List of language families

This article is a list of language families. This list only includes primary language families that are accepted by the current academic consensus in the field of linguistics; for language families that are not accepted by the current academic consensus in the field of linguistics, see the article "List of proposed language families".

## List of language families[edit]

### Spoken language families[edit]

The language families of the world The language families of Africa Map of the Austronesian languages Map of major Dravidian languages Distribution of the Indo-European language family branches across Eurasia Area of the Papuan languages Map of the Australian languages Distribution of language families and isolates north of Mexico at first contact The major South American language families Ethnolinguistic groups of mainland Southeast Asia Caucasian languages Distribution of the Uralic, Altaic, and Yukaghir languages Family name  | Languages  | Current speakers[1] | Location  | Proposed parent family

|
|
|
|

Afroasiatic languages | 366  | 499,294,669  | Africa, Eurasia |
Atlantic–Congo languages | 1,453  | 500,000,000  | Africa | Niger–Congo (disputed)
Mande languages | 50  | 27,003,000  | Africa | Niger–Congo (disputed)
Kru languages | 38  | 3,800,000  | Africa | Niger–Congo (disputed)
Dogon languages | 19  | 630,820  | Africa | Niger–Congo (disputed)
Ijoid languages | 10  | 3,221,650  | Africa | Niger–Congo (disputed)
Songhay languages | 11  | 3,228,000  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan (disputed)
Saharan languages | 10  | 10,940,500  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan (disputed)
Fur languages | 2  | 786,900  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan (disputed)
Maban languages | 9  | 1,115,260  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan (disputed)
Central Sudanic languages | 65  | 9,145,280  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan (disputed)
Khoe-Kwadi languages | 12  | 337,337  | Africa | Khoisan (obsolete)
Kx'a languages | 4  | 104,000  | Africa | Khoisan (obsolete)
Tuu languages | 2  | 2,500  | Africa | Khoisan (obsolete)
Kadu languages | 6  | 120,600  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan (disputed)
Talodi languages | 8  | 112,250  | Africa | Niger–Congo (disputed)
Heiban languages | 10  | 276,690  | Africa | Niger–Congo (disputed)
Rashad languages | 2  | 126,000  | Africa | Niger–Congo (disputed)
Katla-Tima languages | 3  | 25,000  | Africa | Niger–Congo (disputed)
Taman languages | 4  | 128,800  | Africa | Eastern Sudanic (disputed)
Daju languages | 7  | 261,000  | Africa | Eastern Sudanic (disputed)
Nubian languages | 13  | 842,050  | Africa | Eastern Sudanic (disputed)
Nyima languages | 2  | 162,000  | Africa | Eastern Sudanic (disputed)
Eastern Jebel languages | 4  | 104,600  | Africa | Eastern Sudanic (disputed)
Temein languages | 2  | 14,400  | Africa | Eastern Sudanic (disputed)
Nilotic languages | 55  | 33,306,780  | Africa | Eastern Sudanic (disputed)
Surmic languages | 11  | 544,680  | Africa | Eastern Sudanic (disputed)
Kresh-Aja languages | 3  | 48,200  | Africa | Central Sudanic (disputed)
Kuliak languages | 3  | 14,070  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan (disputed)
Bʼaga languages | 5  | 253,680  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan (disputed)
Blue Nile Mao languages | 4  | 24,300  | Africa | Afroasiatic (disputed)
Dizoid languages | 3  | 88,840  | Africa | Afroasiatic (disputed)
Koman languages | 5  | 94,000  | Africa | Nilo-Saharan (disputed)
Ta-Ne-Omotic languages | 19  | 7,359,020  | Africa | Afroasiatic (disputed)
Aroid languages | 5  | 438,100  | Africa | Afroasiatic (disputed)
Indo-European languages | 448  | 3,237,999,904  | Eurasia |
Uralic languages | 37  | 20,716,457  | Eurasia |
Turkic languages | 35  | 179,945,933  | Eurasia | Altaic (disputed)
Hurro-Urartian languages | 2  | extinct  | Eurasia |
Abkhazo-Adyghean languages | 4  | 1,655,000  | Eurasia | Caucasian (disputed)
Nakh-Daghestanian languages | 29[2] | 4,155,258  | Eurasia | Caucasian, Alarodian (disputed)
Kartvelian languages | 5  | 4,850,000  | Eurasia |
Dravidian languages | 84  | 252,807,610  | Eurasia |
Great Andamanese languages | 10  | 3  | Eurasia |
Ongan languages | 2  | 296  | Eurasia |
Yeniseian languages | 2  | 211  | Eurasia | Dené–Yeniseian (possible)
Yukaghir languages | 2  | 740  | Eurasia |
Sino-Tibetan languages | 453  | 1,385,995,195  | Eurasia |
Hmong–Mien languages | 38  | 9,332,070  | Eurasia | Miao–Dai (?)
Kra–Dai languages | 94  | 81,549,828  | Eurasia | Austro-Tai (disputed)
Austroasiatic languages | 169  | 116,323,040  | Eurasia |
Austronesian languages | 1,223  | 325,862,510  | Africa, Eurasia, Oceania | Austro-Tai (disputed)
Tungusic languages | 11  | 55,800  | Eurasia | Altaic (disputed)
Mongolic languages | 13  | 7,269,480  | Eurasia | Altaic (disputed)
Koreanic languages | 2  | 77,269,890  | Eurasia | Altaic (disputed)
Nivkh languages | 2  | 200  | Eurasia | Nivkh–Kamchukotic (?)
Japonic languages | 13  | 129,240,180  | Eurasia | Altaic (disputed)
Ainu languages | 3  | 2  | Eurasia | Altaic (disputed)
Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages | 5  | 6,875  | Eurasia | Nivkh–Kamchukotic (?)
Trans–New Guinea | 317  | 3,540,024  | New Guinea |
Torricelli languages | 55  | 113,705  | New Guinea |
Sepik languages | 36  | 162,704  | New Guinea |
Ramu – Lower Sepik languages | 30  | 65,830  | New Guinea |
Timor–Alor–Pantar languages | 23  | 380,120  | New Guinea |
Lakes Plain languages | 20  | 8,455  | New Guinea |
Yam languages | 19  | 7,677  | New Guinea |
Anim languages | 17  | 32,898  | New Guinea |
Border languages | 15  | 17,080  | New Guinea |
North Halmahera languages | 15  | 279,035  | New Guinea | West Papuan (disputed)
Angan languages | 13  | 103,739  | New Guinea |
Ndu languages | 13  | 100,770  | New Guinea |
Orya–Tor languages | 13  | 8,345  | New Guinea |
Geelvink Bay languages | 10  | 8,005  | New Guinea |
Sko languages | 10  | 5,665  | New Guinea |
Dagan languages | 9  | 18,555  | New Guinea |
South Bougainville languages | 9  | 68,700  | New Guinea |
Kwerbic languages | 8  | 7,000  | New Guinea |
Koiarian languages | 8  | 25,690  | New Guinea |
Mailuan languages | 8  | 11,700  | New Guinea |
Bosavi languages | 7  | 14,105  | New Guinea |
Baining languages | 6  | 13,800  | New Guinea |
East Strickland languages | 6  | 3,780  | New Guinea |
Goilalan languages | 6  | 47,330  | New Guinea |
Kiwaian languages | 6  | 38,030  | New Guinea |
Left May languages | 6  | 2,005  | New Guinea | Left May – Kwomtari (disputed)
South Bird's Head languages | 6  | 8,200  | New Guinea |
Eleman languages | 5  | 45,240  | New Guinea |
Keram languages | 5  | 11,970  | New Guinea |
Nimboran languages | 5  | 8,500  | New Guinea |
Pauwasi languages | 5  | 3,880  | New Guinea |
West Bird's Head languages | 5  | 20,090  | New Guinea | West Papuan (disputed)
Yareban languages | 5  | 3,100  | New Guinea |
Yuat languages | 5  | 7,700  | New Guinea |
Arafundi languages | 5  | 1,960  | New Guinea |
Eastern Trans-Fly languages | 4  | 6,760  | New Guinea |
North Bougainville languages | 4  | 10,020  | New Guinea |
Demta–Sentani languages | 4  | 36,680  | New Guinea |
Gogodala–Suki languages | 4  | 30,160  | New Guinea |
Turama–Kikorian languages | 4  | 6,210  | New Guinea |
Walio languages | 4  | 856  | New Guinea |
East Bird's Head languages | 3  | 34,800  | New Guinea | West Papuan (disputed)
Kamula-Elevala languages | 3  | 28,700  | New Guinea |
Kayagaric languages | 3  | 14,500  | New Guinea |
Kolopom languages | 3  | 5,300  | New Guinea |
Kwalean languages | 3  | 2,240  | New Guinea |
Mairasi languages | 3  | 4,385  | New Guinea |
West Bomberai languages | 3  | 6,840  | New Guinea |
Amto–Musan languages | 2  | 720  | New Guinea |
Baibai-Fas languages | 2  | 2,840  | New Guinea | Left May – Kwomtari, Kwomtari–Fas (disputed)
