List of missions to the Moon

This article is about missions to the Moon. For a list of each individual lunar probe, see List of lunar probes.

"Moon rocket" redirects here; not to be confused with Rocket to the Moon.

The Luna programme was the first successful lunar programme, its Luna 1 (1959) being the first partially successful lunar mission The first image taken of the far side of the Moon, returned by Luna 3 (1959)

Missions to the Moon have been numerous and represent some of the earliest endeavours in space missions, with continuous exploration of the Moon beginning in 1959.

The first partially successful lunar mission was Luna 1 in January 1959, which became the first probe to escape Earth's gravity and perform a flyby of another astronomical body, passing near the Moon. Soon after, the first Moon landing—and the first landing on any extraterrestrial body—was carried out by Luna 2,[1] which intentionally impacted the Moon on 14 September 1959. The far side of the Moon, permanently hidden from Earth due to tidal locking, was imaged for the first time by Luna 3 on 7 October 1959, revealing terrain never before seen.

Significant advances continued throughout the 1960s. In 1966, Luna 9 achieved the first controlled soft landing on the lunar surface,[2] followed later that year by Luna 10, the first spacecraft to enter orbit around the Moon. In 1968, the Zond 5 mission became the first to carry terrestrial lifeforms—specifically tortoises—on a circumlunar approach that brought them close to the Moon and returned them safely to Earth, demonstrating biological viability in deep space.[3]

The first crewed missions to the Moon were undertaken by the Soviet Union and the United States, forming the pinnacle of the Space Race. While the Soviet programme pivoted toward robotic sample return missions, the American Apollo program advanced through a sequence of increasingly complex missions. In December 1968, Apollo 8 became the first crewed spacecraft to orbit the Moon. On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11 accomplished the first crewed landing on the lunar surface, during which Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon. Concurrently, the Soviet Luna 15 robotic mission was also orbiting the Moon, marking the first known instance of simultaneous extraterrestrial operations by different nations.

Between 1969 and 1972, the United States carried out six successful Apollo landings, while the Soviet Union continued deploying uncrewed probes, including the Lunokhod programme—the first extraterrestrial rovers—and sample return missions through 1976. Following this period, there was a gap in dedicated lunar missions lasting until 1990. Since then, renewed interest in lunar exploration has seen additional missions conducted by a broader range of spacefaring entities. In chronological order following the Soviet Union and the United States, the Moon has been visited by Japan, the European Space Agency, China, India, Luxembourg, Israel, Italy, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates, Russia, and Pakistan.

In 2018, the far side of the Moon was targeted for the first time by a landing mission. On 3 January 2019, China’s Chang'e 4 mission successfully landed in the Aitken basin, deploying the Yutu-2 rover, which commenced scientific operations on the unexplored lunar hemisphere. Five years later, China launched the Chang'e 6 sample return mission to the far side. Its lander touched down in Apollo crater on 1 June 2024 and collected the first lunar samples retrieved from the Moon’s far hemisphere.

The first commercial mission to the Moon was the Manfred Memorial Moon Mission (4M), developed by LuxSpace, a subsidiary of the German aerospace company OHB AG, Launched on 23 October 2014 with the mission flying as a secondary payload aboard CNSA’s Chang'e 5-T1 spacecraft.[4][5]

The Moon has also been visited by a small number of spacecraft not dedicated to lunar study. Of these, four executed flybys using the Moon for gravity assist manoeuvres to alter their interplanetary trajectories. In addition, Explorer 49, a radio astronomy satellite launched by the United States in 1973, was placed into selenocentric orbit where the Moon itself served as a shield from terrestrial radio interference, enabling observations of deep-space radio signals.

## 20th century

[edit]

Legend

⚀ Cubesat or similar

Mission  | Launch date  | Operator  | Carrier rocket  | Spacecraft  | Mission type  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | Pioneer 0

(Able I)[6]

| 17 August 1958 |  USAF | Thor DM-18 Able I[6] | Pioneer 0  | Orbiter  | Launch failure
First attempted launch beyond Earth orbit; failed to orbit due to turbopump gearbox malfunction resulting in first-stage explosion.[6] Reached apogee of 16 kilometres (10 mi).[7]
2  | Luna E-1 No.1 | 23 September 1958 |  OKB-1 | Luna | Luna E-1 No.1 | Impactor  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated due to excessive vibration.[6][8]
3  | Pioneer 1

(Able II)[6]

| 11 October 1958 |  NASA | Thor DM-18 Able I[6] | Pioneer 1  | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to accelerometer failure. Later known as Pioneer 1.[6] Reached apogee of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi).[9]
4  | Luna E-1 No.2 | 11 October 1958 |  OKB-1 | Luna | Luna E-1 No.2 | Impactor  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; carrier rocket exploded due to excessive vibration.[6][8]
5  | Pioneer 2

(Able III)

| 8 November 1958 |  NASA | Thor DM-18 Able I | Pioneer 2  | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to erroneous command by ground controllers; third stage failed to ignite due to broken electrical connection.[6] Reached apogee of 1,550 kilometres (960 mi).[10]
6  | Luna E-1 No.3 | 4 December 1958 |  OKB-1 | Luna | Luna E-1 No.3 | Impactor  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; seal failure in hydrogen peroxide pump cooling system resulted in core-stage underperformance.[6][8]
7  | Pioneer 3 | 6 December 1958 |  NASA | Juno II | Pioneer 3 | Flyby  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature first-stage cutoff.[6] Reached apogee of 102,360 kilometres (63,600 mi).[11]
8  | Luna 1

(E-1 No.4)

| 2 January 1959 |  OKB-1 | Luna | Luna 1  | Impactor  | Partial failure
Carrier rocket guidance problem resulted in failure to impact Moon, flew past in a heliocentric orbit.[12] Closest approach 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) on 4 January.[13] First spacecraft to fly by the Moon.
9  | Pioneer 4 | 3 March 1959 |  NASA | Juno II | Pioneer 4 | Flyby  | Partial failure
Second-stage overperformance resulted in flyby at greater altitude than expected, out of instrument range, with 58,983 kilometres (36,650 mi) of distance.[12] Closest approach at 22:25 UTC on 4 March. First U.S. spacecraft to leave Earth orbit.[14]
10  | E-1A No.1 | 18 June 1959 |  OKB-1 | Luna | E-1A No.1 | Impactor  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; guidance system malfunction.[12]
11  | Luna 2

(E-1A No.2)

| 12 September 1959 |  OKB-1 | Luna | Luna 2 | Impactor  | Success
Successful impact at 21:02 on 14 September 1959. First spacecraft to impact the lunar surface.[15] This made the Soviet Union the 1st country to impact the surface of the Moon.
12  | Luna 3

(E-2A No.1)

| 4 October 1959 |  OKB-1 | Luna | Luna 3 | Flyby  | Success
Returned the first images of the far side of the Moon.[16]
13  | Pioneer P-3

Able IVB

| 26 November 1959 |  NASA | Atlas-D Able | Pioneer P-3 | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit;[17] payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault.[12]
14  | Luna E-3 No.1 | 15 April 1960 |  OKB-1 | Luna | Luna E-3 No.1 | Flyby  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature third-stage cutoff.[18]
15  | Luna E-3 No.2 | 16 April 1960 |  OKB-1 | Luna | Luna E-3 No.2 | Flyby  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch.[18]
16  | Pioneer P-30

(Able VA)

| 25 September 1960 |  NASA | Atlas-D Able | Pioneer P-30 | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; second-stage oxidizer system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff.[19][18]
17  | Pioneer P-31

(Able VB)

| 15 December 1960 |  NASA | Atlas-D Able | Pioneer P-31 | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit, exploded 68 seconds after launch, at an altitude of 12.2 kilometres (7.6 mi). Second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning.[20][18]
18  | Ranger 3

(P-34)

| 26 January 1962 |  NASA | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | Ranger 3 | Impactor  | Spacecraft failure
Ranger 3 lander  | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Partial launch failure due to guidance problem; attempt to correct using spacecraft's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by 36,793 kilometres (22,862 mi).[21][22]
19  | Ranger 4

(P-35)

| 23 April 1962 |  NASA | Ranger 4 | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | Impactor  | Spacecraft failure
Ranger 4 lander  | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Failed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April. First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[21][23]

The impact made the United States the 2nd country to impact the surface of the Moon.

20  | Ranger 5

(P-36)

| 18 October 1962 |  NASA | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | Ranger 5 | Impactor  | Spacecraft failure
Ranger 5 lander  | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system, failed 8+3⁄4 hours after launch when batteries were depleted.[21] Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed.[24]
21  | Luna E-6 No.2 | 4 January 1963 |  OKB-1 | Molniya-L | Luna E-6 No.2 | Lander  | Launch failure
Failed to depart Low Earth orbit;[25] guidance system power failure prevented upper-stage ignition.[26]
22  | Luna E-6 No.3 | 3 February 1963 |  OKB-1 | Molniya-L | Luna E-6 No.3 | Lander  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; guidance failure.[26]
23  | Luna 4

(E-6 No.4)

| 2 April 1963 |  OKB-1 | Molniya-L | Luna 4 | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Failed to perform mid-course correction,[26] remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation.[27]
24  | Ranger 6

(P-54)

| 30 January 1964 |  NASA | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | Ranger 6 | Impactor  | Spacecraft failure
Impacted on 2 February 1964, failed to return images due to power system failure.[28][29]
25  | Luna E-6 No.6 | 21 March 1964 |  OKB-1 | Molniya-M | Luna E-6 No.6 | Lander  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure.[28]
26  | Luna E-6 No.5 | 20 April 1964 |  OKB-1 | Molniya-M | Luna E-6 No.5 | Lander  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third-stage cutoff.[28]
27  | Ranger 7 | 28 July 1964 |  NASA | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | Ranger 7 | Impactor  | Success
Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13:25:48 UTC.[30]
28  | Ranger 8 | 17 February 1965 |  NASA | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | Ranger 8 | Impactor  | Success
Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UTC.[31][32]
29  | Kosmos 60

(E-6 No.9)

| 12 March 1965 |  Lavochkin | Molniya-L | Kosmos 60 | Lander  | Launch failure
Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short circuit,[31] Failed to depart low Earth orbit.[33]
30  | Ranger 9 | 21 March 1965 |  NASA | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | Ranger 9 | Impactor  | Success
Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UTC.[31][34]
31  | Luna E-6 No.8 | 10 April 1965 |  Lavochkin | Molniya-L | Luna E-6 No.8 | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure, failed to orbit.[31]
32  | Luna 5

(E-6 No.10)

| 9 May 1965 |  Lavochkin | Molniya-M | Luna 5 | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction,[31] failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19:10 UTC on 12 May 1965.[35]
33  | Luna 6

(E-6 No.7)

| 8 June 1965 |  Lavochkin | Molniya-M | Luna 6 | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre,[31] flew past the Moon in a heliocentric orbit.[36]
34  | Zond 3

