List of modern obelisks

This is a list of all obelisks built after the 16th century. See List of obelisks in Rome, List of Egyptian obelisks for some ancient obelisks.

## Modern obelisks

[edit]

(Listed in date order)

### 17th century

[edit]

Obelisk name  | Image  | Location  | Country  | Elevation  | Completed  | Coordinates  | Notes

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m | ft
Fontaine des
Quatre Dauphins |  | Aix-en-Provence | France |  |  | 1667 | 43°31′35″N 5°26′44″E﻿ / ﻿43.52639°N 5.44556°E﻿ / 43.52639; 5.44556 |

### 18th century

[edit]

Obelisk name  | Image  | Location  | Country  | Elevation  | Completed  | Coordinates  | Notes

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m | ft
Market Square obelisk |  | Ripon | United Kingdom | 24  | 80 | 1702 | 54°08′11″N 1°31′25″W﻿ / ﻿54.136340°N 1.523736°W﻿ / 54.136340; -1.523736 | The first large scale obelisk in Britain.[1]
Stillorgan Obelisk |  | Stillorgan, Dublin | Ireland | 30  | 100 | 1727 | 53°17′12″N 6°10′53″W﻿ / ﻿53.286663°N 6.181317°W﻿ / 53.286663; -6.181317 |
St. Bartholomäi Church |  | Dessau-Roßlau | Germany | 42  | 138 | 1722–25. Spire by Carlo Ignazio Pozzi | 51°50′23″N 12°16′26″E﻿ / ﻿51.839785°N 12.273856°E﻿ / 51.839785; 12.273856 | height of obelisk: 18 metres
St Luke Church |  | London | United Kingdom |  |  | circa 1727–33. Spire by Nicholas Hawksmoor | 51°31′31″N 0°05′39″W﻿ / ﻿51.525212°N 0.094223°W﻿ / 51.525212; -0.094223 |
Queen Anne Obelisk |  | Wentworth Castle, Yorkshire | England |  |  | 1734 | 53°31′19″N 1°30′03″W﻿ / ﻿53.521898°N 1.500927°W﻿ / 53.521898; -1.500927 | Designed by James Gibbs for Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
Boyne Obelisk |  | Oldbridge, County Louth | Ireland | 53  | 174 | 1736 | 53°43′31″N 6°25′00″W﻿ / ﻿53.725372°N 6.416718°W﻿ / 53.725372; -6.416718 | Erected to commemorate William of Orange's victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, and was the tallest obelisk in Europe at the time of its construction. It was destroyed in 1923, with only the base remaining in place.
Queen Square Obelisk |  | Bath | United Kingdom | 15  | 49 | 1738 | 51°23′00″N 2°21′49″W﻿ / ﻿51.383419°N 2.363585°W﻿ / 51.383419; -2.363585 |
Conolly's Folly |  | Leixlip, County Kildare | Ireland | 43  | 140 | 1740 | 53°22′10″N 6°33′36″W﻿ / ﻿53.369412°N 6.559868°W﻿ / 53.369412; -6.559868 |
Killiney Hill Obelisk |  | Killiney, County Dublin | Ireland |  |  | 1742 | 53°15′56″N 6°06′43″W﻿ / ﻿53.265569°N 6.111837°W﻿ / 53.265569; -6.111837 |
Mamhead obelisk |  | Mamhead | United Kingdom | 30  | 100 | 1742–1745 | 50°37′00″N 3°31′14″W﻿ / ﻿50.616542°N 3.520563°W﻿ / 50.616542; -3.520563 | An aid to shipping.[2]