Bayono-Awbono languages | 2  | 400  | New Guinea |
Bogia-Monumbo languages | 2  | 860  | New Guinea |
Bulaka River languages | 3  | 520  | New Guinea |
Doso-Turumsa languages | 2  | 2,395  | New Guinea |
East Kutubuan languages | 2  | 7,300  | New Guinea |
Hatam-Mansim languages | 2  | 16,000  | New Guinea | West Papuan (disputed)
Inanwatan–Duriankere languages | 2  | 1,130  | New Guinea |
Kaure-Kosare languages | 2  | 700  | New Guinea |
Konda-Yahadian languages | 2  | 1,000  | New Guinea |
Kwomtari languages | 3  | 1,510  | New Guinea | Left May – Kwomtari, Kwomtari–Fas (disputed)
Lepki-Murkim-Kembra | 3  | 840  | New Guinea |
Manubaran languages | 2  | 3,350  | New Guinea |
Mombum-Koneraw languages | 2  | 1,450  | New Guinea |
Namla-Tofanma languages | 2  | 280  | New Guinea |
Pahoturi languages | 2  | 4,050  | New Guinea |
Piawi languages | 2  | 2,600  | New Guinea |
Senagi languages | 2  | 2,960  | New Guinea |
Somahai languages | 2  | 2,200  | New Guinea |
Taulil-Butam languages | 2  | 2,000  | New Guinea |
Teberan languages | 2  | 15,800  | New Guinea |
Yawa-Saweru | 2  | 10,300  | New Guinea | West Papuan (disputed)
Pama–Nyungan languages | 250  | 23,539  | Australia |
Gunwinyguan languages | 5  | 1,314  | Australia |
Western Daly languages | 3  | 21  | Australia |
Nyulnyulan languages | 3  | 94  | Australia |
Worrorran languages | 3  | 108  | Australia |
Mirndi languages | 3  | 261  | Australia |
Iwaidjan languages | 4  | 491  | Australia | Arnhem Land (disputed)
Mangarrayi-Maran languages | 4  | 10  | Australia |
Maningrida languages | 4  | 1,434  | Australia | Arnhem Land (disputed)
Tangkic languages | 4  | 73  | Australia |
Giimbiyu languages | 3  | extinct  | Australia | Arnhem Land (disputed)
Jarrakan languages | 3  | 130  | Australia |
Yangmanic languages | 3  | 50  | Australia |
Bunuban languages | 2  | 100  | Australia |
Eastern Daly languages | 2  | extinct  | Australia |
Garrwan languages | 2  | 130  | Australia |
Limilngan-Wulna | 2  | 23  | Australia |
Marrku-Wurrugu languages | 2  | extinct  | Australia |
Northeastern Tasmanian languages | 2  | extinct  | Australia |
Northern Daly languages | 2  | 8  | Australia |
Southeastern Tasmanian languages | 2  | extinct  | Australia |
Southern Daly languages | 2  | 1,980  | Australia |
Western Tasmanian languages | 2  | extinct  | Australia |
Inuit–Yupik–Unangan languages | 10  | 108,705  | North America, Eurasia |
Na-Dene languages | 44  | 208,552  | North America | Dené–Yeniseian (possible)
Haida languages | 2  | 13  | North America |
Tsimshianic languages | 4  | 2,910  | North America | Penutian (disputed)
Wakashan languages | 6  | 710  | North America |
Salishan languages | 25  | 1,969  | North America |
Chimakuan languages | 2  | extinct  | North America |
Chinookan languages | 4  | extinct  | North America | Penutian (disputed)
Kalapuyan languages | 3  | extinct  | North America | Penutian (disputed)
Coosan languages | 2  | extinct  | North America | Penutian (disputed)
Plateau Penutian languages | 4  | 125  | North America | Penutian (disputed)
Shastan languages | 4  | extinct  | North America | Hokan (disputed)
Yuki–Wappo languages | 2  | extinct  | North America |
Pomoan languages | 7  | 47  | North America | Hokan (disputed)
Wintuan languages | 2  | extinct  | North America | Penutian (disputed)
Palaihnihan languages | 2  | 10  | North America | Hokan (disputed)
Maiduan languages | 4  | 3  | North America | Penutian (disputed)
Utian languages | 13  | 18  | North America | Yok-Utian, Penutian (disputed)
Chumashan languages | 6  | extinct  | North America |
Yokutsan languages | 4  | 50  | North America | Yok-Utian, Penutian (disputed)
Uto-Aztecan languages | 58  | 1,910,442  | North America | Aztec–Tanoan (possible)
Yuman–Cochimí languages | 12  | 3,710  | North America | Hokan (disputed)
Siouan–Catawban languages | 14  | 33,399  | North America |
Algic languages | 41  | 214,768  | North America |
Keres languages | 2  | 10,670  | North America |
Tanoan–Kiowa languages | 6  | 6,000  | North America | Aztec–Tanoan (possible)
Caddoan languages | 5  | 46  | North America |
Totonacan languages | 12  | 282,250  | North America | Totozoquean (possible)
Tarascan languages | 2  | 225,100  | North America |
Oto-Manguean languages | 176  | 1,678,214  | North America |
Huavean languages | 4  | 14,670  | North America |
Mixe–Zoque languages | 17  | 153,612  | North America | Totozoquean (possible)
Tequistlatecan languages | 3  | 5,494  | North America | Hokan (disputed)
Muskogean languages | 6  | 15,640  | North America | Gulf (possible)
Mayan languages | 31  | 6,522,182  | North America |
Xincan languages | (5)  | extinct  | North America | Macro-Chibchan (?)
Jicaquean languages | 2  | 500  | North America | Hokan (disputed)
Lencan languages | 2  | extinct  | North America | Macro-Chibchan, Hokan (disputed)
Misumalpan languages | 5  | 709,000  | North America | Macro-Chibchan, Hokan (disputed)
Iroquoian languages | 9  | 14,543  | North America |
Arawakan languages | 54  | 699,709  | North America, South America |
Chibchan languages | 20  | 306,267  | North America, South America | Macro-Chibchan (?)
Choco languages | 7  | 114,600  | North America, South America |
Carib languages | 29  | 67,376  | North America, South America | Je–Tupi–Carib (possible)
Barbacoan languages | 3  | 24,800  | South America | Macro-Paesan (disputed)
Jivaroan languages | 4  | 89,630  | South America |
Quechuan languages | 45  | 7,768,820  | South America |
Aymaran languages | 3  | 2,808,740  | South America |
Uru–Chipaya languages | 2  | 1,200  | South America |
Huarpean languages | 3  | extinct  | South America |
Araucanian languages | 2  | 262,000  | South America |
Chonan languages | (6)  | extinct  | South America | Moseten–Chonan, Macro-Panoan (possible)
Alacalufan languages | 1  | 12  | South America |
Guajiboan languages | 5  | 39,290  | South America |
Kakua-Nukak languages | 2  | 610  | South America | Macro-Puinavean (disputed)
Otomákoan languages | 2  | extinct  | South America | Macro-Otomákoan (disputed)
Piaroa–Saliban languages | 3  | 18,630  | South America |
Nadahup languages | 4  | 2,894  | South America | Macro-Puinavean (disputed)
Yanomaman languages | 4  | 31,670  | South America |
Tucanoan languages | 23  | 30,308  | South America |
Boran languages | 2  | 1,500  | South America | Bora–Witoto (disputed)
Witotoan languages | 7  | 17,478  | South America | Bora–Witoto (disputed)
Peba–Yaguan languages | 1  | 5,700  | South America | Saparo–Yawan (disputed)
Zaparoan languages | 3  | 90  | South America | Saparo–Yawan (disputed)
Hibito–Cholon languages | 2  | extinct  | South America |
Cahuapanan languages | 2  | 10,370  | South America |
Ticuna–Yuri languages | 2  | 48,580  | South America |
Pano-Tacanan languages | 45  | 51,539  | South America | Macro-Panoan (disputed)
Arawan languages | 8  | 5,870  | South America |
Katukinan languages | 2  | 10  | South America | Harákmbut–Katukinan, Macro-Puinavean (disputed)
Harákmbut languages | 2  | 2,220  | South America | Harákmbut–Katukinan, Macro-Otomákoan (disputed)
Tupian languages | 66  | 5,026,502  | South America | Je–Tupi–Carib (possible)
Chapacuran languages | 4  | 2,019  | South America | Wamo–Chapakura (disputed)
Nambikwaran languages | 6  | 1,068  | South America |
Bororoan languages | 3  | 1,392  | South America | Macro-Jê (disputed)
Chiquitano languages | 2  | 4,670  | South America |
Zamucoan languages | 2  | 5,900  | South America |
Mascoian languages | 6  | 20,728  | South America | Mataco–Guaicuru (?)
Matacoan languages | 7  | 60,280  | South America | Mataco–Guaicuru (?)
Guaicuruan languages | 4  | 49,350  | South America | Mataco–Guaicuru (?)
Macro-Jê languages | 30  | 51,093  | South America | Je–Tupi–Carib (possible)
Charruan languages | (3)  | extinct  | South America | Mataco–Guaicuru (?)
Kamakã languages | 4  | extinct  | South America | Macro-Jê (disputed)
Purian languages | 2  | extinct  | South America | Macro-Jê (disputed)