(3MV-4 No.3)

| 18 July 1965 |  Lavochkin | Molniya | Zond 3 | Flyby  | Success
Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of 9,200 kilometres (5,700 mi).[37] Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions.[31]
35  | Luna 7

(E-6 No.11)

| 4 October 1965 |  Lavochkin | Molniya | Luna 7 | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent; impacted the lunar surface 22:08:24 UTC on 7 October 1965.[31][38]
36  | Luna 8

(E-6 No.12)

| 3 December 1965 |  Lavochkin | Molniya | Luna 8 | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Landing airbag punctured, resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown,[31] impacted Moon on 6 December 1965 at 21:51:30 UTC.[39]
37  | Luna 9

(E-6 No.13)

| 31 January 1966 |  Lavochkin | Molniya-M | Luna 9 | Lander  | Success
First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon. Touchdown on 3 February 1966 at 18:45:30 UTC.[40] Returned data until 6 February at 22:55 UTC.[41] With its soft landing, the Soviet Union became the first country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
38  | Kosmos 111

(E-6S No.204)

| 1 March 1966 |  Lavochkin | Molniya-M | Kosmos 111 | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite;[41] spacecraft never left low Earth orbit.[42]
39  | Luna 10

(E-6S No.206)

| 31 March 1966 |  Lavochkin | Molniya-M | Luna 10 | Orbiter  | Success
Entered orbit at 18:44 UTC on 3 April 1966, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.[43] Continued to return data until 30 May.[41]
40  | Surveyor 1 | 30 May 1966 |  NASA | Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D | Surveyor 1 | Lander  | Success
Landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 2 June 1966 at 06:17:36 UTC.[41] Returned data until loss of power on 13 July.[44] With its soft landing, the United States became the second country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
41  | Explorer 33

(AIMP-D)

| 1 July 1966 |  NASA | Delta E1 | Explorer 33 | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Magnetospheric probe; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned, leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit.[41] Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully.[45]
42  | Lunar Orbiter 1 | 10 August 1966 |  NASA | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D | Lunar Orbiter 1 | Orbiter  | Partial failure
Orbital insertion at around 15:36 UTC on 14 August. Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission, impacted the Moon at 13:30 UTC on 29 October 1966.[46]
43  | Luna 11

(E-6LF No.101)

| 21 August 1966 |  Lavochkin | Molniya-M | Luna 11 | Orbiter  | Partial failure
Entered orbit on 28 August 1966. Failed to return images; other instruments operated correctly.[41] Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon, investigated the lunar gravitational field, the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon.

Ceased operation on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted.[47]

44  | Surveyor 2 | 20 September 1966 |  NASA | Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D | Surveyor 2 | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre, resulting in loss of control.[41] Impacted the Moon at 03:18 UTC on 23 September 1966.[48]
45  | Luna 12

(E-6LF No.102)

| 22 October 1966 |  Lavochkin | Molniya-M | Luna 12 | Orbiter  | Success
Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967.[49] Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11.[41]
46  | Lunar Orbiter 2 | 6 November 1966 |  NASA | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D | Lunar Orbiter 2 | Orbiter  | Success
Entered orbit at about 19:51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission. Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission.[50]
47  | Luna 13

(E-6M No.205)

| 21 December 1966 |  Lavochkin | Molniya-M | Luna 13 | Lander  | Success
Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18:01 UTC on 24 December 1966.[41] Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil.[51] Operated until depletion of power at 06:31 UTC on 28 December.[41]
48  | Lunar Orbiter 3 | 5 February 1967 |  NASA | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D | Lunar Orbiter 3 | Orbiter  | Success
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 February 1967. Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967.[52]
49  | Surveyor 3 | 17 April 1967 |  NASA | Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D | Surveyor 3 | Lander  | Success
Landed at 00:04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May.[53][54] Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969, with some parts removed for return to Earth.[55]
50  | Lunar Orbiter 4 | 4 May 1967 |  NASA | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D | Lunar Orbiter 4 | Orbiter  | Success
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 May 1967, operated until 17 July. Decayed from orbit, with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967.[53][56]
51  | Surveyor 4 | 14 July 1967 |  NASA | Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D | Surveyor 4 | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Contact with spacecraft lost at 02:03 UTC on 17 July, two and a half minutes before scheduled landing.[53] NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded, otherwise it impacted the Moon.[57]
52  | Explorer 35
(AIMP-E)  | 19 July 1967 |  NASA | Delta E1 | Explorer 35
(AIMP-E)  | Orbiter  | Success
Magnetospheric probe, studying the Moon and interplanetary space. Deactivated on 27 June 1973.[58] Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s.[59]
53  | Lunar Orbiter 5 | 1 August 1967 |  NASA | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D | Lunar Orbiter 5 | Orbiter  | Success
Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series, entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16:48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August. Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968.[60]
54  | Surveyor 5 | 8 September 1967 |  NASA | Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D | Surveyor 5 | Lander  | Success
Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00:46:44 UTC on 11 September. Last signals received at 04:30 UTC on 17 December 1967.[61]
55  | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L | 27 September 1967 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L | Flyby  | Spacecraft failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first-stage engines to not ignite.[53]
56  | Surveyor 6 | 7 November 1967 |  NASA | Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D | Surveyor 6 | Lander  | Success
Landed in Sinus Medii at 01:01:04 UTC on 10 November.[53] Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10:32 UTC on 17 November, followed by second landing after travelling 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in). Last contact at 19:14 UTC on 14 December.[62]
57  | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L | 22 November 1967 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L | Flyby  | Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; unable to achieve orbit after second-stage engine failed to ignite.[53]
58  | Surveyor 7 | 7 January 1968 |  NASA | Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D | Surveyor 7 | Lander  | Success
Final Surveyor mission.[63] Landed 29 kilometres (18 mi) from Tycho crater at 01:05:36 UTC on 10 January. Operated until 21 February 1968.[64]
59  | Luna E-6LS No.112 | 7 February 1968 |  Lavochkin | Molniya-M | Luna E-6LS No.112 | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel.[64]
60  | Luna 14

(E-6LS No.113)

| 7 April 1968 |  Lavochkin | Molniya-M | Luna 14 | Orbiter  | Success
Tested communications for proposed crewed missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon. Entered orbit on 10 April at 19:25 UTC.[65]
61  | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L | 22 April 1968 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L | Flyby  | Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after second-stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down. Spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system.[64]
62  | Zond 5

(7K-L1 No.9L)

| 14 September 1968 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Zond 5 | Flyby  | Success
Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Made a closest approach of 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) on 18 September, and circled the Moon before returning to Earth. Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16:08 UTC, becoming the first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the Moon.[66]
63  | Zond 6

(7K-L1 No.12L)

| 10 November 1968 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Zond 6 | Flyby  | Spacecraft failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carrying turtles, making this the second mission of Earthlings to travel in close proximity of the Moon, the flyby was on 14 November with a closest approach of 2,420 kilometres (1,500 mi).[67] Reentered Earth's atmosphere on 17 November; recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned.[64]
64  | Apollo 8 | 21 December 1968 |  NASA | Saturn V | Apollo 8 | Crewed orbiter  | Success
First crewed mission to the Moon; entered orbit around the Moon with four-minute burn beginning at 09:59:52 UTC on 24 December. Completed ten orbits of the Moon before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06:10:16 UTC on 25 December. Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:51 UTC on 27 December.[68]
65  | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L | 20 January 1969 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L | Flyby  | Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after one of the four second-stage engines shut down prematurely. Third-stage engine also shut down prematurely. The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system.[69]
66  | Luna E-8 No.201 | 19 February 1969 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna E-8 No.201 | Lander  | Launch failure
Lunokhod | Rover  | Launch failure
First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[70]
67  | Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 | 21 February 1969 |  OKB-1 | N1 | Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 | Orbiter  | Launch failure
First launch of N1 rocket; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed 50 kilometres (31 mi) from launch site. Spacecraft landed some 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system.[70]
68  | Apollo 10 | 18 May 1969 |  NASA | Saturn V | Apollo 10 | Orbiter  | Success
Lunar Module Snoopy | Orbiter  | Success
Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11. Lunar Module with two astronauts on board descended to a distance of 14.326 kilometres (8.902 mi) above the lunar surface.[71]
69  | Luna E-8-5 No.402 | 14 June 1969 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna E-8-5 No.402 | Lander  | Launch failure
Luna E-8-5 No.402 return craft  | Sample Return  | Launch failure
Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample. Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite.[69]
70  | Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 | 3 July 1969 |  OKB-1 | N1 | Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. All first-stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad. Spacecraft landed safely 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the launch site after using launch escape sequence.[70]
71  | Luna 15

(E-8-5 No.401)

| 13 July 1969 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna 15 | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Luna 15 return craft  | Sample Return  | Precluded
Reached lunar orbit at 10:00 UTC on 17 July. Descent retro-rocket burn started at 15:47 UTC on 21 July. Contact lost three minutes after de-orbit burn; probably crashed on the Moon.[70]
72  | Apollo 11 | 16 July 1969 |  NASA | Saturn V | Apollo 11 | Orbiter  | Success
Lunar Module Eagle | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Success
First crewed landing on the Moon. The Lunar Module Eagle landed at 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969.
73  | Zond 7

(7K-L1 No.11L)

| 7 August 1969 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Zond 7 | Flyby  | Success
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carried four turtles in a lunar flyby on 10 August, with a closest approach of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi); returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18:13 UTC on 14 August.[70]
74  | Kosmos 300

(E-8-5 No.403)

| 23 September 1969 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Kosmos 300 | Lander  | Launch failure
Kosmos 300 return craft  | Sample return  | Launch failure
Third attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to oxidiser leak. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere about 4 days after launch.[70]
75  | Kosmos 305

(E-8-5 No.404)

| 22 October 1969 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Kosmos 305 | Lander  | Launch failure
Kosmos 305 return craft  | Sample Return  | Launch failure
Fourth attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to control system malfunction. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere within one orbit after launch.[70]
76  | Apollo 12 | 14 November 1969 |  NASA | Saturn V | Apollo 12 | Orbiter  | Success
Lunar Module Intrepid | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Success
Second crewed lunar landing.
77  | Luna E-8-5 No.405 | 6 February 1970 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna E-8-5 No.405 | Lander  | Launch failure
Luna E-8-5 No.405 return craft  | Sample return  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit
78  | Apollo 13 | 11 April 1970 |  NASA | Saturn V | Apollo 13 | Orbiter  | Spacecraft failure
Lunar Module Aquarius | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Precluded
Rescue mission  | Success
Lunar landing aborted following Service Module oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon; flew past the Moon (free-return trajectory) and returned the crew safely to Earth.
79  | Luna 16

(E-8-5 No.406)

| 12 September 1970 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna 16 | Lander  | Success
Luna 16 return craft  | Sample return  | Success
First robotic sampling mission.
80  | Zond 8

