List of massacres in China

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in China. The massacres are grouped for different time periods.

## Imperial China (before 1912)[edit]

Name  | Date (Dynasty)  | Location  | Deaths  | Notes

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Yongjia disaster | 304–316 (Jin)  | Luoyang | 30,000, exaggerated[1] and many Sogdian and Indian foreigner diaspora residing in Luoyang also died in the disaster.  | The capital was sacked in the disaster, an landmark incident in the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians. The deaths of 30,000 was based on the Book of Jin compiled in 648.[1] All Sogdians and Indians living in Luoyang were killed during the disaster.
Jie genocide in the Ran Wei–Later Zhao War | 350–352 (Later Zhao and Ran Wei)  | Northern China  | More than 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians"  | Ran Min massacred over 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians". Non-Han in general were targeted by Ran Min's forces.
Yangzhou merchants massacre | 760 (Tang)  | Yangzhou | thousands  | Merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate such as Arabs, Persians and other foreigners were killed. It coincided with the An Lushan Rebellion.[2][3]
Fanyang massacre | 761 (Tang)  | Fanyang (Jicheng (Beijing))  | ?  | Many foreign Sogdians and other Central Asians (known as "Hu" barbarians) were massacred by Gao Juren, a general of Goguryeo origin.
Massacre of Uyghur Manichaeans and Huichang persecution of Buddhism | 13 February 843-845  | Shahu in  | 10,000 Uyghurs were killed at Shahu by Tang armies, more Manichaean priests massacred after Shahu and more Uyghurs were killed by the Yenisei Kyrgyz | Tang dynasty general Shi Xiong slaughtered 10,000 Uyghur Manichaeans at Shahu on 13 February 843 and then the Tang dynasty launched the Huichang persecution of Buddhism where Manichaean priests were slaughtered. Another Tang dynasty general Liu Mian massacred the remaining Uyghur troops. The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate helped the Tang dynasty massacre Uyghurs on the Mongolia steppe.
Guangzhou merchants massacre | 878–879 (Tang)  | Guangzhou | Tens of thousands.

(modern estimate) 120-200,000 (primary source)[4]

| Merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate such as Muslim Arabs, Persians, Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians were killed.
Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty | 1211–1234 (Song)  | Northern China  | Several million Jurchen people | Genghis Khan and his sons waged war against the Jurchens in the Jin dynasty and after Mongol siege of Kaifeng they massacred Jurchens of the imperial family, Wanyan.
Mongol conquest of Western Xia | 1225–1227  | now Ningxia and Gansu | Several million Tangut people | Genghis Khan ordered genocidal extermination of the Tangut people in Western Xia after they betrayed him and rebelled.
First Sichuan massacre | 1221–1264 (Song)  | Sichuan | 2 million est.[5] | Part of Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty.
Ispah Quanzhou massacres | 1357–1366 (Yuan)  | Quanzhou | ?  | Yuan dynasty loyalists led by Chen Youding massacred Hui Semu Muslims who rebelled against Yuan rule.
Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) massacre  | 1583 (Ming)  | Gure (古哷 Gǔlè)  | ?  | The Jianzhou Jurchens Giocangga and his son Taksi are massacred by Nikan Wailan. Taksi's son Nurhaci blames the Jianzhou Jurchen's Ming rulers for the massacre and starts building up his followers in preparation for revolt against the Ming.
Second Sichuan massacre  | 1645–1646 (Qing)  | Sichuan | 1 million est.[5] | There is no reliable figure, but estimated 1 million out of 3 million Sichuanese were massacred mainly by the army of Zhang Xianzhong.[5]
Yangzhou massacre | 1645 (Qing)  | Yangzhou | 300,000 (modern estimate)[6] | The Yangzhou massacre in May, 1645 in Yangzhou, Qing dynasty China, refers to the mass killings of innocent civilians by Manchu and defected Han Chinese soldiers, commanded by the Manchu general Dodo. Defected southern Han Chinese made up the majority in addition to the Eight Banner Han forces. The massacre is described in a contemporary account, A Record of Ten Days in Yangzhou, by Wang Xiuchu which is the account that exaggerated the figure to 800,000.
Three massacres in Jiading  | 1645 (Qing)  | Jiading District | 100,000[7] | People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong
Jinhua massacre | 1646 (Qing)  | Jinhua | 60,000  | People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong[8]
Massacre of Muslims loyal to the Ming in Gansu | 1649 (Qing)  | Gansu | 100,000 Muslims loyal to the Ming  | 100,000 Muslims loyal to the Ming dynasty were massacred by Qing Eight banner armies.
Sino-Russian border conflicts | 1650–1653 (Qing)  | Dauriya | Several thousand Daur people  | Russian explorer Yerofey Khabarov leads Russian Cossacks to massacre Daur men and take Daur girls and women as concubines before being fought off by the Qing.
massacre of Dutch prisoners | 1661–1662 (Southern Ming)  | Taiwan  | ?  | Koxinga ordered the mass execution of Dutch male prisoners on Taiwan
Chahar Mongol rebellion  | 1675 (Qing)  | Inner Mongolia | Several thousand Chahar Mongols  | Manchus massacred Chahar Mongol rebels led by Abunai and his son Borni. Abunei was Ejei Khan's brother. Manchus then massacred all male members of Abunai and Borni's particular branch of the Borjigin family after killing them.
Tibetan civil war of 1727-1728 | 1727-1728 (Qing)  | Tibet  | ?  | Tibetan rebels were massacred by Manchus
Lhasa riot of 1750 | 1750 (Qing)  | Tibet  | ?  | Tibetan rebels massacred Manchu officials and soldiers and Manchus crushed the uprising and executed the Tibetan rebels by torture.
Dzungar genocide | 1755–1757 (Qing)  | Dzungar Khanate | 480,000[9] | The Qing Dynasty's army slaughtered 80% of the Oirat Mongols.
Uqturpan massacre | 1765 (Qing)  | Uqturpan County | Several thousand Uyghurs  | Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Uyghurs.
Jahriyya revolt | 1781 (Qing)  | Qinghai and Gansu | Several thousand Muslims  | Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Muslims.
First Opium war massacres  | 1842  | Taiwan, Zhenjiang, Zhapu  | hundreds of British Indians, thousands of Manchus  | Hundreds of British Indian and several Europeans are executed in the Nerbudda incident by a Manchu official and Han official. Thousands of Manchus died in the aftermath of the Battle of Chinkiang (Zhenjiang]] and Battle of Chapu (Zhapu) and the entire Manchu populations of the garrisons in those cities were dead while the Han populations of those cities all survived.
Taiping massacres of Manchus | December 1850 – August 1864 (Qing)  | mid and lower Yangtze valley  | tens of thousands of Manchus  | Taiping rebels slaughtered Manchus and wiped them out entirely in many garrisons in the Yangtze region.
Ningpo massacre | 26 June 1857  | Ningbo  | 40 Portuguese pirates  | Cantonese pirates led by Ah Pak killed 40 Portuguese pirates.
Dungan Revolt | 1862–1873 (Qing)  | Provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu | ?  | Due to a combination of massacres, famine, war/famine migration and corpse-transmitted plague,[10] Gansu lost 74.5% (14.55 million)[11] of its population while Shaanxi lost 44.6% (6.2 million)[10] of its population. Not all "loss" were massacres. Besides the dead, some Hui from Shaanxi permanently moved to Gansu while other Hui from both Shaanxi and Gansu permanently left China and moved to Russian controlled Central Asia.
Port Arthur massacre | 1894, 21 November (Qing)  | Lüshunkou, Liaoning | 2600–20,000  | 2,600 civilians were slaughtered within the city, while those slaughtered in the hills surrounding the city had no reliable count. In November 1948, the Chinese Communist Party built a cemetery and marked the total deaths to be 20,000, which include soldiers killed in action and fleeing soldiers disguised as civilians. The 20,000 figure became the orthodox figure in communist sources.[12]
Jindandao incident | 1891 (Qing)  | Inner Mongolia | 150,000 – 500,000  | Hundreds of thousands of Mongols of Inner Mongolia were slaughtered in the Jindandao incident
Second Dungan Revolt | 1895–1896 (Qing)  | Provinces of Qinghai and Gansu | 100,000  | Second Dungan Revolt (Chinese: 乙未河湟事变) was a rebellion of various Chinese Muslim ethnic groups in Qinghai and Gansu against the Qing dynasty, that originated because of a violent dispute between two Sufi orders of the same sect. The Wahhabi-inspired Yihewani organization then joined in and encouraged the revolt, which was crushed by loyalist Muslims.

