List of mammals of Japan

This is a list of mammal species recorded in Japan (excluding domesticated and captive populations). Of the 172[1] species of mammal found—112 native terrestrial mammals (those that are endemic are identified below; this number includes 37 species of bat), 19 introduced species, 40 species of Cetacea, and the dugong—161 are listed for the Japan region on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: of these, three taxa are critically endangered (Muennink's spiny rat, Yanbaru whiskered bat, and gloomy tube-nosed bat), twenty-two are endangered, eight are vulnerable, and eleven are near threatened; the Japanese sea lion and Bonin or Sturdee's pipistrelle are evaluated as extinct. Although on a global level the grey wolf is assessed as least concern, the two Japanese subspecies, Hokkaido wolf and Japanese wolf, are further recent extinctions; the 2020 Japanese Ministry of the Environment Red List also lists as extinct the Okinawa flying fox and Japanese river otter, as well as the subspecies Miyako little horseshoe bat [ja].[2][3]

As of January 2023, for their protection, fifteen species and subspecies have been designated national endangered species by cabinet order in accordance with the 1992 Act on Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.[4]

The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature:

EX | Extinct | No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.

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|

EW | Extinct in the wild | Known only to survive in captivity or as (a) naturalized population(s) well outside its previous range.
CR | Critically endangered | The species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
EN | Endangered | The species is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
VU | Vulnerable | The species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
NT | Near threatened | The species does not currently meet the criteria for CR, EN, or VU but is close or likely to do so in the near future.
LC | Least concern | The species has been evaluated and does not meet the qualifying criteria for CR, EN, VU, or NT.
DD | Data deficient | There is inadequate information to assess the risk of extinction of this species.

## Order: Sirenia (manatees and dugongs)

[edit]

Dugong

Sirenia is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries, coastal marine waters, swamps, and marine wetlands. All four species are endangered.

* Family: Dugongidae
* Genus: Dugong
* Dugong, Dugong dugon VU IUCN (MOE: CR) (northern Okinawa Island; the northernmost population globally;[5] designated a Natural Monument under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties[6])

## Order: Primates

[edit]

Japanese macaque, Taiwanese macaque, rhesus macaque

The order Primates contains humans and their closest relatives: lemurs, lorisoids, monkeys, and apes.

* Suborder: Haplorhini
* Infraorder: Simiiformes
* Parvorder: Catarrhini
* Superfamily: Cercopithecoidea
* Family: Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys)
* Genus: Macaca
* Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata LC IUCN (Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū, and adjacent smaller islands; the Aomori population are the northernmost non-human primates;[7] several populations and/or related habitats have been designated Natural Monuments, including those on the Shimokita Peninsula[6])
* M. f. fuscata
* Yakushima macaque, M. f. yakui
* Formosan rock macaque, Macaca cyclopis LC IUCN (introduced species; those on the Shimokita Peninsula were removed in 2004[7])
* Rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta LC IUCN (feral individuals observed on the Bōsō Peninsula in Chiba[7]

## Order: Rodentia (rodents)

[edit]

Coypu, grey red-backed vole, northern red-backed vole, muskrat, group (striped field mouse, black rat, harvest mouse, house mouse), Korean field mouse, large Japanese field mouse, small Japanese field mouse, Ryukyu long-tailed giant rat, brown rat, Polynesian rat, Hokkaido squirrel, Japanese squirrel, Japanese dwarf flying squirrel, Pallas's squirrel, Siberian flying squirrel, Ezo chipmunk, Japanese dormouse

Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (99 lb).