(7K-L1 No.14L)

| 20 October 1970 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Zond 8 | Flyby  | Success
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; returned to Earth successfully.
81  | Luna 17

(E-8 No.203)

| 10 November 1970 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna 17 | Lander  | Success
Lunokhod 1 | Rover  | Success
Luna 17 deployed Lunokhod 1.
82  | Apollo 14 | 31 January 1971 |  NASA | Saturn V | Apollo 14 | Orbiter  | Success
Lunar Module Antares | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Success
Third crewed lunar landing.
83  | Apollo 15 | 26 July 1971 |  NASA | Saturn V | Apollo 15 | Orbiter  | Success
Lunar Module Falcon | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Success
Lunar Roving Vehicle | Rover  | Success
Fourth crewed lunar landing, and first to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
84  | PFS-1 | 26 July 1971 |  NASA | Saturn V | PFS-1 | Orbiter  | Success
PFS-1 was deployed from Apollo 15.
85  | Luna 18

(E-8-5 No.407)

| 2 September 1971 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna 18 | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Luna 18 return craft  | Sample return  | Spacecraft failure
Failed during descent to lunar surface.
86  | Luna 19

(E-8LS No.202)

| 28 September 1971 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna 19  | Orbiter  | Success
Entered an orbit around the Moon on 2 October 1971 after two midcourse corrections on 29 September and 1 October.
87  | Luna 20

(E-8-5 No.408)

| 14 February 1972 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna 20 | Lander  | Success
Luna 20 return craft  | Sample return  | Success
Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Terra Apollonius (or Apollonius highlands) near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had landed.
88  | Apollo 16 | 16 April 1972 |  NASA | Saturn V | Apollo 16 | Orbiter  | Success
Lunar Module Orion | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Success
Lunar Roving Vehicle | Rover  | Success
5th crewed lunar landing.
89  | PFS-2 | 16 April 1972 |  NASA | Saturn V | PFS-2 | Orbiter  | Success
PFS-2 deployed from Apollo 16.
90  | Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 | 23 November 1972 |  OKB-1 | N1 | Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth.
91  | Apollo 17 | 7 December 1972 |  NASA | Saturn V | Apollo 17 | Orbiter  | Success
Lunar Module Challenger | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Success
Lunar Roving Vehicle | Rover  | Success
Sixth and last crewed lunar landing and last use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle; the orbiting command module included five mice.
92  | Luna 21

(E-8 No.204)

| 8 January 1973 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna 21 | Lander  | Success
Lunokhod 2 | Rover  | Success
Deployed Lunokhod 2.
93  | Explorer 49

(RAE-B)

| 10 June 1973 |  NASA | Delta 1913 | Explorer 49 | Orbiter  | Success
Radio astronomy spacecraft, operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources.
94  | Mariner 10 | 3 November 1973 |  NASA | Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A | Mariner 10 | Flyby  | Success
Interplanetary spacecraft, mapped lunar north pole to test cameras.
95  | Luna 22

(E-8LS No.206)

| 29 May 1974 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna 22 | Orbiter  | Success
Inserted into a circular lunar orbit on 2 June 1974
96  | Luna 23

(E-8-5M No.410)

| 28 October 1974 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna 23 | Lander  | Partial failure
Luna 23 return craft  | Sample Return  | Precluded
Tipped over upon landing, precluding any sample return attempt. Functioned for three days on surface.
97  | Luna E-8-5M No.412 | 16 October 1975 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna E-8-5M No.412 | Lander  | Launch failure
Luna E-8-5M No.412 return craft  | Sample Return  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit.
98  | Luna 24

(E-8-5M No.413)

| 9 August 1976 |  Lavochkin | Proton-K/D | Luna 24 | Lander  | Success
Luna 24 return craft  | Sample Return  | Success
Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16:36 UTC on 18 August. Sample capsule launched at 05:25 UTC on 19 August and recovered 96+1⁄2 hours later.[72] Returned 170.1 grams (6.00 oz) of lunar regolith.[73] Final mission to the Moon from the Soviet Union.
99  | ISEE-3

(ICE/Explorer 59)

| 12 August 1978 |  NASA | Delta 2914 | ISEE-3 | Flyby  | Success
Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner.
100  | Hiten

(MUSES-A)

| 24 January 1990 |  ISAS | Mu-3S-II | Hiten | Orbiter  | Success
Hagoromo | Orbiter  | Spacecraft failure
Designed for flyby, placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo. Deorbited and impacted in USGS quadrangle LQ27 on 10 April 1993.[74] Hagoromo was deployed from Hiten. The impact made Japan the 3rd country to impact the surface of the Moon.
101  | Geotail | 24 July 1992 |  ISAS/NASA | Delta II 6925 | Geotail | Flyby  | Success
Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit.
102  | WIND | 1 November 1994 |  NASA | Delta II 7925-10 | WIND | Flyby  | Success
Made two flybys on 1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994 to reach the Earth–Sun L1 Lagrangian point.
103  | Clementine

(DSPSE)

| 25 January 1994 |  USAF/NASA | Titan II (23)G Star-37FM | Clementine | Orbiter  | Success
Completed Lunar objectives successfully; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit.
104  | HGS-1 | 24 December 1997 |  Hughes | Proton-K/DM3 | HGS-1 | Flyby  | Success
Communications satellite; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit.
105  | Lunar Prospector

(Discovery 3)

| 7 January 1998 |  NASA | Athena II | Lunar Prospector | Orbiter  | Success
The mission ended on July 31, 1999
106  | Nozomi

(PLANET-B)

| 3 July 1998 |  ISAS | M-V | Nozomi | Flyby  | Success
Two flybys en route to Mars.

## 21st century

[edit]

Legend

⚀ Cubesat or similar

Mission  | Launch date  | Operator  | Carrier rocket  | Spacecraft  | Mission type  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|
|