In Xunhua, Qinghai, masses of Hui, Dongxiang, Bao'an, and Salars were incited to revolt against the Qing by the Multicoloured Mosque leader Ma Yonglin. Soldiers were ordered to destroy the rebels by Brigadier General Tang Yanhe. Ma Dahan arranged a deal with the fellow Dongxiang Ma Wanfu when rebelling against the Qing dynasty. In Hezhou, Didao, and Xunhua they directed their adherents to join the rebellion.

Massacres of Manchus in Beijing during the Boxer rebellion and Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre | 1900 (Qing)  | Beijing, Aigun, Blagoveshchensk | Tens of thousands of Manchus and Daur people  | Boxer rebels massacre foreigners, then the foreign Eight Nation Alliance massacres Manchus in Beijing and a separate all Russian force massacres Manchus in Aigun and massacres Manchus and Daur people in Blagoveshchensk during the Russian invasion of Manchuria
Shaanxi Uprising | 1911–1912 (Qing)  | Wuhan in Hubei, Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, Taiyuan in Shanxi and Xi'an in Shaanxi  | Tens of thousands of Manchus  | Hui and Han Chinese revolutionaries massacred Manchus in Zhenjiang, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Wuhan and many other places across China, with the death toll of Manchus at Xi'an in the tens of thousands.

## Republic of China (since 1912)[edit]

### 1912–1937[edit]

Name  | Date  | Location  | Victims  | Notes

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Gando massacre | October 1920 – April 1921  | Jiandao, Eastern Manchuria | 5,000  | During this period, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered Korean civilians who numbered an estimated at least 5,000 and perpetrated widespread rape.
Shakee Massacre | 23 June 1925  | Shaji, Guangzhou | 50  | 50 direct deaths. On June 21, 1925, workers in Hong Kong and Canton went on strike in support of the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Two days later, on June 23, over 100,000 people convened in Eastern Jiaochang (today, the Guangdong Provincial People's Stadium), announcing their plans to expel the foreign powers, cancel the unequal treaties and walk to the Shakee in protest. At 3 am when the protest had moved to the west bridge, the conflict began. British and French soldiers, perceiving gunshots being fired at them, began to fire on the protesters. In addition, British warships fired on the north coast of Shamian (then spelled Shameen). Over 50 were killed and more than 170 people were seriously injured.
March 18 Massacre | 18 March 1926  | Beijing | 47  | 47 direct deaths. Duan Qirui, who was worried about the situation becoming destabilized, ordered armed military police to disperse the protesters. The confrontation led to violence, in which 47 protesters were killed and more than 200 injured.
Shanghai massacre of 1927 | 1927, 12 April  | Shanghai | 1200  | 300–400 direct deaths. Five thousand missing
Kuomintang anti-communist massacre | 1928  | Nationwide in China | 40,643~310,000[13]
Muslim massacres of Tibetans in Jonê and Xiahe | 1928  | Jonê County and Xiahe County Gansu | ?  | Tibetans in Labrang Monastery were massacred by Muslim Hui and Salar soldiers.
Golok massacres | 1917–1949  | Qinghai and Gansu  | ?  | Tibetan Goloks and Hui Muslims repeatedly fought each other for decades with huge massacres of Goloks occurring several times
Anti-Bolshevik League incident | May 1930 - 1931  | Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 5000  | 5000 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong accused his political rivals of belonging to the Kuomintang intelligence agency "Anti-Bolshevik League". Mao's political purge resulted in killings at Futian and elsewhere, and the trial and execution of Red Army officers and soldiers.
Futian incident | December 1930 - December 1931  | Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 200  | 200 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. The Futian battalion's leaders had mutinied against Mao Zedong's purge of the Jiangxi Action Committee, ordered on the pretext of its alleged connection to the Anti-Bolshevik League and ties to Trotskyism.
Communist purge in Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 1931–1935  | Provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian | <700,000[14][better source needed] | According to census, 700,000 died in the 15 counties under the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet. Some scholars attribute all the deaths to the regime.[14]
Pingdingshan massacre | 1932, 16 September  | Pingdingshan | 800-1200  | 800–1200 direct deaths conducted by Japanese military.
Kizil massacre | 1933, June  | near Kashgar, Xinjiang | 800  | An estimated 800 Chinese Muslim and Chinese civilians were killed by Turkic Muslim fighters.
Minsaengdan incident | 1933 to 1936  | Manchuria | 500  | The Minsaengdan incident, or Min-Sheng-T'uan Incident, was a series of purges occurring between 1933 and 1936 in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) arrested, expelled, and killed Koreans in Manchuria, based on the suspicion that the purged Koreans were supporting the Japanese occupiers as part of the pro-Japanese and anti-communist group, Minsaengdan. The CCP arrested and expelled over 1,000 of its Korean members and killed 500 during the purges.
Kashgar massacre | 1934  | Kashgar, Xinjiang | 2,000–8,000  | Estimates are that 2,000 to 8,000 Uighur civilians were killed in revenge by Hui Muslims for the Kizil massacre.

