List of megathrust earthquakes

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2021)

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Comparison of recent and historic earthquakes by energy release.

Megathrust earthquakes are large seismic events that take place along convergent plate boundaries, particularly at subduction zones. Examples of subduction zones include the Sumatra and Java trenches, Nankai Trough and Peru–Chile Trench which are frequent sources of these earthquakes.

## List

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The inclusion criteria in this list is any notable subduction earthquake of at least magnitude 8.0.

### Pre-11th century

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Date  | Time‡  | Location  | Fatalities | Mag. | Effects/notes  | More information

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60 BC  |  |  Cabo de São Vicente, Portugal | Unknown  | 8.5  | Possible tsunami. Considered the oldest record of an earthquake in the Portuguese earthquake catalogs.[1] |
21 July 365 AD  |  |  Crete, Greece | Thousands  | 8.5  | Devastation in Cyrene & Alexandria by a tsunami. Uplift of up to 9 metres in Crete. Maximum intensity XI (Extreme).  | 365 Crete earthquake
26 November 684 AD  |  |  Nankai Trough, Japan | Unknown  | 8.4  |  | 684 Hakuhō earthquake
13 July 869 AD  |  |  Sanriku, Japan | 1,000  | 9.0  | Major tsunami. Several hundred villages destroyed.  | 869 Jōgan earthquake
26 August 887 AD  |  |  Nankaido, Japan | Unknown  | 8.6  | Major tsunami recorded in Osaka Bay. Landslides reported.  | Tōkai earthquakes
11 December 1096 AD  |  |  Nankaido, Japan | Unknown  | 8.4  | Destructive earthquake and tsunami, damaging many homes and shrines.
22 February 1099 AD  |  |  Nankai Trough, Japan | Unknown  | 8.4  |  | Nankai earthquakes

### 11th–18th century

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Date  | Time‡  | Location  | Fatalities | Mag. | Effects/notes  | More information