* Suborder: Hystricomorpha
* Family: Echimyidae (spiny rats)
* Subfamily: Echimyinae
* Genus: Myocastor
* Coypu, Myocastor coypus LC IUCN (introduced from South America)
* Suborder: Myomorpha
* Family: Cricetidae (hamsters, voles, lemmings, and New World rats and mice)
* Subfamily: Arvicolinae
* Genus: Alexandromys
* Japanese grass vole, Alexandromys montebelli LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū, Kyūshū, Sado Island, Notojima)
* Genus: Craseomys
* Grey red-backed vole, Craseomys rufocanus LC IUCN (Hokkaidō and adjacent smaller islands)
* Bedford's red-backed vole, C. r. bedfordiae
* Hokkaido red-backed vole, Craseomys rex LC IUCN (Hokkaidō and adjacent smaller islands)
* Mountain red-backed vole, C. r. montanus (MOE: NT) (Hokkaidō and adjacent smaller islands)
* Rishiri red-backed vole, C. r. rex (MOE: NT) (Rishiri Island)
* Japanese red-backed vole, Craseomys andersoni LC IUCN (endemic; central and northern Honshū)
* Smith's red-backed vole, Craseomys smithii LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū)
* Genus: Clethrionomys
* Northern red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rutilus LC IUCN (Hokkaidō)
* C. r. mikado
* Genus: Ondatra
* Muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus LC IUCN (introduced from North America)
* Family: Muridae (mice, rats, gerbils, etc.)
* Subfamily: Murinae
* Genus: Apodemus
* Striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius LC IUCN (MOE: CR) (Uotsuri Island)
* Korean field mouse, Apodemus peninsulae LC IUCN (Hokkaidō)
* A. p. giliacus
* Large Japanese field mouse, Apodemus speciosus LC IUCN (widely distributed; not found in Okinawa)
* A. s. ainu
* A. s. speciosus
* Small Japanese field mouse, Apodemus argenteus LC IUCN (widely distributed; not found in Okinawa)
* A. a. argenteus
* A. a. hokkaidi
* A. a. yakui
* Genus: Tokudaia
* Muennink's spiny rat, Tokudaia muenninki CR IUCN (MOE: CR) (endemic to Okinawa Island; Natural Monument[6])
* Ryukyu spiny rat, Tokudaia osimensis EN IUCN (MOE: EN) (endemic to Amami Ōshima; Natural Monument[6])
* Tokunoshima spiny rat, Tokudaia tokunoshimensis EN IUCN (MOE: EN) (endemic to Tokunoshima; Natural Monument[6])
* Genus: Diplothrix
* Ryukyu long-tailed giant rat, Diplothrix legata EN IUCN (MOE: EN) (endemic to Amami Ōshima, Tokunoshima, and Okinawa Island; Natural Monument[6])
* Genus: Rattus
* Brown rat, Rattus norvegicus LC IUCN (concentrated in urban areas)
* Polynesian rat, Rattus exulans LC IUCN (introduced onto Miyako Island)
* Tanezumi rat, Rattus tanezumi LC IUCN (concentrated in urban areas)
* Genus: Micromys
* Harvest mouse, Micromys minutus LC IUCN (not found in Hokkaidō, Tōhoku, Okinawa)
* Genus: Mus
* Ryukyu mouse, Mus caroli LC IUCN (Okinawa Island)
* House mouse, Mus musculus LC IUCN (widely distributed; commensal with humans)
* Suborder: Sciuromorpha
* Family: Sciuridae (squirrels)
* Subfamily: Sciurinae
* Tribe: Sciurini
* Genus: Sciurus
* Eurasian red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris LC IUCN
* Ezo red squirrel [ja], S. v. orientis (Hokkaidō)
* Japanese squirrel, Sciurus lis LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū and Shikoku; no recent records from Kyūshū or Awaji Island)
* Tribe: Pteromyini
* Genus: Petaurista
* Japanese giant flying squirrel, Petaurista leucogenys LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū, Shikoku, and Kyūshū)
* Genus: Pteromys
* Japanese dwarf flying squirrel, Pteromys momonga LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū)
* Siberian flying squirrel, Pteromys volans LC IUCN (found on Hokkaidō, as P. v. orii)
* Ezo flying squirrel, P. v. orii (Hokkaidō)
* Subfamily: Callosciurinae
* Tribe: Callosciurini
* Genus: Callosciurus
* Pallas's squirrel, Callosciurus erythraeus LC IUCN (introduced; naturalized populations from Ibaraki to Miyazaki)
* Subfamily: Xerinae
* Tribe: Marmotini
* Genus: Eutamias
* Siberian chipmunk, Eutamias sibiricus LC IUCN (Hokkaidō and adjacent smaller islands)
* Ezo chipmunk, E. s. lineatus (MOE: DD, as Tamias sibiricus lineatus)
* Family: Gliridae (dormice)
* Subfamily: Glirinae
* Genus: Glirulus
* Japanese dormouse, Glirulus japonicus LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū, Dōgojima; Natural Monument[6])

## Order: Lagomorpha (hares, rabbits, and pikas)

[edit]

Japanese hare, Ezo mountain hare, European rabbit, Amami rabbit, Japanese pika

The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two.

