi-Piawi)
* Yuat
* Left May
* Amto-Musan

* Busa
* Tayap
* Yadë

| Torricelli subgroups|

* Marienberg
* Arapesh
* Urim
* Maimai
* Wapei
* Palei
* One (West Wapei)
* Monumbo?

|

Sepik subgroups|

* Middle Sepik
* Ndu
* Nukuma
* Yellow River
* Yerakai
* Upper Sepik
* Wogamus
* Iwam
* Abau
* Sepik Hill
* Tama
* Ram
* Amal

Ramu subgroups|

* Lower Ramu
* Ottilien
* Misegian
* Middle Ramu
* Grass?
* Tamolan
* Ataitan (Tanggu)

Gulf of Papua and southern New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Yam
* Pahoturi River
* Eleman
* Oriomo
* Teberan
* Doso-Turumsa
* Komolom
* Yelmek-Maklew

* Dibiyaso
* Kaki Ae
* Kamula
* Karami
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Purari
* Tabo

Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands
families and isolates|

* Baining
* North Bougainville
* South Bougainville
* Central Solomons
* Butam-Taulil

* Anêm
* Ata
* Kol
* Kuot
* Makolkol
* Sulka

Rossel Island
isolate|

* Yélî Dnye

Proposed groupings|

* West Papuan
* Northwest Papuan
* South Pauwasi
* East Papuan
* Southeast Papuan
* Papuan Gulf
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Arai–Samaia
* Asmat–Mombum
* Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
* Trans-Fly
* Dani–Kwerba
* East Bird's Head – Sentani
* Kwomtari–Fas
* Left May – Kwomtari
* Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
* West Trans–New Guinea
* West Papuan Highlands
* Central and South New Guinea
* Central West New Guinea
* East New Guinea Highlands
* Yele – West New Britain
* Sepik–Ramu
* Indo-Pacific

Proto-language|

* Proto-Trans–New Guinea

* v
* t
* e

Australian Aboriginal and Tasmanian languages

Pama–Nyungan
subgroups|

| Southeastern|

| Victorian P–N|

* Lower Murray
* Yotayotic
* Gippsland
* Kulin
* Bungandidj

|

New South Wales P–N|

* Yuin–Kuric
* Dhanggati ?
* Anewan (Nganyaywana) ?
* Central New South Wales
* Wiradhuric
* Barranbinja
* Muruwari

North Coast|

* Durubalic
* Bandjalangic
* Gumbaynggiric
* Waka–Kabic

Northern|

* Western Torres Strait
* Kalaw Lagaw Ya

Paman|

* Northern Paman
* Uradhi
* Wik
* Middle Paman
* Umpilaic
* Umbindhamuic
* Lamalamic
* Umbuygamu
* Mbarrumbathama
* Southwest Paman
* Kuuk Thayorre
* Southern Paman
* Mbabaram
* Flinders Island

Maric|

* Northern
* Warrongo
* Eastern
* Biri
* Southern
* Bidyara–Gungabula
* Margany–Gunya
* Bindal ?
* Guwa–Yanda ?
* Guwa
* Yanda
* Kingkel ?
* Dharumbal ?
* Bayali ?
* Lower Burdekin ?

Dyirbalic|

* Dyirbal
* Warrgamay
* Nyawaygi
* Lower Burdekin ?

Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic|

* Guugu Yimidihirr
* Kuku Yalanji
* Yidiny

Gulf|

* Kalkatungic
* Kalkatungu
* Yalarnnga
* Mayi

Central|

| Arandic–Thura–Yura|

* Arandic
* Arrernte
* Kaytetye
* Thura–Yura
* Wirangu
* Kaurna
* Adnyamathanha

|

Karnic|

* Northern (Palku)
* Pitta-Pitta
* Western
* Arabana–Wangkangurru
* Central
* Diyari
* Yandruwandha
* Eastern
* Wilson River (Wangkumara)
* Bulloo River (Galali) ?