### Sign language families[edit]

See also: List of sign languages and Sign Language § Classification

The family relationships of sign languages are not well established due to a lagging in linguistic research, and many are isolates (cf. Wittmann 1991).[3]

Family Name  | Location  | Number of Languages

|
|

French Sign | Europe, the Americas, Francophone Africa, parts of Asia | Over 50
British Sign | United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa | 4–10
Arab Sign | Much of the Arab World | 6–10
Japanese Sign | Japan, Korea, Taiwan | 3
German Sign | Germany, Poland, Israel | 3
Swedish Sign | Sweden, Finland, Portugal | 3
Chinese Sign | China (including Hong Kong and Macau) | 2

## See also[edit]

* Constructed language – Consciously devised language
* Endangered language – Language that is at risk of going extinct
* Ethnologue#Language families
* Extinct language – Language that no longer has any first-language or second-language speakers
* Index of language articles
* Intercontinental Dictionary Series – Linguistics database
* International auxiliary language – Constructed language meant to facilitate communication
* Glottolog#Language families
* Language isolate#List of language isolates by continent
* Lists of languages
* List of proposed language families

## References[edit]

1. ^ "What are the largest language families?". Ethnologue. May 25, 2019.
2. ^ "North Caucasian". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
3. ^ Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement" (PDF). Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée (in French). 10 (1): 215–288.