* Family: Leporidae (hares and rabbits)
* Genus: Lepus
* Japanese hare, Lepus brachyurus LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū, and adjacent smaller islands)
* Kyushu hare, L. b. brachyurus
* Oki hare, L. b. okiensis
* Sado hare, L. b. lyoni (MOE: NT) (Sado Island)
* Tōhoku hare, L. b. angustidens
* Mountain hare, Lepus timidus LC IUCN (Hokkaidō, Kunashiri, Etorofu)
* Ezo mountain hare [ja], L. t. ainu (Hokkaidō)
* Genus: Oryctolagus
* European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus EN IUCN (introduced; feral on thirteen islands)
* Genus: Pentalagus
* Amami rabbit, Pentalagus furnessi EN IUCN (MOE: EN) (endemic to Amami Ōshima and Tokunoshima; Special Natural Monument[6])
* Family: Ochotonidae (pikas)
* Genus: Ochotona
* Northern pika, Ochotona hyperborea LC IUCN
* Japanese pika [ja], O. h. yesoensis (MOE: NT) (Hokkaidō)

## Order: Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, and moles)

[edit]

Amur hedgehog, Asian lesser white-toothed shrew, house shrew, Laxmann's shrew, long-clawed shrew, Japanese mountain mole, small Japanese mole, Japanese mole, Echigo mole, Sado mole, True's shrew mole, Japanese shrew mole

Eulipotyphlans are insectivorous mammals. Shrews and solenodons resemble mice, hedgehogs carry spines, gymnures look more like large rats, while moles are stout-bodied burrowers.

* Family: Erinaceidae (hedgehogs and moonrats)
* Subfamily: Erinaceinae
* Genus: Erinaceus
* Amur hedgehog, Erinaceus amurensis LC IUCN (introduced; populations in the Odawara area and on the Izu Peninsula)
* Family: Soricidae (shrews)
* Subfamily: Crocidurinae
* Genus: Crocidura
* Asian lesser white-toothed shrew, Crocidura shantungensis LC IUCN (MOE: NT) (Tsushima Island)
* Watase's shrew, Crocidura watasei LC IUCN (MOE: NT) (endemic to the Ryūkyū Islands)
* Dsinezumi shrew, Crocidura dsinezumi LC IUCN (from Hokkaidō to Kagoshima; also Jeju Island)
* C. d. chisai
* C. d. dsinezumi
* C. d. intermedia
* C. d. okinoshimae
* C. d. umbrina
* Orii's shrew, Crocidura orii EN IUCN (MOE: EN) (endemic to the Amami Islands)
* Genus: Suncus
* House shrew, Suncus murinus LC IUCN (Ryūkyū Islands, Fukue Island, Kyūshū (Nagasaki, Kagoshima))
* S. m. temmincki
* Subfamily: Soricinae
* Tribe: Nectogalini
* Genus: Chimarrogale
* Japanese water shrew, Chimarrogale platycephalus LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū and Kyūshū)
* Tribe: Soricini
* Genus: Sorex
* Slender shrew, Sorex gracillimus LC IUCN (Hokkaidō and adjacent smaller islands)
* Azumi shrew, Sorex hosonoi LC IUCN (MOE: NT) (endemic; central Honshū)
* Eurasian least shrew, Sorex minutissimus LC IUCN
* Ezo least shrew [ja], S. m. hawkeri (MOE: VU) (Hokkaidō, Kenbokki Island, Kunashiri)
* Shinto shrew, Sorex shinto LC IUCN (endemic; subspecies on Honshū, Sado Island, and Shikoku)
* Sado shrew, S. s. sadonis
* Shikoku shrew, S. s. shikokensis (MOE: NT) (Shikoku)
* S. s. shinto
* Laxmann's shrew, Sorex caecutiens LC IUCN (Hokkaidō, Kunashiri)
* S. c. saevus
* Long-clawed shrew, Sorex unguiculatus LC IUCN (Hokkaidō and adjacent smaller islands)
* Family: Talpidae (moles)
* Subfamily: Talpinae
* Tribe: Talpini
* Genus: Euroscaptor
* Japanese mountain mole, Euroscaptor mizura LC IUCN (MOE: NT) (endemic; Honshū)
* Genus: Mogera
* Small Japanese mole, Mogera imaizumii LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū, Shikoku, and adjacent smaller islands)
* Japanese mole, Mogera wogura LC IUCN (endemic; southern Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū, and adjacent smaller islands)
* Echigo mole, Mogera etigo EN IUCN (MOE: EN) (endemic; Niigata)
* Sado mole, Mogera tokudae NT IUCN (MOE: NT) (endemic to Sado Island)
* Senkaku mole, Mogera uchidai VU IUCN (MOE: CR) (endemic to Uotsuri Island)
* Tribe: Urotrichini
* Genus: Urotrichus
* True's shrew mole, Dymecodon pilirostris LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū)
* Japanese shrew mole, Urotrichus talpoides LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū, and adjacent smaller islands)

