List of language regulators

Bodies that are official authorities on standard varieties of a language

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This is a list of bodies that consider themselves to be authorities on standard languages, often called language academies. Language academies are motivated by, or closely associated with, linguistic purism and prestige, and typically publish prescriptive dictionaries,[1] which purport to officiate and prescribe the meaning of words and pronunciations. A language regulator may also have a more descriptive approach, however, while maintaining and promoting (but not imposing) a standard spelling. Many language academies are private institutions, although some are governmental bodies in different states, or enjoy some form of government-sanctioned status in one or more countries. There may also be multiple language academies attempting to regulate and codify the same language, sometimes based in different countries and sometimes influenced by political factors.

Many world languages have one or more language academies or official language bodies. However, the degree of control that the academies exert over these languages does not render the latter controlled natural languages in the sense that the various kinds of "simple English" (e.g. Basic English, Simplified Technical English) or George Orwell's fictional Newspeak are. They instead remain natural languages to a considerable extent and are thus not formal languages such as Attempto Controlled English. They have a degree of standardization that allows them to function as standard languages (e.g. standard French). The English language has never had a formal regulator anywhere, outside of private productions such as the Oxford English Dictionary.

## Natural languages

[edit]

Language  | Territory  | Regulator(s)  | Founded

|
|
|

Amis |  Republic of China | Council of Indigenous Peoples | 1996
Afrikaans |  South Africa
Namibia | Die Taalkommissie (The Language Commission)  | 1909
Akan |  Ghana | Akan Orthography Committee (AOC)  |
Albanian |  Albania | Academy of Sciences of Albania | 1972
Kosovo | Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo | 1975
Arabic |  Arab League | Academy of the Arabic Language (مجمع اللغة العربية)  |
Algeria | Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria (المجلس الأعلى للغة العربية بالجزائر‎)  | 1996
Egypt | Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo (مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة)  | 1932
Iraq | Iraqi Academy of Sciences (المجمع العلمي العراقي)  | 1948
Jordan | Jordan Academy of Arabic (مجمع اللغة العربية الأردني)  | 1924
Libya | Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya |
Morocco | Academy of the Arabic Language in Morocco | 1960
Saudi Arabia | King Salman Global Academy for Arabic Language (مجمع الملك سلمان العالمي للغة العربية)  |
Somalia | Academy of the Arabic Language in Mogadishu |
Sudan | Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartum |
Syria | Academy of the Arabic Language in Damascus (مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق)  | 1918
Tunisia | Beit Al-Hikma Foundation (مؤسسة بيت الحكمة)  | 1992
Israel
Palestine | Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel (مجمع اللغة العربية)  | 2007
Aragonese |  Aragon | Instituto de l'Aragonés[2] (Previously: Academy of the Aragonese)  | 2013
Armenian |  Armenia | Armenian National Academy of Sciences (Հայաստան)  | 1943
Assamese |  India | Asam Sahitya Sabha (অসম সাহিত্য সভা)  | 1917
Asturian |  Asturias | Academy of the Asturian Language (Academia de la Llingua Asturiana)  | 1980
Azerbaijani |  Azerbaijan
Iran | Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası)  | 1945
Aymara |  Bolivia | Language and Culture Institute of the Aymara Nation (Instituto de Lengua y Cultura de la Nación Aymara - ILCNA)  | 2013[citation needed]
Balochi |  Iran
Pakistan
Afghanistan
Oman | Balochi Academy Sarbaz (بلۏچی زبانءِ ربیدجاہ)  | 2017
Basque |  Basque Country
Navarre
French Basque Country | Euskaltzaindia, often translated as Royal Academy of the Basque language | 1918
Belarusian |  Belarus | The Jakub Kolas and Janka Kupala Institute of Language and Literature[3] at the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus | 1929
