List of massacres in Spain

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The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Spain (numbers may be approximate):

## Ancient history

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## Germanic Kingdoms

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## Reconquista

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Name  | Date  | Location  | Deaths  | Perpetrators  | Notes

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Day of the Ditch | 807  | Toledo | 700  | Emirate of Córdoba | 700 city notables massacred in a special ditch by Muslim army under Amrus ibn Yusuf
Martyrs of Córdoba | 851  | Cordoba | 48  | Emirate of Córdoba  | Forty-eight Christians executed by Muslims
Cordoba massacre | 1013  | Cordoba  | 2,000  | Berbers  | Invading soldiers under Sulayman ibn al-Hakam sacked and pillaged the city resulting in the deaths of many people, including Jews.[1]
1066 Granada massacre | 30 December 1066  | Granada | 4,000[2] | Muslim mob  | Muslim mobs massacred Jews
Toledo massacre | 7 May 1355  | Toledo  | 1,200  | Henry of Trastámara | Henry of Trastámara leads forces that kill 1,200 Jews in Toledo
Seville massacre | 6 June 1391  | Seville | 4,000  | Christian mob  | Mob kills 4,000 Jews.
Córdoba massacre | June 1391  | Cordoba  | 2,000  | Christian mob  | Mob kills 2,000 Jews.

## Habsburg Spain

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Name  | Date  | Location  | Deaths  | Perpetrators  | Notes

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Galera massacre | 10 February 1570  | Galera | 2,500  | Spanish Army | Spanish Army under John of Austria massacres 2,500 Moriscos.
Corpus de Sang | 7–10 June 1640  | Barcelona | 12–20  | Catalan peasants  | Between 12 and 20 royal officials, including the Viceroy of Catalonia, were killed by the rioters. The massacre was one of the first events of the Reapers' War.

## Bourbon Spain (1701–1808)

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## Independence War, Kingdom of Spain and First Republic (1808–1875)

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Name  | Date  | Location  | Deaths  | Perpetrators  | Notes

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Dos de Mayo Uprising | 3 May 1808  | Madrid | 113  | Grande Armée | French Army under Joachim Murat executed 113 Spanish rebels
Siege of Badajoz (1812) | 6 April 1812  | Badajoz | 200–300  | Anglo-Portuguese Army | Marauding troops from the Anglo-Portuguese Army under the command of Earl of Wellington kill between 200 and 300 Spanish civilians after capturing the city[3]
San Andrés beach mass execution | 11 December 1831  | Málaga | 49  | Spanish Army | 49 Liberal rebels, including their leader José María de Torrijos y Uriarte, were executed extrajudicially by firing squad.
Massacre of Heredia | 17 March 1834  | Heredia | 118  | Carlists | Carlists execute 118 Liberal prisoners of war. The massacre was ordered by general Tomás de Zumalacárregui.[4]
1834 massacre of friars in Madrid | 17 July 1834  | Madrid | 73  | Anti-clerical liberals | Mobs assaulted and burned convents in the capital after a rumor spread that the friars had poisoned the water to favor the Carlist offensive. 73 friars were killed and 11 were injured.[5][6][7]
1835 Anti-clerical riots | Summer 1835  | Aragón and Catalonia | 78  | Anti-clerical liberals | Mobs assaulted and burned monasteries, killing 70 friars and 8 priests. The most important mutinies happened in Reus, Barcelona and Zaragoza.[6][7]
Burjassot massacre | 29 March 1837  | Burjassot | 40 (around)  | Carlists | Carlists execute governmental POWs, mostly cadets, reportedly amidst festivious celebrations, wining and dining[8]
Battle of Andoain | 14 September 1837  | Andoain | 60  | Carlists | Carlists permit the crowd to lynch 60 British Auxiliary Legion prisoners of war
\- [no specific name]  | winter 1837/1838  | Beceite | 1,000 (not clear)  | Carlists | following a few victorious battles in Aragon, Catalonia and Levante, Carlists gathered some 1,500 POWs. In November they were marched and incarcerated in the castle and other buildings in Beceite. As winter, usually harsh in this mountainous area, set in, prisoners were mostly neglected. Due to cold, sickness, hunger and mistreatment, there were some 10 POWs dying daily. There were cases of cannibalism.[9]
Calzada massacre | 27 February 1838  | Calzada de Calatrava | 150 (around)  | Carlists  | during combat for the city, at one point Liberal defenders (some with women and children) barricaded themselves in the Santa María del Valle church and rejected calls to give up. The Carlists brought artillery and started pounding the building. Anyone trying to flee or surrender was killed, the rest died in ruins of the burning and demolished church.[10]
Massacre of Guimerà  | 19 September 1837  | Guimerà | 71  | liberals | governmental troops execute Carlist POWs[11]
Bombardment of Barcelona (1842) | 3 December 1842  | Barcelona | 20–30  | Spanish Army | The bombardment was ordered personally by general Baldomero Espartero to end a revolt that started the previous month and had forced the army to take refuge in Montjuic Castle and Parc de la Ciutadella. The indiscriminate artillery bombardment of the city was made from Montjuïc, killing between 20 and 30 people.[12][13]
Martyrs of Carral | 26 April 1846  | Carral | 12  | Spanish Army | 12 rebel leaders of the failed 1846 revolution were executed extrajudicially.[14][15]
Night of San Daniel | 10 April 1865  | Madrid | 14  | Guardia Civil
Various units of the Spanish Army | The Guardia Civil and Spanish Army brutally repressed a group of students of the Central University of Madrid that were protesting in support of the rector of said university. 14 students were killed and 193 were injured.[16][17]
Berga massacre | 27 March 1873  | Berga | 67  | Carlists  | once the city has been captured, the formally commanding Alfonso Carlos pledged to respect lives of all POWs. However, once he left the city, the de facto commander Francisco Savalls ordered executions[18]
Enderlaza massacre | 4 June 1873  | Enderlaza  | 34  | Carlists  | following a few hours of Carlist siege of the Carabineros outpost at the border between Navarre and Gipuzkoa, the latter surrendered. The Carlist commander, Manuel Santa Cruz, claiming that defenders had earlier micheviously displayed white flags, ordered execution of all POWs
Cirauqui massacre | 12 July 1874  | Cirauqui | 36  | Carlists  | following a few hours of combat for the town, eventually 62 liberal defenders, isolated in the church, surrendered. When leaving the building they were assaulted by the crowd, with apparently passive or perhaps even permissive attitude of Carlist commanders. During the carnage, 36 defenders have been lynched, mostly with canes or agricultural tools/[19]
Massacre of Olot | 15-30 July 1874  | Olot |  100 (unclear)  | Carlists  | having defeated liberal troops during the battle of Toix, Carlists then executed some 35 POWs. As the result of the battle, Olot surrendered without a fight. During some 2 weeks, Carlists kept killing officers, NCOs, customs officials and other functionaries[20]
Looting of Cuenca | 15/16 July 1874  | Cuenca | 40 (around)  | Carlists  | following earlier siege of the city, which lasted some 3 days, Carlist troops overpowered the defenders. During the following 2 days the victorious troops turned into pillaging gangs, killing POWs and looting the city. Earlier prints claimed 700 fatalities, yet there are some 40 fatal victims identified. "Saco de Cuenca" became the icon of Carlist barbarity, present in public narrative for some 50 years to come

