List of largest cities

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The United Nations uses three definitions for what constitutes a city, as not all cities in all jurisdictions are classified using the same criteria. Cities may be defined as the cities proper, the extent of their urban area, or their metropolitan regions.

## Definitions

[edit]

### City proper (administrative)

[edit]

Main article: City proper

The municipality of Chongqing, China, whose administrative jurisdictional area is approximately the size of Austria, has the largest population of any city proper; over 70% of its residents live in rural areas.

A city can be defined by its administrative boundaries, otherwise known as city proper. UNICEF defines city proper as, "the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city or controlled directly from the city by a single authority." A city proper is a locality defined according to legal or political boundaries and an administratively recognised urban status that is usually characterised by some form of local government.[1][2][3] Cities proper and their boundaries and population data may not include suburbs.[4]

The use of city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives.[4] Because of this definition, the city proper population figure may differ greatly from the urban area population figure, as many cities are amalgamations of smaller municipalities (Australia), and conversely, many Chinese cities govern territories that extend well beyond the core urban area into suburban and rural areas.[5] The Chinese municipality of Chongqing, which is the largest city proper in the world by population, comprises a huge administrative area of 82,403 km2, around the size of Austria. However, more than 70% of its 30-million population are agricultural workers living in a rural setting.[6][7]

### Urban area

[edit]

Main article: Urban area

A city can be defined as a conditionally contiguous urban area, without regard to territorial or other boundaries inside an urban area. UNICEF defines urban area as follows:

> The definition of "urban" varies from country to country, and, with periodic reclassification, can also vary within one country over time, making direct comparisons difficult. An urban area can be defined by one or more of the following: administrative criteria or political boundaries (e.g., area within the jurisdiction of a municipality or town committee), a threshold population size (where the minimum for an urban settlement is typically in the region of 2,000 people, although this varies globally between 200 and 50,000), population density, economic function (e.g., where a significant majority of the population is not primarily engaged in agriculture, or where there is surplus employment) or the presence of urban characteristics (e.g., paved streets, electric lighting, sewerage).

According to Demographia, an urban area is a continuously built up land mass of urban development that is within a labor market (metropolitan area or metropolitan region) and contains no rural land.

### Metropolitan area

[edit]

Main article: Metropolitan area

Tokyo, the world's largest city and metropolitan area

A city can be defined by the inhabitants of its demographic population, as by metropolitan area, or labour market area. UNICEF defines metropolitan area as follows:

> A formal local government area comprising the urban area as a whole and its primary commuter areas, typically formed around a city with a large concentration of people (i.e., a population of at least 100,000). In addition to the city proper, a metropolitan area includes both the surrounding territory with urban levels of residential density and some additional lower-density areas that are adjacent to and linked to the city (e.g., through frequent transport, road linkages or commuting facilities).

In many countries, metropolitan areas are established either with an official organisation or only for statistical purposes. In the United States, metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB).[8] In the Philippines, metropolitan areas have an official agency, such as Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), which manages Manila metropolitan area.[9] Similar agencies exist in Indonesia, such as Jabodetabekjur Development Cooperation Agency for Jakarta metropolitan area.[10]

## List

[edit]

For newer estimates, see Megacity § List of megacities.

There are 81 cities in the world with a population exceeding 5 million people, according to 2018 estimates by the United Nations. The UN figures include a mixture of city proper, metropolitan area, and urban area.[11]

City[a] | Country  | UN 2018 population estimates[b] | City proper[c] | Urban area[12] | Metropolitan area[d]

