List of large volcanic eruptions

For a list of the largest recorded eruptions, see List of largest volcanic eruptions.

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Satellite images of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai

This is a sortable list of large eruptions that occurred between 11.7 Ka and 450+ Ma. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. The inclusion criteria here only covers entries with a Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or greater. The given values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references, and are given as VEI-equivalent, as an estimate of the erupted tephra volume.

## <11.7KA (Holocene)[edit]

Main article: List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions

## 11.7 to 49KA[edit]

VEI  | Volcano/complex  | Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot  | Material volume (km3)  | Age in Ka[1] | Tephra or eruption name

|
|
|
|
|

6  | Lolobau Island | Bismarck Volcanic Arc  | 50 50  | 12  | caldera formation
6  | Menengai | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | 24.9 < 25  | 12.3  | Ruplax Tuff
6  | Nevado de Toluca | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 20 20  | 12.5  | Upper Toluca Pumice
6  | Sakurajima | Kyūshū | 11 11  | 12.8  | Sakurajima-Satsuma Tuff
6  | Laacher See | Eifel hotspot | 20 20  | 12.9  |
6  | Nigorigawa | Hokkaidō | 10.9 10.9  | 14.6  |
6  | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 79 79  | 14.9  | Neapolitan Yellow Tuff
6  | Maly Semyachik | Kamchatka | 17.5 17.5  | 15  |
6  | Towada  | Honshū  | 56 56  | 15.6  | eruption episode L
7  | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | Un­known  | 15.7  |
5  | Mount Vesuvius  | Campanian volcanic arc  | 1.3 1.3  | 19.3  | Green Pumice
7  | Long Island, PNG  | Bismarck Volcanic Arc  | 100 100  | 19.3  | Kiau Ignimbrite
7  | Zavaritzki Caldera | Simushir, Kuril Islands | 200 200  | 20  |
6  | Rabaul | Bismarck Volcanic Arc  | 10.1 >10  | 21  | Kulau Ignimbrite
6  | Menengai | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | 26.1 26.1  | 21  | Caldera formation 2
6  | Cape Riva Caldera, Santorini | South Aegean Volcanic Arc | 20.1 >20  | 21.8  | Cape Riva
5  | Mount Vesuvius  | Campanian volcanic arc  | 1.9 1.9  | 22  | Basal Pumice
6  | Mount Katmai | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc  | 10.1 ⩾10  | 22.8  | Late Pleistocene rhyodacite pumice fall and ignimbrite
8  | Taupō Volcano | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1170 1170  | 26.5  | Oruanui eruption[a]
6  | Morne Diablotins | Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc  | 14 14  | 26.6  | Grand Savanne Ignimbrite
?  | Laguna Caldera | Luzon Volcanic Arc  | Un­known  | 27-29  |
5  | Mount Vesuvius  | Campanian volcanic arc  | 2.2 2.2  | 28.6  | Codola Pumice
6  | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 10.1 ≥10  | 29.1  | Y3
6  | Emmons Lake caldera | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc  | 50 50  | 29.3  | Dawson Tephra
6  | Nemrut yanardağı | Turkey | 65.4 65.4  | 29.7  |
7-8  | Aira Caldera | Kyūshū | 940 940 - 1,040[2] | 30[3] | Ito Ignimbrite
6  | Nemo Peak | Onekotan, Kuril Islands | 10 10  | 30.8  | Nemo III
6  | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | 30.1 >30  | 32.2  | caldera formation
6  | Volcán Los Azufres | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt  | 11 11  | 32.8  | Cieneguillas Ignimbrite
6  | Morne Trois Pitons | Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc  | 58 58  | 33.3  | Roseau Tuff/Ignimbrite
7  | Lake Ranau | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | 150 150  | 33.6  | Ranau Tuff
6  | Nemo Peak  | Onekotan, Kuril Islands  | 31.3 31.3  | 34  | Nemo II
6  | Mount Batur | Sunda Arc, Bali  | 84 84  | 34.6  | Ubud Ignimbrite
6  | Ksudach  | Kamchatka  | 25 25  | 35  | Caldera II
6  | Lake Mashū | Hokkaidō | 10 10  | 35.3[4] | Nu-p
6  | Menengai | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | 26.1 26.1  | 35.6  | Menengai Tuff
6  | Towada  | Honshū | 46 46  | 36  | eruption episode N
6  | Lake Mashū  | Hokkaidō | 10 10  | 38.3[4] | Nu-r
7  | Gorely | Kamchatka  | 120 120  | 39  | Southern sea cliffs
7  | Kussharo | Hokkaidō | 170 170  | 39.3  | Kp-1, Kutcharo Shoro Ash
7  | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 430 430 - 680  | 39.9  | Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption
5  | Galeras | Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone  | Un­known  | 40  |
6  | Ksudach  | Kamchatka  | 40 40  | 40  | Caldera I
6  | Ugashik-Peulik | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc  | 30 30  | 40  | Caldera formation
6?  | Ulleung  | South Korea  | 10 10?  | 40[3] | Ulleungdo-Yamato tephra
6  | Irosin Caldera | Bicol-Leyte Volcanic Arc  | 70 70  | 41  | Irosin Ignimbrites
6  | Qualibou | Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles island arc  | 11 11  | 42.3  | Choiseul Tuff
6  | Mount St. Helens  | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 10.3 10.3  | 42.5  | C (Cs, Cy, Cm, Cw, Ct) (Ape Canyon)
6  | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | 14.4 14.4 DRE[4] | 43[6] | Kt-1
7  | Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas | Kamchatka  | 150 150  | 43.6  | Uzon ignimbrite - northern field
6  | Golovnin | Kunashir, Kuril Islands | 15 15  | 43.7  | Kn III-5 Tephra
6  | Mount Akagi | Honshū | 25.9 25.9  | 44  | Akagi-Kanuma pumice
6  | Mendeleev | Kunashir, Kuril Islands | 60 60  | 44.5  | caldera formation
7  | Opala | Kamchatka | 225 225  | 44.5  | caldera formation
5-6  | Naruko | Honshū  | 5 5 - 10[4] | 45  | Yanagisawa Tuff
7  | Nemo Peak  | Onekotan, Kuril Islands  | 115.1 >115  | 45  | Nemo I
6  | Smith Island | Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc | 49 49  | 45  |
7  | Shikotsu | Hokkaidō | 350 350 - 390[7] | 46  | caldera formation