Umberslade Obelisk |  | Umberslade Hall, Nuthurst, Warwickshire | United Kingdom | 21  | 70 | 1749 | 52°20′32″N 1°47′17″W﻿ / ﻿52.342306°N 1.787969°W﻿ / 52.342306; -1.787969 |
General Wolfe's Obelisk |  | Stowe School, Buckinghamshire | United Kingdom |  |  | 1754 | 52°02′32″N 1°01′04″W﻿ / ﻿52.042261°N 1.017686°W﻿ / 52.042261; -1.017686 |
Montreal Park Obelisk |  | Riverhead, Sevenoaks, Kent | United Kingdom |  |  | 1761 | 51°16′29″N 0°09′59″E﻿ / ﻿51.274666°N 0.166262°E﻿ / 51.274666; 0.166262 | Lord Jeffery Amherst's Obelisk.[3]
St George's Circus Obelisk |  | St George's Circus, London | United Kingdom |  |  | 1771 | 51°29′55″N 0°06′17″W﻿ / ﻿51.498707°N 0.104747°W﻿ / 51.498707; -0.104747 | Obelisk by Robert Mylne.
Kagul Obelisk |  | Tsarskoe Selo | Russia |  |  | 1772 | 59°42′52″N 30°23′32″E﻿ / ﻿59.714348°N 30.392089°E﻿ / 59.714348; 30.392089 |
Mautpyramide |  | Marktbreit | Germany | 10  | 33 | 1773 | 49°37′18″N 10°06′58″E﻿ / ﻿49.621530°N 10.116155°E﻿ / 49.621530; 10.116155 | marked the end of the section of the road Würzburg-Ansbach in the Principality of Ansbach. Originally situated on a refuge island on the road Würzburg-Ansbach, rebuilt after collision with a truck on December 3, 2010, next to the road
Chesma Obelisk(ru) |  | Gatchina | Russia |  |  | 1775 | 59°34′01″N 30°06′17″E﻿ / ﻿59.567062°N 30.104832°E﻿ / 59.567062; 30.104832 |
Liberty Memorial, Copenhagen |  | Vesterbrogade, Copenhagen | Denmark | 20  | 66 | 1788 | 55°40′27″N 12°33′48″E﻿ / ﻿55.6742°N 12.5633°E﻿ / 55.6742; 12.5633 | Erected in memory of the peasant reforms in 1788 which led to the abolition of adscription (Danish: Stavnsbåndet).
Villa Medici |  | Rome | Italy |  |  | 1790 | 41°54′32″N 12°28′59″E﻿ / ﻿41.908843°N 12.483178°E﻿ / 41.908843; 12.483178 | A 19th-century copy of the Egyptian obelisk moved to the Boboli Gardens in Florence
Obelisk Fountain |  | James St., Dublin | Ireland |  |  | 1790 | 53°20′36″N 6°17′25″W﻿ / ﻿53.343290°N 6.290279°W﻿ / 53.343290; -6.290279 |
Summerhill Obelisk  |  | Dangan Castle | Ireland  |  |  | 1790  | 53°30′43″N 6°44′54″W﻿ / ﻿53.512054°N 6.748462°W﻿ / 53.512054; -6.748462 | Restored and repaired to its original height in 2014 with the original brick and other materials.
Constable Obelisk |  | Gatchina Palace, Gatchina | Russia |  |  | 1793 | 59°33′36″N 30°06′47″E﻿ / ﻿59.560129°N 30.113045°E﻿ / 59.560129; 30.113045 |
Moore-Vallotton Incident marker |  | Wexford | Ireland |  |  | 1793 | 52°20′25″N 6°28′19″W﻿ / ﻿52.340274°N 6.471940°W﻿ / 52.340274; -6.471940 | [4]
Rumyantsev Obelisk |  | St Petersburg | Russia | 21  | 70 | 1799 | 59°56′18″N 30°17′33″E﻿ / ﻿59.938440°N 30.292509°E﻿ / 59.938440; 30.292509 |
Obelisk at Slottsbacken |  | Stockholm | Sweden | 30  | 98 | 1800 | 59°19′33″N 18°04′17″E﻿ / ﻿59.325871°N 18.071507°E﻿ / 59.325871; 18.071507 | Dismantled in 2017 and rebuilt in 2020.[5]