## External links[edit]

* Glottolog
* Ethnologue
* MultiTree Project Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Comparative Swadesh list tables of various language families (from Wiktionary)

* v
* t
* e

Primary language families

Africa|

* Afroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Khoe–Kwadi
* Kx'a
* Niger–Congo
* Nilo-Saharan?
* Tuu
* Mande?
* Songhay?
* Ijaw?
* Ubangian?
* Kadu?

Isolates|

* Bangime
* Hadza
* Jalaa
* Sandawe
* Laal?
* Shabo?

Eurasia
(Europe
and Asia)|

* Afroasiatic
* Ainu
* Austroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Dravidian
* Eskaleut
* Great Andamanese
* Hmong–Mien
* Hurro-Urartian
* Indo-European
* Japonic
* Kartvelian
* Koreanic
* Kra–Dai
* Mongolic
* Nivkh
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian
* Ongan
* Sino-Tibetan
* Tungusic
* Turkic
* Tyrsenian
* Uralic
* Yeniseian
* Yukaghir
* Digaro?
* Hrusish?
* Kho-Bwa?
* Mijiic?
* Miju?
* Siangic?

Isolates|

* Basque
* Burushaski
* Elamite
* Hattic
* Kenaboi?
* Kusunda
* Minoan?
* Nihali
* Shompen?
* Sumerian
* Tambora?

New Guinea
and the Pacific|

* Arai–Samaia
* Austronesian
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Border
* Bulaka River
* Central Solomons
* Chimbu–Wahgi
* Demta–Sentani
* Doso–Turumsa
* East Geelvink Bay
* East New Britain
* East Strickland
* Eleman
* Engan
* Fas
* Foja Range
* Kaure–Kosare
* Kiwaian
* Kutubuan
* Lakes Plain
* Lower Mamberamo
* Lower Sepik
* Madang
* Mairasi
* North Bougainville
* Pauwasi
* Ramu
* Senagi
* Senu River
* Sepik
* Skou
* South Bougainville
* Teberan
* Torricelli
* Trans-Fly
* Trans–New Guinea
* Turama–Kikorian
* Upper Yuat
* West Papuan
* Yam
* Yawa
* Yuat
* Northwest Papuan?
* Papuan Gulf?

Isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Anêm?
* Ata?
* Kol
* Kuot
* Maybrat
* Mpur
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Sulka?
* Taiap?
* Tambora?
* Wiru

Australia|

* Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
* Bunuban
* Darwin Region?
* Eastern Daly
* Eastern Tasmanian
* Garawan
* Iwaidjan
* Jarrakan
* Marrku–Wurrugu?
* Mirndi
* Northern Tasmanian
* Northeastern Tasmanian
* Nyulnyulan
* Pama–Nyungan
* Southern Daly?
* Tangkic
* Wagaydyic
* Western Daly
* Western Tasmanian
* Worrorran
* Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?

Isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
* Tiwi

North
America|

* Algic
* Alsea
* Caddoan
* Chimakuan
* Chinookan
* Chumashan
* Comecrudan
* Coosan
* Eskaleut
* Iroquoian
* Kalapuyan
* Keres
* Maiduan
* Muskogean
* Na-Dene
* Palaihnihan
* Plateau Penutian
* Pomoan
* Salishan
* Shastan
* Siouan
* Tanoan
* Tsimshianic
* Utian
* Uto-Aztecan
* Wakashan
* Wintuan
* Yukian
* Yuman–Cochimí

Isolates|

* Chimariko
* Esselen
* Haida
* Karuk
* Kutenai
* Seri
* Siuslaw
* Takelma
* Timucua
* Tonkawa
* Waikuri
* Washo
* Yana
* Yokuts
* Yuchi
* Zuni

Mesoamerica|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Tarascan/Purépecha

South
America|

* Andoque–Urequena
* Arauan
* Araucanian
* Arawakan
* Arutani–Sape
* Aymaran
* Barbacoan
* Boran
* Cahuapanan
* Cariban
* Catacaoan
* Chapacuran
* Charruan
* Chibchan
* Choco
* Chonan
* Guaicuruan
* Guajiboan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Jirajaran
* Jivaroan
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mascoian
* Matacoan
* Nadahup
* Nambikwaran
* Otomákoan
* Pano-Tacanan
* Peba–Yaguan
* Quechuan
* Piaroa–Saliban
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Tucanoan
* Tupian
* Uru–Chipaya
* Witotoan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan
* Zaparoan
* Bora-Witoto?
* Chimuan?
* Esmeralda–Yaruro?
* Hibito–Cholón?
* Lule–Vilela?
* Macro-Jê?
* Tequiraca–Canichana?

Isolates
(extant in 2000)|

* Aikanã?
* Alacalufan
* Camsá
* Candoshi
* Chimane
* Chiquitano
* Cofán?
* Fulniô
* Guató
* Hodï/Joti
* Irantxe?
* Itonama
* Kunza
* Leco
* Maku (Maku-Auari/Jukude)
* Movima
* Mura-Pirahã
* Nukak?
* Páez
* Puinave
* Huaorani/Waorani
* Trumai
* Urarina
* Warao
* Yamana
* Yuracaré

Sign
languages|

* Arab
* BANZSL
* Chinese
* Francosign
* Germanosign
* Indo-Pakistani
* Japanese
* Original Thai
* Swedish
* Tanzanian?