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8 August 1303  | "dawn"  |  Crete, Greece | 4,000  | 8.0  | Maximum intensity IX (Violent). Tsunami damage in Alexandria, Egypt and along the Syrian coast. Many buildings damaged in Cairo due to the earthquake.  | 1303 Crete earthquake
3 August 1361  |  |  Tokai region, Japan | Unknown  | 8.5  |  | 1361 Shōhei earthquake
31 August 1420  | 02:00 (local time) |  Caldera, Chile | Unknown  | 9.4  |  | 1420 Caldera earthquake
20 September 1498  | 08:00 (local time) |  Nankaido, Japan | 41,000  | 8.6  | Major tsunami.  | 1498 Nankai earthquake
6 June 1505  |  |  Nepal
India | Thousands  | 8.8[2] | At least 30% of the Nepalese population perished. Extreme damage in Nepal and northern India.  | 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake
16 December 1575  | 14:30 (local time) |  Valdivia, Chile | 1,500  | 9.0  | Maximum intensity X (Extreme).  | 1575 Valdivia earthquake
22 January 1582  | 16:30 (local time) |  Arequipa, Peru | "many"  | 8.4  | Maximum intensity X (Extreme). Many buildings collapsed or were severely damaged.  |
17 March 1584  |  |  Lima, Peru | Unknown  | 8.4  | Maximum intensity VII (Very strong). Severe damage in Lima.  |
11 June 1585  |  |  Aleutian subduction zone, Alaska | Unknown  | 9.2  | Tsunami killed natives in the Hawaiian Islands and reported in Japan.  | 1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake
9 July 1586  |  |  Lima, Peru | 22  | 8.5  | Maximum intensity X (Extreme). 1,000 km by 120 km area of Peruvian coastline severely affected. A significant local tsunami was reported in Lima. The tsunami was confused with that of the Aleutian Islands event in tsunami catalogs.  | 1586 Lima-Callao earthquake
28 February 1600  | 20:00 (local time) |  Omate, Peru | Unknown  | 8.1  |  |
24 November 1604  | 13:30 (local time) |  Arica, Peru | 100  | 9.0  |  | 1604 Arica earthquake
20 October 1609  | 01:00 (local time) |  Peru | Unknown  | 8.6  |  |
2 December 1611  | 10:30 (local time) |  Sanriku Coast, Japan | 5,000  | 8.1  |  | 1611 Sanriku earthquake
14 February 1619  | 16:30 (local time) |  Trujillo, Peru | 350  | 8.6  |  |
1 August 1629  | Nighttime  |  Banda Sea, Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) | 5  | 8.8  | Major tsunami.  | 1629 Banda Sea earthquake
13 May 1647  | 22:30 (local time) | Santiago, Chile | 1,000  | 8.5  |  | 1647 Santiago earthquake
15 March 1657  | 20:00 (local time) |  Concepción, Chile | 40  | 8.3  | Destructive tsunami. Concepción totally destroyed.  | 1657 Concepción earthquake
20 October 1687  | 10:30 (local time) |  Lima, Peru | 5,000  | 8.7  | 8-meter tsunami in Peru. Tsunami reported in Japan.  | 1687 Peru earthquake
16 April 1690  |  |  Leeward Islands | Unknown  | 8.0  | Maximum intensity IX.  |
26 January 1700  | 21:00 (local time) |  Cascadia subduction zone, United States and Canada | Unknown  | 9.2  | Tsunami in Japan and the Pacific Northwest.  | 1700 Cascadia earthquake
31 December 1703  | 02:00 (local time) |  Boso Peninsula, Japan | 10,000  | 8.2  | Maximum intensity IX.  | 1703 Genroku earthquake
28 October 1707  | 14:00 (local time) |  Japan | 5,000  | 8.7  | Tsunami  | 1707 Hōei earthquake
4 May 1714  | Night  |  Main Himalayan Thrust, Bhutan | Many  | 8.1  | [3] | 1714 Bhutan earthquake
8 July 1730  | 04:45 (local time) |  Valparaíso, Chile | Unknown  | 9.3  | 16-meter-high tsunami.  | 1730 Valparaíso earthquake
17 October 1737  | 03:00 (local time) |  Kamchatka, Russian Empire | Many  | 9.3  |  | 1737 Kamchatka earthquake
28 October 1746  | 22:30 (local time) |  Lima, Peru | 5,941  | 8.8  |  | 1746 Lima-Callao earthquake
25 May 1751  | 01:00 (local time) |  Concepción, Chile | 65  | 8.5  |  | 1751 Concepción earthquake
1 November 1755  | 09:40 (local time) |  Lisbon, Portugal | 50,000  | 9.0  | Tsunami.  | 1755 Lisbon earthquake
31 March 1761  | 12:01 (local time) | Unknown  | 8.5  | Tsunami.  | 1761 Lisbon earthquake
28 March 1787  | 11:30 (local time) |  Oaxaca, New Spain (now Mexico) | Unknown  | 8.6  | Tsunami.  | 1787 New Spain earthquake
July and August 1788  |  |  Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, Russia (now United States) | Unknown  | 8.0  | Intensity VII. Major tsunami, 10 to 30 meters high. Many native Russians killed. The second earthquake triggered a 91-meter tsunami. Thought to be one earthquake rather than two.[4] |
22 August 1792  |  |  Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia | Unknown  | 8.2  | [5] |
10 February 1797  | 22:00 (local time) |  Sumatra, Indonesia | Numerous  | 8.8  | [6] | 1797 Sumatra earthquake

### 19th century

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Date  | Time‡  | Location  | Fatalities | Mag. | Effects/notes  | More information