107  | WMAP | 30 June 2001 |  NASA | Delta II 7425-10 | WMAP | Flyby  | Success
Flyby on 30 July 2001 to reach the Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point.
108  | SMART-1 | 27 September 2003 |  ESA | Ariane 5G | SMART-1 | Orbiter  | Success
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ26 at end of mission on 3 September 2006. The impact made the ESA member states collectively the 4th to impact the surface of the Moon.
109  | STEREO | 25 October 2006 |  NASA | Delta II 7925-10L | STEREO A  | Flyby  | Success
STEREO B  | Flyby  | Success
Both component spacecraft entered heliocentric orbit on 15 December 2006.
110  | ARTEMIS | 17 February 2007 |  NASA | Delta II 7925 | ARTEMIS P1 | Orbiter  | Operational
ARTEMIS P2 | Orbiter  | Operational
Two THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011.
111  | SELENE | 14 September 2007 |  JAXA | H-IIA 2022 | Kaguya | Orbiter  | Success
Okina | Orbiter  | Success
Ouna | Orbiter  | Success
Deployed Okina and Ouna satellites. Kaguya and Okina impacted the Moon at end of mission.[75] Ouna completed operations on 29 June 2009[3] but remains in selenocentric orbit.
112  | Chang'e 1 | 24 October 2007 |  CNSA | Long March 3A | Chang'e 1 | Orbiter  | Success
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ21 on 1 March 2009, at end of mission. The impact made China the 3rd country to impact the surface of the Moon.
113  | Chandrayaan-1 | 22 October 2008  |  ISRO | PSLV-XL C11  | Chandrayaan-1 | Orbiter  | Success
Moon Impact Probe | Impactor  | Success
Succeeded through mission. Orbit lasted 312 days, short of intended 2 years; However mission achieved most of its intended objectives. Terminated in 2009, remains in selenocentric orbit; discovered water ice on the Moon.[76] Moon Impact Probe was deployed from the orbiter. It successfully impacted Moon's Shackleton Crater in the USGS quadrangle LQ30 at 20:31 on 14 November 2008 releasing underground debris that could be analyzed by the orbiter for presence of water/ice. With this mission, India became the 4th nation to impact the lunar surface and 5th as an agency.
114  | LRO & LCROSS | 18 June 2009 |  NASA | Atlas V 401 | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter | Orbiter  | Operational
LCROSS | Impactor  | Success
LCROSS observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO, then impacted itself. Impacts in USGS quadrangle LQ30. LRO entered orbit on June 23, 2009.
115  | Chang'e 2 | 1 October 2010 |  CNSA | Long March 3C | Chang'e 2 | Orbiter  | Success
Following completion of six month Lunar mission, departed selenocentric orbit for Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point[77] and subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis for a close encounter with the asteroid at a distance of 3.2 kilometers and a relative velocity of 10.73 km/s.[78][79]
116  | GRAIL | 10 September 2011[80][81] |  NASA | Delta II 7920H | Ebb (GRAIL-A)  | Orbiter  | Success
Flow (GRAIL-B)  | Orbiter  | Success
Impacted the Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ01 on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[82]
117  | LADEE | 7 September 2013 |  NASA | Minotaur V | LADEE | Orbiter  | Success
Mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon.
118  | Chang'e 3 | 1 December 2013 |  CNSA | Long March 3B | Chang'e 3 | Lander  | Operational
Yutu | Rover  | Success
Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13:12 UTC on 14 December. Yutu rover was deployed from Chang'e 3. With its soft landing, China became the third country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
119  | Chang'e 5-T1 | 23 October 2014 |  CNSA | Long March 3C | Chang'e 5-T1 | Orbiter  | Operational
Chang'e 5-T1 Return Capsule  | Orbiter  | Success
LuxSpace | Manfred Memorial Moon Mission | Flyby / Impactor (post mission)  | Success
Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample-return mission at lunar return velocity. Orbiter may still be in lunar orbit. Manfred Memorial Moon Mission attached to third stage of CZ-3C used to launch Chang'e 5-T1. Impacted the Moon on 4 March 2022. The impact made Luxembourg the 8th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
120  | TESS | 18 April 2018 |  NASA | Falcon 9 Full Thrust | TESS | Flyby  | Success
Flyby on 17 May 2018 to designated high Earth orbit.[83]
121  | Queqiao | 21 May 2018 |  CNSA | Long March 4C | Queqiao relay satellite | Relay Satellite  | Operational
Longjiang-1 | Orbiter  | Spacecraft failure
Longjiang-2 | Orbiter  | Success
Launched on the same rocket as Queqiao. Longjiang-1 never entered Moon orbit,[84] while Longjiang-2 operated in lunar orbit until 31 July 2019, when it impacted the lunar surface.[85] Queqiao entered designated Earth–Moon L2 orbit on 14 June in preparation of Chang'e 4 far-side lunar lander in December 2018.
122  | Chang'e 4 | 7 December 2018 |  CNSA | Long March 3B | Chang'e 4 | Lander  | Operational
Yutu-2 | Rover  | Operational
First spacecraft to soft land on the far side of the Moon (South Pole–Aitken basin). Landed 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover.[86][87] Cottonseeds sprouted in the lander in a biological experiment, the first plants to sprout on the Moon.[88]
123  | Beresheet | 22 February 2019 |  SpaceIL | Falcon 9 | Beresheet | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
First Israeli and first privately funded lunar lander mission. Technology demonstration. Instrumentation included a magnetometer and laser retroreflector.[89][90] Spacecraft crashed into the lunar surface after main engine failure during descent from lunar orbit phase.[91] The impact made Israel the 7th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
124  | Chandrayaan-2 | 22 July 2019 |  ISRO | LVM3 | Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter  | Orbiter  | Operational
Vikram  | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Pragyan | Rover  | Precluded
Entered orbit on 20 August 2019. Lander separated from orbiter but crashed during a landing attempt on 6 September 2019, attributed to a software glitch. Both lander and rover were lost. Orbiter remained operational.[92]
125  | Chang'e 5 | 23 November 2020  |  CNSA | Long March 5 | Chang'e 5 Orbiter  | Orbiter  | Operational
Chang'e 5 Lander  | Lander  | Success
Chang'e 5 Ascender  | Launch Vehicle  | Success
Chang'e 5 Returner  | Sample Return  | Success
First lunar sample return mission from China, which returned 1.731 kg (61.1 oz) of lunar samples on 16 December 2020. The orbiter received a mission extension and is currently in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) of the Moon.[93]
126  | CAPSTONE | 28 June 2022[94] |  NASA | Electron | ⚀ CAPSTONE | Orbiter  | Operational
Lunar orbiting CubeSat that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for the Gateway space station.
127  | Danuri | 4 August 2022[94] |  KARI | Falcon 9 | Danuri | Orbiter[95][96] | Operational
Lunar Orbiter by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) of South Korea. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.
128  | Artemis I | 16 November 2022[97] |  NASA | SLS Block 1  | Artemis I Orion MPCV CM-002 | Orbiter  | Success
⚀ LunaH-Map | Orbiter  | Spacecraft failure
⚀ Lunar IceCube | Orbiter  | Spacecraft failure
⚀ CubeSat for Solar Particles | Flyby  | Spacecraft failure
⚀ Near-Earth Asteroid Scout | Flyby  | Spacecraft failure
⚀ BioSentinel | Flyby  | Success
JAXA | ⚀ OMOTENASHI | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
ASI | ⚀ ArgoMoon | Flybys  | Operational
JAXA | ⚀ EQUULEUS | Flybys  | Operational
Lockheed Martin | ⚀ LunIR | Flyby  | Spacecraft failure
Fluid & Reason  | ⚀ Team Miles | Flyby  | Success
Uncrewed test of Orion spacecraft in lunar flyby and lunar Distant retrograde orbit.
129  | Hakuto-R Mission 1 | 11 December 2022  |  ispace | Falcon 9 Block 5 | Hakuto-R | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Tomy/JAXA/Dodai | SORA-Q | Rover  | Precluded
UAESA/MBRSC | Rashid | Rover  | Precluded
NASA | ⚀ Lunar Flashlight | Orbiter  | Spacecraft failure
Lunar lander technology demonstration.[98] Contact lost during final stage of landing and deemed a failure. Cause of failure determined to be a software bug associated with the altitude estimation system.,[99] Emirates Lunar Mission Rashid was a small rover demonstration. The impact made the United Arab Emirates the 9th country to impact the surface of the Moon. Lunar Flashlight initially scheduled to be launched on the Artemis I mission, moved to a Falcon 9 Block 5 after not making it for the payload integration deadline. NASA announced later that it would not make its planned orbit or monthly flybys due to thruster issues.[100][101]
130  | Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer | 14 April 2023  |  ESA | Ariane 5 ECA  | Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer | Flyby  | Success
Flew by the Moon in August 2024 en route to Ganymede.
131  | Chandrayaan-3 | 14 July 2023  |  ISRO | LVM3 | Chandrayaan-3 | Success
Lander  | Vikram lander | Success
Rover  | Pragyan rover | Success
Launched on 14 July 2023, Orbit insertion on 5 August 2023, Lander separated from propulsion module on 17 August 2023, landed on 23 August 2023, 12:32 UTC and deployed the Pragyan rover. With its soft landing, India became the fourth country to successfully land on the lunar surface. Later during extended operations, the Propulsion Module returned to Earth's orbit.
132  | Luna 25 | 10 August 2023  |  Roscosmos | Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat | Luna 25 | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Launched on 10 August 2023, Orbital insertion on 16 August 2023, failed orbital maneuver on 19 August 2023 set the spacecraft on the crash course with the Moon's surface. Loss of communication was confirmed by Roscosmos on 20 August 2023. The impact made Russia the 10th country to impact the lunar surface.
133  | SLIM | 6 September 2023  |  JAXA | H-IIA | SLIM  | Lander  | Success
LEV-1  | Hopper  | Success
Tomy / JAXA / Doshisha University | LEV-2 (Sora-Q)  | Rover  | Success
Launched alongside XRISM as a co-passenger on 7 September 2023. Performed lunar swing-by, followed by lunar orbital insertion on 25 December 2023. SLIM landed intact and within 100 m of its target on 19 January 2024, 15:20 UTC, which met JAXA's criteria for a successful landing.[102] However, it had landed with incorrect attitude to orient solar panels towards the Sun, which led to temporary power loss until the Sun was in the right position. LEV-1 and LEV-2 were successfully deployed and landed separately from SLIM shortly before its own landing. LEV-1 conducted six hops on lunar surface. With its soft landing, Japan became the fifth country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
134  | Peregrine Mission One | 8 January 2024  |  Astrobotic Technology | Vulcan Centaur VC2 | Peregrine  | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
UNAM | Colmena × 5  | Rovers  | Precluded
CMU | ⚀ Iris  | Rover  | Precluded
Part of CLPS. Peregrine lander's reaction thrusters' leak deemed the spacecraft uncontrollable for landing and it decayed in the Earth's atmosphere 10 days later.
135  | IM-1 | 14 February 2024  |  Intuitive Machines | Falcon 9 B5 | Nova-C Odysseus | Lander  | Success
ERAU | ⚀ EagleCam | Deployable camera  | Spacecraft failure
First Nova-C mission. First private spacecraft to soft land on the Moon. Payloads successfully delivered for NASA CLPS and for private customers. Though it landed successfully, one of the lander's legs broke upon landing and it tilted up on other side, 18° due to landing on a slope, but the lander survived and payloads are functioning as expected.[103] EagleCam was not ejected prior to landing. It was later ejected on the 28th of February but minimal data was obtained.[104][105]
136  | DRO A/B  | 13 March 2024  |  CAS | Long March 2C | DRO-A  | Relay Satellite  | Operational
DRO-B  | Relay Satellite  | Operational
Yuanzheng 1S upper stage failed to deliver spacecrafts into correct orbit. The satellites were intended to test Distant retrograde orbit.[106] Tracking data appears to show China is attempting to salvage spacecraft and they appear to have succeeded in reaching their desired orbit.[107][108]
137  | Queqiao-2 | 20 March 2024  |  CNSA | Long March 8 | Queqiao-2 | Relay Satellite  | Operational
Deep Space Exploration Laboratory (DSEL, Tiandu Lab)[109] | Tiandu-1 | Orbiter  | Operational
Tiandu-2 | Orbiter  | Operational
Relay satellite to support future missions of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program targeting south pole region.[110] Tiandu satellites are launched with them to test communications for future lunar satellite constellation technologies.[111]
138  | Chang'e 6 | 3 May 2024[112] |  CNSA | Long March 5 | Chang'e 6 Orbiter  | Orbiter  | Success
Chang'e 6 Lander  | Lander  | Success
Chang'e 6 Ascender  | Launch Vehicle  | Success
Chang'e 6 Returner  | Sample Return  | Success
Jinchan[113] | Rover  | Success
SUPARCO[a][115] | ⚀ ICUBE-Q[116] | Orbiter  | Operational
First spacecraft to have collected lunar samples from the far side of the Moon (Apollo crater, South Pole–Aitken basin).[117] ICUBE-Q is Pakistan's first lunar mission. Lander carries international payloads from ESA, France, Italy, and Sweden. It also carried a mini rover to conduct infrared spectroscopy of lunar surface.[118] The orbiter went to Sun Earth L2 under mission extension.
139  | Blue Ghost M1 | 15 January 2025[119][120] |  Firefly Aerospace | Falcon 9 B5 | Blue Ghost Lander  | Lander  | Success
Lunar lander, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads to Mare Crisium.[121][122] First fully-successful private lunar landing.
140  | Hakuto-R Mission 2 | 15 January 2025[123] | ispace | Falcon 9 B5 | Hakuto-R | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
ispace Europe | Tenacious  | Rover  | Precluded
Launched on the same rocket as Blue Ghost. On 5 June 2025, the lander failed to complete its landing, impacting the lunar surface.
141  | Lunar Trailblazer | 27 February 2025  |  NASA | Falcon 9 B5 | Lunar Trailblazer  | Orbiter  | Spacecraft failure
Lunar orbiter aimed to aid in the understanding of lunar water and the Moon's water cycle.[124] Flyby on 3 March 2025.
142  | Brokkr-2 | 27 February 2025  |  AstroForge | Falcon 9 B5 | Brokkr-2  | Flyby  | Spacecraft failure
Asteroid probe intended to flyby the near-Earth asteroid 2022 OB5. Communication failure. Flyby on 3 March 2025.
143  | Chimera-1  | 27 February 2025  |  Epic Aerospace  | Falcon 9 B5 | Chimera-1  | Flyby  | Success
Space tug planned TLI to Geosynchronous. Communication failure?. Flyby on 3 March 2025.
144  | IM-2 | 27 February 2025[125] |  Intuitive Machines | Falcon 9 B5 | Nova-C | Lander  | Partial failure
μNova  | Hopper  | Precluded
Lunar Outpost/ Nokia | MAPP | Rover  | Precluded
MIT | AstroAnt[126] | Rover  | Precluded
Dymon  | Yaoki[127] | Rover  | Precluded
Second Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[128] MAPP and μNova will test a new Nokia lunar communication system. Lander achieved a soft landing on 6 March but landed on its side, precluding recharging and deployment of payloads. Mission concluded one day after landing.

## Statistics

[edit]

### Launches by decade

[edit]

Launches to Moon  Decade  |

|

1950s |

1960s |

1970s |

1980s |

1990s |

2000s |

2010s |

2020s |

This is a list of 144 missions (including failed ones) to the Moon. It includes Flybys, Impact probes, orbiters, landers, rovers and crewed missions.

### Mission milestones by country

[edit]

This is a list of major milestones achieved by country. Recorded is the first spacecraft from each respective country to accomplish each milestone, regardless of mission type or intended outcome. For example, Beresheet was not intended to be an impactor, but achieved that milestone incidentally.