## 50 to 99KA[edit]

VEI  | Volcano/complex  | Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot  | Material volume (km3)  | Age in Ka[8] | Tephra or eruption name

|
|
|
|
|

6  | Kuttara  | Hokkaidō | 10.2 10.2 DRE  | 50  | Kt-2
7  | Ōkataina Volcanic Complex | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 50  | Rotoiti Ignimbrite
6  | Phlegraean Fields  | Campanian volcanic arc  | 13.1 13.1  | 51  | Santa Lucia Tephra
7  | Lake Maninjau | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | 235 235  | 52  | Maninjau paroxysmal welded and unwelded tuffs
6  | Mount Kujū | Kyūshū  | 12.0 12[9] | 53.5  | Kuju-Handa pyroclastic flow (Kj-Hd), Kuju-1 Pumice (Kj-P1)
6  | Skaros Caldera, Santorini  | South Aegean Volcanic Arc  | 13.8 13.75  | 54  | Upper Scoriae 2
6  | Kuttara  | Hokkaidō | 20.1 20.1 DRE  | 50 - 60  | Kt-3
6  | Ischia  | Campanian volcanic arc  | 10.1 ≥ 10  | 56  | X2
6  | Ischia | Campanian volcanic arc | 40.0 40  | 56  | Monte Epomeo Green Tuff
6  | Daisen | Honshū | 40.0 40  | 59.6[3] | Daisen-Kurayoshi Pumice
6  | Shikotsu  | Hokkaidō | 50.0 50  | 60  | Shadai eruption
6  | Towada  | Honshū | 10.0 10  | 61  | eruption episode Q
6  | Newberry Volcano | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 12.6 > 12.5  | 62.5  | Olema tephra, Paulina tephra
6  | Hakone | Honshū | 20.0 20  | 66  | Hakone-Tokyo Pumice
6  | Akademia Nauk | Kamchatka | 12.5 12.5  | 69.4  | Odnoboky O2 tuffs
6  | Los Humeros | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt  | 37.0 37  | 69  | Zaragoza Tuff
6  | Los Humeros  | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt  | 24.0 24  | 70  | Faby Tuff
6  | Pico do Fogo | Cape Verde | Un­known  | 73  |
5-6  | Naruko  | Honshū  | 5.0 5 - 10  | 73  | Nisaka Tuff
8  | Lake Toba Caldera | Sunda Arc, Sumatra  | 2800 2,800 - 5,300[10] | 74  | Youngest Toba Tuff[b]
6  | Barrier Volcano | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | 10.0 10  | 74  | caldera formation
6  | Kuttara  | Hokkaidō | 11.1 > 11 DRE  | 75  | Kt-4
6  | Phlegraean Fields  | Campanian volcanic arc  | 12.4 12.35  | 80  | CA-1a Tephra
6  | Bolshoy Semyachik | Kamchatka | 42.0 42  | 80  | Bol'shoi Semiachik Caldera II
6  | Hakone | Honshū | 10.0 10  | 80  | Hakone-Obaradai Pumice
7?  | Mount Pinatubo  | Luzon Volcanic Arc  | 25.0 25  | 81  | Inararo Tuff
6  | Etna | Campanian volcanic arc | 10.0 10  | 82.8  | X4; I-7
7  | Lago de Atitlán  | Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala  | 300 300  | 84  | Los Chocoyos eruption
6  | Kuttara  | Hokkaidō | 16.8 16.8 DRE  | 84  | Kt-6
6  | Kussharo  | Hokkaidō | 25.0 25  | 85  | Kp-2/3
6  | Kuttara  | Hokkaidō | 10.8 10.8 DRE  | 84 - 87  | Kt-7
7-8  | Mount Aso | Kyūshū | 930 930 - 1,860[2] | 87  | Aso-4 Ignimbrite
6  | Kuttara  | Hokkaidō | 9.9 9.9 DRE  | 87 - 106  | Kt-8