## Restoration (1875–1931)

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Name  | Date  | Location  | Deaths  | Perpetrators  | Notes

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Río Tinto massacre | 4 February 1888  | Minas de Ríotinto | 13 according to the official count, with some estimates claiming up to 200[21][22] | Spanish Army | In the Plaza de la Constitución, around 200 people were shot dead by two companies of the Spanish Army when they protested for better wages and the end of the emission of toxic fumes in the mines. Protestors were mainly workers of the local mines, led by anarchist Maximiliano Tornet. The massacre lasted only 15 minutes and the bodies of the dead were probably buried under the slag of a mine.
Bombing of the Gran Teatro del Liceo | 7 November 1893  | Barcelona | 20[23] | Anarchist Santiago Salvador | On the opening night of the theatre season and during the second act of the opera Guillaume Tell by Rossini, two Orsini bombs were thrown into the stalls of the opera house. Only one of the bombs exploded; some twenty people were killed and many more were injured. The attack was the work of the anarchist Santiago Salvador and deeply shocked Barcelona, becoming a symbol of the turbulent social unrest of the time. The Liceu reopened its doors on 18 January 1894, but the seats occupied by those killed were not used for a number of years.
Bombing of the Corpus Christi procession in Barcelona | 7 June 1897  | Barcelona | 12[23][24] | Unidentified (forced confessions were made through torture)[25][26] | An Italian anarchist attacked the Corpus Christi procession, which had just left the Church of Santa Maria del Mar, killing twelve people. The bombing led to the Montjuïc trial, in which about 400 suspects were arrested, from whom 87 were put on trial and, after confessions made under torture, five were executed.
A Coruña massacre  | 30–31 May 1901  | A Coruña (Galicia)  | 8[27][28] | Guardia Civil | The Guardia Civil shot striking workers, killing 8.[29][30]
Carnival massacre in Vigo  | 24 February 1903  | Vigo | 3  | Guardia Civil | Guardia Civil fired at a crowd of protesting workers during the local carnival festivities, killing 3 people, including a 12-year-old.[31][32]
Morral affair | 31 May 1906  | Madrid | 24  | Anarchist Mateu Morral | Attempted regicide of Spanish King Alfonso XIII and his bride, Victoria Eugenie, on their wedding day. The attacker, Mateu Morral, acting on a desire to spur revolution, threw a bomb concealed in a flower bouquet from his hotel window as the King's procession passed, killing 24 bystanders and soldiers, wounding over 100 others, and leaving the royals unscathed. Morral sought refuge from republican journalist José Nakens but fled in the night to Torrejón de Ardoz, whose villagers reported him. Two days after the attack, militiamen accosted Morral, who killed one before killing himself. Morral was likely involved in a similar attack on the king a year prior.
Oseira massacre | 22 April 1909  | Parish of Oseira, San Cristovo de Cea (Galicia)  | 7[33][34][35][36] | Guardia Civil | The Guardia Civil shot residents who protested against the transfer of several artistic pieces of value from the local convent.
Nebra massacre  | 12 October 1912  | Parish of Nebra, Porto do Son (Galicia)  | 5[33][37][34] | Guardia Civil | Around 300 peasants were protesting in the bridge of Cans against a new tax ordered by the mayor to solve the local deficit. The Civil Guard fired indiscriminately at the demonstrators, killing 5 people and injuring 32.
El Descargador incidents | 7 March 1916  | La Unión, Murcia | 7  | Guardia Civil
Regimiento de Infantería "Sevilla" n.º 33 of the Spanish Army | Guardia Civil and a unit of the Spanish Army opened fire at a crowd of striking workers in La Unión, killing 7 and injuring 16.[38][39][40]
Repression of the 1917 General Strike | August 1917  | Industrial and miner areas of the country  | 71  | Guardia Civil
Spanish Army | 71 workers were killed by the Guardia Civil and the Spanish Army during the General Strike of 1917.[41]
Bread riots in Málaga | 9–21 January 1918  | Málaga | 4  | Guardia Civil | A popular revolt against an increase in bread prices was repressed by the Guardia Civil, causing 4 deaths.[42][43]
Bread riots in Ferrol | 9–15 March 1918  | Ferrolterra (Galicia)  | 9  | Spanish Army
Guardia Civil | A popular revolt against an increase in bread prices was repressed by the Spanish Army and the Guardia Civil, causing 9 deaths.[44][34]
Sofán massacre | 16 February 1919  | Parish of Sofán, Carballo (Galicia)  | 4[33][37][34] | Guardia Civil | 4 peasant women were killed by the Guardia Civil.
Sobredo massacre | 28 November 1922  | Parish of Guillarei, Tui (Galicia)  | 3[37][34] | Guardia Civil | 3 peasants were killed by the Guardia Civil during a protest against the semi-feudal land system that existed in Galicia at the time, the "foros",[a] that were finally abolished in 1926.
Pobla de Passanant massacre | 21 May 1928  | Pobla de Passanat, Catalonia | 10  | José Marimon Carles  | Mass murder incident.[45][46]