* Yarli
* Paakantyi

Western|

| Yolŋu|

* Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
* Ritharrŋu
* Nhaŋu
* Dhuwal–Dhuwala
* Djambarrpuyŋu
* Gupapuyŋu
* Djinaŋ
* Djinba
* Ganhalpuyŋu

|

Ngarna/Warluwarric|

* Yanyuwa
* Southern
* Ngarru
* Thawa

Desert Nyungic|

* Marrngu
* Ngumpin–Yapa
* Ngumpin
* Yapa
* Warumungu ?
* Wati

South-West P–N|

* Pilbara
* Ngayarda
* Kanyara–Mantharta
* Kartu–Nhanda
* Yinggarda ?
* Mirning
* Nyunga

Tangkic|

* Lardil (register: Damin)
* Kayardild
* Yukulta (Ganggalida, Nyangga)
* Mingginda (Minkin)

Garrwan|

* Garawa (Garrwa, north)
* Waanyi (Wanji, south)
* Gunindiri (Kurnindirri, southwest)

Macro-Gunwinyguan ?|

| Maningrida|

* Burarra
* Gurr-goni
* Ndjébbana
* Nakkara

|

Marran|

* Marra
* Warndarang
* Yugul ?
* Alawa ?
* Mangarrayi ?

Gunwinyguan proper|

| Western|

* Jawoyn (Djauan)
* Waray
* Uwinymil

|

Central|

* Bininj Kunwok (Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
* Kunbarlang
* Dalabon (Ngalkbun)

Eastern|

* Rembarrnga
* Ngalakgan
* Ngandi
* Nunggubuyu (Wubuy)
* Anindilyakwa (Enindhilyagwa)

Yangmanic–Wagiman?|

* Wardaman
* Wagiman

Other isolates|

* Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ) ?
* Gaagudju

Iwaidjan|

| Central (Warrkbi)|

* Iwaidja
* Garig–Ilgar
* Garig
* Ilgar

|

Eastern (Goulburn Island)|

* Maung
* Manangkari

Southern|

* Amurdag

Marrku–Wurrugu ?|

* Wurrugu
* Marrgu

Darwin Region ?|

* Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)

Limilngan–Wulna?|

* Limilngan
* Wulna

Umbugarlic|

* Umbugarla
* Ngurmbur
* Bugurnidja

Daly River Sprachbund|

| Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)|

* Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
* Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
* Giyug ?

|

Northern Daly|

* Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
* Tyerraty

Western Daly|

* Marri Ngarr
* Magati Ke
* Merranunggu
* Marrithiyel
* Marramaninjsji

Eastern Daly|

* Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
* Kamu

Southern Daly|

* Murrinh-patha
* Ngan’gityemerri

Mirndi|

* Jingulu

| Yirram|

* Nungali
* Jaminjung

|

Ngurlun|

* Ngarnka
* Wambaya

Jarrakan|

* Kija
* Miriwoong
* Gajirrawoong

Bunuban|

* Bunuba
* Gooniyandi

Worrorran|

* Wunambal (Northern)
* Ngarinyin (Eastern)
* Worrorra (Western)

Nyulnyulan|

| Western (Nyulnyulic)|

* Nyulnyul
* Bardi
* Jawi
* Djabirr-Djabirr
* Nimanburru

|

Eastern (Dyukun)|

* Yawuru
* Dyugun
* Warrwa
* Nyigina
* Ngumbarl

Others|

| Language isolates|

* Giimbiyus
* Tiwi

|

Papuan|

* Meriam

Tasmanian
family-level groups|

| Western|

* Northwestern Tasmanian (Peerapper)
* Southwestern Tasmanian (Toogee) ?

|

Northern|

* Northern Tasmanian (Tommeginne)
* Port Sorell

Northeastern|

* Pyemmairre (Northeastern)
* Tyerrernotepanner (North Midland)
* Lhotsky/Blackhouse
* Norman

Eastern|

* Oyster Bay (Paredarerme)
* Little Swanport
* Southeast Tasmanian (Nuenonne)
* Bruny Island

New Indigenous
languages and
Aboriginal Englishes|

| Creoles|

| Australian Kriol|

* Roper River Kriol (Ngukurr)
* Bamyili Kriol (Barunga)
* Kimberley Kriol (Fitzroy Valley)
* Daly River Kriol
* Westside Kriol (Victoria River)
* Barkly Kriol
* Mornington Island Creole
* Kowanyama Creole

|

Northeastern
creoles|

* Torres Strait Creole (Yumplatok)
* Cape York Creole
* Lockhart River Creole
* Napranum Creole

Pidgins|

* Port Jackson Pidgin English
* Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
* South Australian Pidgin English
* Pidgin Ngarluma

Mixed languages|

* Light Warlpiri
* Gurindji Kriol
* Modern Tiwi
* Wumpurrarni English (Tennant Creek)
* Alyawarr English

Others|

* Neo-Nyungar
* Nunga English
* Yarrie Lingo
* Palm Talk
* Woorie Talk
* Cherbourg Talk
* Murdi Language

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Australian ?
* Proto-Pama–Nyungan
* Macro-Pama–Nyungan ?
* Arnhem Land ?