## 100 to 299KA[edit]

VEI  | Volcano/complex  | Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot  | Material volume (km3)  | Age in Ka[12] | Tephra or eruption name

|
|
|
|
|

7  | Kikai Caldera  | Ryukyu Islands  | Un­known  | 100  | Tozurahara eruption
6  | Sierra la Primavera | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt  | 90  | 100  | Tala Tuff
6  | Skaros Caldera, Santorini  | South Aegean Volcanic Arc  | 14  | 100  | Middle Pumice
6  | Ontake | Honshū | 50  | 100  | Ontake-1 Pumice
6  | Rabaul | Bismarck Volcanic Arc  | 10?  | 100  | Boroi Ignimbrites
6  | Rabaul | Bismarck Volcanic Arc  | 10?  | 100  | Malaguna Pyroclastics
7  | Ata Caldera | Kyūshū  | 350  | 100[3] | Ata pyroclastic deposits
6  | Sanbe | Honshū | 20  | 105  | Sanbe-Kisuki pumice
6  | Tangkuban Perahu | Sunda Arc, Java | ≥ 10  | 105  | Sunda Caldera
7  | Lake Tōya | Hokkaidō | 230 – 310[2] | 106  |
6  | Santo Antão | Cape Verde | 10.33  | 106  | Cão Grande I
6  | Phlegraean Fields  | Campanian volcanic arc  | ≥ 10  | 106.2  | X5
6  | Phlegraean Fields  | Campanian volcanic arc  | ≥ 10  | 108.9  | X6
7  | Kussharo  | Hokkaidō | 175  | 117.5  | Kp-4, Kutcharo Haboro Ash
7  | Emmons Lake caldera  | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc  | 220  | 124  | Old Craw Tephra
7  | Mount Aso  | Kyūshū  | > 150  | 130  | Aso-3 Ignimbrite
6  | Mount Aso | Kyūshū  | 50  | 141  | Aso-2 Ignimbrite
6  | Yellowstone Caldera  | Yellowstone hotspot | 23?  | 143  | Cold Mountain Creek Tuff
7  | Calabozos | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone  | Un­known  | 150  | Loma Seca Tuff-Unit S
5  | Galeras  | Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone  | Un­known  | 150  |
7  | Kos-Nisyros Caldera | South Aegean Volcanic Arc  | 110  | 161  | Kos Plateau Tuff
7  | Los Humeros | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt  | 290 DRE[13] | 164  | Xáltipan Ignimbrite
7  | Lake Akan | Hokkaidō | 56.8 (DRE)  | 175  | AK-2
6  | Yellowstone Caldera  | Yellowstone hotspot | 50  | 176  | Bluff Point Tuff
7  | Southern Caldera, Santorini  | South Aegean Volcanic Arc  | Un­known  | 180  |
7  | Awasa Caldera | Main Ethiopian Rift | 103.5  | 182.3  |
7  | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | Un­known  | 205  |
7  | Rotorua Caldera  | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 230  | Mamaku Ignimbrite
7  | Maroa Caldera  | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 230  | Ohakuri Ignimbrite
7  | Reporoa Caldera  | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 230  | Kaingaroa Ignimbrite
7  | Ata Caldera  | Kyūshū  | > 150  | 240  | Torihama eruption
7  | Kapenga Caldera  | Taupō Volcanic Zone  | Un­known  | 240  | Ohakui Ignimbrite
7  | O'a Caldera | Ethiopia | 276  | 240  | Qi3 Pumice
8  | Maroa Caldera  | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 254  | Whakamaru Ignimbrite
6  | Mount Aso  | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 266  | Aso-1 Ignimbrite
6  | Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas  | Kamchatka  | 46  | 278  | Uzon ignimbrite - southern field
7  | Haroharo Caldera  | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 280  | Matahina Ignimbrite
7  | Kapenga Caldera  | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 280  | Pakai Ignimbrite
7  | Lake Maninjau | Sunda Arc, Sumatra  | 175  | 280