## Order: Chiroptera (bats)

[edit]

Ryukyu flying fox, little Japanese horseshoe bat, northern bat, Endo's pipistrelle, parti-coloured bat, Hodgson's bat, big-footed myotis, Hilgendorf's tube-nosed bat, Ussuri tube-nosed bat, eastern bent-wing bat

The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.

* Family: Pteropodidae (flying foxes, Old World fruit bats)
* Subfamily: Pteropodinae
* Genus: Pteropus
* Ryukyu flying fox, Pteropus dasymallus VU IUCN (Ryūkyū Islands)
* Daito flying fox, P. d. daitoensis (MOE: CR) (Daitō Islands; Natural Monument[6])
* Erabu flying fox, P. d. dasymallus (MOE: CR) (Ōsumi Islands and Tokara Islands)
* Orii's flying fox, P. d. inopinatus
* Yaeyama flying fox, P. d. yayeyamae
* Okinawa flying fox, Pteropus loochoensis DD IUCN (MOE: EX) (not found since a C19 record)
* Bonin flying fox, Pteropus pselaphon EN IUCN (MOE: EN) (endemic to Bonin Islands and Volcano Islands)
* Family: Hipposideridae
* Genus: Hipposideros
* Lesser great leaf-nosed bat, Hipposideros turpis EN IUCN (endemic to Yaeyama Islands)
* Family: Rhinolophidae
* Genus: Rhinolophus
* Greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum LC IUCN (widely distributed)
* Imaizumi's horseshoe bat Rhinolophus imaizumii (endemic)
* Little Japanese horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus cornutus (NR) (endemic; widely distributed)
* R. c. cornutus
* Orii's least horseshoe bat, R. c. orii (MOE: EN) (Amami Islands)
* Okinawa little horseshoe bat [ja], Rhinolophus pumilus (NR) (endemic to Okinawa)
* Okinawa little horseshoe bat [ja], R. p. pumilus (MOE: EN) (Okinawa)
* Miyako little horseshoe bat [ja], R. p. miyakonis (MOE: EX) (Miyako Island)
* Yaeyama little horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus perditus EN IUCN (MOE: VU) (endemic to the Yaeyama Islands)
* Family: Molossidae
* Genus: Tadarida
* East Asian free-tailed bat, Tadarida insignis DD IUCN (MOE: VU) (not found in Okinawa)
* La Touche's free-tailed bat, Tadarida latouchei EN IUCN (MOE: DD) (Amami Islands, Kuchinoerabu-jima)
* Family: Miniopteridae
* Genus: Miniopterus
* Eastern bent-wing bat, Miniopterus fuliginosus (NR) (Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū, and adjacent smaller islands)
* Southeast Asian long-fingered bat, Miniopterus fuscus EN IUCN (MOE: EN) (endemic to Ryūkyū Islands)
* Family: Vespertilionidae
* Subfamily: Vespertilioninae
* Genus: Eptesicus
* Japanese short-tailed bat, Eptesicus japonensis VU IUCN (MOE: VU) (endemic; central Honshū)
* Northern bat, Eptesicus nilssoni LC IUCN (Hokkaidō, Kunashiri, Etorofu)