Isolates|

* See list of sign languages

See also|

* Constructed languages
* Creoles
* Language isolates
* Mixed languages
* Pidgins
* Unclassified languages

* Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Language families of Eurasia

Europe|

* Indo-European
* Uralic
* Basque
* Iberian
* Tartessian
* Paleo-Corsican
* Paleo-Sardinian
* Camunic
* Ligurian
* North Picene
* Sicani
* Tyrsenian
* Eteocretan
* Eteocypriot
* Minoan

West Asia|

* Indo-European
* Afroasiatic
* Hattic
* Kaskian
* Hurro-Urartian
* Kassite
* Gutian
* Philistine
* Sumerian
* Proto-Euphratean ?
* Elamite

Caucasus|

* Kartvelian
* North Caucasian
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian

South Asia|

* Indo-European
* Dravidian
* Sino-Tibetan
* Austroasiatic
* Nihali
* Burushaski
* Kusunda
* Harappan ?

East Asia|

* Sino-Tibetan
* Austroasiatic
* Hmong–Mien
* Kra–Dai
* Austronesian
* Turkic
* Mongolic
* Tungusic
* Koreanic
* Japonic

Indian Ocean rim|

* Great Andamanese
* Ongan
* Sentinelese
* Kenaboi

North Asia|

| "Paleosiberian"|

* Ainu
* Nivkh
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Yukaghir
* Yeniseian

|

Other North Asia|

* Uralic
* Rouran ?
* Eskaleut

Proposed groupings|

* Alarodian
* Altaic
* Borean
* Nostratic
* Dené–Caucasian
* Eurasiatic
* Dené–Yeniseian
* Dravido-Korean
* Elamo-Dravidian
* Ibero-Caucasian
* Indo-Hittite
* Indo-Pacific
* Indo-Semitic
* Indo-Uralic
* Karasuk
* Serbi–Mongolic
* Pontic
* Turanian
* Ural-Altaic
* Uralo-Siberian
* Uralic–Yukaghir
* Eskimo–Uralic
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric

Arunachal|

* Greater Siangic
* Siangic
* Digaro
* Mijiic
* Miju
* Hrusish
* Kho-Bwa

East and Southeast Asia|

* Andamanese
* Austric
* Austro-Tai
* Austronesian–Ongan
* East Asian
* Sino-Austronesian

Substrata|

* Atlantic
* Pre-Celtic
* Pre-Germanic
* Pre-Goidelic
* Pre-Greek
* Vasconic
* Pre-Vedic
* Pre-Finno-Ugric
* Paleo-Laplandic

* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

* v
* t
* e

Papuan language families
(Palmer 2018 classification)

Trans-New Guinea
subgroups|

| Central Papua, Indonesia|

* Ok-Oksapmin
* Dani
* Asmat-Kamoro
* Mek
* Paniai Lakes
* West Bomberai
* Somahai

|

Southeast Papua, Indonesia|

* Anim
* Greater Awyu
* Kayagaric
* Kolopom
* Marori

Southwest Papua New Guinea|

* Gogodala-Suki
* Turama-Kikori
* Kiwaian
* Awin-Pa

Central Papua New Guinea|

* Madang
* Finisterre-Huon
* Kainantu-Goroka
* Chimbu-Wahgi
* Enga-Kewa-Huli
* Bosavi
* East Strickland
* Kutubu
* Duna-Bogaya
* Wiru

Papuan Peninsula|

* Angan
* Greater Binanderean
* Dagan
* Mailuan
* Koiarian
* Goilalan
* Yareban
* Kwalean
* Manubaran

Eastern Nusantara
families and isolates|

* Timor-Alor-Pantar
* North Halmahera

* Tambora†

Bird's Head Peninsula
families and isolates|

* South Bird's Head
* Nuclear South Bird's Head
* Inanwatan–Duriankere
* Konda–Yahadian
* East Bird's Head
* Nuclear East Bird's Head
* Hatam–Mansim
* West Bird's Head

* Abun
* Mpur
* Maybrat
* Mor
* Tanah Merah

Northern Western New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Tor-Kwerba
* Lakes Plain
* Border
* Sko
* East Cenderawasih Bay
* Pauwasi
* East
* West
* Nimboran
* Sentani
* Mairasi
* Kaure
* Lepki-Murkim
* Senagi (Angor-Dera)
* Tofanma-Namla
* Yapen

* Abinomn
* Burmeso
* Elseng
* Kapauri
* Kembra
* Keuw
* Kimki
* Massep
* Mawes
* Molof
* Usku
* Yetfa

Central Western New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Bayono-Awbono

* Dem
* Uhunduni

Sepik-Ramu basin
families and isolates|

* Torricelli
* Sepik
* Lower Sepik-Ramu
* Lower Sepik
* Ramu
* Kwomtari
* Leonhard Schultze (Walio-Papi)
* Upper Yuat (Arafundi-Piawi)
* Yuat
* Left May
* Amto-Musan

* Busa
* Tayap
* Yadë

| Torricelli subgroups|

* Marienberg
* Arapesh
* Urim
* Maimai
* Wapei
* Palei
* One (West Wapei)
* Monumbo?

|

Sepik subgroups|

* Middle Sepik
* Ndu
* Nukuma
* Yellow River
* Yerakai
* Upper Sepik
* Wogamus
* Iwam
* Abau
* Sepik Hill
* Tama
* Ram
* Amal

Ramu subgroups|

* Lower Ramu
* Ottilien
* Misegian
* Middle Ramu
* Grass?
* Tamolan
* Ataitan (Tanggu)

Gulf of Papua and southern New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Yam
* Pahoturi River
* Eleman
* Oriomo
* Teberan
* Doso-Turumsa
* Komolom
* Yelmek-Maklew

* Dibiyaso
* Kaki Ae
* Kamula
* Karami
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Purari
* Tabo

Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands
families and isolates|

* Baining
* North Bougainville
* South Bougainville
* Central Solomons
* Butam-Taulil

* Anêm
* Ata
* Kol
* Kuot
* Makolkol
* Sulka

Rossel Island
isolate|

* Yélî Dnye

Proposed groupings|

* West Papuan
* Northwest Papuan
* South Pauwasi
* East Papuan
* Southeast Papuan
* Papuan Gulf
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Arai–Samaia
* Asmat–Mombum
* Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
* Trans-Fly
* Dani–Kwerba
* East Bird's Head – Sentani
* Kwomtari–Fas
* Left May – Kwomtari
* Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
* West Trans–New Guinea
* West Papuan Highlands
* Central and South New Guinea
* Central West New Guinea
* East New Guinea Highlands
* Yele – West New Britain
* Sepik–Ramu
* Indo-Pacific