## 300 to 999KA[edit]

VEI  | Volcano/complex  | Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot  | Material volume (km3)  | Age in Ka[14] | Tephra or eruption name

|
|
|
|
|

7  | Calabozos  | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone  | Un­known  | 300  | Loma Seca Tuff-Unit V
7  | Kapenga Caldera  | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 300  | Chimpanzee Ignimbrite
7  | Vulsini | Campanian volcanic arc | 460  | 300  | Bolsena Caldera
7  | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | Un­known  | 320  |
7  | Kakutō Caldera | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 321  | Kakuto Ignimbrite
7?  | Suiendani  | Honshū | Un­known  | 370  | Okuhida Pyroclastics
7  | Lake Bracciano | Lazio, Italy  | > 200  | 370  | Mophi Tephra
6  | Roccamonfina Caldera | Campanian volcanic arc | Un­known  | 390
6-7  | Medvezhia | Iturup, Kuril Islands  | 90  | 410  | Medvezhia Ignimbrite
7  | Toussidé | Tibesti Mountains | 150  | 430  | Yirrigué Ignimbrite
7  | Pauzhetka Caldera | Kamchatka  | 375  | 440  | Golygin Ignimbrite
7  | Tumalo  | Oregon  | Un­known  | 440  | Tumalo tuff
7  | Aira Caldera  | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 450  | Oda Ignimbrite
7  | Diamante Caldera  | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone  | Un­known  | 450  |
7  | Aira Caldera  | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 500  | Yoshino Ignimbrite
7  | Toba Caldera  | Sunda Arc, Sumatra  | 138  | 500  | Middle Toba Tuff
7  | Kobayashi Caldera | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 520  | Kobayashi Ignimbrite
6  | Galeras  | Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone  | Un­known  | 560  |
7  | Mount Kirishima | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 580  | Hiwaki Ignimbrite
6?  | Hōhi Volcanic Zone  | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 600  | Yufugawa Ignimbrite
6  | Mount Lassen | Cascade Volcanic Arc | > 75  | 610  | Rockland Caldera formation
8  | Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field | Yellowstone hotspot | ⩾ 1,000  | 631  | Lava Creek Tuff
7  | Acatlán Volcanic Field  | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt  | 150  | 650  | Acatlán Ignimbrite
7  | Hōhi Volcanic Zone  | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 650  | Seiganji-Toga Tephra
7  | Kamitakara  | Honshū | Un­known  | 650  |
7  | Kapenga Caldera  | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 680  | Matahana A
7  | Kapenga Caldera  | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 710  | Waiotapu Ignimbrite
7  | Long Valley Caldera | Eastern California | 790  | 760  | Bishop Tuff
7  | Kapenga Caldera  | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 830  | Matahana B
7  | Calabozos | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone  | Un­known  | 840  | Loma Seca Tuff-Unit L
8  | Lake Toba Caldera | Sunda Arc, Sumatra  | 5,290[10] | 840  | Toba Tuff
7  | Shishimuta Caldera | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 870  | Imaichi Ignimbrite
7  | Tondano Caldera | North Sulawesi, Sulawesi  | 600 - 950  | 870  |
7  | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 950  | Marshall Ignimbrite
7  | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 970  | Unit E

## 1 to 9.9MA[edit]

VEI  | Volcano/complex  | Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot  | Material volume (km3)  | Age in Ma[15] | Tephra or eruption name

|
|
|
|
|

7  | North Vate | Vanuatu | Un­known  | 001 1  | Efaté Pumice Formation
7  | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 001 1  | Rocky Hill Ignimbrite
7  | Shishimuta Caldera  | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 001 1  | Yabakei Ignimbrite
7  | Tamagawa Caldera | Honshū | Un­known  | 001 1  |
7  | Tōnohetsuri Calderas | Honshū | Un­known  | 001 1  | Saigō Ignimbrite
7  | Tokachi-Mitsumata Caldera | Hokkaidō | 130

> 130

| 001 1  |
8  | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 001.01 1.01  | Kidnappers Ignimbrite
8  | Awasa Caldera | Main Ethiopian Rift |

1000

| 001.09 1.09  |
8  | Gakkel Ridge Caldera | Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean |

3000

| 001.1 1.1  |
7  | Akademia Nauk | Kamchatka |

100

| 001.13 1.13  | Stena-Soboliny Ignimbrite
7  | Kulshan Caldera | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 117