Legend

Attempted Milestone achieved
Attempted Milestone not achieved
† First to achieve

Country/

Agency

| Flyby[b] | Orbit  | Impact  | Soft landing  | Rover  | Sample return  | Crewed orbiting  | Crewed landing

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

United States | Pioneer 4, 1959 | Lunar Orbiter 1, 1966 | Ranger 4, 1962 | Surveyor 1, 1966 | LRV (Apollo 15), 1971 | Apollo 11, 1969 †  | Apollo 8, 1968 †  | Apollo 11, 1969 †
Soviet Union | Luna 1, 1959 †  | Luna 10, 1966 †  | Luna 2, 1959 †  | Luna 9, 1966 †  | Lunokhod 1, 1970 †  | Luna 16, 1970 | —  | —
China | Chang'e 5-T1, 2014 | Chang'e 1, 2007 | Chang'e 1, 2009  | Chang'e 3, 2013 | Yutu, 2013 | Chang'e 5, 2020 | —  | —
India | Chandrayaan 3, 2023 | Chandrayaan 1, 2008 | MIP, 2008 | Chandrayaan 3, 2023  | Pragyan, 2023 | —  | —  | —
Japan | Hiten, 1990 | Hiten, 1993  | Hiten, 1993  | SLIM, 2024 | LEV-1, 2024  | —  | —  | —
Israel | —  | Beresheet, 2019 | Beresheet, 2019  | Beresheet, 2019  | —  | —  | —  | —
Russia | —  | Luna 25, 2023 | Luna 25, 2023  | Luna 25, 2023  | —  | —  | —  | —
ESA | —  | SMART-1, 2003 | SMART-1, 2006  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
Luxembourg | 4M, 2014 | —  | 4M, 2022  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
South Korea | —  | Danuri, 2022 | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
Italy | ArgoMoon, 2022 | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
UAE | —  | —  | Rashid, 2023 | —  | Rashid, 2023  | —  | —  | —
Pakistan | —  | ICUBE-Q, 2024 | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
Mexico | —  | —  | —  | —  | Colmena, 2024 | —  | —  | —

### Missions by organization/company

[edit]

Analysis of numbers of lunar missions  Country/

Agency

| Agency
or company  | Successful  | Partial
failure  | Failure  | Success rate  | Operational
| Total  | Total for
country

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

USSR | Lavochkin | 16  | 2  | 22  | 40%  | \-  | 40  | 58
Energia | 2  | \-  | 16  | 11.11%  | \-  | 18
USA | NASA | 37  | 2  | 14  | 67.27%  | 4  | 55  | 57
USAF | 1  | \-  | 1  | 50%  | \-  | 2
China | CNSA | 10  | \-  | \-  | 100%  | 8  | 10  | 10
Japan | ISAS | 2  | \-  | 2  | 50%  | \-  | 4  | 8
JAXA | 2  | \-  | 1  | 66.6%  | 1  | 4
India | ISRO | 2  | 1  | \-  | 66.6%  | 2  | 3  | 3
Various member states  | ESA | 1  | \-  | \-  | 100%  | \-  | 1  | 1
Luxembourg | LuxSpace | 1  | \-  | \-  | 100%  | \-  | 1  | 1
South Korea | KARI | 1  | \-  | \-  | 100%  | 1  | 1  | 1
USA (private company)  | Lockheed Martin | 1  | \-  | \-  | 100%  | \-  | 1  | 1
USA (private company)  | Fluid & Reason  | 1  | \-  | \-  | 100%  | \-  | 1  | 1
USA (private company)  | Astrobotic Technology | \-  | \-  | 1  | 0%  | \-  | 1  | 1
USA (private company)  | Intuitive Machines | 1  | 1  | \-  | 50%  | \-  | 2  | 2
USA (private university)  | ERAU | \-  | \-  | 1  | 0%  | \-  | 1  | 1
USA (private company)  | Firefly Aerospace | 1  | \-  | \-  | 100%  | \-  | 1  | 1
Italy | ASI | 1  | \-  | \-  | 100%  | \-  | 1  | 1
Israel | SpaceIL | \-  | \-  | 1  | 0%  | \-  | 1  | 1
Russia | Roscosmos | \-  | \-  | 1  | 0%  | \-  | 1  | 1
UAE | UAESA | \-  | \-  | 1  | 0%  | \-  | 1  | 1
Japan (private company)  | ispace | \-  | \-  | 1  | 0%  | \-  | 1  | 1
Pakistan | IST / SUPARCO | 1  | \-  | \-  | 100%  | 1  | 1  | 1

### Landing sites

[edit]

Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the near side of the Moon to date (top)

*   Luna program (USSR)
*   Surveyor program (USA)
*   Apollo program (USA)
*   Chang'e program (China)
*   Chandrayaan program (India)
*   SLIM (Japan)
*   Commercial Lunar Payload Services (USA)

Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time. Except for the Apollo program, all soft landings were uncrewed.

Asterisk indicates a partial success.

As of March 2025, there have been a total twenty eight successful soft landings on the Moon carried out by five countries that include China, India, Japan, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Among these, a total of six soft landings were crewed (Apollo) conducted by United States. All two soft landings on the far side of the Moon were carried out by China, while soft landing near the lunar south pole was carried out by India's Chandrayaan-3 and Intuitive Machines' IM-1 Nova-C Odysseus and IM-2 Nova-C Athena lander.

## Future missions

[edit]

There are several future lunar missions planned or proposed by various nations and organizations.

### Funded and are under development

[edit]

#### Robotic

[edit]

Mission  | Spacecraft  | Launch date  | Carrier rocket  | Operator  | Mission type

|
|
|
|
|

Mark 1 Pathfinder Mission | Blue Moon | 2025  | New Glenn |  Blue Origin | Lander
First mission for the Blue Moon lander platform developed by Blue Origin and will prove the viability of the platform and BE-7 engine. It has a cargo capacity of up to 3000kg.
IM-3 | Nova-C | 2026[129][130] | Falcon 9 B5 |  Intuitive Machines | Lander
Khon2  | Relay Satellite
CADRE x3  |  NASA | Rovers
Lunar Vertex |  NASA Lunar Outpost | Rover
Third Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[128] Lunar Vertex mission.
Starship Demo mission | Starship HLS | TBD[131] | Starship |  SpaceX | Lander
Uncrewed demo mission of Starship HLS.
DESTINY+ | DESTINY+ | 2028  | H3 |  JAXA | Flyby
Lunar flyby toward asteroid 3200 Phaethon.
Griffin Mission 1[132] | Griffin lander  | 2025[133] | Falcon Heavy |  Astrobotic Technology | Lander
Artemis III Starship HLS delivery | Starship HLS | TBD  | Starship |  SpaceX | Lander
Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis III mission.
TBD (CLPS Lander)[134] | Moon to Mars Initiative: Trailblazer (Roo-ver)[135] | 2026  | TBD  |  Australian Space Agency | Rover
APEX 1.0 | APEX 1.0  | 2026[136] | TBD  |  ispace U.S.

Draper

| Lander
Lunar Relay Satellite 1[137] |  ispace U.S.

Blue Canyon Technologies

| Relay Satellite
Lunar Relay Satellite 2[137] | Relay Satellite
Lunar lander. ispace Mission 3, and mission CP-12 of the CLPS program.
Blue Ghost M2[138] | Blue Ghost lander  | 2026  | TBD  |  Firefly Aerospace | Lander
Elytra orbital vehicle  | Orbiter
Second mission of Firefly Aerospace, part of CLPS, includes 2 stage variant of blue ghost.
Lunar Pathfinder | Lunar Pathfinder  | 2026  | TBD  |  ESA | Relay Satellite
Lunar communications satellite to support future lunar missions.
Chang'e 7 | Chang'e 7 Orbiter | 2026[139] | Long March 5 |  CNSA | Orbiter
Chang'e 7 Lander  | Lander
Chang'e 7 Rover  | Rover
Chang'e 7 Hopper  | Hopper
Payloads include an orbiter, south pole lander, rover, and a mini flying probe to look for the presence of water-ice.[139]
Starship cargo mission | Starship HLS  | TBD  | Starship |  SpaceX | Lander
First SpaceX lunar cargo mission, yet to be announced by SpaceX itself.
FLEX[140] | FLEX | 2026  | Starship |  Astrolab | Rover
Large Lunar rover, can accommodate cargo and 2 astronauts.
Astrobotic mission 3[141] | TBA  | 2026  | Falcon Heavy |  Astrobotic | Lander
⚀ LunaGrid-Lite CubeRover | Rover
Lunaris Platform[142] | Deployable platform
Third lunar mission by Astrobotic, will land at lunar south pole. LunaGrid-Lite mission.
Canadian lunar rover mission | Canadensys Lunar Rover  | 2026  | TBD  |  Canadensys

CSA

| Rover
First Canadian lunar rover. Will fly as part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative.[143]
ZeusX | ZeusX service module  | Q4 2027  | TBD  |  Qosmosys | Orbiter
ZeusX lunar lander  | Lander
LIBER  | Rover
First lunar landing attempt for Singapore, lander can carry up to 800 kg to lunar surface.
Luna 26 | Luna 26 | 2027[144] | Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat |  Roscosmos | Orbiter
Orbiter, part of the Luna-Glob programme.[145] Will scout for Luna 27 landing site.
PPE and HALO[146] | PPE | 2027[147] | Falcon Heavy |  NASA

Northrop Grumman

| Space station assembly
HALO
First two Lunar Gateway modules.
Chandrayaan-4 | Chandrayaan-4 | 2027–2028[148] | LVM3 |  ISRO | Lander
Luna 27 | Luna 27 | 2028[144] | Angara A5 / Fregat |  Roscosmos | Lander
Lander, part of Luna-Glob programme.
Chang'e 8 | Chang'e 8 Orbiter | 2028[149] | Long March 5 |  CNSA | Orbiter
Chang'e 8 Lander  | Lander
Chang'e 8 Rover  | Rover
Chang'e 8 Robot  | Hopper
South pole lander.[150] Testing technology for using local resources and manufacturing with 3D printing.[151]
SpaceX GLS-1[152] | Dragon XL  | 2028  | Falcon Heavy |  SpaceX | Resupply vehicle
First resupply mission to Lunar Gateway.
Uncrewed Blue Moon Demo mission | Blue Moon HLS | 2028  | New Glenn |  Blue Origin | Lander
Cislunar Transporter  | 2028  | New Glenn |  Lockheed Martin | Transfer vehicle
Demo mission of Blue Moon lander system in preparation for crewed landing in 2029.
Artemis IV Starship HLS delivery | Starship HLS | 2028  | Starship |  SpaceX | Lander
Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis IV mission.
Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) | LUPEX lander  | 2028–2029[148] | H3 |  ISRO | Lander
LUPEX rover  |  JAXA | Rover
Artemis V Blue Moon HLS delivery | Blue Moon HLS | 2029  | New Glenn |  Blue Origin | Lander
Cislunar Transporter  | 2029  | New Glenn |  Lockheed Martin | Transfer vehicle
Delivery of Blue Moon HLS for Artemis V mission.
Argonaut M1 | Argonaut Lander  | 2031[153] | Ariane 64 |  ESA | Lander
Robotic Lander system. Will act as resupply vehicle for future Moonbase.[154]
KLEP | KLLR Lander  | NET NET 2032  | KSLV-III |  KARI | Lander
KLLR Rover  | Rover
Second mission of the Korean Lunar Exploration Program.[155]
Lunar Voyage 3[156][157] | Mapp  | TBA  | TBA  |  Lunar Outpost | Rover
First fully commercial mission of Lunar Outpost MAPP program.