### 1937–1945 (Sino-Japanese War)[edit]

See also: Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II

Name  | Date  | Location  | Victims  | Notes

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Tongzhou mutiny | 29 July 1937  | Tongzhou District, Beijing | ?  | Chinese collaborationist troops of the East Hebei Army turned against the Japanese and massacre Japanese forces in revenge for Japanese planes bombing their barracks when they refused to attack fellow Chinese.
1938 Changsha fire | 13 November 1938  | Changsha | 30.000  | Kuomintang officials ordered the city be set on fire to prevent the Japanese from benefiting from its capture.
Nanjing Massacre | 13 December 1937 to 1938  | Nanjing, Jiangsu |  100,000~200,000  | 40,000 were massacred within Nanjing City Walls, mostly within the first five days; while the total victims massacred as of the end of March 1938 in both Nanjing and its surrounding six rural counties "far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000".[15][16]
Three Alls Policy | 1940–1942  | North China | 2.7 million  | Scorched earth policy conducted by Japanese military.
Panjiayu Massacre | 1941, 25 January  | Panjiayu, Hebei | 1298  | Scorched earth policy conducted by Japanese military as part of the Three Alls Policy.
St. Stephen's College massacre | 1941, 25 December  | Hong Kong | 100  | 100 people killed by Japanese military.
Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres | 1942, 15 May – 4 September  | Provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi | 250,000  | Conducted by Japanese military as retaliation for Chinese civilians giving shelter to American pilots after the Doolittle Raid.
Changjiao massacre | 1943, 9–12 May  | Changjiao, Hunan | 30,000  | Conducted by the Japanese military.
Yan'an Rectification Movement | 1942–1945  | Yan'an, Shaanxi | 10,000[17] | Launched by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party. Regarded by many as the origin of Mao Zedong's cult of personality.
Gegenmiao massacre | 14 August 1945  | Gegenmiao, Horqin Right Front Banner of the Hinggan League of Inner Mongolia.  | 1,000  | The Red Army murdered over 1,000 Japanese refugees by the end of the massacre.

### 1945–1949 (Civil War)[edit]

See also: Chinese Civil War

Name  | Location  | Date  | Victims  | Notes

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February 28 incident | Taiwan Province  | 1947, 28 February – 16 May  | 20,000 to 28,000  | Beginning of the White Terror campaign. The Chinese Kuomintang-led government imposed martial law until 1987.
Siege of Changchun | Jilin Province  | 1948, 23 May – 19 October 1948  | 120,000 to 160,000 civilian deaths due to starvation[18][19][20] | In the siege, in order to exhaust the food supply of the defenders, the communist rebels did not let civilians evacuate until very late so that the civilians and the defending government troops competed for food.

### 1949–present[edit]

Name  | Date  | Location  | Victims  | Notes

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Lieyu massacre | 1987, 7–8 March  | Fujian Province  | 19  | Targeted Vietnamese boat people. Conducted by the Republic of China Army.