> 117.5

| 001.15 1.149  | Lake Tapps Tephra, Swift Creek Ignimbrite, Kulshan caldera formation
7  | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 001.18 1.18  | Ahuroa Ignimbrite
7  | Hōhi Volcanic Zone  | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 001.2 1.2  | Shikido Ignimbrite
6  | Toba Caldera | Sunda Arc, Sumatra  | Un­known  | 001.2 1.2  | Haranggoal Dacite Tuff
7  | Tōnohetsuri Calderas | Honshū | Un­known  | 001.2 1.2  | Ashino Ignimbrite
7  | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 001.2 1.2  | Unit D
8  | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 001.21 1.21  | Ongatiti Ignimbrite
7  | Valles Caldera | New Mexico, USA
(Raton hotspot)  |

690

| 001.22 1.223  | Upper Bandelier Tuff
7  | Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field | Yellowstone hotspot | 280

> 280 (DRE)

| 001.27 1.27  | Mesa Falls Tuff
7  | Puricó Complex | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone  | Un­known  | 001.3 1.3  | Puricó Ignimbrite
7  | Tōnohetsuri Calderas | Honshū | Un­known  | 001.4 1.4  | Kumado Ignimbrite
7  | Mount Tokachi | Hokkaidō | Un­known  | 001.4 1.4  | Tokachi Ignimbrite
7  | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 001.4 1.4  | Unit C
7  | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 001.53 1.53  | Unit B
7  | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Un­known  | 001.55 1.55  | Unit A
7  | Mount Jiigatake[16] | Honshū | Un­known  | 001.6 1.6  | Ōmine Ignimbrite
7  | Valles Caldera | New Mexico, USA  |

690

| 001.61 1.61  | Lower Bandelier Tuff
7  | Mount Jiigatake | Honshū  | Un­known  | 001.65 1.65  |
6  | Cerro Guacha | Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex | Un­known  | 001.7 1.7  | Puripica Ch0ico ignimbrite
7  | Young Island | Valleny Islands |

100

| 001.7 1.7  | Eltanin
7  | Bolshe-Bannaya | Kamchatka |

800

| 001.7 1.7  |
7  | Mount Hotakadake[16] | Honshū | Un­known  | 001.75 1.75  | Ebisutōge-Fukuda tephras
7  | Mount Hotakadake | Honshū  | Un­known  | 001.76 1.76  | Nyūkawa Ignimbrite
7  | Valles Caldera | New Mexico, USA  | 101

⩾ 100

| 001.78 1.78  | San Diego Canyon Ignimbrite
7  | Karymshina | Kamchatka | Un­known  | 001.78 1.78  |
7  | Lago de Atitlán | Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala  | Un­known  | 001.8 1.8  |
7  | Mount Jiigatake | Honshū  | Un­known  | 001.88 1.88  | Kitazawa Ignimbrite
7  | Mount Tokachi | Hokkaidō | Un­known  | 001.9 1.9  | Biei Ignimbrite
7  | Mount Jiigatake | Honshū  | Un­known  | 002 2  | Reishōji Ignimbrite
7  | Mount Jiigatake | Honshū  | Un­known  | 002 2  | Ht-3 Ignimbrite
7  | Mount Jiigatake | Honshū  | Un­known  | 002 2  | Nyūnomi Ignimbrite
7  | Mount Jiigatake | Honshū  | Un­known  | 002 2  | Ichiuda Ignimbrite
7  | Mount Hotakadake | Honshū  | Un­known  | 002 2  | Sonehara Ignimbrite
7  | Tamagawa Caldera | Honshū  | Un­known  | 002 2  |
8  | Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field  | Yellowstone hotspot |

2160

| 002.07 2.0794  | Huckleberry Ridge Tuff A & B
7  | Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field  | Yellowstone hotspot |

290

| 002.11 2.113  | Huckleberry Ridge Tuff C
7  | Mount Jiigatake[16] | Honshū  | Un­known  | 002.18 2.18  | Taniguchi Ignimbrite
8  | Cerro Galán | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone  |

1030

| 002.2 2.2  | Cerro Galán Ignimbrite
7?  | Mount Erciyes | Turkey  | Un­known  | 002.5 2.52  | Valibabatepe Ignimbrite

^^^^Quaternary^^^^

7  | Hiwada Caldera | Honshū  | Un­known  | 002.8 2.8  | Hotokezawa Ignimbrite
8  | Pastos Grandes Caldera | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone  |

1500

| 002.9 2.9  | Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite
7  | Teragi Cauldron | Honshū  | Un­known  | 003 3.03  | Teragi Group[17]
7  | Cerro Guacha | Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex | Un­known  | 003.5 3.5  | Tara Ignimbrite
7  | Yunosawa Caldera | Honshū  | Un­known  | 003.5 3.5  | Obirakiyama Tuff
8  | Pacana Caldera | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone  |