|
|
|
|
|

Definition  | Population  | Area
(km2) | Density
(/km2) | Population  | Area
(km2) | Density
(/km2) | Population  | Area
(km2) | Density
(/km2)
Tokyo | Japan  | 37,468,000  | Metropolis prefecture | 13,515,271 | 2,191 | 6,169
[13] | 37,785,000 | 8,231 | 4,591
[e] | 37,274,000 | 13,452 | 2,771
[14]
Delhi | India  | 28,514,000  | Municipal corporation | 16,753,235 | 1,484 | 11,289
[15] | 32,226,000 | 2,344 | 13,748
[f] | 29,000,000 | 3,483 | 8,326
[16]
Shanghai | China  | 25,582,000  | Municipality | 24,870,895 | 6,341 | 3,922
[17][18] | 24,073,000 | 4,333 | 5,556
[g] | —  | —  | —
São Paulo | Brazil  | 21,650,000  | Municipality | 12,252,023 | 1,521 | 8,055
[19] | 23,086,000 | 3,649 | 6,327
[h] | 21,734,682 | 7,947 | 2,735
[20]
Mexico City | Mexico  | 21,581,000  | City-state | 9,209,944 | 1,485 | 6,202
[21] | 21,804,000 | 2,530 | 8,618  | 21,804,515 | 7,866 | 2,772
[22]
Cairo | Egypt  | 20,076,000  | Urban governorate | 10,044,894 | 3,085 | 3,256
[23]
| 20,296,000 | 2,010 | 10,098  | —  | —  | —
Mumbai | India  | 19,980,000  | Municipal corporation | 12,478,447 | 603 | 20,694
[24] | 24,973,000 | 976 | 25,587
[i] | 23,598,000 | 6,328 | 3,729
[25]
Beijing | China  | 19,618,000  | Municipality | 21,893,095 | 16,411 | 1,334
[17][18] | 18,522,000 | 4,284 | 4,324  | —  | —  | —
Dhaka | Bangladesh  | 19,378,000  | Capital city | 10,295,407 | 338 | 30,460
[26][27] | 19,134,000 | 619 | 30,911  | 14,543,124
[28] | —  | —
Osaka | Japan  | 19,281,000  | Designated city | 2,725,006 | 225 | 12,111
[13] | 15,126,000 | 3,020 | 5,009
[j] | 19,303,000 | 13,228 | 1,459
[14]
New York City | United States  | 18,819,000  | City | 8,804,190 | 778 | 11,316
[29] | 21,509,000 | 12,093 | 1,779
[k] | MSA: 19,557,311;
CSA: 23,143,097[30] | 12,093  | 1,665
Tehran | Iran  | 16,896,000  | Capital city | 9,033,003 | 751 | 12,028
[31][32] | 14,148,000 | 1,704 | 8,303  | —  | —  | —
Karachi | Pakistan  | 15,400,000  | Metropolitan city | 15,738,000 | 591 | 26,629
[33][34] | 20,249,000 | 1,124 | 18,015  | 20,249,000 | 1,124 | 18,015
[35][36]
Kolkata | India  | 15,333,000  | Municipal corporation | 4,496,694 | 206 | 21,829
[37] | 21,747,000 | 1,352 | 16,085  | 15,333,000 | 1,887 | 8,126
[38]
Buenos Aires | Argentina  | 14,967,000  | Autonomous city | 3,054,300 | 203 | 15,046
[39] | 16,710,000 | 3,437 | 4,862  | 12,806,866
[40] | —  | —
Chongqing | China  | 14,838,000  | Municipality | 32,054,159 | 82,403 | 389
[41][18] | 12,135,000 | 1,580 | 7,680  | —  | —  | —
Istanbul | Turkey  | 14,751,000  | Metropolitan municipality | 15,519,267 | 5,196 | 2,987
[42] | 14,441,000 | 1,471 | 9,817  | —  | —  | —
Manila | Philippines  | 13,482,000  | Capital city | 1,780,148 | 43 | 41,399
[43] | 24,922,000 | 1,911 | 13,041
[l] | 12,877,253 | 620 | 20,770
[43]
Lagos | Nigeria  | 13,463,000  | Metropolitan city | —  | —  | —  | 16,637,000 | 1,966 | 8,462  | 21,000,000 | 1,171 | 17,933