#### Crewed

[edit]

Agency or company  | Name  | Spacecraft  | Launch date  | Launch vehicle  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

NASA

CSA

| Artemis II | Orion | April 2026[158] | SLS Block 1  | Crewed test of the Orion spacecraft on a free-return trajectory around the Moon.
NASA | Artemis III | Orion, Starship HLS | mid-2027[158] | SLS Block 1  | Deliver the "first woman and next man" to the Moon.
NASA | Artemis IV | Orion, Starship HLS | September 2028[159] | SLS Block 1B  | First flight of Block 1B configuration. Deliver Lunar I-Hab and conduct second Artemis crewed lunar landing.
NASA | Artemis V | Orion, Blue Moon HLS | March 2030[159] | SLS Block 1B  | Crewed Gateway and Surface expedition. Delivery of ESPRIT and Lunar Terrain Vehicle.
CNSA | Chinese crewed lunar mission | Mengzhou,
Lanyue | ~2030[160] | Long March 10 | Two launches of LM-10 to put a pair of astronauts on the Moon for a 6-hour stay.[160]
NASA | Artemis VI  | Orion, TBD  | March 2031[161] | SLS Block 1B  | Lunar landing with delivery of Crew and Science Airlock module.

### Proposed but full funding still unclear

[edit]

#### Robotic and crewed

[edit]

The following missions have been proposed but their full funding is unclear:

Agency or company | Mission  | Name of spacecraft | Proposed launch | Notes

|
|
|
|

GEC | ⚀ Doge-1[162] | TBA  | 12U CubeSat, the mission is being paid for entirely with the cryptocurrency Dogecoin. First Canadian lunar mission.
SpaceIL | Beresheet 2[163] | Orbiter  | 2025  | One orbiter, two landers.
Lander 1
Lander 2
Airvantis | Garatéa-L | 2025[164] | Proposed lunar CubeSat, Partnership between UKSA and ESA.
OHB

IAI

| LSAS lander  | 2025  | proposed commercial lander, will rideshare with a Geostationary satellite.
Parsec | Parsec lunar satellites  | 2025  | Parsec lunar communication constellation.[165]
Turkish Space Agency | AYAP-1  | 2026  | Turkey will perform a hard landing on the Moon.
ESA | Lunar Meteoroid Impact Observer | 2026  | Proposed CubeSat to observe asteroid impacts on Far side of Moon.
Australian Space Agency | Lunar Trailblazer | 2026  | Under study for possible rover mission
Delft University of Technology | Lunar zebro  | 2026  | Small swarming rover, radiation measurements
Turkish Space Agency | AYAP-2  | Lander  | 2028  | Soft landing mission
Rover
Roscosmos | Luna 28 | 2030[166] | Proposed sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, may include a small rover.
Roscosmos | Luna 29 | Luna 29 Lander  | 2030s[144] | Proposed sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, Will include Luna-Grunt rover.
Luna-Grunt rover
Roscosmos | Zeus | 2030  | Nuclear Propelled Space Tug, might deliver payloads to the moon
CNSA

Roscosmos

| International Lunar Research Station
(ILRS 1-5) | 2031 - 2035  | 5 crucial missions planned for comprehensive establishment of ILRS to complete the in-orbit and surface facilities
ISRO | Indian Lunar Crewed Mission  | ~2040[167] | National effort to send an Indian astronaut to the moon
NASA | BOLAS | TBD  | 2 tethered CubeSats on a very low lunar orbit.[168]
Magellan Aerospace | Autonomous Impactor for Lunar Exploration  | TBD  | Impactor for LEAP
NASA | Lunar Crater Radio Telescope | TBD  | Radio telescope made by 4 rovers
LiftPort Group | Lunar space elevator | TBD  | Creating a reusable, replaceable and expandable Lunar elevator to open up the resources present on the Moon
ESC Aerospace | LVICE²  | TBD  | Measuring the concentration of micrometeorites[169]

## Lunar Rovers

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies § Moon.[edit]

Mission  | Rover  | Country/Agency  | Date of landing  | Coordinates  | Operational time  | Distance travelled  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Luna E-8 No.201 | Lunokhod |  Lavochkin | 10 November 1968 | N/A  | 0 days  | 0 km  | Launch failure
First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[170]
Luna 17 | Lunokhod 1 |  USSR | 17 November 1970  |  | 322 days  | 10.5 km (6.5 mi)  | Successful
First rover on an extraterrestrial body.
Luna 21 | Lunokhod 2 |  USSR | 15 January 1973  |  | 117 days  | 39 km (24 mi)  | Successful
Farthest distance traveled on the Moon.
Chang'e 3 | Yutu |  CNSA | 14 December 2013  |  | 42 days (mobile)
973 days (total) | 114.8 m (377 ft)  | Successful
First Chinese extraterrestrial rover and first lunar rover in over 40 years.
Chang'e 4 | Yutu-2 |  CNSA | 3 January 2019  |  | 2393 days  | 1.455 km (0.904 mi)[171]
as of 3 January 2023[update] | Operational
First rover on the far side of the Moon. Longest fully functioning rover on the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2 | Pragyan |  ISRO | 6 September 2019  |  | 0 days  | 0 km  | Precluded
Lost when Vikram lander crash landed on the Moon.
Hakuto-R Mission 1 | Rashid |  MBRSC | April 2023  | TBD  | 0 days  | 0 km  | Precluded
Sora-Q  |  Tomy/JAXA/Doshisha University | April 2023  | Precluded
Contact lost during final descent of the Hakuto-R Mission 1 lander. Presumed crash landing and failure.
Chandrayaan-3 | Pragyan |  ISRO | 23 August 2023  | [172] | 12 days  | 101.4 m (333 ft)[173]
as of 2 September 2023[update] | Successful
First rover to successfully operate near lunar south pole.
SLIM | LEV-1  |  JAXA | 19 January 2024  |  | 1 hour and 51 minutes  |  | Successful
LEV-2 (Sora-Q)  |  | Successful
A hopper and a rover included in the SLIM mission which demonstrated precision landing technology.
Peregrine Mission One | Iris  |  CMU | 2024  | TBD | Precluded
Colmena x5  |  UNAM | Precluded
Colmena would have been deployed using a small catapult mechanism. Mission cancelled along with the cancelled landing of Peregrine lander due to excessive propellant leak.[174]
Chang'e 6 | Jinchan |  CNSA | 1 June 2024  |  | 4 days  |  | Success
Conduct infrared spectroscopy of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface.[175]
IM-2 | MAPP LV1  |  Lunar Outpost  | 6 March 2025  | TBD | Precluded
AstroAnt  |  MIT[176] | Precluded
Micro-Nova  |  Intuitive Machines | Precluded
Yaoki |  Dymon  | Precluded
MAPP and Micro-Nova would have demonstrated a new lunar communication system. IM-2 landed on 6 March 2025. The spacecraft was intact after touchdown but resting on its side, thereby complicating its planned science and technology demonstration mission; this outcome is similar to what occurred with the company's IM-1 Odysseus spacecraft in 2024.[177]
Hakuto-R Mission 2 | Tenacious  |  ispace Europe | June 2025  | TBD | Precluded
Hakuto-R Mission 2 featured a rover for surface exploration and data collection. Contact lost during final descent of the Hakuto-R Mission 2 lander. Presumed crash landing and failure.
Griffin-1 | CubeRover-1  |  Astrobotic | Q4 2025  | TBD | Planned
FLIP  |  Astrolab | Planned
IM-3 | Lunar Vertex | NASA/Lunar Outpost  | Q4 2025  | TBD | Planned
CADRE x4  | NASA | Planned
Mission to study Reiner Gamma.
Chang’e 7 | Chang’e 7 rover  |  CNSA | 2026  | TBD | Planned
Chang’e 7 hopper  | Planned
Will search for water ice in and around craters in the south pole of the Moon.
Starship lunar cargo mission  | FLEX |  Astrolab | 2026  | TBD | Planned
Astrolab contracted with SpaceX to send their rover to the Moon aboard Starship[178][179]
TBD (CLPS Lander)[180] | Moon to Mars Initiative: Trailblazer (Roo-ver)[181] |  ASA | 2026  | TBD | Planned
Australia's first lunar rover.
Astrobotic mission 3 | ⚀ LunaGrid-Lite CubeRover |  Astrobotic | 2026  | TBD | Planned
Third lunar mission by Astrobotic, will land at lunar south pole. LunaGrid-Lite mission.
LUPEX | LUPEX Rover |  JAXA ISRO | 2028  | TBD | Planned
Joint mission between ISRO and JAXA.
Chang’e 8 | Chang’e 8 rover  |  CNSA | 2028  | TBD | Planned
Chang’e 8 Robot  | Planned
Chinese ISRU mission in preparation for ILRS.
KLEP | KLLR Rover |  KARI | 2032  | TBD | Planned
Second mission of the Korean Lunar Exploration Program.[182]

## Unrealized concepts

[edit]

### 1960s

[edit]

* Soviet crewed lunar programs – The Soviet Union had been pursuing a crewed lunar flyby mission using Soyuz 7K-L1 launched aboard Proton-K and a crewed landing mission using Soyuz 7K-LOK and LK Lander launched aboard N1 rocket. After a series of N1 failures, both of these programs were cancelled in 1970 and 1976 respectively.[183]

### 1970s

[edit]

* Canceled Apollo missions – The Apollo program had three more missions lined up until Apollo 20, but the missions beyond Apollo 17, the sixth and final landing mission, were canceled due to budget constraints, change in technical direction and hardware delays. The ambitions shifted towards developing next generation rockets like Space Shuttle, the space station Skylab and in exploration programs such as Grand Tour program.[184]

### 2000s

[edit]

* Constellation Program – The Constellation program ran from 2004–2010 and would have utilised the Ares I and Ares V rockets alongside the Orion spacecraft and Altair lunar lander to return astronauts to the Moon by 2020 in preparation for crewed missions to Mars. It was cancelled in October 2010 by the Augustine Committee. However, the Orion was spared and finally launched in November 2022 with Constellation and its rockets revised as the Artemis Program and Space Launch System.[185]

### 2010s

[edit]

* Resource Prospector – Concept by NASA of a rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. It was canceled in April 2018.[186]
* Indo-Russian joint mission – A joint mission between India and Russia for a robotic lander and rover was under development since 2007. Russia was supposed to develop the lander while India would develop an orbiter, a rover and launch the composite. However, with failure of Fobos-Grunt mission, Russia was unable to provide the lander in time and requested India to accept the delay and risk. The collaboration ended with India repurposing its orbiter towards Mars with its Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013.[187] India would later go on to develop and launch its Chandrayaan-2 and Chandrayaan-3 mission, using an indigenously developed lander.