## Second Republic (1931–1936)

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Name  | Date  | Location  | Deaths  | Perpetrators  | Notes

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Castilblanco events | 31 December 1931  | Castilblanco (Extremadura)  | 4  | Local peasants affiliated with the UGT | 4 Civil Guards were lynched by local landless peasants affiliated with the National Federation of Land Workers (part of the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT)).[47][48]
Arnedo incident | 5 January 1932  | Arnedo (La Rioja)  | 11[49] | Guardia Civil | Local workers, organized by the socialist union UGT launched a strike in a shoe factory. The Guardia Civil killed 11 and injured 30 during a protest, part of the strike, in the Plaza de la República.[50]
Casas Viejas incident | 11 January 1933  | Benalup-Casas Viejas | 24[51]-26[52] | Guardia de Asalto | Spanish police burned and shot 24 anarchists
Martyrs of Turon | October 1934  | Turón (Mieres)  | 8  | Asturian revolutionaries | A group of eight De La Salle Brothers and a Passionist priest were executed by revolutionaries. They were canonized in 1999 by Pope John Paul II.
Repression after the failed 1934 Asturian revolution | October 1934  | Asturias | 200  | Spanish Legion
Guardia Civil
Moroccan Regulares | Around 200 individuals were killed in the repression following the failed revolution (among them the journalist Luis de Sirval, who pointed out tortures and executions and was arrested and killed by three officers of the Legion).[53][54]
"Martirs of Carbayín" | 22–24 October 1934  | Santa Marta Carbayín, Siero (Asturias)  | 24  | Guardia Civil | 24 left-wing individuals were killed extrajudicially in the repression following the failed Asturian revolution after being tortured for days.[55]
Incidents during the funeral of Anastasio de los Reyes | 16 April 1936  | Madrid | 5  | Guardia de Asalto | Guardia de Asalto opened fire at the funeral procession of Anastasio de los Reyes, a Guardia Civil killed by left-wingers 2 days before, killing 5 people.[56]
Events of Yeste | 29 May 1936  | Yeste, Albacete | 18[b] | Guardia Civil | when escorting detainees the civiles were assaulted by a group of farmers and opened fire in return[57]

## Civil War (1936–1939)

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Name  | Date  | Location  | Deaths  | Perpetrators  | Notes

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Red Terror (Spain) | 1936–1939  | across Spain | 38,000–45,000 (scholarly consensus)[58] [c] | Republicans |
White Terror (Spain) | 1936–1945  | across Spain | 150,000–250,000 (scholarly consensus)[d] | Nationalists |
17 July Massacre of Melilla | 17 July 1936  | Melilla | 189  | Nationalists  | The same day as the coup d'état all the members of trade unions, left-wing parties, Masonic lodges and anyone known to have voted for the Popular Front were arrested. On the first night, the Nationalists executed 189 civilians and soldiers. This was the first massacre of the Civil War.[60]
Córdoba massacres during the first weeks of the war | 18 July – August 1936  | Córdoba | 2,000[61] | Nationalists  | On 18 July, the military governor of Córdoba, Ciriaco Cascajo, started the coup in the city, bombing the civil government and arresting the civil governor, Rodríguez de León. After that, he and the civil guard officer Bruno Ibañez, Don Bruno (sent there by general Queipo de Llano, furious because no reprisals had been carried out yet), carried out a bloody repression, with 2,000 executions just in the first weeks.
Valladolid massacres | 19 July – September 1936  | Cemetery of El Carmen, Valladolid | 1,000  | Nationalists  | Around 1,000 people were killed in the cemetery during the first months of the war.[62][63] There are 10 known mass graves in the cemetery.[64]
Zaragoza cemetery massacres  | 19 July 1936 – April 1939  | Cemetery of Torrero, Zaragoza | 3,096  | Nationalists  | 3,096 republicans were killed in the cemetery during the war in successive mass executions.[65]
Palencia massacres | 20 July 1936 – 1938  | Cemetery of El Carmen, Palencia | 497  | Nationalists  | At least 497 people were killed in the Municipal Cemetery, mainly during the first months of the war, although some executions also happened in 1937 and 1938. The mass grave is known as the Fosa de los Alcaldes.[66][67]
Beatos Mártires Claretianos de Barbastro | 20 July – 18 August 1936  | Barbastro (Aragón)  | 51[68][69]-52[70] | Republicans  | Anarchist CNT-AIT militias killed 51 or 52 Claretians and seminarists in 5 successive mass executions.
Beatos Mártires Benedictinos de Barbastro | 20 July – 18 August 1936  | Barbastro (Aragón)  | 18[71][72] | Republicans  | 18 Benedictine monks of the El Pueyo monastery killed by Anarchist CNT-AIT militias.
Bombing of Otxandio | 22 July 1936  | Otxandio (Bizkaia)  | 57[73]-61[74] | Nationalists  | 2 Breguet XIX bombers attacked the main square of Otxandio during the celebration of the "fiestas de Santa María", killing 57 or 61 people, almost all of them civilians.[75]
Seville massacres | 22 July 1936 – January 1937  | Seville | 3,028[76][77][78] | Nationalists  |
Mass executions in the Cemetery of Granada | 23 July 1936 – 1 April 1939  | Granada | 5,000  | Nationalists  | Around 5,000 people were killed in various mass-executions in the Cemetery of San José (Grajada) during the war, most of them during the first year.[79] The most famous victim was Federico García Lorca. After the war ended the cemetery continued being used as an execution site for political prisoners until 1956.[80]
Monte de Estépar massacres  | 2 August – 12 October 1936  | Estépar, Province of Burgos | 371[81]–1,000[82] | Nationalists  | The mass graves of Estépar (or of Mount Estépar) are a set of mass graves located in a hill near the village of Estépar (Province of Burgos). In these places hundreds of people were killed and buried. It is documented and confirmed that 371 people were killed and buried there,[81] but some historians increase the figure to about 1,000.[82]