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11 April 1819  | 15:00 (local time) |  Copiapó, Chile | Unknown  | 8.5  | Ms [7] Copiapó totally destroyed by the earthquake. Caldera suffered massive damage. Minor tsunami.  | 1819 Copiapó earthquake
19 November 1822  |  |  Valparaíso Region, Chile | 300  | 8.5  | Ms [7] | 1822 Valparaíso earthquake
25 November 1833  | 22:00 (local time) |  Sumatra, Indonesia | Unknown  | 9.2  | Destructive tsunami.  | 1833 Sumatra earthquake
20 February 1835  | 11:30 (local time) |  Concepción, Chile | 50  | 8.5  | Ms [7] Large tsunami.  | 1835 Concepción earthquake
7 November 1837  |  |  Valdivia, Chile | 12  | 9.5  | Ms [7] | 1837 Valdivia earthquake
11 January 1839  | 06:00 (local time) |  Martinique, Lesser Antilles | 4,000  | 8.0  |  | 1839 Martinique earthquake
17 May 1841  | 08:00 (local time) |  Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia | Unknown  | 9.0  | 6-meter tsunami.  | 1841 Kamchatka earthquake
8 February 1843  | 10:37 (local time) |  Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles | 5,000  | 8.5  |  | 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake
7 April 1845  |  |  Oaxaca and Guerrero, Mexico
| Unknown  | 8.0  | Felt strongly in Mexico City, resulting in significant damage.[8] |
25 November 1852  | 22:40 (local time) |  Banda Islands, Banda Sea, Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) | 60  | 8.8  | Tsunami up to 8 meters tall. Felt IX in Banda Neira.  |
23 December 1854  | 09:00 (local time) |  Nankai Trough, Japan | 5,000  | 8.4  | Major damage caused by tsunami inundation.  | 1854 Tōkai earthquake

* * *

1854 Nankai earthquake
24 December 1854  | 16:00 (local time) | 8.4
16 February 1861  |  |  Sumatra, Indonesia | Thousands  | 8.5  |  | 1861 Sumatra earthquake
17 November 1865  |  |  Pacific Ocean, Tonga | 0  | 8.0  | Felt in ships as well. Two-meter tsunami caused limited damage.[9] |
13 August 1868  | 16:45 (local time) |  Arica, Peru (now part of Chile) | 25,000  | 9.3  |  | 1868 Arica earthquake
1873  |  |  Papua New Guinea | "Some"  | 8.0  | Felt IX. Some damage to villages and people killed. Minor tsunami.  |
28 March 1875  |  |  Pacific Ocean, New Caledonia | 25  | 8.2[10] | Four-meter tsunami caused at least 25 deaths.  |
9 May 1877  | 21:16 (local time) |  Iquique, Peru (now part of Chile) | 2,385  | 8.9  | Fiji accounts for most of the deaths attributed to the tsunami.  | 1877 Iquique earthquake
7 September 1882  | 03:50 (local time) |  San Blas Islands, Panama | 250  | 8.3  | Destructive tsunami  | 1882 Panama earthquake
6 September 1889  | 12:00 (local time) |  Celebes Sea, Indonesia |  | 8.0  | Damaging tsunami up to 4 meters in height.  |
15 June 1896  | 19:32 (local time) |  Sanriku, Japan | 22,066  | 8.5  | Weakly felt earthquake but a major tsunami up to 38 meters in height.  | 1896 Sanriku earthquake
10 September 1899  | 12:22 (local time) |  Yakutat Bay, Alaska | 0  | 8.6  | Large coastal uplift and tsunami.  | 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes

### 20th century

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Date  | Time‡  | Location  | Fatalities | Mag. | Effects/notes  | More information