### 2020s

[edit]

* DearMoon was an unrealized tourist mission financed by Japanese entrepreneur Yusaku Maezawa. Maezawa and six to eight other civilians would have performed a lunar flyby in a SpaceX Starship. It was cancelled on June 1, 2024[188]
* VIPER – NASA rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. It was canceled in July 2024.[189]

## See also

[edit]

* Solar System portal
* Spaceflight portal

* Exploration of the Moon
* List of extraterrestrial orbiters
* List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* List of lunar probes
* Moon landing
* Timeline of Solar System exploration
* List of missions to Venus
* List of missions to Mars
* List of missions to minor planets
* List of missions to the outer planets

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ "Even though the source says "IST will conduct various tests"; IST being a research university does not directly control the orbiter, rather any tests or operations on the orbiter are done through the national space agency i.e SUPARCO."[114]
2. ^ While Orbiting specific missions achieve a flyby milestone by virtue of entering the orbit, this table lists only flyby specific missions.

## References

[edit]

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## External links

[edit]

* Interactive map of many of the successful Moon landings to date
* NASA's timeline of missions to the moon (includes missions from all countries)

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to the Moon

Exploration
programs|

* American
* Apollo
* Artemis
* CLPS
* Lunar Orbiter
* Lunar Precursor
* Pioneer
* Ranger
* Surveyor
* Chinese
* Chang'e
* Indian
* Chandrayaan
* Japanese
* Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
* South Korean
* Korean Lunar Exploration Program
* Russian
* Luna-Glob
* Soviet
* Crewed
* Luna
* Lunokhod
* Zond

Active
missions|

| Orbiters|

* ARTEMIS
* CAPSTONE
* Chandrayaan-2
* Chang'e 5-T1
* Danuri
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* Queqiao 1 and 2
* Tiandu-1
* 2
* ICUBE-Q

|

Landers|

* Chang'e 4
* Blue Ghost M1

Rovers|

* Yutu-2

Flybys|

* ArgoMoon

Past
missions|

| Crewed landings|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* (List of Apollo astronauts)

|

Orbiters|

* Apollo 8
* 10
* Artemis I
* Chang'e 1
* 2
* 5
* Chandrayaan-1
* 3
* Clementine
* Explorer 35
* 49
* GRAIL
* Hiten
* LADEE
* Longjiang-2
* Luna 10
* 11
* 12
* 14
* 19
* 22
* Lunar Orbiter 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* Lunar Prospector
* PFS-1
* PFS-2
* SMART-1
* SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)
* Lunar Trailblazer

Impactors|

* LCROSS
* Luna 2
* Moon Impact Probe
* Ranger 4
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9

Landers|

* Apollo Lunar Module ×6
* Chandrayaan-3
* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 5
* 6
* Luna 9
* 13
* 16
* 17
* 20
* 21
* 23
* 24
* SLIM
* Surveyor 1
* 3
* 5
* 6
* 7

Rovers|

* Lunar Roving Vehicle
* Apollo 15
* 16
* 17
* Lunokhod 1
* 2
* Yutu
* Pragyan 2
* 3
* LEV-1
* LEV-2 (Sora-Q)
* Jinchan
* Yaoki
* MAPP
* Micro-Nova
* AstroAnt

Sample return|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* Luna 16
* 20
* 24
* Chang'e 5
* 6

Failed landings|

* Beresheet
* Emirates Lunar Mission
* Hakuto-R M1
* M2
* IM-1
* 2
* Luna 5
* 7
* 8
* 15
* 18
* 25
* OMOTENASHI
* Surveyor 2
* 4
* Vikram
* Peregrine

Flybys|

* 4M
* Apollo 13
* Chang'e 5-T1
* Geotail
* Galileo
* ICE
* Longjiang-1
* Luna 1
* 3
* 4
* 6
* LunaH-Map
* Lunar Flashlight
* Lunar IceCube
* LunIR
* Mariner 10
* NEA Scout
* Nozomi
* Pioneer 4
* Ranger 5
* STEREO
* TESS
* WMAP
* Wind
* Zond 3
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* PAS-22

Planned
missions|

| Artemis|

* II (2026)
* III (2027)
* IV (2028)
* V (2030)
* Lunar Gateway

|

CLPS|

* Blue Moon Pathfinder (2025)
* Griffin M1 (2025)
* IM-3 (2026)
* Blue Ghost M2
* M3 (2026)
* IM-4 (TBD)

Luna-Glob|

* 26 (2027)
* 27 (2028)
* 28 (2030)
* 29 (2030s)
* 30 (2030s)
* 31 (2030s)

CLEP|

* Chang'e 7 (2026)
* 8 (2028)

Chandrayaan|

* 4 (2027)
* 5 (LUPEX) (2028)

KLEP|

* Korean lunar lander (2032)

Others|

* ispace M3 (2026)
* Lunar Pathfinder (2026)
* DESTINY+ (2028)
* Cislunar Explorers (2020s)
* CU-E3 (2020s)
* MoonRanger (2020s)
* Argonaut M1 (2031)
* International Lunar Research Station (2030s)

Proposed
missions|

| Robotic|

* ALINA
* Artemis-7
* Beresheet 2
* Blue Moon
* BOLAS
* Garatéa-L
* ISOCHRON
* LunaNet
* Lunar Crater Radio Telescope
* McCandless
* Moon Diver

|

Crewed|

* DSE-Alpha
* Boeing Lunar Lander
* Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
* Lunar Orbital Station

Cancelled /
concepts|

* Altair
* Baden-Württemberg 1
* #dearMoon project
* European Lunar Explorer
* First Lunar Outpost
* International Lunar Network
* LEO
* LK
* Lunar-A
* Lunar Lander
* Lunar Mission One
* Lunar Observer
* Lunokhod 3
* MoonLITE
* MoonRise
* OrbitBeyond
* Project Harvest Moon
* Prospector
* Resource Prospector
* SELENE-2
* Ukrselena
* XL-1
* VIPER

Related|

* Colonization of the Moon
* Google Lunar X Prize
* List of lunar probes
* List of missions to the Moon
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* List of species that have landed on the Moon
* Lunar resources
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
* Apollo 11 anniversaries
* List of crewed lunar landers

* Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Lunar rovers

Active|

* Yutu-2 (2019–present, on Chang'e 4)

Past|

| Lunokhod|

* Lunokhod 0 (1A)† (1969)
* Lunokhod 1 (1970–1971, on Luna 17)
* Lunokhod 2 (1973, on Luna 21)

|

Apollo|

* Lunar Roving Vehicle (1971, Apollo 15)
* LRV-2 (1972, Apollo 16)
* LRV-3 (1972, Apollo 17)

CLEP|

* Yutu (2013–2016, on Chang'e 3)
* Yidong Xiangji (2024, on Chang'e 6)

Chandrayaan|

* Pragyan† (2019, on Chandrayaan-2)
* Pragyan (2023, on Chandrayaan-3)

Rashid|

* Rashid† (2022–2023, on Hakuto-R Mission 1)

CLPS|

* Iris† (2024, on Peregrine Mission One)
* Colmena × 5† (2024, on Peregrine Mission One)
* Yaoki (2025, on IM-2)
* MAPP (2025, on IM-2)
* AstroAnt (2025, on IM-2)
* Micro-Nova (2025, on IM-2)

JAXA|

* Sora-Q† (2022–2023, on Hakuto-R Mission 1)
* LEV-1 (2024, on SLIM)
* LEV-2 (Sora-Q) (2024, on SLIM)

Ispace Inc.|

* TENACIOUS (2025 on Hakuto-R Mission 2)

Planned|

* MoonRanger (2023)
* Chang'e 7 (Rashid 2) (2026)
* Lunar Terrain Vehicle

Proposed|

* ATHLETE
* Audi Lunar Quattro ×2 (PTScientists)
* Deep Space Systems
* ECA
* HERACLES
* Lunar Cruiser
* Luna-Grunt rover
* LUPEX rover
* Moon Diver
* Moon Express
* OrbitBeyond rover
* Polaris
* Scarab
* Space Exploration Vehicle
* Team Puli

Cancelled|

* Lunokhod 3 (1977)
* Resource Prospector
* VIPER

Related|

* Tank on the Moon (2007 documentary)
* List of missions to the Moon
* Mars rover
* Rover (space exploration)
* List of extraterrestrial rovers

Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign † indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.

* v
* t
* e

Crewed lunar spacecraft

Orbiters|

* Apollo command and service module
* Cancelled
* LK-1 / LK-700 (VA)
* Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1)
* LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3)
* Future
* Lunar Gateway‎
* Orion
* Orel
* Mengzhou

Landers|

* Apollo Lunar Module
* Canceled
* Lunniy Korabl
* Altair
* Future
* Blue Moon
* Lanyue
* Starship HLS

Proposed|

* Lunar Orbital Station
* Boeing Lunar Lander
* Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander

Related|

* Moon landing
* conspiracy theories
* List of lunar probes
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* List of missions to the Moon

* v
* t
* e

Space missions by destination

Planets|

* Mercury
* Venus
* Mars
* Outer planets
* Jupiter
* Saturn
* Uranus
* Neptune

Others|

* The Sun
* The Moon
* lunar probes
* Minor planets
* Comets

Orbiters|

* Extraterrestrial orbiters
* Mars orbiters
* Objects in heliocentric orbit

* v
* t
* e

21st-century space probes

Active space probes
(deep space missions)|

| Sun|

* Parker Solar Probe
* Solar Orbiter
* Aditya-L1

|

Moon|

* ARTEMIS
* CAPSTONE
* Chandrayaan-2
* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 4 (Yutu-2 rover)
* Chang'e 5
* Danuri
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* Queqiao
* Queqiao 2
* Tiandu 1 and 2
* Chang'e 6
* ICUBE-Q
* Blue Ghost Mission 1
* Hakuto-R Mission 2
* Tenacious

Mars|

* Emirates Mars Mission
* ExoMars TGO
* Mars Express
* 2001 Mars Odyssey
* MAVEN
* MRO
* MSL Curiosity rover
* Tianwen-1
* Mars 2020
* Perseverance rover

Other planets|

* BepiColombo
* Mercury
* Akatsuki
* Venus
* Juno
* Jupiter
* Juice
* Jupiter
* Europa Clipper
* Jupiter

Minor planets|

* Chang'e 2
* Hayabusa2 / MINERVA-II
* Lucy
* New Horizons
* OSIRIS-REx
* Hera
* Psyche
* Tianwen-2