Proto-language|

* Proto-Trans–New Guinea

* v
* t
* e

Australian Aboriginal and Tasmanian languages

Pama–Nyungan
subgroups|

| Southeastern|

| Victorian P–N|

* Lower Murray
* Yotayotic
* Gippsland
* Kulin
* Bungandidj

|

New South Wales P–N|

* Yuin–Kuric
* Dhanggati ?
* Anewan (Nganyaywana) ?
* Central New South Wales
* Wiradhuric
* Barranbinja
* Muruwari

North Coast|

* Durubalic
* Bandjalangic
* Gumbaynggiric
* Waka–Kabic

Northern|

* Western Torres Strait
* Kalaw Lagaw Ya

Paman|

* Northern Paman
* Uradhi
* Wik
* Middle Paman
* Umpilaic
* Umbindhamuic
* Lamalamic
* Umbuygamu
* Mbarrumbathama
* Southwest Paman
* Kuuk Thayorre
* Southern Paman
* Mbabaram
* Flinders Island

Maric|

* Northern
* Warrongo
* Eastern
* Biri
* Southern
* Bidyara–Gungabula
* Margany–Gunya
* Bindal ?
* Guwa–Yanda ?
* Guwa
* Yanda
* Kingkel ?
* Dharumbal ?
* Bayali ?
* Lower Burdekin ?

Dyirbalic|

* Dyirbal
* Warrgamay
* Nyawaygi
* Lower Burdekin ?

Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic|

* Guugu Yimidihirr
* Kuku Yalanji
* Yidiny

Gulf|

* Kalkatungic
* Kalkatungu
* Yalarnnga
* Mayi

Central|

| Arandic–Thura–Yura|

* Arandic
* Arrernte
* Kaytetye
* Thura–Yura
* Wirangu
* Kaurna
* Adnyamathanha

|

Karnic|

* Northern (Palku)
* Pitta-Pitta
* Western
* Arabana–Wangkangurru
* Central
* Diyari
* Yandruwandha
* Eastern
* Wilson River (Wangkumara)
* Bulloo River (Galali) ?

* Yarli
* Paakantyi

Western|

| Yolŋu|

* Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
* Ritharrŋu
* Nhaŋu
* Dhuwal–Dhuwala
* Djambarrpuyŋu
* Gupapuyŋu
* Djinaŋ
* Djinba
* Ganhalpuyŋu

|

Ngarna/Warluwarric|

* Yanyuwa
* Southern
* Ngarru
* Thawa

Desert Nyungic|

* Marrngu
* Ngumpin–Yapa
* Ngumpin
* Yapa
* Warumungu ?
* Wati

South-West P–N|

* Pilbara
* Ngayarda
* Kanyara–Mantharta
* Kartu–Nhanda
* Yinggarda ?
* Mirning
* Nyunga

* Proto-Pama–Nyungan

Tangkic|

* Lardil (register: Damin)
* Kayardild
* Yukulta (Ganggalida, Nyangga)
* Mingginda (Minkin)

Garrwan|

* Garawa (Garrwa, north)
* Waanyi (Wanji, south)
* Gunindiri (Kurnindirri, southwest)

Macro-Gunwinyguan ?|

| Maningrida|

* Burarra
* Gurr-goni
* Ndjébbana
* Nakkara

|

Marran|

* Marra
* Warndarang
* Yugul ?
* Alawa ?
* Mangarrayi ?

Gunwinyguan proper|

| Western|

* Jawoyn (Djauan)
* Waray
* Uwinymil

|

Central|

* Bininj Kunwok (Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
* Kunbarlang
* Dalabon (Ngalkbun)

Eastern|

* Rembarrnga
* Ngalakgan
* Ngandi
* Nunggubuyu (Wubuy)
* Anindilyakwa (Enindhilyagwa)

Yangmanic–Wagiman?|

* Wardaman
* Wagiman

Other isolates|

* Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ) ?
* Gaagudju

Iwaidjan|

| Central (Warrkbi)|

* Iwaidja
* Garig–Ilgar
* Garig
* Ilgar

|

Eastern (Goulburn Island)|

* Maung
* Manangkari

Southern|

* Amurdag

Marrku–Wurrugu ?|

* Wurrugu
* Marrgu

Darwin Region ?|

* Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)

Limilngan–Wulna?|

* Limilngan
* Wulna

Umbugarlic|

* Umbugarla
* Ngurmbur
* Bugurnidja

Daly River Sprachbund|

| Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)|

* Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
* Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)

|

Northern Daly|

* Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
* Tyerraty

Western Daly|

* Marri Ngarr
* Merranunggu
* Marrithiyel
* Marramaninjsji

Eastern Daly|

* Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
* Kamu

Southern Daly|

* Murrinh-patha
* Ngan’gityemerri

Mirndi|

* Jingulu

| Yirram|

* Nungali
* Jaminjung

|

Ngurlun|

* Ngarnka
* Wambaya

Jarrakan|

* Kija
* Miriwoong
* Gajirrawoong

Bunuban|

* Bunuba
* Gooniyandi

Worrorran|

* Wunambal (Northern)
* Ngarinyin (Eastern)
* Worrorra (Western)

Nyulnyulan|

| Western (Nyulnyulic)|

* Nyulnyul
* Bardi
* Jawi
* Djabirr-Djabirr
* Nimanburru

|

Eastern (Dyukun)|

* Yawuru
* Dyugun
* Warrwa
* Nyigina
* Ngumbarl

isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Tiwi

Tasmanian
family-level groups|

| Western|

* Northwestern Tasmanian (Peerapper)
* Southwestern Tasmanian (Toogee) ?

|

Northern|

* Northern Tasmanian (Tommeginne)
* Port Sorell

Northeastern|

* Pyemmairre (Northeastern)
* Tyerrernotepanner (North Midland)
* Lhotsky/Blackhouse
* Norman

Eastern|

* Oyster Bay (Paredarerme)
* Little Swanport
* Southeast Tasmanian (Nuenonne)
* Bruny Island

New Indigenous
languages and
Aboriginal Englishes|

| Creoles|

| Australian Kriol|

* Roper River Kriol (Ngukurr)
* Bamyili Kriol (Barunga)
* Kimberley Kriol (Fitzroy Valley)
* Daly River Kriol
* Westside Kriol (Victoria River)
* Barkly Kriol
* Mornington Island Creole
* Kowanyama Creole

|

Northeastern
creoles|

* Torres Strait Creole (Yumplatok)
* Cape York Creole
* Lockhart River Creole
* Napranum Creole