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22 September 1902  | 01:46  |  Guam, United States  | 0  | 8.1  | Felt IX. No tsunami.  |
31 January 1906  | 15:36  |  Ecuador
Colombia | 500–1,000  | 8.8  | [11] | 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
17 August 1906  | 00:40  |  Valparaíso, Chile | 4,000  | 8.2  | [12] | 1906 Valparaíso earthquake
4 January 1907  | 12:20 (local time) |  Nias Island, Indonesia | 2,188  | 8.2  | [13] Destructive tsunami, up to 15 meters high, killing most of the inhabitants.  | 1907 Sumatra earthquake
26 June 1917  | 05:49 (local time) |  Pacific Ocean, Samoa | 2  | 8.0  | Mw [14] 12.2-meter tsunami.  | 1917 Samoa earthquake
15 August 1918  | 20:18 (local time) |  Mindanao, Philippines | 52  | 8.3  | Mw [15] | 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake
10 November 1922  | 23:53 (local time) |  Atacama Region, Chile | ~500  | 8.5  | Mw [16][17] | 1922 Vallenar earthquake
3 February 1923  | 04:01 (local time) |  Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia | 3  | 8.4  | Ms [18] Felt XI. Tsunami.  | February 1923 Kamchatka earthquake
14 April 1923  | 02:31 (local time) |  Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia | 36  | 8.2  | Mw [19] Felt X. Tsunami up to 30 meters.  | April 1923 Kamchatka earthquake
1 September 1923  | 11:58 (local time) |  Kantō Plain, Japan | 148,000  | 7.9  | Mw [20] Felt XI. A conflagration and firenado killed tens of thousands in the Kantō Plain. Tsunami up to 12 meters caused extensive damage. One of the deadliest earthquakes in human history.  | 1923 Great Kantō earthquake
14 April 1924  | 16:20  |  Mindanao, Philippines | 0  | 8.0  | Mw [21] |
3 June 1932  | 04:36  |  Jalisco, Mexico | 400+  | 8.1  | Mw [22] Multiple mainshocks.  | 1932 Jalisco earthquakes
15 January 1934  | 08:43  |  Himalayas, Nepal and India | 12,000  | 8.0  | Mw [23] Major damage in both countries. Widespread liquefaction.  | 1934 Nepal-India earthquake
24 May 1940  | 11:35  |  Lima, Peru | 300  | 8.2  | Mw [24] Majority of the deaths were from Callao and Lima.  | 1940 Lima earthquake
13 May 1942  | 21:13 (local time) |  Manabí Province, Ecuador | 200+  | 8.3  | Ms [25] | 1942 Ecuador earthquake
24 August 1942  | 17:40 (local time) |  Lima, Peru | 30  | 8.1  | Mw [26] | 1942 Peru earthquake
6 April 1943  | 12:07 (local time) |  Coquimbo Region, Chile | 11  | 8.1  | Mw [27] | 1943 Ovalle earthquake
7 December 1944  | 13:35 (local time) |  Tōkai region, Japan | 3,538  | 8.1  | Mw [28] | 1944 Tōnankai earthquake
28 November 1945  | 01:26 (local time) |  Balochistan, British India (present–day Pakistan) | 4,000  | 8.0  | Mw [29] Tsunami.  | 1945 Balochistan earthquake
1 April 1946  | 03:29 (local time) |  Aleutian Islands, Alaska | 173  | 8.6  | Mw [30] Majority of the deaths was the result of the tsunami hitting Hawaii. One tsunami fatality in California.  | 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake
21 December 1946  | 04:19 (local time) |  Nankaidō, Japan | 1,362+  | 8.3  | Mw [31] | 1946 Nankai earthquake
4 March 1952  | 10:22 (local time) |  Hokkaido, Japan | 33  | 8.1  | Mw [32] | 1952 Tokachi earthquake
5 November 1952  | 03:58 (local time) |  Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia | 2,500  | 9.0  | Mw [33] 5th largest in recorded history.  | 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake
9 March 1957  | 04:22 (local time) |  Andreanof Islands, Alaska | 0  | 8.6  | Mw [34] | 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake
21 March 1960  | 02:07 (local time) |  Miyako, Japan | 0  | 8.0  | Mw [35] |
21 May 1960  | 06:02 (local time) |  Concepción, Chile | 125  | 8.1–8.3  | Mw [36] Foreshock to the next earthquake on 22 May.  | 1960 Concepción earthquakes
22 May 1960  | 15:11 (local time) |  Valdivia, Chile | 6,000  | 9.5  | Mw [37] The largest earthquake in recorded history.  | 1960 Valdivia earthquake
13 October 1963  | 15:17 (local time) |  Kuril Islands, USSR (present-day Russia) | 0  | 8.5  | Mw [38] One of the largest earthquake in recorded history.  | 1963 Kuril Islands earthquake
27 March 1964  | 17:36 (local time) |  Prince William Sound, Alaska | 131  | 9.2  | Mw [39] The second largest earthquake in recorded history.  | 1964 Alaska earthquake
3 February 1965  | 19:01 (local time) |  Rat Islands, Alaska | 0  | 8.7  | Mw [40] One of the largest earthquake in recorded history.  | 1965 Rat Islands earthquake
17 October 1966  | 16:42 (local time) |  Huacho, Peru | 100  | 8.1  | Mw [41] | 1966 Peru earthquake
16 May 1968  | 09:49 (local time) |  Hokkaido, Japan | 52  | 8.2  | Mw [42] | 1968 Tokachi earthquake
12 August 1969  | 08:27 (local time) |  Kuril Islands, USSR | 0  | 8.2  | Mw [43] |
3 October 1974  | 09:21 (local time) |  Lima, Peru | 78  | 8.1  | Mw [14] | 1974 Lima earthquake
14 January 1976  | 16:47  |  Kermadec Islands, New Zealand | 0  | 8.0  | Ms [44] |
16 August 1976  | 00:11 (local time) |  Mindanao, Philippines | 5,000–7,000  | 8.0  | Mw [14] | 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake
12 December 1977  | 02:59 (local time) |  Ecuador
Colombia | 300–600  | 8.2  | Mw [45] | 1979 Tumaco earthquake
3 March 1985  | 19:47 (local time) |  Valparaíso Region, Chile | 177  | 8.0  | Mw [46] | 1985 Algarrobo earthquake
19 September 1985  | 07:17 (local time) |  Michoacan, Mexico | 9,500–45,000  | 8.0  | Mw [47] | 1985 Mexico City earthquake
30 July 1995  | 14:59 (local time) |  Antofagasta, Chile | 2  | 8.0  | Mw [48] | 1995 Antofagasta earthquake
9 October 1995  | 10:35 (local time) |  Jalisco, Mexico | 49–58  | 8.0  | Mw [49] | 1995 Colima-Jalisco earthquake
17 February 1996  | 14:59 (local time) |  Irian Jaya, Indonesia | 166  | 8.1  | Mw [50] | 1996 Biak earthquake