### 19th century

[edit]

Obelisk name  | Image  | Location  | Country  | Elevation  | Completed  | Coordinates  | Notes

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m | ft
Nelson memorial |  | Springfield Park Liverpool, England | United Kingdom |  |  | circa 1805 | 53°25′06″N 02°53′54″W﻿ / ﻿53.41833°N 2.89833°W﻿ / 53.41833; -2.89833 | Erected to the memory of Admiral Lord Nelson[6]
Nelson Monument |  | Portsmouth Harbour | United Kingdom | 37  | 120 | 1808 | 50°51′38″N 1°08′03″W﻿ / ﻿50.86056°N 1.13417°W﻿ / 50.86056; -1.13417 |
St. Emmeram's Palace Obelisk |  | Regensburg, Bavaria | Germany |  |  | circa 1810 | 49°00′57.07″N 12°05′32.68″E﻿ / ﻿49.0158528°N 12.0924111°E﻿ / 49.0158528; 12.0924111 |
Wandersmann |  | Hofheim am Taunus | Germany | 11  | 36 | 1813 | 50°03′23″N 8°23′02″E﻿ / ﻿50.05639°N 8.38389°E﻿ / 50.05639; 8.38389 | [1]
Constitution Obelisk |  | St. Augustine, Florida | United States |  |  | 1814 | 29°53′35.38″N 81°18′15.53″W﻿ / ﻿29.8931611°N 81.3043139°W﻿ / 29.8931611; -81.3043139 | In commemoration of the Spanish Constitution of 1812
Brightling Needle |  | Brightling, East Sussex | United Kingdom | 20  | 65 | circa 1815 | 50°57′57.96″N 0°22′37.25″E﻿ / ﻿50.9661000°N 0.3770139°E﻿ / 50.9661000; 0.3770139 | [7]
Patriots' Grave, Old Burying Ground |  | Arlington, Massachusetts | United States |  |  | 1818 | 42°24′58″N 71°09′31″W﻿ / ﻿42.41611°N 71.15861°W﻿ / 42.41611; -71.15861 |
George IV Monument |  | Dún Laoghaire, County Dublin | Ireland |  |  | 1823 | 53°17′37.72″N 6°07′54.44″W﻿ / ﻿53.2938111°N 6.1317889°W﻿ / 53.2938111; -6.1317889 |
Blantyre Monument |  | Erskine, Renfrewshire | United Kingdom | 24  | 80 | circa 1825 | 55°54′56.54″N 4°29′45.29″W﻿ / ﻿55.9157056°N 4.4959139°W﻿ / 55.9157056; -4.4959139 | [8]
Workers Monument  |  | Grochów, Warsaw | Poland  |  |  | 1825  | 52°14′45.81″N 21°04′35.32″E﻿ / ﻿52.2460583°N 21.0764778°E﻿ / 52.2460583; 21.0764778 |
Lublin Union Monument  |  | Lublin | Poland  | 13  | 43  | 1826  | 51°14′53.39″N 22°33′37.2″E﻿ / ﻿51.2481639°N 22.560333°E﻿ / 51.2481639; 22.560333 | [9]
Captain Cook's Monument |  | Easby Moor, Great Ayton, North Yorkshire | United Kingdom | 15.5  | 51 | 1827 | 54°28′58.88″N 1°05′26.95″W﻿ / ﻿54.4830222°N 1.0908194°W﻿ / 54.4830222; -1.0908194 | [10]
Groton Monument |  | Fort Griswold, Groton, Connecticut | United States | 41  | 135 | 1830 | 41°21′18″N 72°4′46″W﻿ / ﻿41.35500°N 72.07944°W﻿ / 41.35500; -72.07944 | [11]