Italics indicate individual languages

* v
* t
* e

Indigenous language families and isolates of North America

Language families
and isolates|

* Chumashan †
* Yuki–Wappo †
* Adai †
* Beothuk †
* Bidai †
* Cayuse †
* Haida
* Kutenai
* Nansemond †
* Pamunkey †
* Pericú †
* Timucua †
* Waikuri †

| Eskaleut|

* Aleut
* Eskimoan

|

Na-Dene|

* Eyak †
* Tlingit
* Athabaskan

Algic|

* Wiyot †
* Yurok †
* Algonquian

Mosan ?|

* Chimakuan †
* Salishan
* Wakashan

Macro-Siouan ?|

* Caddoan
* Iroquoian
* Siouan
* Yuchi †

Penutian ?|

* Chinookan †
* Maiduan
* Plateau
* Tsimshianic
* Wintuan

| Yok-Utian ?|

* Yokuts
* Utian

|

Coast Oregon ?|

* Alsean †
* Coosan †
* Siuslaw †

Takelma–Kalapuyan ?|

* Takelma †
* Kalapuyan †

Hokan ?|

* Jicaquean
* Palaihnihan †
* Pomoan
* Shastan †
* Tequistlatecan
* Yuman
* Chimariko †
* Esselen †
* Karuk
* Salinan †
* Seri
* Washo
* Yana †

Pueblo
linguistic area|

* Tanoan
* Keres
* Zuni

Coahuiltecan
linguistic area|

* Aranama †
* Coahuilteco †
* Cotoname †
* Karankawa †
* Maratino †
* Naolan †
* Quinigua †
* Solano †
* Tonkawa †
* Comecrudan †

Gulf ?|

* Muskogean
* Atakapa †
* Chitimacha †
* Natchez †

| Calusa–Tunica ?|

* Calusa †
* Tunica †

|

Mesoamerican
linguistic area|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan †
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan †
* Alagüilac ? †
* Cueva †
* Cuitlatec †
* Huave
* Otomi of Jalisco †
* Purépecha
* Zapotec of Jalisco †

Caribbean
linguistic area|

* Arawakan
* Cariban

| Pre-Arawakan|

* Ciguayo †
* Guanahatabey †
* Macorix †

|

Proposed groupings|

* Amerind
* Algonquian–Wakashan
* Aztec–Tanoan
* Macro-Mayan
* Macro-Chibchan
* Tolatecan
* Totozoquean
* Waroid

Lists|

* Classification
* Extinct languages
* Unclassified languages
* Linguistic areas

† indicates an extinct language, italics indicates independent status of a language, bold indicates that a language family has at least 6 members

* v
* t
* e

Indigenous language families and isolates of South America

Based on Campbell 2024 classification

Language families
and isolates|

* Arawakan

| Je–Tupi–Carib ?|

* Cariban
* Tupian

| Macro-Jê sensu stricto|

* Jê
* Jabutian *
* Kamakã †
* Krenakan *
* Maxakalian
* Jaikó †
* Karajá
* Ofayé *
* Rikbaktsá *

|

Eastern Brazil|

* Karirian †
* Chiquitano
* Guató *
* Purí–Coroado †
* Taruma *
* Xukurú †
* Yaté

Orinoco (Venezuela)|

* Otomacoan †
* Sáliban
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Yanomaman
* Arutani *
* Betoi †
* Guamo †
* Hodï
* Máku †
* Sapé †
* Warao
* Yaruro

Andes (Colombia and Venezuela)|

* Jirajaran †
* Paezan
* Timotean †
* Tiniguan *
* Andaquí †
* Cofán
* Camsá

Amazon (Colombia, Japurá–Vaupés area)|

* Andoque–Urequena
* Boran
* Guajiboan
* Kakwa-Nukak
* Nadahup
* Puinave
* Tucanoan
* Witotoan

Pacific coast (Colombia and Ecuador)|

* Barbacoan
* Chibchan
* Chocoan
* Esmeralda †
* Yurumanguí †

Pacific coast (Peru)|

* Cañari–Puruhá †
* Mochica †
* Sechura †
* Tallán †
* Catacaoan †

Amazon (Peru)|

* Cahuapanan
* Chicham
* Hibito–Cholon †
* Pano–Tacanan
* Peba–Yagua
* Zaparoan
* Candoshi
* Munichi †
* Omurano †
* Taushiro *
* Tequiraca †
* Urarina
* Waorani

Amazon (west-central Brazil)|

* Arawan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Muran
* Matanawí †
* Trumai *