## People's Republic of China (since 1949)[edit]

### 1949–1966[edit]

See also: Great Chinese Famine

Name  | Date  | Location  | Victims  | Notes

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Chinese land reform | 1949–1953  | Nationwide  | 1 million – 4.7 million[21] | Launched by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Liquidation of the landlord class in struggle sessions.
Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries | 1950–1953  | Nationwide  | 712,000 – 2 million[22][23] | Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP.
Three-anti and Five-anti campaigns | 1951–1952  | Nationwide  | 100,000+  | Exact death toll is unknown. In Shanghai alone, from 25 January to 1 April 1952, at least 876 people committed suicide.[24][25][26] Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP.
Sufan movement | 1955–1957  | Nationwide  | 53,000[27][28] | Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP
Anti-Rightist Campaign | 1957–1959  | Nationwide  | 550,000 – 2 million  | Exact death toll is unknown. Official statistics shows that at least 550,000 people were purged and many died.[29][30][31] Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP.
Xunhua Incident | 1958  | Qinghai | 435  | The massacre was conducted by People's Liberation Army towards local civilians.[32]
1959 Tibetan uprising | 1959  | Tibet | 87,000[33][34][35] | The exact number of deaths has been disputed.[36]
Violence in the Great Chinese Famine | 1959–1961  | Nationwide  | 2.5 million[37][38] | Killings occurred during the Great Chinese Famine.[39][40] According to Frank Dikötter, at least 2.5 million (2–3 million) people were beaten or tortured to death, which accounted for 6–8% of the total deaths in the famine.[38][40][41]
Socialist Education Movement | 1963–1965  | Nationwide  | 77,560[42] | Launched by Mao Zedong.

### 1966–1976 (Cultural Revolution)[edit]

See also: Cultural Revolution § Massacres and cannibalism

Cultural Revolution was launched by Mao Zedong in May 1966, with the help of the Cultural Revolution Group. Estimates of total deaths during the Cultural Revolution generally Revolution range from 500,000 to 2,000,000.[43]

Some Chinese researchers have estimated that at least 300,000 people were killed in massacres during the Cultural Revolution.[44][45] Massacres in Guangxi Province and Guangdong Province were among the most serious: in Guangxi, the official annals of at least 43 counties report massacres with 15 of them recording a death toll of over 1,000, while in Guangdong at least 28 counties report massacres with 6 of them seeing over 1,000 deaths.[46][47] The following table only includes major massacres which have been well documented in literature.

Name  | Date  | Location  | Victims  | Notes

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Red August | August – September 1966  | Beijing | 1,772[48] | Origin of the Red Terror in Chinese Cultural Revolution, triggering "Daxing Massacre" which killed 325 people in a few days. Statistics from 1985 showed a death toll of over 10,000 due to the Red August.[49]
Guangxi Massacre | 1966–1976  | Guangxi | 100,000 – 150,000[50][51] | Massive cannibalism occurred.[50][51]
Inner Mongolia incident | 1967–1969  | Inner Mongolia | 16,632 – 100,000[47] | Mostly Mongols.
Qinghai Massacre  | February 1967  | Qinghai | 173[47] | Conducted by People's Liberation Army.[47][52]
Guangzhou Laogai Fan Incident | August 1967  | Guangzhou,

Guangdong

| 187–197[53][54] | Part of the Guangdong Massacre. Caused by the rumor that Laogaifan (prisoners of Laogai) were released. Local citizens began massive killings as self-defense.[53][54]
Anti-Peng Pai Incident | August 1967  | Shanwei, Guangdong | >160[55] | Targeted the relatives of Peng Pai.
Qingtongxia Incident  | August 1967  | Qingtongxia, Ningxia | 101[47][56] | Conducted by People's Liberation Army.[47][56]
Yangjiang Massacre | 1967–1969  | Yangjiang, Guangdong | 3,573[47][57] | Part of the Guangdong Massacre. Mainly in Yangjiang and Yangchun.[47][57]
Daoxian massacre | August – October

1967

| Daoxian, Hunan | 9,093[58] | Took place in more than 10 counties, mainly in Dao County.
Shaoyang County Massacre | July – September

1968

| Shaoyang,

Hunan

| 991[47][59] | Influenced by Daoxian Massacre.
Dan County Massacre | August 1968  | Danzhou, Hainan | >700[47][60] | Part of the Guangdong Massacre. Over 50,000 people were jailed and thousands were permanently disabled. Conducted by People's Liberation Army and local militias.[47][60]
Ruijin Massacre | September –October 1968  | Ruijin, Jiangxi | >1000[47][61] | Took place in Ruijin County, Xingguo County, and Yudu County.[47][61]
Zhao Jianmin Spy Case | 1968–1969  | Yunnan | 17,000[47] | Over 1.3 million people persecuted. Part of the Chinese Cultural Revolution.
Shadian incident | July – August

1975

| Yunnan  | 1,600[62] | Uprising of Hui people. Conducted by People's Liberation Army.