[44]
Rio de Janeiro | Brazil  | 13,293,000  | Municipality | 6,520,000 | 1,221 | 5,340
[45] | 12,592,000 | 2,020 | 6,234  | 12,644,321 | 5,327 | 2,374
[46]
Tianjin | China  | 13,215,000  | Municipality | 13,866,009 | 11,920 | 1,163
[17][18] | 10,368,000 | 2,813 | 3,686  | —  | —  | —
Kinshasa | DR Congo | 13,171,000  | City-province | 17,071,000 | 9,965 | 1,713
[47] | 12,836,000 | 474 | 27,080  | —  | —  | —
Guangzhou | China  | 12,638,000  | City (sub-provincial)  | 18,676,605 | 7,434 | 2,512
[17] | 26,940,000 | 4,535 | 5,940
[m] | —  | —  | —
Los Angeles | United States  | 12,458,000  | City | 3,990,456 | 1,214 | 3,287
[29] | 15,204,000 | 6,351 | 2,394  | MSA: 13,291,486;
CSA: 18,372,485
[48] | 12,559  | 1,058
Moscow | Russia  | 12,410,000  | Federal city | 13,200,000 | 2,511 | 5,257
[49][50] | 17,332,000 | 6,154 | 2,816  | 20,004,462
[51] | —  | —
Shenzhen | China  | 11,908,000  | City (sub-provincial)  | 17,494,398 | 2,050 | 8,534
[17] | 17,619,000 | 1,803 | 9,772  | —  | —  | —
Lahore | Pakistan  | 11,738,000  | Metropolitan city | 13,004,135 | 1,772 | 7,339
[52] | 12,306,000 | 945 | 13,022  | —  | —  | —
Bengaluru | India  | 11,440,000  | Municipal corporation | 8,443,675 | 709 | 11,909
[53] | 15,386,000 | 1,401 | 10,982  | —  | — | —
Paris | France  | 10,901,000  | Commune | 2,148,271 | 105 | 20,460
[54] | 11,060,000 | 2,853 | 3,877  | 12,244,807 | 18,941 | 646
Bogotá | Colombia  | 10,574,000  | Capital District | 7,963,000 | 1,587 | 5,018
[55] | 10,085,000 | 562 | 17,945  | 12,545,272 | 5,934 | 2,114
[56]
Jakarta | Indonesia  | 10,517,000  | Special region | 10,154,134 | 664 | 15,292
[57] | 33,756,000 | 3,546 | 9,519
[n] | 33,430,285 | 7,063 | 4,733
[58]
Chennai | India  | 10,456,000  | Municipal corporation | 6,727,000 | 426 | 15,791
[59][60] | 12,395,000 | 1,085 | 11,424  | 11,564,000 | 2,280 | 5,072
[61]
Lima | Peru  | 10,391,000  | Metropolitan municipality | 8,894,000 | 2,672 | 3,329
[62] | 10,320,000 | 891 | 11,582  | 9,569,468 | 2,819 | 3,395
[63]
Bangkok | Thailand  | 10,156,000  | Special administrative area | 8,305,218 | 1,569 | 5,293
[64] | 18,007,000 | 3,199 | 5,629  | 16,255,900 | 7,762 | 2,094
[65]
Seoul | South Korea  | 9,963,000  | Special city | 10,013,781 | 605 | 16,552
[66] | 23,016,000 | 2,769 | 8,312  | 25,514,000 | 11,704 | 2,180
[66]
Nagoya | Japan  | 9,507,000  | Designated city | 2,320,361 | 326 | 7,118
[13] | 9,197,000 | 3,704 | 2,483  | 9,363,000 | 7,271 | 1,288
[14]
Hyderabad | India  | 9,482,000  | Municipal corporation | 6,993,262 | 650 | 10,759
[67][68] | 10,494,000 | 1,404 | 7,474  | —  | —  | —
London | United Kingdom  | 9,046,000  | Capital city | 8,825,001 | 1,572 | 5,614
[69] | 11,262,000 | 1,738 | 6,480  | 14,372,596
[70] | 8,382  | 1,715
Chicago | United States  | 8,864,000  | City | 2,746,388 | 589 | 4,663