### 21st century

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Date  | Time‡  | Location  | Fatalities | Mag. | Effects/notes  | More information

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23 June 2001  | 15:33 (local time) |  Department of Arequipa, Peru | 145  | 8.4  | Mw [51] | 2001 southern Peru earthquake
26 September 2003  | 04:50 (local time) |  Hokkaido, Japan | 0  | 8.3  | Mw [52] Two missing, more than 840 injured.  | 2003 Tokachi earthquake
26 December 2004  | 07:58 (local time) |  Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia | 227,898  | 9.2  | Mw [53] Indian Ocean basin-wide by teletsunami.  | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
28 March 2005  | 23:09 (local time) |  Nias and Simeulue, North Sumatra, Indonesia | 1,314  | 8.6  | Mw [54] | 2005 Nias-Simeulue earthquake
15 November 2006  | 20:14 (local time) |  Kuril Islands, Russia | 0  | 8.3  | Mw [55] | 2006 Kuril Islands earthquake
2 April 2007  | 07:39 (local time) |  Solomon Islands | 112  | 8.1  | Mw [56] Including 60 missing.  | 2007 Solomon Islands earthquake
15 August 2007  | 18:40 (local time) |  Department of Ica, Peru | 595  | 8.0  | Mw [57] | 2007 Peru earthquake
12 September 2007  | 18:10 (local time) |  Bengkulu, Indonesia | 25  | 8.5  | Mw [58] | 2007 Bengkulu earthquakes
29 September 2009  | 06:48 (local time) |  near Samoa and American Samoa, Pacific Ocean | 189  | 8.1  | Mw [59] Doublet earthquake rupturing an outer rise normal fault and the megathrust.[60] | 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami
27 February 2010  | 03:34 (local time) |  Maule Region, Chile | 550  | 8.8  | Mw [61] Including 25 missing.  | 2010 Chile earthquake
11 March 2011  | 14:46 (local time) |  Tohoku region, Japan | 22,312  | 9.1  | Mw [62] Including 2,553 missing. One death each in Papua, Indonesia and California by tsunami.  | 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
6 February 2013  | 12:12 (local time) |  Temotu Province, Solomon Islands | 16  | 8.0  | Mw [63] Including 6 missing.  | 2013 Solomon Islands earthquake
1 April 2014  | 20:46 (local time) |  Iquique, Chile | 11  | 8.2  | Mw [64] | 2014 Iquique earthquake
16 September 2015  | 19:54 (local time) |  Coquimbo Region, Chile | 22  | 8.4  | Mw [65] Including 6 missing in Chile.  | 2015 Illapel earthquake
5 March 2021  | 08:28 (local time) |  Kermadec Islands, New Zealand | 0  | 8.1  | Mw [66] Was preceded by an Mw 7.4 foreshock and unrelated Mw 7.3 event a few hours earlier.  | 2021 Kermadec Islands earthquakes
28 July 2021  | 22:15 (local time) |  Alaska, United States  | 0  | 8.2  | Mw [67] Was preceded by two foreshocks in 2020—Mw 7.8 and 7.6.  | 2021 Chignik earthquake
12 August 2021  | 16:35 (local time) |  South Sandwich Islands | 0  | 8.1  | Mw [68] Complex earthquake with multiple subevents, including one that was characterized as a tsunami earthquake. Earthquake released seismic energy in the form of low-frequency seismic waves with a period of 500 seconds.[69] | 2021 South Sandwich Islands earthquakes