Bunker Hill Monument |  | Charlestown, Massachusetts | United States | 67  | 221 | 1827-43 | 42°22′35″N 71°03′41″W﻿ / ﻿42.37639°N 71.06139°W﻿ / 42.37639; -71.06139 | [12]
Spencer Monument |  | Blata l-Bajda | Malta |  |  | 1831
(relocated 1893) | 35°53′17″N 14°29′53″E﻿ / ﻿35.88806°N 14.49806°E﻿ / 35.88806; 14.49806 | [13]
Obelisk in Odinslund |  | Uppsala | Sweden |  |  | 1832 | 59°51′25″N 17°37′56″E﻿ / ﻿59.85694°N 17.63222°E﻿ / 59.85694; 17.63222 | In memory of king Gustav II Adolf, donated by king Charles XIV John.[14]
Thomas Jefferson Obelisk, Monticello |  | Charlottesville, Virginia | United States |  |  | 1833 | 38°00′37″N 78°27′08″W﻿ / ﻿38.01028°N 78.45222°W﻿ / 38.01028; -78.45222 | Erected by his family, Jefferson had willed that only three achievements be sketched onto it: Author of the Declaration of Independence, author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, and father of the University of Virginia.[15]
Munich obelisk |  | Munich | Germany | 29  | 95 | 1833 | 48°08′41″N 11°34′09″E﻿ / ﻿48.144699°N 11.569167°E﻿ / 48.144699; 11.569167 |
Obelisk of Lions, Copou Park |  | Iași | Romania | 13.5  | 44 | 1834 | 47°10′43″N 27°34′01″E﻿ / ﻿47.17851°N 27.56691°E﻿ / 47.17851; 27.56691 | [16]
Villa Torlonia |  | Rome | Italy |  |  | 1842 | 41°54′50″N 12°30′43″E﻿ / ﻿41.91389°N 12.51194°E﻿ / 41.91389; 12.51194 | Two obelisks
Obelisk of Piazza Gioberti |  | Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna | Italy |  |  | 1842 | 44°42′0″N 10°38′0″E﻿ / ﻿44.70000°N 10.63333°E﻿ / 44.70000; 10.63333 | Commemorates marriage of Francis V, Duke of Modena to princess Adelgunde of Bavaria
Rutherford's Monument |  | Anwoth, Scotland | United Kingdom |  |  | 1842 | 54°52′37.71″N 4°12′10.39″W﻿ / ﻿54.8771417°N 4.2028861°W﻿ / 54.8771417; -4.2028861 | A memorial to Samuel Rutherford[17]
Political Martyrs' Monument |  | Calton Hill, Edinburgh, Scotland | United Kingdom | 27  | 90 | 1844 | 55°57′12″N 3°11′9″W﻿ / ﻿55.95333°N 3.18583°W﻿ / 55.95333; -3.18583 | [18]
Lansdowne Monument |  | Wiltshire, England | United Kingdom | 38  | 125 | 1845 | 51°25′22″N 1°55′58″W﻿ / ﻿51.4228°N 1.9327°W﻿ / 51.4228; -1.9327 | Erected by the 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne to commemorate Sir William Petty.[19]