Bengali (Bangla) |  Bangladesh | Bangla Academy (বাংলা একাডেমি)  | 1955
India | Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi (পশ্চিমবঙ্গ বাংলা আকাদেমি)  | 1986
Berber |  Morocco | Royal Institute of Amazight Culture | 2001
Algeria | Haut-Conseil à l'amazighité (High Commission for Amazighity)  | 1995
Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language | 2017
Bhojpuri |  India | Bhojpuri Academy, Bihar |
Maithili - Bhojpuri Academy, Delhi |
Bhojpuri Sahitya Academy, Madhya Pradesh |
Central Bikol |  Philippines | Academia Bicolana defunct |
Bosnian |  Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sandžak | University of Sarajevo |
Breton |  Brittany | Public Office for the Breton Language (Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg)  | 2010
Bulgarian |  Bulgaria | Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences | 1942
Burmese |  Myanmar | Myanmar Language Commission ( မြန်မာစာအဖွဲ့)  | 1963
Catalan |  Catalonia | Institute for Catalan Studies (Institut d'Estudis Catalans)  | 1907
Valencian Community | Valencian Language Academy (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua)  | 2001
Cebuano |  Philippines | Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters (Akademyang Bisaya)  |
Cherokee |  Cherokee Nation | Council of the Cherokee Nation (ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ)[4] |
Standard Chinese |  China | State Language Work Committee (国家语言文字工作委员会)  | 1986[5]
Republic of China | Ministry of Education (教育部)  |
Singapore | Promote Mandarin Council (讲华语运动理事会)  | 1979
Malaysia | Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia (马来西亚华语规范理事会)  |
Cornish |  Cornwall | Cornish Language Partnership (Keskowethyans an Taves Kernewek)  | 2005
Croatian |  Croatia | Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics (Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje)  | 1948
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Czech |  Czech Republic | Institute of the Czech Language (of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) (Ústav pro jazyk český (Akademie věd České republiky))  | 1946
Danish |  Denmark | Dansk Sprognævn (Danish Language Council)  | 1955
Dalecarlian |  Dalarna County | Ulum Dalska | 1984
Divehi |  Maldives | Dhivehi Academy (ދިވެހި އެކެޑަމީ)  | 2011
Dutch |  Netherlands
Belgium
Suriname | Dutch Language Union (Nederlandse Taalunie)  | 1980
Dzongkha |  Bhutan | Dzongkha Development Commission (རྫོང་ཁ་གོང་འཕེལ་ལྷན་ཚོགས)  | 1968
English | None  | None official, but the Oxford English Dictionary is the principal historical dictionary of the English language.  |
Estonian |  Estonia | Emakeele Seltsi keeletoimkond (Language Board at the Mother Tongue Society) sets rules and standards, authoritative advice is given by the Institute of the Estonian Language (Eesti Keele Instituut)  | 1993
Faroese |  Faroe Islands | Faroese Language Board (Málráðið)  | 1985
Filipino |  Philippines | Commission on the Filipino Language (Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino)  | 1937
Finnish |  Finland | Institute for the Languages of Finland (Kotimaisten kielten keskus)  | 1976
French |  France | French Academy (Académie Française)  | 1635
General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France (Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France)  | 1989
Belgium | Royal Academy of French Language and Literature of Belgium (Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique)[citation needed] | 1920
Quebec | Office québécois de la langue française (Québec Office of the French Language)  | 1961
Friulian |  Friuli-Venezia Giulia | Agjenzie Regjonâl pe Lenghe Furlane[6] | 2001
Galician |  Galicia | Royal Galician Academy (Real Academia Galega)  | 1906
Georgian |  Georgia (country) | Cabinet of Georgia (საქართველოს მთავრობა)  |
German |  Germany
Austria
Switzerland
South Tyrol
Belgium
Alsace
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Namibia
Syddanmark
Opole Voivodeship
Silesian Voivodeship | Council for German Orthography (Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung)  | 2004
Greenlandic |  Greenland | The Greenland Language Secretariat (Oqaasileriffik)  | 1998[7]
Guarani |  Paraguay | Guarani Language Academy (Guarani Ñe’ ẽ Rerekuapavẽ)  | 2013