[29] | 9,057,000 | 7,006 | 1,293  | MSA: 9,618,502;
CSA: 9,806,184[71] | 18,640  | 516
Chengdu | China  | 8,813,000  | City (sub-provincial)  | 20,937,757 | 14,378 | 1,456
[17] | 20,937,757 | 1,935 | 10,821  | —  | —  | —
Nanjing | China  | 8,245,000  | City (sub-provincial)  | 9,314,685 | 6,582 | 1,415
[17] | 8,422,000 | 1,614 | 5,218  | —  | —  | —
Wuhan | China  | 8,176,000  | City (sub-provincial)  | 12,447,718 | 8,494 | 1,465
[17] | 12,447,718 | 1,722 | 7,229  | —  | —  | —
Ho Chi Minh City | Vietnam  | 8,145,000  | Municipality | 7,431,000 | 2,061 | 3,606
[72] | 15,136,000 | 2,165 | 6,991  | —  | —  | —
Luanda | Angola  | 7,774,000  | Municipality | 2,165,867 | 116 | 18,671
[73] | 9,051,000 | 1,005 | 9,006  | —  | —  | —
Ahmedabad | India  | 7,681,000  | Municipal corporation | 5,570,585 | 464 | 12,006
[74] | 8,009,000 | 404 | 19,824  | 6,300,000
[75] | —  | —
Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia  | 7,564,000  | Capital city | 1,768,000 | 243 | 7,276
[76] | 8,911,000 | 2,163 | 4,120  | 7,200,000 | 2,793 | 2,578
[77]
Xi'an | China  | 7,444,000  | City (sub-provincial)  | 12,183,280 | 10,135 | 1,202
[17] | 12,328,000 | 1,826 | 6,751  | —  | —  | —
Hong Kong | China  | 7,429,000  | Special administrative region | 7,298,600 | 1,104 | 6,611
[78][79] | 7,450,000 | 290 | 25,690  | —  | —  | —
Dongguan | China  | 7,360,000  | Prefecture-level city | 10,466,625 | 2,465 | 4,246
[17] | 10,646,000 | 1,759 | 6,052  | —  | —  | —
Hangzhou | China  | 7,236,000  | City (sub-provincial)  | 11,936,010 | 16,596 | 719
[17] | 9,523,000 | 1,344 | 7,086  | —  | —  | —
Foshan | China  | 7,236,000  | Prefecture-level city | 9,498,863 | 3,848 | 2,469
[17] | —
[o] | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
Shenyang | China  | 6,921,000  | City (sub-provincial)  | 8,294,000 | 12,980 | 639
[17] | 7,964,000 | 1,551 | 5,135
[p] | —  | —  | —
Riyadh | Saudi Arabia  | 6,907,000  | Municipality | 6,694,000 | 1,913 | 3,499
[80] | 7,237,000 | 1,673 | 4,326  | —  | —  | —
Baghdad | Iraq  | 6,812,000  | Urban governorate | 8,126,755 | 5,200 | 1,563
[81] | 6,183,000 | 694 | 8,909  | —  | —  | —
Santiago | Chile  | 6,680,000  | City (commune)  | 236,453 | 22 | 10,748
[82] | 7,171,000 | 1,147 | 6,252  | 7,112,808 | 15,403 | 462
[83]
Surat | India  | 6,564,000  | Municipal corporation | 4,466,826 | 327 | 13,660
[84] | 6,538,000 | 238 | 27,471  | —  | —  | —
Madrid | Spain  | 6,497,000  | Municipality | 3,266,126 | 606 | 5,390
[85] | 6,211,000 | 1,365 | 4,550  | 6,641,649  | —  | —
Suzhou | China  | 6,339,000  | Prefecture-level city | 12,748,262 | 8,488 | 1,502
[17] | 6,031,000 | 1,386 | 4,351  | —  | —  | —
Pune | India  | 6,276,000  | Municipal corporation | 3,124,458 | 485 | 6,447
[86] | 8,231,000 | 650 | 12,663  | 7,276,000 | 7,256 | 1,003
[87]