The Obelisk |  | Newcastle, New South Wales | Australia |  |  | 1850 | 32°55′55.06″S 151°46′43.8″E﻿ / ﻿32.9319611°S 151.778833°E﻿ / -32.9319611; 151.778833 |
Wellington Monument |  | Wellington, Somerset | United Kingdom | 53  | 175 | 1854 | 50°56′53″N 3°13′45″W﻿ / ﻿50.9480°N 3.2293°W﻿ / 50.9480; -3.2293 | [20]
Cape Dombey Obelisk |  | Robe, South Australia | Australia | 12  | 39 | 1855 | 37°9′23″S 139°44′37″E﻿ / ﻿37.15639°S 139.74361°E﻿ / -37.15639; 139.74361 |
Stoodley Pike Monument |  | Todmorden, West Yorkshire | United Kingdom | 37  | 121 | 1856 | 53°42′51″N 2°2′33″W﻿ / ﻿53.71417°N 2.04250°W﻿ / 53.71417; -2.04250 | [21]
Hyde Park Obelisk |  | Sydney, New South Wales | Australia | 22  | 72 | 1857 | 33°52′29″S 151°12′36″E﻿ / ﻿33.87472°S 151.21000°E﻿ / -33.87472; 151.21000 | [22]
Herndon Monument |  | Annapolis, Maryland | United States | 6.4  | 21 | 1860 | 38°58′56″N 76°29′09″W﻿ / ﻿38.9823°N 76.4859°W﻿ / 38.9823; -76.4859 | Erected by the US Naval Academy to commemorate the loss of William Lewis Herndon.
Obelisk of Fontenoy |  | Fontenoy, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté | France |  |  | 1860 | 47°38′35.57″N 3°18′44.82″E﻿ / ﻿47.6432139°N 3.3124500°E﻿ / 47.6432139; 3.3124500 |
Wellington Monument |  | Phoenix Park, Dublin | Ireland | 62  | 203 | 1861 | 53°20′57″N 6°18′11″W﻿ / ﻿53.34908°N 6.303116°W﻿ / 53.34908; -6.303116 | The tallest in Europe.
Prince of Wales' Obelisk |  | Port Elizabeth | South Africa |  |  |  | 33°58′39.86″S 25°38′57.49″E﻿ / ﻿33.9777389°S 25.6493028°E﻿ / -33.9777389; 25.6493028 | Intended for one George Kemp but erected to commemorate the marriage of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and Alexandra of Denmark in 1861. Originally on Market Square, now in front of the Bayworld Museum Complex.[citation needed]
Lincoln Tomb |  | Springfield, Illinois | United States | 36  | 117 | 1865 | 39°49′24″N 89°39′21″W﻿ / ﻿39.82333°N 89.65583°W﻿ / 39.82333; -89.65583 | [23]
Tyndale Monument |  | North Nibley, Gloucestershire | United Kingdom | 34  | 111 | 1866 | 51°39′32″N 2°22′21″W﻿ / ﻿51.658888°N 2.372623°W﻿ / 51.658888; -2.372623 |
Treue der Union Monument |  | Comfort, Texas | United States |  |  | 1866 | 29°58′11″N 98°54′50″W﻿ / ﻿29.969782°N 98.913848°W﻿ / 29.969782; -98.913848 |
Nicholson's Obelisk |  | Margalla Hills, Rawalpindi–Islamabad | Pakistan | 12  | 40 | 1868 | 33°42′11.12″N 72°49′29.4″E﻿ / ﻿33.7030889°N 72.824833°E﻿ / 33.7030889; 72.824833 | [24]