Pidgins|

* Port Jackson Pidgin English
* Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
* South Australian Pidgin English
* Pidgin Ngarluma

Mixed languages|

* Light Warlpiri
* Gurindji Kriol
* Modern Tiwi
* Wumpurrarni English (Tennant Creek)
* Alyawarr English

Others|

* Neo-Nyungar
* Nunga English
* Yarrie Lingo
* Palm Talk
* Woorie Talk
* Cherbourg Talk
* Murdi Language

* v
* t
* e

Indigenous language families and isolates of North America

Language families
and isolates|

* Haida
* Yuki–Wappo
* Chumashan
* Adai
* Beothuk
* Bidai
* Cayuse
* Kutenai
* Timucua
* Waikuri
* Pericú

| Eskaleut|

* Aleut
* Eskimoan

|

Na-Dene|

* Tlingit
* Eyak
* Athabaskan

Algic|

* Wiyot
* Yurok
* Algonquian

Mosan ?|

* Salishan
* Wakashan
* Chimakuan

Macro-Siouan ?|

* Siouan
* Caddoan
* Iroquoian
* Yuchi

Penutian ?|

* Chinookan
* Wintuan
* Maiduan
* Yok-Utian
* Yokuts
* Utian
* Tsimshianic

| Plateau ?|

* Klamath
* Molala
* Sahaptian

|

Coast Oregon ?|

* Alsean
* Coosan
* Siuslaw

Takelma–Kalapuyan ?|

* Takelma
* Kalapuyan

Hokan ?|

* Shastan
* Palaihnihan
* Pomoan
* Yuman
* Tequistlatecan
* Chimariko
* Esselen
* Jicaquean
* Karuk
* Salinan
* Seri
* Washo
* Yana

Pueblo
linguistic area|

* Tanoan
* Keres
* Zuni

Coahuiltecan
linguistic area|

* Aranama
* Karankawa
* Maratino
* Naolan
* Quinigua
* Solano
* Tonkawa

| Pakawan ?|

* Coahuilteco
* Cotoname
* Comecrudo
* Garza
* Mamulique

|

Gulf ?|

* Muskogean
* Natchez
* Atakapa
* Chitimacha

| Calusa–Tunica ?|

* Tunica
* Calusa

|

Mesoamerican
linguistic area|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totozoquean
* Totonacan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan
* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Purépecha
* Alagüilac ?

Caribbean
linguistic area|

* Arawakan
* Cariban

| Pre-Arawakan|

* Guanahatabey
* Macorix
* Ciguayo

|

Proposed groupings|

* Amerind
* Algonquian–Wakashan
* Aztec–Tanoan
* Macro-Mayan
* Macro-Chibchan
* Tolatecan
* Waroid

Lists|

* Classification
* Extinct languages
* Unclassified languages
* Linguistic areas

* v
* t
* e

Indigenous language families and isolates of South America
(based on Campbell 2012 classification)

Language families
and isolates|

* Arawakan

| Je–Tupi–Carib|

* Cariban
* Tupian

| Macro-Jê|

* Jê
* Jabutian
* Kamakã
* Karajá
* Krenakan
* Maxakalian
* Jaikó
* Ofayé
* Rikbaktsá
* Chiquitano
* ? Guató

|

Eastern Brazil|

* Karirian
* Purían
* Taruma
* Gamela
* Baenan
* Katembri
* Natú
* Pankararú
* Tarairiú
* Tuxá
* Wamoé
* Xokó
* Xukurú
* Yaté
* Otí

Orinoco (Venezuela)|

* Yanomaman
* ? Arutani–Sape
* Arutani
* Sapé
* Máku
* Warao
* Guamo
* Otomacoan
* Yaruro

| ? Duho|

* Sáliban
* Betoi
* Hodï
* Ticuna–Yuri

|

Andes (Colombia and Venezuela)|

* Cofán
* Camsá
* Andaquí
* Paezan
* Tiniguan
* Timotean
* Jirajaran

Amazon (Colombia, Japurá–Vaupés area)|

* Tucanoan
* ? Bora–Witoto
* Boran
* Witotoan
* Andoque–Urequena
* Guajiboan
* Nadahup
* Puinave

Pacific coast (Colombia and Ecuador)|

* Chibchan
* Chocoan
* Barbacoan
* Yurumanguí
* Esmeralda

Pacific coast (Peru)|

* Sechura–Catacao
* ? Chimuan
* Cañari–Puruhá
* Mochica

Amazon (Peru)|

* Pano–Tacanan
* Hibito–Cholon
* Cahuapanan
* Jivaroan
* Candoshi
* Omurano
* Munichi
* Waorani
* Taushiro
* Urarina
* Tequiraca
* ? Saparo–Yawan
* Peba–Yagua
* Zaparoan

Amazon (west-central Brazil)|

* ? Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Arawan
* Harákmbut
* Katukinan
* ? Mura–Matanawí
* Muran
* Matanawí
* Trumai

Mamoré–Guaporé|

* Chapacuran
* Mure
* Nambikwaran
* Bororoan
* Cayubaba
* Itonama
* Movima
* Canichana
* Mosetenan
* Yuracaré
* Leco
* Aikanã
* Kanoê
* Kwazá
* Irantxe
* Arara

Andes (Peru, Bolivia, and Chile)|

* Culle
* ? Quechumaran
* Quechuan
* Aymaran
* Puquina
* Uru–Chipaya
* Kunza
* Mapudungun

Chaco–Pampas|

* ? Mataco–Guaicuru
* Matacoan
* Guaicuruan
* Guachí
* Payaguá
* Mascoyan
* Zamucoan
* Charruan
* Huarpean
* Lule–Vilelan
* Chonan

Far South (Chile)|

* Qawasqaran
* Yaghan
* Chono

Proposed groupings|

* Duho
* Macro-Andean
* Macro-Arawakan
* Macro-Chibchan
* Macro-Jibaro
* Macro-Otomákoan
* Macro-Paesan
* Macro-Panoan
* Macro-Puinavean
* Macro-Warpean
* Arutani–Sape
* Bora–Witoto
* Esmeralda–Yaruroan
* Hibito–Cholon
* Je–Tupi–Carib
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mataco–Guaicuru
* Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
* Moseten–Chonan
* Quechumaran
* Saparo–Yawan
* Tequiraca–Canichana
* Wamo–Chapakura
* Amerind

Linguistic areas|

* Chaco
* Mamoré–Guaporé
* Amazonian

Countries|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Colombia
* Chile
* Ecuador
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Venezuela
* Guyana
* Suriname
* French Guiana

Lists|

* Languages
* Extinct languages
* Marañón River basin
* Unclassified languages
* Classification
* Linguistic areas

* v
* t
* e

Nilo-Saharan branches

Ethiopia-Sudan
border region|

* Berta
* Bʼaga
* Gule ?
* Koman
* Kuliak
* Kunama
* Ongota ?
* Shabo ?