Mamoré–Guaporé|

* Bororoan
* Chapacuran
* Mosetenan
* Nambikwaran
* Aikanã
* Arara do Rio Branco †
* Canichana †
* Cayubaba
* Itonama *
* Irantxe
* Kanoê *
* Kwazá *
* Leco †
* Movima
* Yuracaré

Andes (Peru, Bolivia, and Chile)|

* Araucanian
* Aymaran
* Quechuan
* Uru–Chipaya
* Culle †
* Kunza †
* Puquina †

Chaco–Pampas|

* Charruan *
* Chonan †
* Guaicuruan
* Huarpean †
* Lule–Vilelan †
* Matacoan
* Mascoyan
* Zamucoan
* Guachí †
* Payaguá †

Far South (Chile)|

* Qawasqaran *
* Chono †
* Yaghan †

Proposed groupings|

* Duho
* Macro-Andean
* Macro-Arawakan
* Macro-Chibchan
* Macro-Jibaro
* Macro-Otomákoan
* Macro-Paesan
* Macro-Panoan
* Macro-Puinavean
* Mura–Matanawí
* Macro-Warpean
* Arutani–Sape
* Bora–Witoto
* Esmeralda–Yaruroan
* Je–Tupi–Carib
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mataco–Guaicuru
* Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
* Moseten–Chonan
* Quechumaran
* Saparo–Yawan
* Chimuan
* Tequiraca–Canichana
* Wamo–Chapakura
* Sechura–Catacao
* Amerind

Unclassified|

* Aguano †
* Anserma †
* Arma †
* Baenan †
* Bagua †
* Cabixi †
* Caimbé †
* Catuquinaru †
* Chachapoya †
* Comechingón †
* Copallen †
* Diaguita †
* Gamela †
* Gorgotoqui †
* Himarimã
* Humahuaca †
* Isolado do Tanarú †
* Kambiwá †
* Kapinawá †
* Katembri †
* Majena †
* Malibu †
* Mure †
* Natú †
* Otí †
* Pankararú †
* Palta †
* Panche †
* Paratió †
* Patagón †
* Pijao †
* Querandí †
* Quingnam †
* Ramanos †
* Sacata †
* Sanavirón †
* Sinú †
* Tapajó †
* Tarairiú †
* Truká †
* Tremembé †
* Tuxá †
* Wakoná †
* Wamoé †
* Wasu †
* Xokó †

Linguistic areas|

* Chaco
* Mamoré–Guaporé
* Amazonian

Countries|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Colombia
* Chile
* Ecuador
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Venezuela
* Guyana
* Suriname
* French Guiana

Lists|

* Languages
* Extinct languages
* Marañón River basin
* Unclassified languages
* Classification
* Linguistic areas

† indicates an extinct language, italics indicates independent status of a language, bold indicates that a language family has at least 6 members, * indicates moribund status

* v
* t
* e

Nilo-Saharan branches

Ethiopia-Sudan
border region|

* Berta
* Bʼaga
* Koman
* Gule ?
* Kuliak
* Kunama
* Ongota ?
* Shabo ?

Sahel region|

* Furan
* Kadu
* Maban
* Saharan
* Songhay

Central Sudanic|

* Birri ?
* Bongo–Bagirmi
* Kresh ?
* Lendu
* Mangbetu
* Mangbutu–Lese
* Moru–Madi
* Sinyar ?

Eastern Sudanic|

* Daju
* Eastern Jebel
* Nara
* Nilotic
* Surmic

"Astaboran"|

* Nubian
* Nyimang
* Tama
* Temein

* v
* t
* e

Niger–Congo branches

Atlantic–Congo|

| Savannas|

| Adamawa|

* Bena–Mboi
* Bikwin–Jen
* Bua
* Day
* Fali
* Kim
* Kwah (Baa)
* Longuda
* Mbum (Kebi–Benue)
* Mumuye
* Nyingwom (Kam)
* Samba–Duru
* Tula–Waja
* Yendang (Maya)

|

Gur|

* Central Gur
* Kulango
* Miyobe
* Samo (Burkina) ?
* Senufo
* Tiefo
* Tusian
* Viemo