Hamilton Monument |  | Skerries, Dublin | Ireland  |  |  | 1870  | 53°34′50.47″N 6°06′25.3″E﻿ / ﻿53.5806861°N 6.107028°E﻿ / 53.5806861; 6.107028 |
Captain Cook Obelisk |  | Kurnell, New South Wales | Australia |  |  | 1870 | 34°00′17″S 151°13′03″E﻿ / ﻿34.004667°S 151.217556°E﻿ / -34.004667; 151.217556 | [25]
Obelisk of April's Peace |  | San José de Mayo, San José | Uruguay |  |  | 1873 | 34°20′22.32″S 56°42′49.84″W﻿ / ﻿34.3395333°S 56.7138444°W﻿ / -34.3395333; -56.7138444 |
Dauphin County Veteran's Memorial Obelisk |  | Harrisburg, Pennsylvania | United States | 34  | 110 | 1876 | 40°15′47″N 76°53′13″W﻿ / ﻿40.26304°N 76.88681°W﻿ / 40.26304; -76.88681 | [26]
Washington Monument |  | Washington, D.C. | United States | 169  | 555 | 1884 | 38°53′22″N 77°02′07″W﻿ / ﻿38.889482°N 77.035276°W﻿ / 38.889482; -77.035276 | [27]
Oriskany Battlefield monument |  | Rome, New York | United States |  |  | 1884 | 43°10′7″N 75°22′8″W﻿ / ﻿43.16861°N 75.36889°W﻿ / 43.16861; -75.36889 | [28]
Monument to the Restorers |  | Restauradores Square, Lisbon | Portugal | 15  | 48 | 1886 | 38°42′57″N 9°8′30″W﻿ / ﻿38.71583°N 9.14167°W﻿ / 38.71583; -9.14167 | Erected to celebrate the victory in the Portuguese Restoration War (1640–1668).
Ludwig van Beethoven's grave |  | Vienna Central Cemetery | Austria |  |  | 1888 | 48°09′07″N 16°26′24″E﻿ / ﻿48.15194°N 16.44000°E﻿ / 48.15194; 16.44000
Bennington Battle Monument |  | Bennington, Vermont | United States | 92 or 93  | 301 or 306 | 1889 | 42°53′21″N 73°12′57″W﻿ / ﻿42.88917°N 73.21583°W﻿ / 42.88917; -73.21583 | [29]
Monolith "The Obelisk" |  | Villalar de los Comuneros, Castile and León | Spain |  |  | 1889 | 41°33′00″N 5°08′19″W﻿ / ﻿41.550044°N 5.138741°W﻿ / 41.550044; -5.138741 |
Dalhousie Obelisk |  | Raffles Place, Central Area | Singapore |  |  | 1891 | 1°17′15″N 103°51′8″E﻿ / ﻿1.28750°N 103.85222°E﻿ / 1.28750; 103.85222 | [30]
The Obelisk, Penn State University |  | University Park, Pennsylvania | United States |  |  | 1896 | 40°47′43″N 77°51′48″W﻿ / ﻿40.79528°N 77.86333°W﻿ / 40.79528; -77.86333 |
Confederate War Memorial |  | Dallas, Texas | United States |  |  | 1896 | 32°46′32″N 96°47′59″W﻿ / ﻿32.77556°N 96.79972°W﻿ / 32.77556; -96.79972 | [31]
Obelisk Anspach |  | Brussels | Belgium |  |  | 1897  | 50°51′12.95″N 4°20′48.72″E﻿ / ﻿50.8535972°N 4.3468667°E﻿ / 50.8535972; 4.3468667 |