Gujarati |  India | Gujarat Sahitya Akademi (ગુજરાત સાહિત્ય અકાદમી)  | 1981
Hakka |  Republic of China | Hakka Affairs Council (客家委員會)  | 2001
Haitian Creole |  Haiti | Haitian Creole Academy (Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen)  | 2014
Hebrew |  Israel | Academy of the Hebrew Language (האקדמיה ללשון העברית)  | 1890
Hindi |  India | Central Hindi Directorate (केन्द्रीय हिन्दी निदेशालय)  | 1960
Hmar |  India | Hmar Literature Society[citation needed] |
Hungarian |  Hungary
Slovakia
Romania
Serbia
Austria | Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics (Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont)  | 1949
Icelandic |  Iceland | Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies (Stofnun Árna Magnússonar í íslenskum fræðum)  | 1962
Igbo |  Nigeria | Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture | 1949
Indonesian |  Indonesia | Language Development and Fostering Agency (Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa)  | 1947
Inuktitut |  Canada | Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ)  | 1971
Irish |  Ireland
Northern Ireland | Foras na Gaeilge (Irish Institute)  | 1999
Italian |  Italy
San Marino
Switzerland
Vatican City
Monaco
Corsica
Istria County
Eritrea
Libya | Accademia della Crusca (Academy of the bran)  | 1583
Japanese |  Japan | No official centralized regulation, but de facto regulations by Agency for Cultural Affairs (文化庁) at the Ministry of Education of Japan (文部科学省)[8] | 1934 (predecessor),[9] 2000 (current)
Kabiye |  Togo | Kabiye Academy (Académie kabiyè)  | 1975[10]
Kannada |  Karnataka | Various academies and Government of Karnataka |
Kashubian |  Poland | The Kashubian Language Council (Radzëzna Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka)  | 2006
Kazakh |  Kazakhstan | Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Қазақстан Республикасының Ғылым және жоғары білім министрлігі)  | 2022
Khmer |  Cambodia | Royal Academy of Cambodia (រាជបណ្ឌិត្យសភាកម្ពុជា)  | 1965
Korean |  South Korea | National Institute of the Korean Language (국립국어원/國立國語院)  | 1991
North Korea | The Language Research Institute, Academy of Social Science (사회과학원 어학연구소)  |
China | China Korean Language Regulatory Commission (중국조선어규범위원회/中国朝鲜语规范委员会)  |
Kven |  Norway | Kainun institutti – kvensk institutt  | 2007
Kurdish |  Kurdistan | Kurdish Academy (ئەکادیمیای کوردی)  | 1971
Kyrgyz |  Kyrgyzstan | National Committee for State Language under the President of the Kyrgyz Republic (Кыргыз Республикасынын Президентине караштуу Мамлекеттик тил боюнча улуттук комиссия)  | 2009[11]
Lao |  Laos | Educational Science Research Institute, Ministry of Education and Sports (ສະຖາບັນຄົ້ນຄວ້າວິທະຍາສາດການສືກສາ ກະຊວງສຶກສາທິການ ແລະ ກີລາ)
Institute of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, National University of Laos (ສະຖາບັນວິທະຍາສາດສັງຄົມ ຄະນະອັກສອນສາດ ມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລແຫ່ງຊາດລາວ)  |
Latin |  Holy See | Pontifical Academy for Latin (Pontificia Academia Latinitatis)[12] | 2012
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy: botanical Latin)  | 1867
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: zoological Latin)  | 1905
Latvian |  Latvia | Latvian State Language Center (Valsts Valodas Centrs)  | 1992
Lithuanian |  Lithuania | Commission of the Lithuanian Language (Valstybinė lietuvių kalbos komisija)  | 1990
Lusoga |  Uganda | Lusoga Language Authority |
Luxembourgish |  Luxembourg | Council for the Luxembourgish Language (Conseil fir d'Letzebuerger Sprooch)  | 1998
Macedonian |  North Macedonia | Linguistics and Literary Science Department at the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts | 1967
Malagasy |  Madagascar | Malagasy Academy (Académie Malgache)  | 1902
Malay |  Malaysia | Institute of Language and Literature (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka)  | 1956
Brunei | Language and Literature Bureau (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka)  | 1960
Singapore | Majlis Bahasa Melayu Singapura (Malay Language Council, Singapore)  |
Malayalam |  India | Kerala Sahitya Akademi (കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി)  | 1956
Maltese |  Malta | National Council for the Maltese Language (Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ilsien Malti)  | 2005