Harbin | China  | 6,115,000  | City (sub-provincial)  | 10,635,971 | 53,068 | 200
[17] | 3,830,000 | 671 | 5,708  | —  | —  | —
Houston | United States  | 6,115,000  | City | 2,325,502 | 1,553 | 1,497
[29] | 6,500,000 | 4,931 | 1,318  | 6,997,384 | 21,395 | 327
[88]
Dallas | United States  | 6,099,000  | City | 1,345,047 | 882 | 1,525
[29] | 6,950,000 | 5,278 | 1,317
[q] | 7,470,158 | 22,463 | 333
[89]
Toronto | Canada  | 6,082,000  | City | 2,731,571 | 630 | 4,336
[90][91] | 6,771,000 | 2,344 | 2,889  | 5,928,040 | 5,906 | 1,004
[92]
Dar es Salaam | Tanzania  | 6,048,000  | City | 5,383,728 | 1,393 | 3,865
[93] | 7,962,000 | 961 | 8,285  | —  | —  | —
Miami | United States  | 6,036,000  | City | 470,914 | 93 | 5,069
[29] | 6,058,000 | 3,313 | 1,829  | 6,158,824 | 15,890 | 388
Belo Horizonte | Brazil  | 5,972,000  | City | 2,502,557 | 331 | 7,563  | 5,328,000 | 1,287 | 4,140  | 5,156,217 | 9,459 | 545
Singapore | Singapore  | 5,792,000  | Country | 5,638,700 | 726 | 7,770  | 5,983,000 | 523 | 11,440  | —  | —  | —
Philadelphia | United States  | 5,695,000  | Consolidated city-county | 1,526,006 | 370 | 4,129  | 5,799,000 | 5,429 | 1,068  | MSA: 6,096,120;
CSA: 7,381,187  | —  | —
Atlanta | United States  | 5,572,000  | City | 498,715 | 354 | 1,408  | 5,478,000 | 7,400 | 740  | 5,949,951 | 21,690 | 274
Fukuoka | Japan  | 5,551,000  | Designated city | 1,588,924 | 343 | 4,627  | 2,286,000 | 505 | 4,527  | —  | —  | —
Khartoum | Sudan  | 5,534,000  | —  | 1,410,858
[94] | —  | —  | 7,869,000 | 1,031 | 7,632  | —  | —  | —
Barcelona | Spain  | 5,494,000  | Municipality | 1,620,343 | 101 | 15,980
[95] | 4,800,000 | 1,072 | 4,478  | 5,474,482
[96] | —  | —
Johannesburg | South Africa  | 5,486,000  | Metropolitan municipality | 4,803,262  | 1,643  | 2,924[97] | 14,586,000 | 4,040 | 3,610
[r] | —  | —  | —
Saint Petersburg | Russia  | 5,383,000  | Federal city | 5,601,911  | 1,400  | 4,001[98] | 5,445,000 | 1,510 | 3,606  | —  | —  | —
Qingdao | China  | 5,381,000  | City (sub-provincial)  | 10,071,722  | 11,229  | 897[99] | 6,229,000 | 1,759 | 3,541  | —  | —  | —
Dalian | China  | 5,300,000  | City (sub-provincial)  | 7,450,785  | 13,742  | 542[100] | 4,135,000 | 1,044 | 3,961  | —  | —  | —
Washington | United States  | 5,207,000  | Federal district | 702,455 | 177 | 3,969
[29] | 7,631,000 | 5,501 | 1,387
[s] | 6,263,245 | 17,009 | 368
[101]
Yangon | Myanmar  | 5,157,000  | City | 4,728,524[102] | —  | —  | 6,874,000 | 666 | 10,321  | —  | —  | —
Alexandria | Egypt  | 5,086,000  | Urban governorate | 5,441,866  | 2,300  | 2,366[103] | 4,712,000 | 293 | 16,082  | —  | —  | —
Jinan | China  | 5,052,000  | City (sub-provincial)  | 9,202,432 | 10,244 | 898
[17][18] | 4,017,000 | 932 | 4,310  | —  | —  | —
Guadalajara | Mexico  | 5,023,000  | Municipality | 1,385,621 | 151 | 9,176
[21] | 5,525,000 | 816 | 6,771  | 5,286,642 | 3,560 | 1,485