## See also

[edit]

* Lists of earthquakes
* Megathrust earthquake

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
2. ^ Metcalfe, John (14 June 2016). "Study: Nepal Could Be Due for Another Major Earthquake". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 12 Dec 2020.
3. ^ György Hetényi, Romain Le Roux-Mallouf Théo Berthet Rodolphe Cattin Carlo Cauzzi Karma Phuntsho Remo Grolimund (2016). "Joint approach combining damage and paleoseismology observations constrains the 1714 A.D. Bhutan earthquake at magnitude 8 ± 0.5". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (20): 10, 695–10, 702. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..4310695H. doi:10.1002/2016GL071033. hdl:20.500.11850/123025.695-10,+702&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info:hdl/20.500.11850/123025&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002/2016GL071033&rft_id=info:bibcode/2016GeoRL..4310695H&rft.au=György+Hetényi,+Romain+Le+Roux-Mallouf+Théo+Berthet+Rodolphe+Cattin+Carlo+Cauzzi+Karma+Phuntsho+Remo+Grolimund&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016GL071033&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+megathrust+earthquakes" class="Z3988">
4. ^ Holly F. Ryan; Roland E. von Huene; Ray E. Wells; David W. Scholl; Stephen Kirby; Amy E. Draut (2012). "A". In Julie A. Dumoulin; C. Dusel-Bacon (eds.). History of earthquakes and tsunamis along the eastern Aleutian-Alaska megathrust, with implications for tsunami hazards in the California Continental Borderland. Professional Paper. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey. pp. i-31. doi:10.3133/pp1795A.
5. ^ Tatiana K. Pinegina; Lilya I. Bazanova; Egor A. Zelenin; Joanne Bourgeois; Andrey I. Kozhurin; Igor P. Medvedev; Danil S. Vydrin (2018). "Holocene Tsunamis in Avachinsky Bay, Kamchatka, Russia". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 175 (4): 1485–1506\. Bibcode:2018PApGe.175.1485P. doi:10.1007/s00024-018-1830-0. S2CID 135393333.1485-1506&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135393333#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s00024-018-1830-0&rft_id=info:bibcode/2018PApGe.175.1485P&rft.au=Tatiana+K.+Pinegina&rft.au=Lilya+I.+Bazanova&rft.au=Egor+A.+Zelenin&rft.au=Joanne+Bourgeois&rft.au=Andrey+I.+Kozhurin&rft.au=Igor+P.+Medvedev&rft.au=Danil+S.+Vydrin&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+megathrust+earthquakes" class="Z3988">
6. ^ Kerry Sieh (2006). "Sumatran Megathrust Earthquakes – From Science to Saving Lives". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 364 (1845): 1947–1963\. Bibcode:2006RSPTA.364.1947S. doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1807. hdl:10356/95539. PMID 16844643. S2CID 8562675.1947-1963&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info:hdl/10356/95539&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8562675#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:bibcode/2006RSPTA.364.1947S&rft_id=info:pmid/16844643&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098/rsta.2006.1807&rft.au=Kerry+Sieh&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+megathrust+earthquakes" class="Z3988">
7. ^ a b c d Jin Junfang; Yin Shuyan; Yan Junping (2014). "Symmetry and tendency judgment of Ms ≥ 8.0 strong earthquakes in Chile". Geodesy and Geodynamics. 5 (1): 34–40\. Bibcode:2014G&G.....5...34J. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1246.2014.01034.34-40&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info:doi/10.3724/SP.J.1246.2014.01034&rft_id=info:bibcode/2014G&G.....5...34J;&rft.au=Jin+Junfang&rft.au=Yin+Shuyan&rft.au=Yan+Junping&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.3724%2FSP.J.1246.2014.01034&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+megathrust+earthquakes" class="Z3988">
8. ^ América Molina del Villar (2004). "19th century earthquakes in Mexico: three cases, three comparative studies". Annals of Geophysics. 47 (2–3). doi:10.4401/ag-3316.2–3&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info:doi/10.4401/ag-3316&rft.au=América+Molina+del+Villar&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.4401%2Fag-3316&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+megathrust+earthquakes" class="Z3988">