2800

| 004 4  | Atana Ignimbrite
8  | Heise volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 004.5 4.45  | Kilgore Tuff
?  | Heise volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 005.5 5.51  | Conant Creek Tuff
8  | Cerro Guacha | Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex |

1300

| 005.7 5.7  | Guacha ignimbrite
7  | Cerro Panizos | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone  | Un­known  | 006.1 6.1  | Panizos Ignimbrite
?  | Heise volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 006.3 6.27  | Walcott Tuff
8  | Heise volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 006.6 6.62  | Blacktail Tuff
7  | Black Mountain Caldera | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Un­known  | 007 7  | Thirsty Canyon Tuff
7  | Pastos Grandes Caldera or Vilama Caldera | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone  | Un­known  | 008.3 8.3  | Sifon Ignimbrite
?  | Twin Falls volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 008.6 8.6-10  |
8  | Grey's Landing Supereruption  | Yellowstone hotspot | 2800

> 2800[18]

| 008.7 8.72  | Grey's Landing Ignimbrite
8  | McMullen Supereruption  | Yellowstone hotspot | 1700

> 1700[18]

| 008.9 8.99  | McMullen Ignimbrite

## 10MA and older[edit]

VEI  | Volcano/complex  | Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot  | Material volume (km3)  | Age in Ma[19] | Tephra or eruption name

|
|
|
|
|

?  | Picabo volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 010 10 – 10.2  | Arbon Valley Tuffs
7-8  | Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera | Yellowstone hotspot |

950

| 011 10 – 12.5  | Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption
7  | Timber Mountain caldera complex | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Un­known  | 011.5 11.45  | Timber Mountain Tuff \- Ammonia Tanks member
8  | Timber Mountain caldera complex | Southwest Nevada volcanic field  | Un­known  | 011.6 11.6  | Timber Mountain Tuff \- Rainer Mesa member
8  | Paintbrush Caldera | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Un­known  | 012.7 12.7  | Paintbrush Tuff \- Topopah Spring member
8  | Paintbrush Caldera | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Un­known  | 012.8 12.8  | Paintbrush Tuff \- Tiva Canyon member
7  | Mount Sobo | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 012.8 12.8  |
?  | Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 012.8 13.9-12.8  |
7  | Mount Katamuki | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 013 13  |
7  | Silent Canyon caldera complex | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Un­known  | 013 13  | Belted Range Tuff
7  | Crater Flat Group | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Un­known  | 013.3 13.25  | Crater Flat Tuff, Bullfrog member
7  | Shitara Caldera | Honshū  | Un­known  | 013.1 15.1-13.1  |
8  | Ōdai Caldera | Honshū  | Un­known  | 013.7 13.7  | Murō Ignimbrite
8  | Mount Ōkue | Kyūshū | Un­known  | 013.7 13.7  | Okueyama volcano-plutonic complex
7  | Mount Ishizuchi | Shikoku  | Un­known  | 014 14  |
8  | Kumano Caldera | Honshū  | Un­known  | 014.4 14.4  | Kumano Acidic rocks
8  | Source unknown | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone  |

1100

| 015 15  | Huaylillas Ignimbrite
7  | McDermitt volcanic field, North  | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 015 15  | Whitehorse Creek Tuff
?  | Lake Owyhee volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot?  | Un­known  | 015 15  |
8  | Mount Osuzu | Kyūshū  | Un­known  | 015.1 15.1  | Osuzuyama volcano-plutonic complex
?  | Northwest Nevada volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot?  | Un­known  | 015.5 16.5-15.5  |
7  | McDermitt volcanic field, South  | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 015.6 15.6  | Longridge Tuff member 2-3
7  | McDermitt volcanic field, South  | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 015.6 15.6  | Longridge Tuff member 5
7  | McDermitt volcanic field, South  | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 015.7 15.7  | Double H Tuff
7  | McDermitt volcanic field, North  | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 015.8 15.8  | Trout Creek Mountains Tuff
?  | McDermitt volcanic field, South  | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 016 16  | Hoppin Peaks Tuff
7  | McDermitt volcanic field, South  | Yellowstone hotspot | Un­known  | 016.5 16.5  | Oregon Canyon Tuff
8  | Oxaya Formation | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone  |

3000

| 019 19  | Oxaya Ignimbrite
7  | Mount Belknap Caldera | Marysvale volcanic field | Un­known  | 019 19  | Joe Lott member

^^^^Neogene^^^^

7  | Monroe Peak Caldera | Marysvale volcanic field | Un­known  | 023 23  | Osiris Tuff
8  | La Garita Caldera | San Juan volcanic field |

5000

| 027.8 27.8  | Fish Canyon Tuff[c]
8?  | Bachelor | San Juan volcanic field |

1000

| 028 28  | Carpenter Ridge Tuff
8  | San Juan | San Juan volcanic field | Un­known  | 028 28  | Sapinero Mesa Tuff
8?  | Uncompahgre | San Juan volcanic field |