Manx |  Isle of Man | Manx Language Advisory Council (Coonceil ny Gaelgey)  | 1985
Māori |  New Zealand | Māori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori)  | 1987
Marathi |  India | Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad (महाराष्ट्र साहित्य परिषद)  | 1906
Meitei (officially called Manipuri)  |  India | Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation (ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯦꯡꯒ꯭ꯋꯦꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯟ꯭ꯗ ꯏꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯁꯟ)  | 2013
Manipuri Sahitya Parishad (ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ꯭ꯌ ꯄꯔꯤꯁꯗ)  | 1935
Mirandese |  Portugal | Anstituto de la Lhéngua Mirandesa (Institute of the Mirandese Language)  | 2000
Mixtec |  Mexico | Academy of the Mixtec Language (Ve'e Tu'un Sávi)  | 1997
Khalkha Mongolian |  Mongolia | Council of the official state language (Төрийн хэлний зөвлөл). Decisions have to be confirmed by the Mongolian government.[13] |
Chakhar Mongolian |  China | Council for Language and Literature Work  |
Nepali |  Nepal | Nepal Academy (नेपाल प्रज्ञा–प्रतिष्ठान)  | 1957
Northern Frisian |  North Frisia | Northern Frisian Institute (Nordfriisk Instituut)  | 1964
Norwegian (Riksmål/Bokmål) |  Norway | Norwegian Academy | 1953
Norwegian Bokmål
Norwegian Nynorsk | Norwegian Language Council | 2005
Occitan |  Occitania
France
Spain
Monaco
Italy | Occitan Language Council (Conselh de la Lenga Occitana),[14]
Permanent Congress of the Occitan Language (Congrès Permanent de la Lenga Occitana),[15]
Institute of Aranese Studies (Institut d'Estudis Aranesi) (Aranese)[16] | 1996
Odia |  India | Odisha Sahitya Akademi (ଓଡ଼ିଶା ସାହିତ୍ୟ ଏକାଡେମୀ)  | 1957
Pashto |  Afghanistan | Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan (د علومو اکاډمي نښه)  | 1978
Pakistan | Pashto Academy (پښتو اکېډمي)  | 1955
Persian |  Iran | Academy of Persian Language and Literature (فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی)  | 1935
Afghanistan | Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan (آکادمی علوم افغانستان)  | 1978
Paiwan |  Republic of China | Council of Indigenous Peoples | 1996
Polish |  Poland | Polish Language Council (Rada Języka Polskiego)  | 1996
Portuguese |  Portugal | Lisbon Academy of Sciences (Academia das Ciências de Lisboa)  | 1779
Brazil | Brazilian Academy of Letters (Academia Brasileira de Letras)  | 1897
Galicia | Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language (Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa)  | 2008
Quechua |  Ecuador | Academy of the Kichwa Language (Kichwa Amawta Kamachik/ Academia de la Lengua Kichwa, abbreviated 'KAMAK')[17] | 2003[17]
Peru | Peruvian Ministries of Education and of Culture (as part of their functions)  |
Department of Cuzco | High Academy of the Quechua Language (Qheswa Simi Hamut'ana Kuraq Suntur/ Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua)  | 1953[18]
Department of Cajamarca | Cajamarca Regional Academy of the Quechua Language (Academia Regional del Idioma Quechua de Cajamarca - ARIQ)[19][20] | 1986[20]
Department of Ancash | Ancash Regional Academy of Quechua (Academia Regional de Quechua de Ancash - ARQA)  |
Bolivia | Language and Culture Institute of the Quechua Nation (Instituto de Lengua y Cultura de la Nación Quechua - ILCNQ)  | 2013[21]
Department of Cochabamba | Cochabamba Regional Academy of the Quechua Language (Academia Regional de la Lengua Quechua de Cochabamba)  |
Rohingya |  Arakan (Rakhine State)  | Rohingya Language Academy (𐴌𐴟𐴇𐴥𐴝𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝 𐴎𐴟𐴁𐴝𐴕 𐴀𐴠𐴑𐴝𐴋𐴠𐴔𐴞)  |
Romanian |  Romania | Academia Română (Romanian Academy)  | 1866
Moldova | Academy of Sciences of Moldova (Academia de Științe a Moldovei)  | 1961
Romansh |  Switzerland | Lia Rumantscha | 1919
Russian |  Russia
Belarus
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan | Russian Language Institute (Институт русского языка)  | 1944
Scots |  Scotland | Scots Language Centre (Center for the Scots Leid)  | 1993
Northern Ireland
Ireland | Ulster-Scots Agency (Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch)  | 1999
Scottish Gaelic |  Scotland | The Gaelic Board (Bòrd na Gàidhlig)  | 2006