## See also

[edit]

* Cities portal
* Geography portal
* Lists portal
* World portal

* Historical urban community sizes
* List of largest cities throughout history
* List of cities with over one million inhabitants
* List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants
* List of largest cities by area

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ For urban/metropolitan areas that have more than one core city, the figure for their city proper should use either the most populous one (e.g. Dallas for Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex) or the best-known one (e.g. Manila for Metro Manila, instead of Quezon City).
2. ^ UN figures for each cities are varied between city proper, metropolitan area, and urban agglomeration.[11]
3. ^ Figures taken from official census when possible
4. ^ Figures taken from official census when possible
5. ^ Includes large areas Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba and Saitama prefectures and smaller areas of Gunma, Tochigi and Ibaraki prefectures.
6. ^ Includes Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Noida, Gurgaon and Bahadurgarh urban areas and New Delhi.
7. ^ Includes Taicang
8. ^ Includes Francisco Morato
9. ^ Includes Kalyan and urban areas of Panvel, Bhiwandi and Vasai-Virar.
10. ^ Includes major cities of Kobe and Kyoto, collectively also known as Keihanshin area.
11. ^ Includes Bridgeport, New Haven, Trenton, Danbury, Waterbury and Twin Rivers urban areas.
12. ^ The continuous urbanization of Manila extends outward its Metro Manila into other neighbouring provinces such as Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal, Pampanga and Batangas provinces.
13. ^ Includes the city of Foshan.
14. ^ Includes Tangerang, South Tangerang, Bogor, Bekasi and Karawang.
15. ^ Included in Guangzhou
16. ^ Includes the city of Fushun.
17. ^ Includes the city of Fort Worth, collectively known as Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.
18. ^ Includes Pretoria
19. ^ Includes the city of Baltimore.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision Population Database". United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
2. ^ "United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics". United Nations. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
3. ^ Demographic Yearbook 2005, Volume 57. United Nations. 2008. p. 241\. ISBN 978-92-1-051099-8. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016.
4. ^ a b World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision. United Nations. 2004. ISBN 92-1-151396-0. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
5. ^ Alexander, Ruth (29 January 2012). "The world's biggest cities: How do you measure them?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
6. ^ Alexander, Ruth (29 January 2012). "Which is the world's biggest city?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
7. ^ Callahan, William A. (12 April 2015). China Dreams: 20 Visions of the Future. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190235239. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020 - via Google Books.
8. ^ Nussle, Jim (20 November 2008). "Update of Statistical Area Definitions and Guidance on Their Uses" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. pp. 1–2\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2017.
9. ^ "Home". mmda.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
10. ^ Widyanto, Untung (6 December 2018). "3 Masalah Utama BKSP Jabodetabekjur yang Dipimpin Anies Baswedan". Tempo. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
11. ^ a b "World Urbanization Prospects 2018" (PDF). United Nations. New York. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
12. ^ "Demographia World Urban Areas, 18th Annual Edition" (PDF). Demographia. July 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
13. ^ a b c "Japan: Prefectures and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
14. ^ a b c "Table 2.10 Population of Three Major Metropolitan Areas" (PDF). Statistics Bureau of Japan. p. 21\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
15. ^ "Provisional Population Totals" (PDF). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
16. ^ Sharma, Shantanu Nandan (17 February 2019). "Delhi could be the world's most populous city by 2028. But is it really prepared?". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "China: Administrative Division (Provinces and Prefectures) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". City Population. Archived from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
18. ^ a b c d e "第七次全国人口普查公报（第三号）". www.stats.gov.cn.
19. ^ "IBGE discloses municipal population estimates for 2019" (in Portuguese). IBGE. 28 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
20. ^ "São Paulo (Metropolitan Area, Metropolitan Areas, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". City Population. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
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