Between 2 August, just two weeks after the start of the war, and on 12 October sixteen "sacas" were registered in the Prison of Burgos. In those "sacas" prisoners were taken to be extrajudicially executed and buried in hidden mass graves.

Mártires escolapios de Barbastro | 20 July – 18 August 1936  | Barbastro (Aragón)  | 10  | Republicans  | 10 piarists were killed by Anarchist CNT-AIT militias.[83]
Mártires escolapios de Alcañiz | 20 July – 18 August 1936  | Alcañiz (Aragón)  | 9  | Republicans  | 9 piarists were killed by Anarchist CNT-AIT militias.[83]
Executions of the ships España 3 and Sil | 14–15 August 1936  | Cartagena | 214[84]-215[85] | Republicans  | Massacre of prisoners who were held in two prison ships in the port of Cartagena.
Almendralejo 14 August massacre | 14 August 1936  | Almendralejo (Extremadura)  | 40  | Nationalists  | 40 republican soldiers were executed after surrendering.[86]
1936 Massacre of Badajoz | 15 August 1936  | Badajoz | 1,341[87]–4,000[88] | Nationalists  |
Madrid Modelo Prison massacre | 22–23 August 1936  | Madrid | 24[89]–30[90] | Republicans  | Anarchist militias entered the Modelo Prison and killed dozens of prisoners, including important rightwing figures such as Ramón Álvarez Valdés, Melquíades Álvarez, Joaquín Fanjul or José María Albiñana. This, and other massacres by uncontrolled militias, led to a crisis in the Republican government, that was solved with the creation of the Popular Courts, that were expected to appease the revolutionary excesses and offer at least some judicial guarantees to the defendants.[91]
Estrella prison sacas | 5–24 September 1936  | Estella-Lizarra (Navarre)  | 81  | Nationalists  | 81 republican prisoners of the Estella prison were killed extrajudicially in 7 mass-executions.[92]
Plaza de Colón bombing | October 1936  | Madrid | 16  | Nationalists  | 16 people dead and 60 wounded in Nationalist air raid against Madrid. Six bombs detonated in the Plaza de Colón, in the middle of the city. One bomb fell into a queue of women waiting for milk. The air raid was made by German pilots in Junkers Ju 52s. Madrid had no air defenses to prevent enemy aircraft from flying over the city.[93]
Hernani mass executions | October 1936  | Hernani (Gipuzkoa)  | 128–200[94][95] | Nationalists  | Around 200 people were extrajudicially executed by firing squad at the Hernani cemetery in October 1936. Among those executed there were priests, members of political parties and trade unions, pregnant women and even a 17-year-old. Virtually none of the victims had significant political responsibilities during the Republic.[94][96]
Tafalla prison saca | 17–21 November 1936  | Tafalla (Navarre)  | 86  | Nationalists  | 86 republican prisoners of the Tafalla prison were killed extrajudicially in various mass-executions.[97][98]
Atlante prison-ship massacre  | 18–20 November 1936  | Mahón (Minorca)  | 75  | Republicans  | 75 people (37 priests and monks, 37 civilians and military) imprisoned in the Atlante prison-ship, anchored in Mahón, were killed by a mob as a revenge for a nationalist bombing over the city just hours before.[99][100]
Paracuellos massacres | November–December 1936  | Paracuellos del Jarama, Torrejón de Ardoz | 1,000–4,000[101][102][103] | Republicans  |
Navas del Madroño massacre | 15 January 1937  | Cáceres | 68  | Nationalists  | 68 residents of the town of Navas del Madroño were arrested and killed by a squad of Civil Guards and Falangists.[104][105]
La Fatarella incidents | 25 January 1937  | La Fatarella (Catalonia)  | 23–34[106][107] | Republicans[e] | Peasants opposed to the collectivizations of the anarcho-syndicalist union CNT-AIT were executed by anarchists. The peasants were supported by other Republican organizations like the socialist UGT, Republican Left of Catalonia or the Unió de Rabassaires. The killings ended with the intervention of the Generalitat and the Guardia de Asalto. This was one of the first conflicts between different republican factions.
Bilbao prisons massacre  | 4 January 1937  | Bilbao | 224[108] | Republicans  | A mob, formed mainly my UGT and CNT militias, assaulted the 5 prisons of Bilbao and massacred 224 national prisoners in revenge for a bombing that happened in the city that same morning.[109]
Málaga-Almería road massacre | 8 February 1937  | Málaga-Almería road  | 3,000[110]–5,000[111] | Nationalists  |
Málaga massacres | 8 February – December 1937  | Málaga | 2,300[112]–4,000[113][114] | Nationalists  | After the fall of the city, nationalists took an enormous number of prisoners, with thousands of them being executed in the following weeks.
Bombing of Albacete | 19 February 1937  | Albacete | 150  | Nationalists  | The Nazi Condor Legion bombed the city, killing around 150 people.[115][116]
Bombing of Durango | 31 March 1937  | Durango | 248[117][118]–336[119] | Nationalists  | German and Italian transport planes modified to carry bombs (German Ju 52 and Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.81) from the Condor Legion[117] and the Aviazione Legionaria bombed Durango in relays. Two churches were bombed during the celebration of mass, killing 14 nuns and the officiated priest. Furthermore, Heinkel He 51 fighters strafed fleeing civilians. Altogether, around 250 civilians died in the attack.
Bombing of Jaén | 1 April 1937  | Jaén | 159  | Nationalists  | Six German Ju 52 bombers of the German Legion Condor bombed the city,[120] which had no legitimate military targets or anti-aircraft defenses. Current estimates indicated there were 159 deaths among the civilian population and several hundred injured, comparable with the Bombing of Guernica, which occurred four weeks later.
Revenge killings of Jaén | 2–7 April 1937  | Jaén | 128  | Republicans  | As a reprisal for the Bombing of Jaén, the local republican authorities executed 128 Nationalist prisoners.[121]
Bombing of Guernica | 26 April 1937  | Gernika | 150–300[f] | Condor Legion | The city of Gernika was destroyed in a deliberate bombing against civilians.
Bombing of Sestao  | 23 May 1937  | Sestao | 22–25  | Nationalists  | Nazi Condor Legion bombed the town in a deliberate attack against civilians.[122][123]