### 1976–1999[edit]

Name  | Date  | Location  | Victims  | Notes

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Tibetan unrest | 1987–1989  | Tibet | 10–400  | Official source states the death toll between 10–20, but other estimates range from dozens to hundreds.[63]
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre | 1989, 4 June  | Tiananmen Square, Beijing  | 200–10,000[64][65] | Between 200 and 10,000 civilians were killed. The Red Cross states that around 2,600 died and the official Chinese government figure is 241 dead with 7,000 wounded.[66][67] Amnesty International's estimates puts the number of deaths at several hundred to close to 1,000.[68] As many as 10,000 estimated people were arrested during the protests.[69]
Thousand Island Lake robbery killings | 1994, 31 March  | Zhejiang Province | 32  | Twenty-four Taiwanese tourists, 6 crew members and 2 mainland Chinese passengers on board the Hai Rui sightseeing cruise were robbed and murdered. The incident cast a shadow over cross-strait relations.[70]
Jianguomen Incident | 1994, 20 September  | Jianguomen, Beijing | 30 dead, 30-100+ wounded  | Tian Mingjian, angered by the death of his wife during a forced abortion, retrieved an assault rifle from the weapons vault in his army base, and shot to death 6 soldiers and officers. He then stole a jeep and drove to Jianguo Gate, where he shot and killed 23 civilians, and injured at least 30 others, before being shot by a military sniper.[71]
Zhaodong massacre | 1995, 18 November  | Zhaodong, Heilongjiang province  | 34 dead, 16 injured  | On the night of November 18, 1995, a mass shooting occurred in Zhaodong, Heilongjiang. Two suspects, 26-year-old Feng Wanhai and 22-year-old Jiang Liming, armed with a double-barreled shotgun and a small-bore rifle, opened fire at 48 people, killing 32 people and wounding 16 others. 37 families were affected by the incident.[72]
Long wins round robbery  | 1998, November 15  | Shanwei | 23  | Guangdong Province, Shanwei City, the territory of an armed robbery case, the Hong Kong shipping company "Changsheng" million tons of cargo ship on which 23 Chinese expatriate crew were all killed and their corpses dumped into the sea.[clarification needed][73]