* Genus: Nyctalus
* Birdlike noctule, Nyctalus aviator NT IUCN (MOE: VU) (widely distributed)
* Japanese noctule, Nyctalus furvus EN IUCN (MOE: EN) (endemic; central and northern Honshū)
* Genus: Pipistrellus
* Japanese pipistrelle, Pipistrellus abramus LC IUCN (widely distributed)
* Endo's pipistrelle, Pipistrellus endoi NT IUCN (MOE: VU) (endemic; Honshū and Shikoku)
* Sturdee's pipistrelle, Pipistrellus sturdeei EX IUCN (MOE: EX) (endemic; not found since the type specimen was collected on Hahajima in 1915)
* Genus: Barbastella
* Asian barbastelle, Barbastella leucomelas LC IUCN
* Eastern barbastelle, B. l. darielingensis (Hokkaidō, Kunashiri, Honshū and Shikoku)
* Genus: Plecotus
* Japanese long-eared bat, Plecotus sacrimontis LC IUCN (endemic; not found in Okinawa)
* Genus: Hypsugo
* Alashanian pipistrelle, Hypsugo alaschanicus LC IUCN (MOE: DD) (found in Hokkaidō and Aomori, and on Tsushima Island)
* Savi's pipistrelle, Hypsugo savii LC IUCN
* Genus: Vespertilio
* Particoloured bat, Vespertilio murinus LC IUCN (MOE: DD) (found in Hokkaidō, Aomori, and Ishikawa)
* Asian particoloured bat, Vespertilio sinensis LC IUCN (widely distributed; not found in Okinawa)
* Subfamily: Myotinae
* Genus: Myotis
* Reddish-black myotis, Myotis rufoniger LC IUCN (MOE: CR) (as Hodgson's bat, Myotis formosus) (found on Tsushima)
* Fraternal myotis, Myotis frater DD IUCN (north from Gifu)
* Ussuri whiskered bat, Myotis gracilis LC IUCN (as Siberian bat Myotis sibiricus) (MOE: VU) (Hokkaidō, Kunashiri, Etorofu)
* Ikonnikov's bat, Myotis ikonnikovi LC IUCN (Hokkaidō, Kunashiri, Honshū)
* M. i. hosonoi
* M. i. ikonnikovi
* Big-footed myotis, Myotis macrodactylus LC IUCN (widely distributed)
* Far Eastern myotis, Myotis bombinus NT IUCN (MOE: VU) (as Myotis nattereri bombinus) (widely distributed; not found in Okinawa)
* Eastern water bat, Myotis petax LC IUCN (Hokkaidō, Kunashiri, Etorofu)
* Frosted myotis, Myotis pruinosus EN IUCN (MOE: VU) (endemic; Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū)
* Yanbaru whiskered bat, Myotis yanbarensis CR IUCN (MOE: CR) (endemic to Ryūkyū Islands)
* Subfamily: Murininae
* Genus: Murina
* Hilgendorf's tube-nosed bat, Murina hilgendorfi LC IUCN (widely distributed; not found in Okinawa)
* Ryukyu tube-nosed bat, Murina ryukyuana EN IUCN (MOE: EN) (endemic to Ryūkyū Islands)
* Gloomy tube-nosed bat, Murina tenebrosa CR IUCN (MOE: DD) (endemic; not found since the type specimen was collected on Tsushima Island in 1962)
* Ussuri tube-nosed bat, Murina ussuriensis LC IUCN (widely distributed; not found in Okinawa)