Bombardment of Almería | 31 May 1937  | Almería | 19–20  | Nationalists  | The Kriegsmarine bombed the city in retaliation for a Republican air attack on the German cruiser Deutschland.
July 1937 Bombing of Tarragona | 29 July 1937  | Tarragona | 51[124] | Nationalists  | Bombing of civilians by the Italian Aviazione Legionaria. 51 people died and 104 were injured.[124]
3 October bombing of Valencia  | 3 October 1937  | Valencia | 50  | Nationalists  | 5 Savoia-Marchetti S.M.81 of the Italian Aviazione Legionaria bombed the city. 50 people died, 78 were injured and 160 buildings were destroyed.[125]
1937 Bombing of Lleida | 2 November 1937  | Lleida | 150–300[126] | Nationalists  | Bombing of civilians by the Italian Aviazione Legionaria. 48 of the dead were children studying in the Liceu Escolar de Lleida.
Christmas massacre of Cáceres  | 2 November 1937  | Cáceres | 196  | Nationalists  | Various mass-executions of high-profile Republican prisoners in Cáceres, starting on Christmas Day and ending with 196 killed a few days later.[127][128]
1938 January bombings of Barcelona | 1–30 January 1938  | Barcelona | 185–250  | Nationalists  | First "terror bombings" over Barcelona, carried by the Italian Aviazione Legionaria.[129] The attacks caused 210 civilian deaths, injured 125 people and destroyed or damaged 87 buildings.[130]
January bombing of Valladolid | 25 January 1938  | Valladolid | 14  | Republicans  | The Republican Airforce bombed the city, killing 14 civilians and injuring 70 people.[131][132]
Bombing of Alcañiz  | 16–18 March 1938  | Alcañiz, Province of Teruel | 300–500  | Nationalists  | The town was bombed by the Italian fascist Aviazione Legionaria, deliberately targeting civilians.[133][134][135][136]
1938 March bombings of Barcelona | 16–18 March 1938  | Barcelona | 1,000–1,300  | Nationalists  | Barcelona was bombed by bombers of the Italian Aviazione Legionaria, the branch of the Italian Air Force fighting in the Spanish Civil War. The first raid came at 22:00 of 16 March by German Heinkel He 51s. After that, there were 17 air raids by the Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 and Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 bombers at three-hour intervals until 15:00 of 18 March. Barcelona had little anti-aircraft artillery and no fighter cover. Up to 1,300 people were killed and at least 2,000 wounded.
1938 bombing of Lleida | 27 March 1938  | Lleida | 400  | Nationalists  | The Nazi Condor Legion bombed the city to demoralize the local civilian population,[137] causing around 400 deaths.[138][139]
Bombing of Alicante | 25 May 1938  | Alicante | 275–393  | Nationalists  | Between seven and nine Italian SM.79 and SM.81 bombers of the Aviazione Legionaria bombed Alicante. The anti-aircraft artillery of the city was obsolete and the air-alarm system of the city did not work. The bombers dropped ninety bombs and many of them fell in the central market of the city. There were between 275 and 393 civilian deaths (100 men, 56 women, 10 children and more than 100 unidentified bodies), and 1000 wounded.
Bombing of Granollers | 31 May 1938  | Granollers, Catalonia | 100–224  | Nationalists  | The Italian Aviazione Legionaria bombed the town. There were between 100 and 224 civilian deaths.
Bombing of Águilas  | 3 August 1938  | Águilas (Region of Murcia)  | 11  | Nationalists  | Aerial bombing of a civilian hospital. All the victims were women and children.[140]
Bombing of La Barceloneta  | 16 September 1938  | La Barceloneta (Barcelona, Catalonia)  | 31  | Nationalists  | Aerial bombing of the neighborhood of La Barceloneta. All victims were civilians.[140]
Bombing of Alcoi  | 20–23 September 1938  | Alcoi (Valencian Community)  | 50  | Nationalists  | Aerial bombing of the city that lasted 3 days. The main objective of the bombing were the local factories, many of the victims were workers.[141]
Bombing of Sant Vicenç de Calders | 8 October 1938  | Sant Vicenç de Calders (Catalonia)  | 40–60  | Nationalists  | Aerial bombing of the railway station. It was carried out at the behest of Francisco Franco's nationalist government by the Aviazione Legionaria of its Fascist Italian allies.
Bombing of Dénia  | 18 October 1938  | Dénia (Valencian Community)  | 12  | Nationalists  | Aerial bombing of the city.[142]
Bombing of Cabra | 7 November 1938  | Cabra, Andalusia | 101–109  | Republicans  | Three Tupolev SB bombers of the FARE, bombed the town. One of the bombs (200 kilograms) fell on the town's market, killing dozens of civilians. The aircraft dropped six tons of bombs. Most of the bombs exploded in the market and in the working class districts. There were between 101 and 109 civilians dead and 200 wounded
Bombings of Figueres | 27 January – 7 February 1939  | Figueres, Catalonia | 291–400[143] | Nationalists  | The city was bombed 18 times in just 13 days. The bombings killed between 291 and 400 civilians and affected around 500 buildings, including schools, the local hospital and the local cemetery.[144] The attack did not have any military justification or aims.[145]
Bombing of La Garriga | 29 January 1939  | La Garriga, Catalonia | 13[146] | Nationalists  | La Garriga was a tiny town of 10,000 inhabitants (among them 7,000 refugees from Madrid and the Basque Country), without air defenses. On 28 January the retreating Lister's troops left the town and fled to the north and the following day ten Italian Savoia-Marchetti bombers, bombed the town. On 29 January, the Italian bombers, attacked the town again. There were 13 civilian deaths, among them five refugees and seven children.
Bombing of Xàtiva | 29 January 1939  | Xàtiva, Valencian Community | 129  | Nationalists  | Aerial bombing of the railway station. It was carried out at the behest of Francisco Franco's nationalist government by the Aviazione Legionaria of its Fascist Italian allies.
Bombing of Sant Hilari Sacalm | 31 January 1939  | Sant Hilari Sacalm, Catalonia | 12  | Nationalists  | Aerial bombing of the town. It was carried out at the behest of Francisco Franco's nationalist government by the Aviazione Legionaria of its Fascist Italian allies. 12 people were killed.[147]