Ubangian|

* Banda
* Gbaya
* Mba
* Ngbaka (Mundu–Baka)
* Ngbandi
* Sere (Ndogo)
* Zande

Volta–Congo|

| Benue–Congo|

| Platoid|

* Jukunoid
* Kainji
* Plateau

|

Cross River|

* Central Delta
* Lower Cross River
* Ogoni
* Upper Cross River

Northern Bantoid|

* Dakoid
* Mambiloid
* Tikar

Southern Bantoid|

* Bantu
* Beboid
* Bendi
* Ekoid
* Grassfields
* Tivoid

Volta–Niger|

* Akoko
* Akpes
* Ayere–Ahan
* Edoid
* Gbe
* Idomoid
* Igboid
* Nupoid
* Oko
* Ukaan
* Yoruboid

West Atlantic|

* Bak
* Bijago
* Gola
* Limba
* Mel
* Nalu
* Rio Nunez
* Senegambian
* Sua

Others (Ghana
and Ivory Coast)|

* Dompo
* Ega
* Kru
* Kwa
* Mangree ?
* Mbre
* Mpra ?
* Siamou

Mande|

| Southeast|

| Eastern|

* Bissa
* Busa–Boko
* Samo (Burkina) ?
* Shanga–Tyenga

|

Southern|

* Dan–Goo–Tura
* Gban–Beng
* Guro–Yaure
* Mano
* Mwa–Wan

West|

| Central West
(Manding–Kpelle)|

* Jogo
* Manding
* Mokole
* Soso–Jalonke (Susu–Yalunka)
* Southwestern Mande
* Vai–Kono

|

Northwest
(Samogo–Soninke)|

* Bobo
* Jowulu (Jɔ)
* Samogo (partial: Duun–Sembla)
* Soninke–Bozo

Kordofanian|

* Katla
* Lafofa
* Rashad
* Talodi–Heiban

Others|

* Defaka
* Dogon
* Ijoid

Isolates|

* Bangime
* Jalaa ?
* Komta ?
* Laal

Unclassified|

* Degere ?
* Dima-Bottego ?
* Omaio ?
* Rimba ?
* "Serengeti-Dorobo" ?
* Wawu ?

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Niger–Congo
* Proto-Bantu
* Proto-Yoruboid

* v
* t
* e

Khoisan languages

Khoe–Kwadi|

| Khoe|

* Gǁana
* Gǀwi
* ǂHaba
* Khoekhoe
* ǂAakhoe
* Eini
* Khwe
* Korana/Griqua
* Naro
* Shua
* Tshwa

|

Kwadi|

* Kwadi

Kxʼa|

| ǃKung|

* Sekele / Northern ǃKung (Ekoka)
* Central ǃKung
* Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung (ǂKxʼaoǁʼae)

|

ǂʼAmkoe|

ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)

Tuu|

| Taa|

* Lower Nossob
* Taa (ǃXoon)

|

ǃKwi|

* Boshof ǃUi
* ǃGãǃne
* ǁKā
* Nǁng (Nǀuu)
* Seroa
* ǁŨǁʼe
* ǂUngkue
* ǀXam
* ǁXegwi

Isolates|

* Sandawe
* Hadza

* Italics indicate extinct languages.

* v
* t
* e

Long-range comparative linguistics

Concepts|

* Comparative method
* Etymological dictionary
* Glottochronology
* Lexicostatistics
* Linguistic reconstruction
* Internal reconstruction
* Linguistic universal
* Macrofamily
* Mass comparison
* Origin of language
* Paleolinguistics
* Proto-language
* Swadesh list
* Dolgopolsky list
* Leipzig–Jakarta list

Language families|

* Proto-human
* Borean
* Amerind
* Nostratic
* Elamo-Dravidian
* Eurasiatic
* Altaic
* Ural-Altaic
* Indo-Uralic
* Sino-Uralic
* Dené–Caucasian
* North Caucasian
* Austric
* Indo-Pacific

Linguists|

* John Bengtson
* Václav Blažek
* Allan R. Bomhard
* Svetlana Burlak
* Aharon Dolgopolsky
* Vladimir Dybo
* Harold C. Fleming
* Joseph Greenberg
* Eugene Helimski
* Murray Gell-Mann
* Vladislav Illich-Svitych
* Frederik Kortlandt
* Alexis Manaster Ramer
* Sergei Nikolaev
* Sorin Paliga
* Holger Pedersen
* Ilia Peiros
* Martine Robbeets
* Merritt Ruhlen
* Vitaly Shevoroshkin
* Georgiy Starostin
* Sergei Starostin
* Alfredo Trombetti

Journals|

* Journal of Language Relationship
* Mother Tongue

Books|

* Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages
* The Languages of Africa

Institutions and schools|

* Evolution of Human Languages
* Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
* Moscow School of Comparative Linguistics
* Russian State University for the Humanities
* Santa Fe Institute

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