### 20th century

[edit]

Obelisk name  | Image  | Location  | Country  | Elevation  | Completed  | Coordinates  | Notes

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m | ft
William Dudley Chipley Memorial |  | Plaza Ferdinand VII, Pensacola, Florida | United States |  |  | 1901 | 30°24′31.7″N 87°12′50.24″W﻿ / ﻿30.408806°N 87.2139556°W﻿ / 30.408806; -87.2139556 |
Sergeant Floyd Monument |  | Sioux City, Iowa | United States | 30  | 100 | 1901 | 42°27′45″N 96°22′39″W﻿ / ﻿42.46250°N 96.37750°W﻿ / 42.46250; -96.37750 | [32]
Joseph Smith Birthplace Memorial |  | South Royalton, Vermont | United States | 15  | 50 | 1905 | 43°49′26″N 72°28′21″W﻿ / ﻿43.823797°N 72.472444°W﻿ / 43.823797; -72.472444 | [33]: 118
McKinley Monument |  | Niagara Square, Buffalo, New York | United States | 29  | 96 | 1907 | 42°53′11″N 78°52′41″W﻿ / ﻿42.88639°N 78.87806°W﻿ / 42.88639; -78.87806 | [34]
The Veterans' Monument |  | Elizabethton, Tennessee | United States |  |  | 1904 | 36°20′55″N 82°12′38″W﻿ / ﻿36.348659°N 82.210544°W﻿ / 36.348659; -82.210544 | Dedicated to American Civil War veterans from Carter County, Tennessee.
Samuel Smith Monument |  | Sefton Park, Liverpool | United Kingdom |  |  | 1909 | 53°23′09.67″N 02°56′43.08″W﻿ / ﻿53.3860194°N 2.9453000°W﻿ / 53.3860194; -2.9453000 | Designed by C.J. Allen as a memorial to local MP and philanthropist. Granite, with bronze plaques.[35]
Finn's Point National Cemetery |  | Pennsville Township, New Jersey | United States  | 26  | 85  | 1910  | 39°36′42″N 75°33′22″W﻿ / ﻿39.611729°N 75.556102°W﻿ / 39.611729; -75.556102 | Erected by the U.S. government in 1910 to memorialize Confederate soldiers buried at the cemetery.
Coronation Memorial |  | Coronation Park, Delhi | India |  |  |  | 28°43′23″N 77°11′49″E﻿ / ﻿28.723046°N 77.196819°E﻿ / 28.723046; 77.196819 | To commemorate the founding of New Delhi in 1911 followed by other obelisks around the Rashtrapati Bhavan
Victory Memorial |  | Fort Recovery, Ohio | United States | 31  | 101 | 1913 | 40°24′48″N 84°46′33″W﻿ / ﻿40.413232°N 84.775819°W﻿ / 40.413232; -84.775819 | [36]
Rizal Monument |  | Luneta Park, Manila | Philippines | 12.7  | 42 | 1913 | 14°34′54″N 120°58′36″E﻿ / ﻿14.581669°N 120.976694°E﻿ / 14.581669; 120.976694 | built to commemorate the executed Filipino nationalist, José Rizal.
National Women's Monument |  | Bloemfontein | South Africa |  |  | 1913 | 29°08′30″S 26°12′30″E﻿ / ﻿29.1416°S 26.2083°E﻿ / -29.1416; 26.2083 | [37]
Ozark Trail |  | Various locations including Stroud, Oklahoma, Farwell, Dimmitt, Wellington, and Tulia, Texas | United States |  |  | 1913 |  | Formerly a series of 21 obelisks
PAX Memorial |  | Walmer, Port Elizabeth | South Africa | 6  | 20 | 1919 | 33°58′28″S 25°34′29″E﻿ / ﻿33.974379°S 25.574855°E﻿ / -33.974379; 25.574855 | A World War I memorial to local fallen soldiers.[38]
Dover Patrol Monument |  | St Margaret's at Cliffe | United Kingdom | 23  | 75 | 1919 | 51°9′24.71″N 1°23′33.55″E﻿ / ﻿51.1568639°N 1.3926528°E﻿ / 51.1568639; 1.3926528 | Erected to honour Dover Patrol.
Flagler Monument |  | Flagler Monument Island, Miami Beach, Florida | United States | 34  | 110 | 1920 | 25°47′07″N 80°09′10″W﻿ / ﻿25.785181°N 80.152742°W﻿ / 25.785181; -80.152742 | [39]