## Francoism (1939–1975)

[edit]

Name  | Date  | Location  | Deaths  | Perpetrators  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

White Terror (Spain) (Killed after the War)  | 1939–1945  | across Spain | 58,000[148]–400,000[149][150] | Francoist regime |
Mass executions in El Camp de la Bota | 1939–1952[g] | Sant Adrià de Besós (near Barcelona)  | 1,717  | Guardia Civil, Spanish Army and Falangists | Various mass executions were held in the area, after the end of the Spanish Civil War.[151]
Mass executions in the Cemetery of La Almudena | 1939–1944  | Madrid | 2,933  | Guardia Civil, Spanish Army and Falangists | Various mass executions were held in the cemetery after the end of the Spanish Civil War.[152]
Mass executions in Paterna  | 1939–1956[h] | Paterna (Valencian Community)  | 2,238  | Guardia Civil, Spanish Army and Falangists | Various mass executions were held in the local cemetery after the end of the Spanish Civil War, there are 70 common graves with the remains of those shot.[153][154]
Mass executions in the cemetery of Zaragoza | 1939–1946  | Zaragoza | 447[155] | Guardia Civil, Spanish Army and Falangists | Various mass executions were held in the cemetery after the end of the Spanish Civil War. During the war another 3,096 people had already been killed there.[155][156]
Mass executions in Gijón  | 1939–1949  | Gijón | 408[157][i] | Guardia Civil, Spanish Army and Falangists | After the war 408 people were killed by the new regime in or around the city of Gijón. The bodies are buried in the common burials of Ceares/El Sucu. Another 1,526 republicans were killed (judicially or extrajudicially) during the war.[157]
Massacre of Alía | 16 August 1942  | Alía (Extremadura)  | 24  | Guardia Civil | Extrajudicial execution of a group of people suspected of collaborating with the anti-Francoist guerrilla by agents of the Civil Guard. The victims were 24 inhabitants of the towns of Alía and La Calera, who were killed in a field near the first town.[158][159]
Massacre of Monroyo | 11 November 1947  | Monroyo (Aragón)  | 6–8[160][161] | Guardia Civil | Extrajudicial execution of a group of people suspected of collaborating with the anti-Franco guerrilla by agents of the Civil Guard[162][163]
Massacre of Pozo Funeres | March and April 1948  | Pozu Funeres, Laviana (Asturias)  | 9[164]-18[165] | Guardia Civil and Falangists | Extrajudicial executions of people suspected of collaborating with the anti-Francoist guerrilla by Falangists and Guardia Civil agents. The victims were nine militants and relatives of left-wing militants, who were killed near a pit cave located in the Peñamayor range, known as the Pozu Funeres. The victims were then thrown into the cave.[166]
Massacre of Cortijo del Enjembraero | 1 February 1949  | Near the village of Helechal, Benquerencia de la Serena (Extremadura)  | 4  | Guardia Civil | Extrajudicial execution of 4 peasants suspected of collaborating with the anti-Francoist guerrilla by agents of the Guardia Civil.[167][168][169]
Madrid spree  | 19 and 21 July 1958  | Madrid  | 5  | José María Jarabo | José María Jarabo kills four adults and an unborn baby[170]
Construction Strike of Granada  | 21 July 1970  | Granada | 3  | Armed Police Corps | 3 construction workers were killed by the Armed Police.[171][172][173]
Ferrol incidents of 1972 | 10 March 1972  | Ferrol | 2  | Armed Police Corps | 2 workers (Amador Rey and Daniel Niebla, members of the clandestine union CCOO) were killed by the Armed Police. Another 16 were injured by bullets, 160 workers were fired, 101 arrested, 60 incarcerated and 54 fined with between 50,000 and 250,000 pesetas. 10 March is officially commemorated in Galicia as Day of the Galician Working Class.[174][175][176]
Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco | 20 December 1973  | Madrid  | 3  | ETA  |
Cafetería Rolando bombing | 13 September 1974  | Madrid | 13  | ETA political-military | The attack killed 13 people and wounded 71.