Interstellar space|

* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2

Completed after 2000
(by termination date)|

| 2000s|

* 2001
* NEAR Shoemaker
* Deep Space 1
* 2003
* Pioneer 10
* Galileo
* Nozomi
* 2004
* Genesis
* 2005
* Huygens
* 2006
* Mars Global Surveyor
* 2008
* Phoenix
* 2009
* Chang'e 1
* Ulysses
* Chandrayaan-1
* SELENE
* LCROSS

|

2010s|

* 2010
* Hayabusa
* MER Spirit rover
* 2011
* Stardust
* 2012
* GRAIL
* 2013
* Deep Impact
* 2014
* LADEE
* Venus Express
* Chang'e 5-T1
* 2015
* MESSENGER
* PROCYON
* IKAROS
* 2016
* Rosetta / Philae
* Yutu rover
* ExoMars Schiaparelli
* 2017
* LISA Pathfinder
* Cassini
* 2018
* MASCOT
* Dawn
* Longjiang-1
* 2019
* MarCO
* MER Opportunity rover
* Beresheet
* Longjiang-2
* Chandrayaan-2 / Pragyan rover

2020s|

* 2020
* Chang'e 5
* 2022
* Double Asteroid Redirection Test
* Mangalyaan
* InSight
* 2023
* Hakuto-R Mission 1
* Luna 25
* Chandrayaan-3 / Pragyan rover
* Zhurong rover
* 2024
* Peregrine Mission One
* Ingenuity helicopter
* SLIM
* IM-1
* 2025
* Brokkr-2
* IM-2
* Lunar Trailblazer

* List of Solar System probes
* List of lunar probes
* List of extraterrestrial orbiters
* List of space telescopes

* v
* t
* e

Moon

Outline

Physical
properties|

* Internal structure
* Topography
* Atmosphere
* Gravity field
* Hill sphere
* Magnetic field
* Sodium tail
* Moonlight
* Earthlight

Orbit|

* Orbital elements
* Distance
* Perigee and apogee
* Libration
* Nodes
* Nodal period
* Precession
* Syzygy
* New moon
* Full moon
* Eclipses
* Lunar eclipse
* Total penumbral lunar eclipse
* Tetrad
* Solar eclipse
* Solar eclipses on the Moon
* Eclipse cycle
* Supermoon
* Tide
* Tidal force
* Tidal locking
* Tidal acceleration
* Tidal range
* Lunar station

Surface and
features|

* Selenography
* Terminator
* Limb
* Hemispheres
* Near side
* Far side
* Poles
* North pole
* South pole
* Face
* Maria
* List
* Mountains
* Peak of eternal light
* Valleys
* Volcanic features
* Domes
* Calderas
* Lava tubes
* Craters
* List
* Ray systems
* Permanently shadowed craters
* South Pole–Aitken basin
* Regolith
* swirls
* Rilles
* Wrinkle ridges
* Rocks
* Lunar basalt 70017
* Changesite-(Y)
* Water
* Space weathering
* Micrometeorite
* Sputtering
* Quakes
* Transient lunar phenomenon
* Selenographic coordinate system

Science|

* Observation
* Libration
* Lunar theory
* Origin
* Giant-impact hypothesis
* Theia
* Lunar magma ocean
* Geology
* Timescale
* Late Heavy Bombardment
* Lunar meteorites
* KREEP
* Volcanism
* Experiments
* Lunar laser ranging
* ALSEP
* Lunar sample displays
* Apollo 11
* Apollo 17
* Lunar seismology

Exploration|

* Missions
* Apollo program
* Explorers
* Probes
* Landing
* Colonization
* Moonbase
* Tourism
* Lunar resources

Time-telling
and navigation|

* Lunar calendar
* Lunisolar calendar
* Month
* Lunar month
* Nodal period
* Fortnight
* Sennight
* Lunar station
* Lunar distance

Phases and
names|

* New
* Full
* Names
* Crescent
* Super and micro
* Blood
* Blue
* Black
* Dark
* Wet
* Tetrad

Daily phenomena|

* Moonrise
* Meridian passage
* Moonset

Related|

* Lunar deities
* Lunar effect
* Earth phase
* Moon illusion
* Pareidolia
* Man in the Moon
* Moon rabbit
* Craters named after people
* Artificial objects on the Moon
* Memorials on the Moon
* Moon in science fiction
* list
* Apollo era
* futuristic exploration
* Hollow Moon
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Moon Treaty
* "Moon is made of green cheese"
* Natural satellite
* Double planet
* Lilith (hypothetical second moon)
* Splitting of the Moon

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Spaceflight lists and timelines

* Timeline of spaceflight

General|

* Space exploration
* outline
* timeline
* Spacecraft
* Spaceflight records
* Space Race
* Rocket and missile technology

Human spaceflight|

| General|

* Crewed spacecraft
* timeline
* by program
* Spaceflights
* 1961–1970
* 1971–1980
* 1981–1990
* 1991–2000
* 2001–2010
* 2011–2020
* 2021–present
* Soviet
* Russian
* Vostok and Voskhod
* Soyuz
* Mercury
* Gemini
* Apollo
* Skylab
* Shenzhou
* Gaganyaan
* Spacelab
* Artemis
* Civilian spaceflight
* Orbital
* Suborbital

|

Salyut|

* Expeditions
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors

Mir|

* Expeditions
* ESA
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors

ISS|

* Expeditions
* ESA
* Visiting
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors
* Deployed

Tiangong|

* Expeditions
* Crewed Spaceflights
* Spacewalks

Shuttle|

* Crews
* Missions
* Rollbacks

People|

* Astronauts
* by name
* by year of selection
* Apollo
* Gemini
* Mercury
* Chinese
* Asian
* European
* Cosmonauts
* women
* Muslim
* Arab
* African American
* Ibero-America
* Space scientists
* Space travelers
* by name
* by first flight
* by nationality
* billionaires
* timeline by nationality
* Spaceflight-related human fatalities

EVA|

* 1965–1999
* 2000–2014
* 2015–2024
* 2025–present
* Cumulative spacewalk records
* Longest spacewalks
* Spacewalkers

Solar System
exploration|

* Timeline
* Interplanetary voyages
* Landings on other planets
* rovers
* artificial objects
* Objects at Lagrange points
* Probes
* active
* future
* orbiters
* leaving the Solar System
* lunar probes
* Missions to the Moon
* Timeline of satellites
* Sample-return mission
* Mars

Earth-orbiting
satellites|

* Communications satellite firsts
* CubeSats
* PocketQube
* Earth observation satellites
* Timeline of first Earth observation satellites
* Geosynchronous orbit
* GOES
* GPS
* Kosmos
* Magnetospheric
* NRO
* TDRS
* USA

Vehicles|

* Orbital launch systems
* Comparison
* Sounding rocket list
* Spacecraft
* uncrewed
* crewed
* heaviest
* Upper stages
* Sounding rocket
* Small-lift launch vehicle
* Medium-lift launch vehicle
* Heavy-lift launch vehicle
* Super heavy-lift launch vehicle

Launches
by rocket type|

* Ariane
* Antares
* Atlas
* Atlas LV3B
* Atlas LV3C
* Black Brant
* Electron
* Delta DM-19
* Delta 1
* Delta II
* Delta III
* Delta IV Heavy
* Delta IV Medium
* Delta IV
* Falcon 9 and Heavy
* 2010–2019
* 2020–2022
* GSLV
* H-II and H3
* Kosmos
* Long March
* Minotaur
* New Glenn
* Proton
* PSLV
* R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)
* Scout
* SLS
* Starship
* Thor and Delta
* Thor-Agena
* Thor DM-18 Able
* Thor DM-18 Agena-A
* Thor DM-18
* Thor DM-21 Agena-B
* Titan
* Tsyklon
* V-2 tests
* Vega
* Vulcan
* Zenit

Launches by spaceport|

* Satish Dhawan

Agencies, companies
and facilities|

* Communications satellite companies
* comparison
* Private spaceflight companies
* Rocket launch sites
* Space agencies
* Spacecraft manufacturers

Other mission lists
and timelines|

* First orbital launches by country
* First satellites by country
* NASA missions
* Constellation missions
* Timeline of first images of Earth from space
* Timeline of longest spaceflights
* Timeline of private spaceflight

* v
* t
* e

Future spaceflights

Crewed|

| 2025|

* SpaceX Crew-11 (July)
* Soyuz MS-28 (November)
* Shenzhou 21 (November)

|

2026|

* SpaceX Crew-12
* Artemis II (April)
* Soyuz MS-29 (June)
* Boeing Starliner-1
* Vast-1
* Axiom Mission 5

2027+|

* Soyuz MS-30 (February 2027)
* Gaganyaan-4 (Q1 2027)
* Gaganyaan-5 (2027)
* Artemis III (2027)
* Artemis IV (2028)
* Artemis V (2030)
* Chinese Crewed Lunar Landing Mission (~2030)

Uncrewed|

| 2025|

* Bion-M No.2
* Cygnus NG-22
* Cygnus NG-23 (Q4)
* ESCAPADE
* Gaganyaan-1 (Q4)
* Garatéa-L
* GOSAT-GW
* IMAP / SWFO-L1 (September)
* HTV-X1 (September)
* IM-3 (October)
* LOXSAT1
* MetOp-SG Series A
* MetOp-SG Series B
* MULA
* NISAR (July)
* PETREL
* Progress MS-32 (August)
* Progress MS-33 (October)
* SMILE (Q3)
* SPARCS
* SSC Demo-1
* TRACERS

|

2026|

* ALTIUS / FLEX
* Chang'e 7 / Rashid 2
* Gaganyaan-2
* Gaganyaan-3
* ispace M3
* MMX
* Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (2026–2027)
* Xuntian
* PLATO
* ULTRASAT

2027|

* Chandrayaan-4
* FORUM
* Luna 26
* NEO Surveyor (September)
* PPE / HALO
* Space Rider
* Superbird-9

2028|

* Chang'e 8
* DESTINY+
* Dragonfly
* JASMINE
* Luna 27
* LUPEX
* MBR Explorer
* MSR
* Rosalind Franklin rover
* SAOCOM-2A
* Solar-C EUVST
* Tianwen-3
* Venus Orbiter Mission

2029|

* ARIEL / Comet Interceptor
* Harmony
* Tianwen-4
* Solar Polar Orbit Observatory

2030+|

* ISS Deorbit Vehicle (2030)
* Luna 28 (2030)
* SAOCOM-2B (2030)
* Spektr-UV (2030)
* Spektr-M (2030+)
* EnVision (2031)
* Venera-D (2031)
* VERITAS (2031)
* DAVINCI (2031–2032)
* LiteBIRD (2032)
* Athena (2035)
* LISA (2035)

TBA|

* DISHA
* Janus
* MOM 2
* TEREX-1 (mid 2020s)
* Uranus Orbiter and Probe
* Habitable Worlds Observatory

* List of proposed missions to the Moon
* List of proposed space observatories
* List of proposed Solar System probes

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