Secwepemctsín |  Canada | Secwepemc Cultural Education Society | 1983
Serbian and Montenegrin |  Serbia
Montenegro
Srpska | Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language (Одбор за стандардизацију српског језика)  | 1997
Sicilian |  Sicily | Cademia Siciliana[22] | 2016
Sindhi |  Pakistan | Sindhi Language Authority (سنڌي ٻولي جو با اختيار ادارو)  | 1992
Sinhala |  Sri Lanka | Hela Havula (හෙළ හවුල)  | 1941
Slovak |  Slovakia | Slovak Academy of Sciences (Slovenská akadémia vied)  | 1942
Slovene |  Slovenia | Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti)  | 1938
Somali |  Djibouti
Ethiopia
Somalia | Regional Somali Language Academy (Akademiye Goboleedka Af Soomaaliga)  | 2013
Sorbian |  Germany
Czech Republic
Poland | Sorbian Institute (Serbski institut)  | 1951
Spanish |  Spain
Colombia
Ecuador
Mexico
El Salvador
Venezuela
Chile
Peru
Guatemala
Costa Rica
Philippines
Panama
Cuba
Paraguay
Bolivia
Dominican Republic
Nicaragua
Argentina
Uruguay
Honduras
Puerto Rico
United States
Equatorial Guinea
Israel | Association of Spanish Language Academies | 1951
Swahili |  Tanzania | National Swahili Council (Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa)  | 1967
Kenya | National Kiswahili Association (Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa)  | 1998
Swedish |  Sweden | Language Council of Sweden (Språkrådet)  | 1941
Swedish Academy (Svenska Akademien)  | 1786
Finland | Institute for the Languages of Finland |
Tajik |  Tajikistan
Uzbekistan | Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature (Институти забон ва адабиёт ба номи А. Рӯдакии)  | 1932
Tamil |  India | Department of Tamil Development and Information, Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் தகவல் துறை, தமிழ் நாடு)  | 1831
International Institute of Tamil Studies (உலகத் தமிழாராய்ச்சி நிறுவனம்)  | 1970
Tamil University (தமிழ்ப் பல்கலைக்கழகம்)  | 1981
Central Institute of Classical Tamil (செம்மொழித் தமிழாய்வு மத்திய நிறுவனம்)  | 2008
World Tamil Sangam (உலகத் தமிழ்ச் சங்கம்)  | 2016
Sri Lanka | Department of Official Languages (அதிகாரப்பூர்வ மொழிகள் துறை)  | 1931
Singapore | Tamil Language Council (வளர்தமிழ் இயக்கம்)  | 2000
Malaysia | Malaysian Tamil Language Standardisation Council (மலேசியத் தமிழ் மொழியின் காப்பகம்)  | 2019
Canada | Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America | 1987
United States
Tatar |  Tatarstan | Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (Татарстан Республикасы Фәннәр академиясе)  | 1804
Telugu |  India | Telugu Academy and Official Language Commission of Government of Andhra Pradesh |
Tetum |  East Timor | National Institute of Linguistics at the National University of East Timor  |
Thai |  Thailand | Royal Society of Thailand (ราชบัณฑิตยสภา)  | 1926
Tibetan |  Tibet Autonomous Region | Committee for Tibetan Language Affairs [1] |
India | Committee for the Standardisation of the Tibetan Language |
Tulu |  India | Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy |
Turkish |  Turkey
Cyprus
Northern Cyprus | Turkish Language Association (Türk Dil Kurumu)  | 1932
Ukrainian |  Ukraine | NASU Institute of Ukrainian Language | 1991
Urdu |  Pakistan | National Language Promotion Department (اِدارۀ فروغِ قومی زُبان)  |
India | National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (قومی کونسل برائے فروغ اردو زبان)  |
Urhobo |  Nigeria | Urhobo Studies Association |
Venetian |  Veneto | Academia de ła Bona Creansa (Academy of the Fair Courtesy, NGO accredited with advisory function for Unesco ICH 2003 Convention Academy of the Venetian Language)[citation needed] | 2014
Vietnamese |  Vietnam | Institute of Linguistics of Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences |
Võro |  Estonia | Võro Institute |
Waray |  Philippines | Sanghiran san Binisaya ha Samar ug Leyte (Academy of the Visayan Language of Samar and Leyte) defunct |
Welsh |  Wales | Welsh Language Commissioner (Efa Gruffudd Jones)  | 2012
West Frisian |  Friesland | Fryske Akademy (Frisian Academy)  | 1938
Wolof |  Senegal | Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar (Center of Applied Linguistics of Dakar at the Cheikh Anta Diop University)  |
Yiddish |  United States
Sweden
Russia | YIVO[23] | 1925
Yoruba |  Nigeria | Yoruba Academy | 2007