## Transition (1975–1982)

[edit]

Name  | Date  | Location  | Deaths  | Perpetrators  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Vitoria massacre | 3 March 1976  | Vitoria-Gasteiz | 5[177][178][179] | National Police Corps | More than 150 injured.[177][178][179] Another two people were killed in the protests against police violence after the incident, one in Tarragona and another in Basauri.[180]
Montejurra massacre | 9 May 1976  | Montejurra mountain, near Estella-Lizarra | 2  | Neofascists and the Spanish Secret Service | Two left-wing Carlist militants were killed and another three seriously wounded by right-wing gunmen at the annual Carlist Party celebration.
Assassination of Juan María de Araluce Villar | 4 October 1976  | San Sebastián | 5  | ETA | Three ETA members carrying pistols and submachine guns killed Araluce, the Government appointed President of the Provincial Deputation of Gipuzkoa and member of the Council of the Realm. Araluce's driver was killed in the attack together with three police guards.[181] Ten bystanders were also injured in the attack, which was ETA's deadliest of 1976.
1977 Massacre of Atocha | 24 January 1977  | Madrid | 5[182] | Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista | 4 injured[182]
Assassination of Augusto Unceta Barrenechea | 24 January 1977  | Gernika | 3  | ETA | Three ETA members carrying pistols and submachine guns killed Unceta, the Government appointed President of the Provincial Deputation of Biscay and Mayor of Guernica.[183] He was ambushed as he arrived to play his weekly sports game. His two bodyguards, Antonio Hernández Fernández-Segura and Ángel Rivera Navarrón[184] were also killed in the attack.
Scala case | 15 January 1978  | Barcelona | 4  | Joaquín Gambín Hernández El Grillo (Police confidant)  | 4 workers (all victims were, members of the CNT themselves) were killed in an incendiary attack after a legal demonstration of the CNT in the center of Barcelona. Originally, both the police and the media blamed the CNT and the anarchist movement, but in the trials (1980–1983) it was discovered that the culprit was a police confidant called Joaquín Gambín. The CNT has always maintained that the attack was a frame-up by the police to stop its growth during the Spanish transition, a position supported by various researchers.[185][186][187][188][189][190]
Getxo attack | 22 October 1978  | Getxo | 3  | ETA | Gun attack by the Basque separatist organisation ETA which occurred in Getxo, a suburb of Bilbao. 3 Civil Guards were killed.
California 47 Café Attack | 26 May 1979  | Madrid | 9[191] | GRAPO (denied by GRAPO)  | A bomb exploded in the Café California 47, in the center of Madrid. 9 people died and 61 were injured. Two First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups (GRAPO) members were condemned in 1981 for the attack, although that organization has always denied that they were the authors of the bombing, blaming it on far-right groups.[192]
July 1979 Madrid bombings | 29 July 1979  | Madrid | 7  | ETA political-military | Bomb attacks carried out by ETA political-military (ETA-pm). The attacks, consisting of coordinated bombings in Barajas Airport and the train stations of Atocha and Chamartín, killed 7 people and injured a further 100. The bombings occurred a day after two attacks in Bilbao and San Sebastián, with both attacks killing two people.
Alonsotegi bombing | 20 January 1980  | Alonsotegi (Bizkaia)  | 4  | Grupos Armados Españoles | Grupos Armados Españoles (GAE), an armed group operating in the Basque Country in the early years of the democratic transition, planted a bomb in a local bar which exploded that evening killing four civilians and wounding ten. The bar was targeted as it was thought to be a meeting point for Basque moderate nationalists in the area. No official inquiries have been made so far.
1980 Bilbao bombing | 23 July 1980  | Bilbao | 3  | Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista | A bomb exploded in the Ametzola neighborhood of Bilbao. In the explosion, two teenagers died at the scene and an employee of the municipal cleaning service, was fatally injured.
1980 Markina attack | 20 September 1980  | Markina-Xemein | 4  | ETA | Gun attack by the Basque separatist organisation ETA near the town of Markina (Spanish: Marquina). The targets were a group of off-duty civil guards who were having lunch in a bar. Four civil guards were killed.
Caso Almería | 10 May 1981  | Bilbao | 3  | Guardia Civil | Three young men were kidnapped, tortured and killed by civil guards who had confused them with members of ETA. Then, they shot them to pretend that they died in a supposed shooting. In 1984 a movie about the incident was released.
September 1982 Rentería attack | 14 September 1982  | Errenteria | 4  | ETA | Ambush by the Basque separatist organisation ETA near the town of Errenteria. The targets were several national police officers, four of whom were killed in the attack, with the fifth seriously injured..

## Contemporary Spain (1982–)

[edit]