## Order: Carnivora (carnivorans)

[edit]

Tsushima leopard cat, masked palm civet, small Indian mongoose, raccoon, Japanese red fox, Ezo red fox, Japanese raccoon dog, Ezo brown bear, Japanese black bear, Japanese badger, sea otter, Japanese marten, Japanese sable, Japanese stoat, Japanese weasel, Siberian weasel, least weasel, American mink, northern fur seal, Steller sea lion, †Japanese sea lion, bearded seal, ribbon seal, northern elephant seal, spotted seal, Kuril seal, ringed seal

There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition. Wolves and otters are now believed to be extinct in Japan.

* Suborder: Feliformia
* Family: Felidae (cats)
* Subfamily: Felinae
* Genus: Prionailurus
* Leopard cat, Prionailurus bengalensis LC
* P. b. euptilurus, two populations:
* Tsushima leopard cat [ja] (MOE: CR) (Tsushima Island; Natural Monument[6])
* Iriomote cat (MOE: CR) (Iriomote; Special Natural Monument[6])
* Genus: Lynx
* Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx LC extirpated in prehistory[8]
* Subfamily: Pantherinae
* Genus: Panthera
* Leopard, Panthera pardus VU extirpated in prehistory
* Tiger, Panthera tigris EN extirpated in prehistory
* Family: Viverridae (civets)
* Genus: Paguma
* Masked palm civet, Paguma larvata LC IUCN (introduced; Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū, Ryukyu)
* Family: Herpestidae
* Genus: Urva
* Small Indian mongoose, Urva auropunctata LC IUCN (introduced on Okinawa Island and Amami Ōshima and in areas of the cities of Satsumasendai and Kagoshima)
* Suborder: Caniformia
* Family: Canidae (dogs, foxes)
* Genus: Vulpes
* Red fox, Vulpes vulpes LC IUCN
* Japanese red fox [ja], V. v. japonica (Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū)
* Ezo red fox, V. v. schrencki (Hokkaidō)
* Genus: Nyctereutes
* Japanese raccoon dog, Nyctereutes viverrinus NE (endemic; Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū, and adjacent smaller islands; tanuki habitat in Yamaguchi is a Natural Monument[6])
* Ezo raccoon dog [ja], N. v. albus (Hokkaidō, Okushiri Island)
* N. v. viverrinus
* Genus: Canis
* Grey wolf, Canis lupus LC extirpated
* Hokkaido wolf, C. l. hattai EX (Hokkaidō)
* Japanese wolf, C. l. hodophilax EX (Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū)
* Family: Ursidae (bears)
* Genus: Ursus
* Brown bear, Ursus arctos LC IUCN
* Ussuri brown bear, U. a. lasiotus (Hokkaidō, Kunashiri, Etorofu)
* Asiatic black bear, Ursus thibetanus VU IUCN
* Japanese black bear, U. t. japonicus (Honshū and Shikoku, formerly also Kyūshū)
* Family: Procyonidae (raccoons)
* Genus: Procyon
* Raccoon, Procyon lotor LC IUCN (introduced from the Americas)
* Family: Mustelidae (mustelids)
* Genus: Meles
* Japanese badger, Meles anakuma LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū)
* Genus: Enhydra
* Sea otter, Enhydra lutris EN IUCN (MOE: CR) (eastern Hokkaidō)
* Genus: Lutra
* Eurasian otter, Lutra lutra (Tsushima Island)[9][10]
* Japanese river otter, L. l. nippon (MOE: EX) (last recorded on Honshū in 1954 and in Kōchi in 1979[11])
* Hokkaido river otter, L. l. whiteleyi (MOE: EX)
* Genus: Martes
* Japanese marten, Martes melampus LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū)
* M. m. melampus
* Tsushima marten [ja], M. m. tsuensis (MOE: NT) (endemic; Tsushima Island; Natural Monument[6])
* Sable, Martes zibellina LC IUCN
* Japanese sable [ja], M. z. brachyura (MOE: EN) (Hokkaidō)
* Genus: Mustela
* Stoat, Mustela erminea LC IUCN
* Japanese stoat [ja], M. e. nippon (MOE: NT) (central and northern Honshū)
* Ezo stoat [ja], M. e. orientalis (MOE: NT) (Hokkaidō)
* Japanese weasel, Mustela itatsi NT IUCN (endemic to Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū, and adjacent smaller islands; introduced to Hokkaidō, Rishiri Island, Rebun Island, Ryūkyū Islands, etc., for rat control)
* M. i. itatsi
* Yakushima weasel, M. i. sho
* Siberian weasel, Mustela sibirica LC IUCN (MOE: EN) (native on Tsushima Island, introduced to western Japan)
* M. s. coreana (Tsushima Island)
* Least weasel, Mustela nivalis LC IUCN
* Japanese least weasel [ja], M. n. namiyei (MOE: NT) (Tōhoku)
* North weasel [ja], M. n. nivalis (Hokkaidō)
* Genus: Neogale
* American mink, Neogale vison LC IUCN (introduced; Hokkaidō, Nagano, Fukushima; records from elsewhere in Honshū and Kyūshū)
* Family: Otariidae (eared seals, sealions)
* Genus: Callorhinus
* Northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus VU IUCN (northern Japan)
* Genus: Eumetopias
* Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus NT IUCN (MOE: NT)
* Western Steller sea lion, E. j. jubatus EN IUCN (Hokkaidō and Shimokita Peninsula)
* Genus: Zalophus
* Japanese sea lion, Zalophus japonicus EX (MOE: CR) (last recorded on Takeshima in 1975)
* Family: Phocidae (earless seals)
* Genus: Erignathus
* Bearded seal, Erignathus barbatus LC IUCN (Hokkaidō and vagrant)
* Pacific bearded seal, E. b. nauticus LC IUCN (vagrant)
* Genus: Histriophoca
* Ribbon seal, Histriophoca fasciata LC IUCN (northeast Hokkaidō)
* Genus: Mirounga
* Northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris LC IUCN (vagrant)
* Genus: Phoca
* Spotted seal, Phoca largha LC IUCN (Hokkaidō)
* Harbour seal, Phoca vitulina LC IUCN (MOE: NT) (Hokkaidō)
* Kuril seal, P. v. stejnegeri DD IUCN (eastern Hokkaidō)
* Genus: Pusa
* Ringed seal, Pusa hispida LC IUCN (especially northern Hokkaidō)

## Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)

[edit]

Wild boar (Japanese boar, Ryūkyū boar), Reeves's muntjac, sika deer, Japanese serow, North Pacific right whale, common minke whale, sei whale, Bryde's whale, Omura's whale, blue whale, fin whale, humpback whale, grey whale, beluga whale, harbour porpoise, Dall's porpoise, sperm whale, pygmy sperm whale, dwarf sperm whale, Cuvier's beaked whale, Baird's beaked whale, Indo-Pacific beaked whale, Blainville's beaked whale, rough-toothed dolphin, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, common bottlenose dolphin, pantropical spotted dolphin, striped dolphin, spinner dolphin, long-beaked common dolphin, short-beaked common dolphin, Fraser's dolphin, Pacific white-sided dolphin, northern right whale dolphin, Risso's dolphin, melon-headed whale, pygmy killer whale, false killer whale, orca, short-finned pilot whale

The even-toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 terrestrial artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans. Artiodactyla also includes the infraorder Cetacea, which includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. Cetaceans are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater.

* Family: Suidae (pigs)
* Subfamily: Suinae
*         * Genus: Sus
* Wild boar, Sus scrofa LC IUCN
* Japanese boar, S. s. leucomystax (Honshū south from Fukushima, Shikoku, Kyūshū, Awaji Island)
* Ryūkyū boar [ja] S. s. riukiuanus (Ryūkyū Islands; half as massive as Sus scrofa leucomystax)
* Family: Cervidae (deer)
* Subfamily: Cervinae
*         * Genus: Muntiacus
* Reeves's muntjac, Muntiacus reevesi LC IUCN (introduced; southern Chiba and Izu Ōshima)
* Genus: Rusa
* Sambar deer, Rusa unicolor VU IUCN
* Bonin sambar, R. u. boninensis (EX)
* Genus: Cervus
* Sika deer, Cervus nippon LC IUCN (widely distributed; Kerama deer and their habitat, and the deer of Nara, are Natural Monuments[6])
* Northern Honshu sika deer, C. n. aplodontus
* Honshu sika deer, C. n. centralis
* Kerama deer, C. n. keramae
* Mageshima deer, C. n. mageshimae
* C. n. nippon
* Tsushima deer, C. n. pulchellus
* Yakushima deer [ja], C. n. yakushimae
* Yezo sika deer, C. n. yesoensis
* Family: Bovidae (cattle, antelope, sheep, goats)
* Subfamily: Caprinae
*         * Genus: Capricornis
* Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus LC IUCN (endemic; Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū; Special Natural Monument[6])
* Infraorder: Cetacea
* Parvorder: Mysticeti
* Family: Balaenidae
* Genus: Eubalaena
* North Pacific right whale, Eubalaena japonica EN IUCN
* Family: Balaenopteridae
* Subfamily: Balaenopterinae
* Genus: Balaenoptera
* Common minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata LC IUCN
* Sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis EN IUCN
* Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera edeni LC IUCN
* Omura's whale, Balaenoptera omurai DD IUCN
* Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus EN IUCN (no recent records in neighbouring waters)
* Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus VU IUCN
* Subfamily: Megapterinae
* Genus: Megaptera
* Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae LC IUCN (regular sightings in the Ogasawara Islands and Okinawa)
* Family: Eschrichtiidae
* Genus: Eschrichtius
* Grey whale, Eschrichtius robustus LC IUCN (occasional sightings of western subpopulation EN IUCN)
* Parvorder: Odontoceti
* Superfamily: Platanistoidea
* Family: Monodontidae
* Genus: Delphinapterus
* Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas LC IUCN vagrant
* Family: Phocoenidae
* Genus: Neophocaena
* Narrow-ridged finless porpoise, Neophocaena asiaeorientalis EN IUCN
* Genus: Phocoena
* Harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena LC IUCN
* Genus: Phocoenoides
* Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli LC IUCN
* Family: Physeteridae
* Genus: Physeter
* Sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus VU IUCN
* Family: Kogiidae
* Genus: Kogia
* Pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps LC IUCN
* Dwarf sperm whale, Kogia sima LC IUCN
* Family: Ziphidae
* Genus: Ziphius
* Cuvier's beaked whale, Ziphius cavirostris LC IUCN
* Genus: Berardius
* Baird's beaked whale, Berardius bairdii LC IUCN
* Sato's beaked whale, Berardius minimus NT IUCN
* Subfamily: Hyperoodontinae
* Genus: Indopacetus
* Indo-Pacific beaked whale, Indopacetus pacificus LC IUCN
* Genus: Mesoplodon
* Hubbs' beaked whale, Mesoplodon carlhubbsi DD IUCN
* Blainville's beaked whale, Mesoplodon densirostris LC IUCN*
* Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale, Mesoplodon ginkgodens DD IUCN
* Stejneger's beaked whale, Mesoplodon stejnegeri NT IUCN
* Family: Delphinidae (marine dolphins)
* Genus: Steno
* Rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis LC IUCN
* Genus: Tursiops
* Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops aduncus NT IUCN
* Common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus LC IUCN
* Genus: Stenella
* Pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata LC IUCN
* Striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba LC IUCN
* Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris LC IUCN (common around the Ogasawara Islands)
* Genus: Delphinus
* Long-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus capensis LC IUCN
* Short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis LC IUCN
* Genus: Lagenodelphis
* Fraser's dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei LC IUCN
* Genus: Sagmatias
* Pacific white-sided dolphin, Sagmatias obliquidens LC IUCN
* Genus: Lissodelphis
* Northern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis LC IUCN
* Genus: Grampus
* Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus LC IUCN
* Genus: Peponocephala
* Melon-headed whale, Peponocephala electra LC IUCN
* Genus: Feresa
* Pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata LC IUCN
* Genus: Pseudorca
* False killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens NT IUCN
* Genus: Orcinus
* Orca, Orcinus orca DD IUCN
* Genus: Globicephala
* Short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus LC IUCN