1000

| 028.1 28.1  | Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs
8?  | Platoro | San Juan volcanic field |

1000

| 028.2 28.2  | Chiquito Peak Tuff
8  | Bursum | Southern New Mexico | Un­known  | 028.5 28.5  | Apache Springs Tuff
8  | White Rock Caldera | Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex | Un­known  | 029.2 29.2  | Lund Tuff
8  | Sana'a Ignimbrite  | Afro-Arabian  | Un­known  | 029.5 29.5  | Tephra 2W63
8  | Iftar Alkalb | Afro-Arabian  | Un­known  | 029.5 29.5  | Tephra 4 W
8  | Sam Ignimbrite | Yemen | Un­known  | 029.5 29.5  | Green Tuff
8  | Jabal Kura'a Ignimbrite  | Yemen  | Un­known  | 029.6 29.6  |
8  | Wah Wah Springs Caldera | Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex  |

5900

| 030 30.06  | Wah Wah Springs Tuff[d]
8  | Windows Butte Tuff | Central Nevada  | Un­known  | 033 33  | Windows Butte Tuff
8  | Emory Caldera | Southwestern New Mexico  | Un­known  | 034.9 34.9  | Kneeling Nun Tuff, City of Rocks State Park
8  | Mount Princeton | Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Colorado | Un­known  | 035.3 35.3  | Wall Mountain Tuff
7  | Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex | Skukum Group | Un­known  | 050 50  |

^^^^Paleogene^^^^

8  | Deccan Traps | West-central India | Un­known  | 066 66  | This volcanic episode occurred about 300,000 years after the Chicxulub meteor impact, and may have been another contributing factor towards the extinction of the dinosaurs
8  | Source unknown | Honshū | Un­known  | 070 70  | Noi Rhyolite
8  | Ontong-Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi Plateau | Southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of the Solomon Islands  | Un­known  | 121 121  | Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8  | Guarapuava-Tamarana-Sarusas | Paraná and Etendeka traps | Un­known  | 132 132  | Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8  | Santa Maria Fria  | Paraná and Etendeka traps | Un­known  | 132 132  | Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8  | Guarapuava-Ventura | Paraná and Etendeka traps | Un­known  | 132 132  | Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8  | High Island Caldera | Hong Kong | Un­known  | 140 140  |

^^^^Cretaceous^^^^

8  | Ora Caldera | Southern Alps, Italy  | Un­known  | 274 277–274 | Ora Formation
7  | Altenberg–Teplice Caldera[20] | The Altenberg-Teplice Volcanic Complex  | Un­known  | 317 325-317[20] | Teplice Rhyolite intra-caldera deposits
8  | Cerberean Caldera  | Rubicon Valley | Un­known  | 374 374[21] | Cerberean Caldera now forms the northern part of the Marysville Igneous Complex in central Victoria at Lake Eildon National Park.[21][22]
8  | Glen Coe | Scotland  | Un­known  | 420 420[23] |
8  | Scafells | Lake District | Un­known  | 450 450+[24] |

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ First documented Supervolcanic eruption, and last known volcanic eruption with a VEI of 8.
2. ^ The eruption of Lake Toba was the biggest volcanic eruption in the Quaternary period.[11]
3. ^ Second biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years
4. ^ The biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years

## See also[edit]

* Geologic time scale
* Timeline of volcanism on Earth
* Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