## Constructed languages

[edit]

Apart from the Akademio de Esperanto, most constructed languages (also called conlangs) have no true linguistic regulators or language academies.[24]

### Auxiliary languages

[edit]

See also: International auxiliary languages

Language  | Regulator(s)

|

Esperanto | Akademio de Esperanto
Ido | Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido
Lingua Franca Nova | Asosia per Lingua Franca Nova
Volapük | Kadäm Volapüka

#### Esperanto

[edit]

Esperanto and Ido have been constructed (or planned) by a person or small group, before being adopted and further developed by communities of users through natural language evolution.

Bodies such as the Akademio de Esperanto look at questions of usage in the light of the original goals and principles of the language.

#### Interlingua

[edit]

Interlingua has no regulating body, as its vocabulary, grammar, and orthography are viewed as a product of ongoing social forces. In theory, Interlingua therefore evolves independent from any human regulator. Interlingua's vocabulary is verified and recorded by dynamically applying certain general principles to an existing set of natural languages and their etymologies. The International Auxiliary Language Association ceased to exist in 1954, and according to the secretary of Union Mundial de Interlingua "Interlingua doesn't need its Academy".[24]

### Other constructed languages

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Language  | Regulator(s)

|

Klingon | Marc Okrand
Lojban | Logical Language Group
Naʼvi | Paul Frommer
Talossan | Comità per l'Útzil del Glheþ

## Other bodies

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These bodies do not attempt to regulate any language in a prescriptive manner and are primarily concerned with aiding and advising the government on policies regarding language usage.

* Hong Kong: Official Language Division Civil Service Bureau Government of Hong Kong – concerned with matters concerning government language policy
* Macau: Departamento dos Assuntos Linguísticos of the Public Administration and Civil Service Bureau of the Government of Macau –concerned with matters concerning government language policy

## See also

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* Proposals for an English Academy
* Language policy
* Language revival
* Language planning
* Linguistic purism
* Languages in censuses

## References

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1. ^ Thomas, George (1991) Linguistic purism p.108, quotation:

> Whereas a number of the puristically motivated language societies have assumed de facto responsibility for language cultivation, the decisions of the academies have often had the force of law. ... Since academies are so closely associated with the notion of purism, a brief word on their history may not be out of place. The first academy to deal expressly and exclusively with language matters was the Accademia della Crusca ... Its orientation was essentially conservative, favouring a return to the Tuscan language as cultivated in the fourteenth century over the innovations of contemporary renaissance poets such as Torquato Tasso. ... One of its first tasks \-- as with so many academies to follow \-- was to produce a large-scale prescriptive dictionary of Italian

2. ^ "Instituto de l'Aragonés". Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 September 2023.
3. ^ "Organizations Attached to the Department of Humanitarian Sciences and Arts". National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012. "Field of Activities: ... compilation of the Belarusian language dictionaries including Belarusian – the other Slavonic languages and the other Slavonic languages – Belarusian dictionaries; ..."
4. ^ Council of the Cherokee Nation
5. ^ Spolsky, Bernard (8 June 2014). "Language management in the People's Republic of China" (PDF). `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
6. ^ "Agenzia Regionale per la Lingua Friulana". ARLeF (in Italian). Retrieved 30 September 2023.
7. ^ "Organization – Language Secretariat". Retrieved 11 October 2023.
8. ^ "文化審議会について" [About Council for Cultural Affairs]. Agency for Cultural Affairs (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
9. ^ "官制に基づく国語審議会" [About National Language Council by the Former Constitutional Government]. Agency for Cultural Affairs (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
10. ^ "Naissance et évolution de l'Académie Kabiyè". Académie Kabiyè | Kabiye Akademii (in French). Retrieved 11 October 2023.
11. ^ "The State Language | Kyrgyzaeronavigatsia". kan.kg. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
12. ^ "Pontificia Academia Latinitatis" (in Latin). Vatican.va. 10 November 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
13. ^ "Хуулийн нэгдсэн портал сайт". Legalinfo.mn (in Mongolian). Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
14. ^ "CLO". Retrieved 6 September 2021.
15. ^ "Lo Congrès". locongres.org. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
16. ^ "Reconeishença der Institut d'Estudis Aranesi coma academia e autoritat lingüistica der occitan, aranés en Aran - Conselh Generau d'Aran". conselharan.org.
17. ^ a b Potosí C., Fabián (2013). "Bosquejo Histórico y Lingüístico Qichwa". Kichwa yachakukkunapa shimiyuk kamu : Runa shimi - mishu shimi, mishu shimi - runa shimi (PDF). Quito: Ministerio de Educación, DINEIB. pp. 7–17.7-17&rft.pub=Ministerio+de+Educación,+DINEIB&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Potosí+C.&rft.aufirst=Fabián&rft_id=https://educacion.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/03/RK_diccionario_kichwa_castellano.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+language+regulators" class="Z3988">
18. ^ Durston, Alan (2019). Escritura en quechua y sociedad serrana en transformación: Perú, 1920-1960. Travaux de l'Institut français d'études andines (Primera edición ed.). Lima: Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos : Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 68–69\. ISBN 978-612-4358-03-6.68-69&rft.edition=Primera+edición&rft.pub=Instituto+Francés+de+Estudios+Andinos+:+Instituto+de+Estudios+Peruanos&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-612-4358-03-6&rft.aulast=Durston&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+language+regulators" class="Z3988">
19. ^ "Runasimipi Llaqta Takikuna (Willka Takiy)". www.runasimi.de. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
20. ^ a b "Cajamarca: XXXVI Aniversario de la Academia Regional del Idioma Quechua de Cajamarca". agenciaperu.net. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
21. ^ "Inauguran Instituto de Lengua y Cultura de la Nación Quechua". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 9 August 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
22. ^ "Standardizzazione Ortografica". Retrieved 4 April 2024.
23. ^ "YIVO Institute". Retrieved 25 October 2019.
24. ^ a b Johan Derks, Prilingvaj institutoj de 18 naciaj lingvoj (Language Institutes of eighteen states), Interlingvistikaj Studoj, UAM, 2014/17, Esperanta Interlingvistiko 1