## See also

[edit]

* List of animals of Japan
* Wildlife of Japan
* List of chordate orders
* Lists of mammals by region
* List of prehistoric mammals
* Mammal classification
* List of mammals described in the 2000s

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Ohdachi, S. D.; et al., eds. (2015). The Wild Mammals of Japan (2 ed.). Shoukadoh and The Mammal Society of Japan. pp. vii, 404. ISBN 978-4879746917.
2. ^ 環境省レッドリスト2020 [Ministry of the Environment Red List 2020] (in Japanese). Japanese Ministry of the Environment. 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
3. ^ レッドデータブック・レッドリスト [Red Data Books and Red Lists] (in Japanese). Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
4. ^ 国内希少野生動植物種一覧 [List of National Endangered Species] (in Japanese). Ministry of the Environment. January 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
5. ^ Ohdachi, S. D.; et al., eds. (2015). The Wild Mammals of Japan (2 ed.). Shoukadoh and The Mammal Society of Japan. p. 300\. ISBN 978-4879746917.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Database of National Cultural Properties" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
7. ^ a b c Ohdachi, S. D.; et al., eds. (2015). The Wild Mammals of Japan (2 ed.). Shoukadoh and The Mammal Society of Japan. pp. 134, 137, 139. ISBN 978-4879746917.
8. ^ 日本における後期更新世～前期完新世産のオオヤマネコLynxについて [On the Lynx from the late Pleistocene to early Holocene in Japan] (PDF). Bull.Gunma Mus.Natu.Hist (in Japanese) (15): 43–80\. 2011.
9. ^ "River otter spotted on Tsushima probably not native species: researcher". The Japan Times. 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
10. ^ "Three otters likely living on Japan's Tsushima Island following first sighting in 38 years: Environment Ministry". The Japan Times. 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
11. ^ Ohdachi, S. D.; et al., eds. (2015). The Wild Mammals of Japan (2 ed.). Shoukadoh and The Mammal Society of Japan. p. 262\. ISBN 978-4879746917.

* Wilson, Don E.; Reader, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Third ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press/Bucknell University. Retrieved 10 May 2021.

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