9. ^ Emile A. Okal; Jos´e Borrero; Costas E. Synolakis (2004). "The earthquake and tsunami of 1865 November 17: evidence for far-field tsunami hazard from Tonga". Geophysical Journal International. 157 (1): 164–174\. Bibcode:2004GeoJI.157..164O. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02177.x.164-174&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02177.x&rft_id=info:bibcode/2004GeoJI.157..164O&rft.au=Emile+A.+Okal&rft.au=Jos´e+Borrero&rft.au=Costas+E.+Synolakis&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2004.02177.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+megathrust+earthquakes" class="Z3988">
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21. ^ "M 8.0 – 5 km WNW of La Union, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
22. ^ "M 8.1 – 0 km NW of Jiquilpan, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
23. ^ "M 8.0 – 15 km NW of Triyuga, Nepal". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
24. ^ "M 8.2 – 12 km ESE of Huaura, Peru". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
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28. ^ "M 8.1 – 21 km ESE of Shing?, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
29. ^ "M 8.1 – 39 km SSE of Pasni, Pakistan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
30. ^ "M 8.6 – 1946 Aleutian Islands (Unimak Island) Earthquake, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
31. ^ "M 8.3 – 1946 Nankai Earthquake, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
32. ^ "M 8.1 – 106 km SSW of Kushiro, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
33. ^ "M 9.0 – 89 km ESE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
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37. ^ "M 9.5 – 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake (Valdivia Earthquake)". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
38. ^ "M 8.5 – 132 km ESE of Kuril'sk, Russia". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
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42. ^ "M 8.2 – 168 km ENE of Hachinohe, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
43. ^ "M 8.2 – 100 km ESE of Shikotan, Russia". United States Geological Survey. August 11, 1969. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
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47. ^ "M 8.0 – 26 km NW of El Habillal, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
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51. ^ "M 8.4 – 6 km SSW of Atico, Peru". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
52. ^ "M 8.2 – 134 km SSW of Kushiro, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
53. ^ "M 9.1 – 2004 Sumatra – Andaman Islands Earthquake". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
54. ^ "M 8.6 – 78 km WSW of Singkil, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
55. ^ "M 8.3 – Kuril Islands". United States Geological Survey.
56. ^ "M 8.1 – 45 km SSE of Gizo, Solomon Islands". United States Geological Survey.
57. ^ "M 8.0 – 41 km SW of San Vicente de Cañete, Peru". United States Geological Survey.
58. ^ "M 8.4 – 122 km SW of Bengkulu, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey.
59. ^ "M 8.1 – 168 km SSW of Matavai, Samoa". United States Geological Survey.
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61. ^ "M 8.8 – 36 km WNW of Quirihue, Chile". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
62. ^ "M 9.1 – 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
63. ^ "M 8.0 – 75 km W of Lata, Solomon Islands". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
64. ^ "M 8.2 – 93 km NW of Iquique, Chile". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
65. ^ "M 8.3 – 48 km W of Illapel, Chile". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
66. ^ "M 8.1 – Kermadec Islands, New Zealand". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
67. ^ "M 8.2 – 91 km ESE of Perryville, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
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