Sahel region|

* Furan
* Kadu
* Maban
* Saharan
* Songhay

Central Sudanic|

* Birri ?
* Bongo–Bagirmi
* Kresh ?
* Lendu
* Mangbetu
* Mangbutu–Lese
* Moru–Madi
* Sinyar ?

Eastern Sudanic|

* Eastern Jebel
* Nara
* Nilotic
* Surmic

"Kordofanian"|

* Daju
* Nubian
* Nyimang
* Tama
* Temein

* v
* t
* e

Niger–Congo branches

Atlantic–Congo|

| Savannas|

| Adamawa|

* Bena–Mboi
* Bikwin–Jen
* Bua
* Day
* Fali
* Kim
* Kwah (Baa)
* Longuda
* Mbum (Kebi–Benue)
* Mumuye
* Nyingwom (Kam)
* Samba–Duru
* Tula–Waja
* Yendang (Maya)

|

Gur|

* Central Gur
* Kulango
* Miyobe
* Samo (Burkina) ?
* Senufo
* Tiefo
* Tusian
* Viemo

Ubangian|

* Banda
* Gbaya
* Mba
* Ngbaka (Mundu–Baka)
* Ngbandi
* Sere (Ndogo)
* Zande

Volta–Congo|

| Benue–Congo|

| Platoid|

* Jukunoid
* Kainji
* Plateau

|

Cross River|

* Central Delta
* Lower Cross River
* Ogoni
* Upper Cross River

Northern Bantoid|

* Dakoid
* Mambiloid
* Tikar

Southern Bantoid|

* Bantu
* Beboid
* Bendi
* Ekoid
* Grassfields
* Tivoid

Volta–Niger|

* Akoko
* Akpes
* Ayere–Ahan
* Edoid
* Gbe
* Idomoid
* Igboid
* Nupoid
* Oko
* Ukaan
* Yoruboid

West Atlantic|

* Bak
* Bijago
* Gola
* Limba
* Mel
* Nalu
* Rio Nunez
* Senegambian
* Sua

Others (Ghana
and Ivory Coast)|

* Dompo
* Ega
* Kru
* Kwa
* Mangree ?
* Mbre
* Mpra ?
* Siamou

Mande|

| Southeast|

| Eastern|

* Bissa
* Busa–Boko
* Samo (Burkina) ?
* Shanga–Tyenga

|

Southern|

* Dan–Goo–Tura
* Gban–Beng
* Guro–Yaure
* Mano
* Mwa–Wan

West|

| Central West
(Manding–Kpelle)|

* Jogo
* Manding
* Mokole
* Soso–Jalonke (Susu–Yalunka)
* Southwestern Mande
* Vai–Kono

|

Northwest
(Samogo–Soninke)|

* Bobo
* Jowulu (Jɔ)
* Samogo (partial: Duun–Sembla)
* Soninke–Bozo

Kordofanian|

* Katla
* Lafofa
* Rashad
* Talodi–Heiban

Others|

* Defaka
* Dogon
* Ijoid

Isolates|

* Bangime
* Jalaa ?
* Komta ?
* Laal

Unclassified|

* Degere ?
* Dima-Bottego ?
* Omaio ?
* Rimba ?
* "Serengeti-Dorobo" ?
* Wawu ?

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Niger–Congo
* Proto-Bantu
* Proto-Yoruboid

* v
* t
* e

Khoisan languages

Khoe–Kwadi|

| Khoe|

* Eini
* Gǁana (Gǀwi)
* ǂHaba
* Khoekhoe
* Khwe
* Korana/Griqua
* Naro
* Shua
* Tshwa

|

Kwadi|

Kwadi

Kxʼa|

| ǃKung|

* Sekele / Northern ǃKung (Ekoka)
* Central ǃKung
* Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung (ǂKxʼaoǁʼae)

|

ǂʼAmkoe|

ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)

Tuu|

| Taa|

* Lower Nossob
* Taa (ǃXoon)

|

ǃKwi|

* Boshof ǃUi
* ǃGãǃne
* ǁKā
* Nǁng (Nǀuu)
* Seroa
* ǁŨǁʼe
* ǂUngkue
* ǀXam
* ǁXegwi

Isolates|

* Sandawe
* Hadza

* v
* t
* e

Long-range comparative linguistics

Concepts|

* Comparative method
* Etymological dictionary
* Glottochronology
* Lexicostatistics
* Linguistic reconstruction
* Internal reconstruction
* Linguistic universal
* Macrofamily
* Mass comparison
* Origin of language
* Paleolinguistics
* Proto-language
* Swadesh list
* Dolgopolsky list
* Leipzig–Jakarta list

Language families|

* Proto-human
* Borean
* Amerind
* Nostratic
* Elamo-Dravidian
* Eurasiatic
* Altaic
* Ural-Altaic
* Indo-Uralic
* Sino-Uralic
* Dené–Caucasian
* North Caucasian
* Austric
* Indo-Pacific
* Ainu-Minoan

Linguists|

* John Bengtson
* Václav Blažek
* Allan R. Bomhard
* Svetlana Burlak
* Aharon Dolgopolsky
* Vladimir Dybo
* Harold C. Fleming
* Joseph Greenberg
* Eugene Helimski
* Murray Gell-Mann
* Vladislav Illich-Svitych
* Frederik Kortlandt
* Alexis Manaster Ramer
* Sergei Nikolaev
* Sorin Paliga
* Holger Pedersen
* Ilia Peiros
* Martine Robbeets
* Merritt Ruhlen
* Vitaly Shevoroshkin
* Georgiy Starostin
* Sergei Starostin
* Alfredo Trombetti

Journals|

* Journal of Language Relationship
* Mother Tongue

Books|

* Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages
* The Languages of Africa

Institutions and schools|

* Evolution of Human Languages
* Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
* Moscow School of Comparative Linguistics
* Russian State University for the Humanities
* Santa Fe Institute

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