### 2000–present[edit]

Name  | Date  | Location  | Victims  | Notes

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2008 Tibetan unrest | 2008, 16 March  | Tibet | 20–150  | In order to commemorate the 49th anniversary of the armed uprising on 10 March 1959, some Tibetan demonstrators protested collectively in Tibetan areas of China and parts of southern Tibet. However, it later evolved into Tibetan attacks on civilians such as Han and Hui civilians and shops, cars, the Lhasa Great Mosque and other civilian facilities.
2008 Kashgar attack | 2008, 4 August  | Kashgar, Xinjiang | 17  | Two men drove an attack on the armed police of the border guard detachment of Kashgar, which was in operation. A total of 17 People's Armed Police were killed and 15 injured.
July 2009 Ürümqi riots | 2009, 5 July  | Ürümqi | 197  | At first it was just a demonstration, which later evolved into a series of violent attacks by Uyghurs against non-Muslim ethnic groups such as the Han. At least more than 1,000 Uyghurs participated in the riot on the first day of the incident. A total of 197 people died, most of whom were Hans,[74] with 1,721 others injured,[75] and a large number of vehicles and buildings were destroyed.
2012 Yecheng attack | 2012, 28 February  | Yecheng, Xinjiang | 13  | A group of eight Uyghur men led by religious extremist Abudukeremu Mamuti attacked pedestrians with axes and knives on Happiness Road. Seven terrorists were killed on the spot by the police, while the other one was injured and died after rescue. One police officer died and 4 police were injured, while 15 pedestrians died from Mamuti's assault and 14 more civilians were injured.[76]
June 2013 Shanshan riots | 2013, 26 June  | Shanshan, Xinjiang | 35  | On 26 June 2013, 35 people died in the riots, including 22 civilians, two police officers and eleven attackers.
2013 Tiananmen Square attack | 2013, 28 October  | Beijing | 5  | A car crashed in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China, as a terrorist suicide attack. Five people died in the incident; 3 inside the vehicle and 2 civilian nearby.
2014 Kunming attack | 2014, 1 March  | Kunming | 35  | Eight Uighur terrorists stabbed 31 civilians to death and left 141 injured.[77] On the afternoon of 3 March, the official announced the resolution of the case. A total of 8 people were killed. Of the 5 directly involved in the attack, 4 were killed on the spot and 1 was captured on the spot.
May 2014 Ürümqi attack | 2014, 22 March  | Ürümqi, Xinjiang | 43  | Two sport utility vehicles (SUVs) carrying five assailants were driven into a busy street market in Ürümqi, the capital of China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Up to a dozen explosives were thrown at shoppers from the windows of the SUVs. The SUVs crashed into shoppers then collided with each other and exploded. Forty-three people were killed, including 4 of the assailants, and more than 90 wounded. The event was designated as a terrorist attack.
2015 Aksu colliery attack | 2015, 18 September  | Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang | 16  | A group of armed separatists attacked coal miners and security personnel, murdering 16 people and injuring 18 others. When the local police arrived at the scene, the attacker used a truck full of coal to hit the police vehicle and then fled into the mountains. The majority of the victims of this attack were Han people.
Yema stabbings | 2016, September 29  | Yema, Qujing, Yunnan Province | 19  | Yang Qingpei killed his parents in an argument over money and then murdered 17 neighbours in an attempt to cover up his crime.

## See also[edit]

* List of rebellions in China
* List of Chinese wars and battles
*   * Mass killings under communist regimes
* Great Chinese famine