Name  | Date  | Location  | Deaths  | Perpetrators  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Pasaia ambush | 22 March 1984  | Near Pasaia (Basque Country)  | 4  | National Police Corps | National Policeman ambushed five members of the Comandos Autonomos Anticapitalistas and killed 4 of them.[193][194]
El Descanso bombing | 12 April 1985  | Madrid | 18  | Islamic Jihad Organization | The explosion caused the three-story building to collapse, crashing down on about 200 diners and employees, killing 18 people and injuring 82 others, including fifteen Americans working at the nearby Torrejón Air Base who frequented the restaurant.
Plaza República Dominicana bombing | 14 July 1986  | Madrid | 11  | ETA | Bomb attack carried out by the armed Basque separatist group ETA, which killed 12 people and injured a further 32. The dead were all members of the Guardia Civil studying in the nearby traffic school on Príncipe de Vergara. The ETA members later convicted of participation in the attack included significant figures in the group such as Antonio Troitiño and Iñaki de Juana Chaos.
1987 Hipercor bombing | 19 June 1987  | Barcelona | 21  | ETA | Car bomb attack by the Basque separatist organisation ETA which occurred at the Hipercor shopping centre on Avinguda Meridiana. The bombing killed 21 people and injured 45, the deadliest attack in ETA's history. Controversy surrounded the timing of telephone warnings made before the attack and the authorities' response to them.
Zaragoza Barracks bombing | 11 December 1987  | Zaragoza | 11  | ETA | Car bomb attack by the Basque separatist organisation ETA. A vehicle containing 250 kilograms of ammonal was parked beside the main Guardia Civil barracks; its subsequent explosion caused the deaths of 11 people, including 5 children. A total of 88 people were injured, the majority of them civilians.
Puerto Hurraco massacre | 26 August 1990  | Puerto Hurraco, Benquerencia de la Serena | 9  | Brothers Antonio and Emilio Izquierdo  | Brothers Antonio and Emilio Izquierdo fired at people in the streets with two shotguns, killing nine and wounding at least six others.
Sabadell bombing | 8 December 1990  | Sabadell | 6  | ETA | Car bombing carried out by the armed Basque separatist group ETA. The target was a convoy carrying eight members of the National Police force on the way to police a football game between Sabadell and Málaga CF. Six of the police officers were killed, with the other two injured. Several civilians were also injured in the attack.
1991 Vic bombing | 29 May 1991  | Vic | 10  | ETA | A car bomb, carrying more than 200 kg of explosive, exploded outside a Civil Guard barracks. The bombing killed 10 people, including five children, and injured 44 people.
Mutxamel bombing | 16 September 1991  | Mutxamel | 3  | ETA | Attempted car bombing by ETA. However the bomb initially failed to explode near its target. The police treated the car as an abandoned vehicle, not realising that it contained a bomb and while being towed away, the car bomb exploded, killing two police officers and the civilian towing the car away.
1992 Madrid bombing | 6 February 1992  | Madrid | 6  | ETA | Car bomb attack carried out by the armed Basque separatist group ETA which killed 5 people and injured a further 7. The target was a military vehicle transporting members of the army. The dead included three captains, a soldier driving the vehicle and a civilian working for the armed forces.
1993 Madrid bombings | 21 June 1993  | Madrid | 7  | ETA | Car bomb attacks carried out by the armed Basque separatist group ETA, which killed 7 people and injured a further 29. The target was an army vehicle transporting members of the army. The dead included four Lieutenant colonels, a Commander, a Sergeant and the civilian driver of the vehicle.
Puente de Vallecas bombing | 11 December 1995  | Madrid | 6  | ETA | Car bomb attack carried out by the armed Basque separatist group ETA in the Puente de Vallecas district of Madrid, which killed 6 people and injured a further 19. The target was a camouflaged army vehicle which was transporting nine civilian employees of the army towards the nearby motorway.
October 2000 Madrid bombing | 30 October 2000  | Madrid | 3  | ETA | ETA detonated a large car bomb on Arturo Soria avenue in Madrid. The blast killed three people; a Spanish Supreme Court judge, Francisco Querol Lombardero, his driver, and his bodyguard. One of the injured, a bus driver, died from his injuries days later.
2004 Madrid train bombings | 11 March 2004  | Madrid  | 193  | Al-Qaeda | 2,050 injured
Olot massacre | 14 December 2010  | Olot (Gerona)  | 4[195] | Pere Puig Puntí  | Mass murder incident.
Barcelona school killing | 20 April 2015  | Barcelona | 1  | A 13 years old student  | 5 injured
Pioz murders | 17 August 2016  | Pioz, Castilla–La Mancha | 4  | Patrick Nogueira |
2017 Barcelona attacks | 17 August 2017  | Barcelona | 16  | Jihadists  | 16 victims and 8 terrorists dead. 152 injured

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[edit]

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72. ^ Alonso, A. P. (1986). Informe sobre los mártires benedictinos del Pueyo, en Barbastro, sacrificados en 1936.
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74. ^ Irujo, Xabier. Gernika, 1937: The Market Day Massacre. University of Nevada Press, 2015.
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78. ^ Helen Graham. (2016). Interrogating Francoism. History and Dictatorship in Twentieth-Century Spain. Bloomsbury Academic. P. 124
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154. ^ Paterna rememora el horror. El País, 21 August 2018.
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162. ^ Sancho, Maribel (10 November 2017). "70 años después de los fusilamientos del Mas de la Serra en Monroyo". Diario de Teruel (in European Spanish). Retrieved 24 March 2024.
163. ^ "La Masacre de Monroyo. En 1947, la guardia civil franquista asesinó extrajudicialmente a 8 republicanos, acusados de ayudar a la guerrilla antifranquista". www.lavozdelarepublica.es (in European Spanish). Retrieved 24 March 2024.
164. ^ García Piñeiro, R. (2015). Pozo Funeres, la revisión de un mito[usurped]. Atlántica XXII (Oviedo: Letras Atlánticas) (39): 40-42.
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1. ^ The Foros were abusive contracts between the peasants and the landowners in Galicia until their total abolition in 1926. Foros were long-term or often perpetual, so that a person or institution ceded the use or/and benefit of a thing (almost always a land), in exchange for the fulfillment of various conditions previously laid down. This conditions were normally a part of the agrarian production or a part of the monetarian of the production. Sometimes the peasants had to pay up to the 50% of its production. It was a mode of semifeudal exploitation of the land, with the owners usually being fidalgos (low nobility), priests or rich peasants.
2. ^ 17 civilians a 1 Civil Guard.
3. ^ Up to 72,344 depending on the source.[59]
4. ^ 58,000-400,000 depending on the source.
5. ^ Victims were also Republicans.
6. ^ The exact number has historically been controversial. More details in Casualties of the bombing of Guernica.
7. ^ The vast majority of the mass killings happened in the first years
8. ^ The vast majority of the mass killings happened in the first years
9. ^ Counting those killed between April 1939 and 1949.

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