## References[edit]

1. ^ start from 1950 CE
2. ^ a b c Shinji Takarada; Hideo Hoshizumi (2020). "Distribution and Eruptive Volume of Aso-4 Pyroclastic Density Current and Tephra Fall Deposits, Japan: A M8 Super-Eruption". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 170. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..170T. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00170.
3. ^ a b c d Victoria C. Smith; et al. (2013-05-01). "Identification and correlation of visible tephras in the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sedimentary archive, Japan: chronostratigraphic markers for synchronising of east Asian/west Pacific palaeoclimatic records across the last 150 ka". Quaternary Science Reviews. 67: 121–137. Bibcode:2013QSRv...67..121S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.026.
4. ^ a b c d Yamamoto, Takahiro (2014). "Cumulative volume step-diagrams for eruptive magmas from major Quaternary volcanoes in Japan". gsj.jp (in Japanese). National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
5. ^ Mitsuhiro Nakagawa; Mizuho Amma-Miyasaka; Daisuke Miura; Shimpei Uesawa (2018). "Tephrostratigraphy in Ishikari Lowland, Southwestern Hokkaido". The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan (in Japanese). 124 (7): 473–489. doi:10.5575/geosoc.2018.0038.
6. ^ The up is covered with Shikotsu caldera formation deposits.[5]
7. ^ "Volcanic activities and eruption sequence of the large-scale eruption at Shikotsu, Toya, Nigorikawa and Daisen Volcanoes" (PDF) (in Japanese). Geological Survey of Japan, AIST. 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
8. ^ start from 1950 CE
9. ^ Yoshihisa Kawanabe; Hideo Hoshizumi; Jun'ichi Itoh; Seiko Yamasaki (2015). "Kuju : Geological Maps of Japan". Geological Survey of Japan, AIST.
10. ^ a b Antonio Costa; Victoria C. Smith; Giovanni Macedonio; Naomi E. Matthews (2014). "The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption". Frontiers in Earth Science. 2: 16. Bibcode:2014FrEaS...2...16C. doi:10.3389/feart.2014.00016.
11. ^ Chad L.Yost; Lily J.Jackson; Jeffery R.Stone; Andrew S.Cohen (2018). "Subdecadal phytolith and charcoal records from Lake Malawi, East Africa imply minimal effects on human evolution from the ~74 ka Toba supereruption". Journal of Human Evolution. 116: 75–94. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.005. PMID 29477183.
12. ^ start from 1950 CE
13. ^ Jaime Alberto Cavazos-Álvarez; Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez (2020). "Anatomy of the Xáltipan ignimbrite at Los Humeros Volcanic Complex; the largest eruption of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 392: 106755. Bibcode:2020JVGR..39206755C. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106755. S2CID 213394831.
14. ^ start from 1950 CE
15. ^ start from 1950 CE
16. ^ a b c Teruki Oikawa (2003). "The Spatial and Temporal Relationship between Uplifting and Magmatism in the Hida Mountain Range, Central Japan". Quaternary Research (in Japanese). 42 (3): 141–156. doi:10.4116/jaqua.42.141. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
17. ^ Toshiki Haji; Takashi Kudo; Sota Niki; Takafumi Hirata (2023). "The Age of the Lower Tuff in the Utaosa Rhyolite, Teragi Cauldron, southwest Japan:Uranium‒lead dating of Late Pliocene zircon using femtosecond laser ablation-inductively coupled multi-collector ICP mass spectrometry". The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan (in Japanese). 129 (1): 341–354. doi:10.5575/geosoc.2023.0002.
18. ^ a b Knott, Thomas; Branney, M.; Reichow, Marc; Finn, David; Tapster, Simon; Coe, Robert (June 2020). "Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning?". Geology. 48 (9): 934–938. Bibcode:2020Geo....48..934K. doi:10.1130/G47384.1. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
19. ^ start from 1950 CE
20. ^ a b Casas-García, Raymundo; Rapprich, Vladislav; Breitkreuz, Christoph; Svojtka, Martin; Lapp, Manuel; Stanek, Klaus; Hofmann, Mandy; Linnemann, Ulf (2019-11-15). "Lithofacies architecture, composition, and age of the Carboniferous Teplice Rhyolite (German–Czech border): Insights into the evolution of the Altenberg-Teplice Caldera". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 386: 106662. Bibcode:2019JVGR..38606662C. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106662. ISSN 0377-0273. S2CID 202913004.
21. ^ a b Clemens, J. D.; Birch, W. D. (2012-12-15), "Assembly of a zoned volcanic magma chamber from multiple magma batches: The Cerberean Cauldron, Marysville Igneous Complex, Australia", Lithos, 155: 272–288, Bibcode:2012Litho.155..272C, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2012.09.007, ISSN 0024-4937
22. ^ Birch, W. D. (1970), An investigation of the Upper Devonian Cerberean Cauldron complex in central Victoria, University of Melbourne
23. ^ "Glencoe – Geology". Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
24. ^ P. J. Brenchley (2006). Timing and Duration of The Volcanism and Related Intrusions. Geological Society of London. p. 116\. ISBN 9781862392007. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)

### Bibliography[edit]

* Ward, Peter L. (2 April 2009). "Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways" (PDF). Thin Solid Films. 517 (11): 3188–3203. Bibcode:2009TSF...517.3188W. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
* Supplementary Table I: "Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
* Supplementary Table II: "Supplementary References to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009)" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
* "Large Holocene Eruptions". Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010-04-17.

## Further reading[edit]

* Scott E. Bryan; Ingrid Ukstins Peate; David W. Peate; Stephen Self; Dougal A. Jerram; Michael R. Mawby; J.S. Marsh; Jodie A. Miller (2010). "The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 102 (3–4): 207–229. Bibcode:2010ESRv..102..207B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001.
* Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project Website "VOGRIPA".
* Lee Siebert; Tom Simkin; Paul Kimberly (2011). Volcanoes of the World. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520268777.

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