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b "Volume 102: 劉聰載記". Book of Jin. 648. p. 2659\. "曜於是害諸王公及百官已下三萬餘人"
2. ^ Wan, Lei (2017). The earliest Muslim communities in China. Qiraat. Vol. 8\. Riyadh: King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies. p. 11\. ISBN 978-603-8206-39-3.
3. ^ Qi, Dongfang (2010). "Gold and Silver Wares on the Belitung Shipwreck". In Krahl, Regina; Guy, John; Wilson, J. Keith; Raby, Julian (eds.). Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds. Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. pp. 221–227. ISBN 978-1-58834-305-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
4. ^ Rossabi, Morris (2013). A History of China. John Wiley & Sons. p. 198\. ISBN 9781118473450. "An Arab account written by Abu Zaid of Siraf within a couple of decades of Huang's rebellion estimated that Huang's forces massacred 120,000 Muslims, Jews, Zoroastrians, Christians and other foreigners. Arab historian al-Mas'udi, in a text written in the mid-tenth century, put the figure at 200,000. Both numbers are inflated, but they nonetheless indicate that the rebels attributed some of China's problems to the exploitation of foreigners, particularly merchants."
5. ^ a b c James B. Parsons (May 1957). "The Culmination of a Chinese Peasant Rebellion: Chang Hsien-chung in Szechwan, 1644-46". The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 16 (3): 387–400. doi:10.2307/2941233. JSTOR 2941233. S2CID 162377335.
6. ^ Struve (1993) (note at p. 269), following a 1964 article by Zhang Defang, notes that the entire city's population at the time was not likely to be more than 300,000, and that of the entire Yangzhou Prefecture, 800,000.
7. ^ "清军屠城记："扬州十日"和"嘉定三屠"-历史频道-手机搜狐". m.sohu.com. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
8. ^ "满清入关的血腥杀戮之金华之屠". m.163.com (in Chinese). 1 December 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2024. `{{cite web}}`: Text "南明-大学士-朱大典-金华-隆武帝-顺治_手机网易网" ignored (help)
9. ^ Geometric mean of 480,000 and 600,000 rounded up to nearest ten thousand.
10. ^ a b 路伟东 (2003年). "同治光绪年间陕西人口的损失". 历史地理第19辑 (in Chinese). 上海: 上海人民出版社. Archived from the original on 1 January 2009. "陕西人口损失主要原因主要有以下四种：战死、饿毙、病死及逃亡。其中前两种原因造成的人口损失数量最大。战后或是灾后因为尸体腐烂、水源污染等原因，导致各地瘟疫流行。死于瘟疫的人口在全部损失的人口中占有一定的比例。"
11. ^ 曹树基. 中国人口史 卷5 清时期 (in Chinese). p. 635.
12. ^ 戚其章 (2001). "旅顺大屠杀真相再考". 东岳论丛 (1). Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. "可见，经过落实，旅顺市街被杀人数为2600至2700人。请注意：这个数字仅是指旅顺市街的被杀人数而言，并不包括逃离市街以及旅顺郊区和山区被杀的人数，同时也不包括在炮台阵地或北撤过程中阵亡的清军官兵。"
13. ^ 王奇生. 党员、党权与党争: 1924-1949年中国国民党的组织形态. 上海书店出版社. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022 - via Sohu.com. "在这场以清党为名的白色恐怖运动中，到底有多少人被捕被杀，很难有精确统计。目前所见主要有以下几种不同的统计数字：（1） 中共"六大"所作的不完全统计，1927年4月至1928年上半年，在"清党"名义下被杀害的有31万多人，其中共产党员2．6万余人。（2） 当时全国各地慈善救济机关所作的不完全统计，在1927年4月至1928年7月间，全国各省被国民党逮捕和杀害的人数总计81055人，其中被杀害者40643人，被逮捕者40412人（见附表）。（3） 《大公报》比较笼统的说法，到1930年，已有数以十万计的人被杀害。"
14. ^ a b Halliday, Jon; Chang, Jung (30 September 2012). Mao: The Unknown Story. Random House. p. 133\. ISBN 9781448156863. The English and Chinese versions of the book had different interpretations of the statistics. The Chinese version: "中央苏区地处江西、福建。在它存在的四年中，人口在全国下降最多。根据中国人口统计，从一九三一到一九三五年，江西根据地内为中共完全控制的十五个县(不包括为中共部分控制的边缘县)，人口减少五十多万，占总人口的百分之二十。闽西根据地的减少幅度也差不多。中央苏区人口共下降七十万。由于住在这些地带的人很难外逃，这七十万基本上应属于死亡人数。毛死后的一九八三年，江西有二十三万八千八百四十四人被官方追认为"烈士"，包括战死的和肃反被杀的。" English version: The Ruijin base, the seat of the first Red state, consisted of large parts of the provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian. These two provinces suffered the greatest population decrease in the whole of China from the year when the Communist state was founded, 1931, to the year after the Reds left, 1935. The population of Red Jiangxi fell by more than half a million—a drop of 20 percent. The fall in Red Fujian was comparable. Given that escapes were few, this means that altogether some 700,000 people died in the Ruijin base. A large part of these were murdered as "class enemies," or were worked to death, or committed suicide, or died other premature deaths attributable to the regime.
15. ^ Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2008). "Leftover Problems". In Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (ed.). The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38: Complicating the Picture. Berghahn Books. pp. 362, 382, 384. "(p. 362) At the present stage of research, victimization estimates of under 40,000 and over 200,000 push the limits of reason, fairness, and evidence; [...] (p. 384) Japanese military sources dating from 1937, such as official battle reports and private field diaries, are the most reliable and revealing of all the sources examined here. Left by "the side that did the killing," these documents are self-incriminating in ways that their compilers did not intend. When read critically, they attest that Japanese troops illegally and unjustifiably massacred at least 29,240 Chinese—and I would say 46,215—just before and after Nanking fell. Beyond that, there is room for honest debate. Conservatives adhere to this academically reputable low-end estimate of over 40,000. By contrast, I hold that we must add several tens of thousands more Chinese illegally and unjustifiably killed from early December 1937 to the end of March 1938 in the NSAD—the walled city and 6 adjacent counties. This is a longer time span and a wider area than conservatives and deniers will allow. Largely following Kasahara Tokushi, then, I conclude that a final victim total will far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000 in the absence of new evidence. But, to repeat for emphasis, an empirically verifiable, scholarly valid victimization range is from over 40,000 to under 200,000. [...] (p. 384) However, as conservatives admit, the figure 300,000 does represent a credible total for Chinese belligerents and civilians killed in the entire Yangtze delta area from Shanghai to Nanking over the period August to December 1937."
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