Dover Patrol Monument |  | Cap Blanc-Nez, Sangatte/Escalles | France | 23  | 75 | 1922 | 50°55′29.42″N 1°42′35.57″E﻿ / ﻿50.9248389°N 1.7098806°E﻿ / 50.9248389; 1.7098806 | Erected to honour Dover Patrol.
Southport War Memorial |  | London Square, Southport, Lancashire, England | United Kingdom | 20.6  | 67.5 | 1923 | 53°38′55″N 3°00′16″W﻿ / ﻿53.648670°N 3.004326°W﻿ / 53.648670; -3.004326 |
Veterans Memorial Plaza |  | Indiana World War Memorial Plaza, Indianapolis, Indiana | United States | 30  | 100 | 1923 | 39°46′25″N 86°9′25″W﻿ / ﻿39.77361°N 86.15694°W﻿ / 39.77361; -86.15694 | [40]
Jefferson Davis Monument |  | Fairview, Kentucky | United States | 107  | 351 | 1924 | 36°50′31″N 87°18′01″W﻿ / ﻿36.842078°N 87.300286°W﻿ / 36.842078; -87.300286 | Commemorating the birthplace
of the President
of the Confederate States of America
Boer War Monument |  | King's Domain, Melbourne, Victoria | Australia | 23  | 75 | 1924 | 37°50′00″S 144°58′20″E﻿ / ﻿37.833406°S 144.972259°E﻿ / -37.833406; 144.972259 [2] (dismantled?) | [41]
Camp Merritt Memorial Monument |  | Cresskill, New Jersey | United States | 20  | 66 | 1924 | 40°56′28″N 73°58′37″W﻿ / ﻿40.941102°N 73.976831°W﻿ / 40.941102; -73.976831 | Monument dedicated to the soldiers who passed through Camp Merritt, New Jersey, en route to Europe in World War I, particularly those who died at the camp due to the influenza epidemic of 1918
Hobart Cenotaph |  | Queens Domain, Hobart, Tasmania | Australia | 23  | 75 | 1925 | 42°52′40″S 147°20′12″E﻿ / ﻿42.877820°S 147.336552°E﻿ / -42.877820; 147.336552 | A World War I memorial[42]
The Big Red Apple |  | Cornelia, Georgia | United States | 2.4  | 8 | 1925 | 34°30′42″N 83°31′36″W﻿ / ﻿34.511667°N 83.526601°W﻿ / 34.511667; -83.526601 | A short square obelisk with the world's largest apple on top stands[43]
Prague Castle Obelisk
(or Monolith from Mrákotín) |  | Prague Castle, Prague | Czech Republic | 15.42  | 50.6 | 1930 | 50°5′25″N 14°24′1″E﻿ / ﻿50.09028°N 14.40028°E﻿ / 50.09028; 14.40028 |
Obelisk of Montevideo
(or Obelisco a los Constituyentes de 1830) |  | Parque Batlle, Montevideo | Uruguay | 40  | 130 | 1930 | 34°53′51″S 56°09′52″W﻿ / ﻿34.8975°S 56.1644°W﻿ / -34.8975; -56.1644 | [44]
High Point Monument |  | High Point, Montague, New Jersey | United States | 67  | 220 | 1930 | 41°19′15″N 74°39′42″W﻿ / ﻿41.32083°N 74.66167°W﻿ / 41.32083; -74.66167 | Located on top of New Jersey's highest point, 550 m (1,803 ft) above sea level.
Dover Patrol Monument |  | John Paul Jones Park, Brooklyn | United States | 23  | 75 | 1931 | 40°36′41.18″N 74°2′3.01″W﻿ / ﻿40.6114389°N 74.0341694°W﻿ / 40.6114389; -74.0341694 | Erected to honour Dover Patrol.
Foro Italico |  | Lungotevere Maresciallo Diaz, Rome | Italy |  |  | 1932 | 41°55′55″N 12°27′32″E﻿ / ﻿41.93194°N 12.45889°E﻿ / 41.93194; 12.45889 | Erected to honour Benito Mussolini.
Paterson Monument |  | Windmill Point, George Town, Tasmania | Australia |  |  | 1935 | 41°06′35″S 146°49′01″E﻿ / ﻿41.109591°S 146.817043°E﻿ / -41.109591; 146.817043 | Erected to commemorate the 1804 landing of William Paterson (explorer).[45]
Gefallenendenkmal Mühlbach |  | Eppingen, Baden-Württemberg | Germany | 24  | 79 | 1935 | 49°05′39″N 8°54′20″E﻿ / ﻿49.09417°N 8.90556°E﻿ / 49.09417; 8.90556 |
Obelisk of Buenos Aires |  | San Nicolás, Buenos Aires | Argentina | 71.5  | 235 | 1936 | 34°36′13″S 58°22′54″W﻿ / ﻿34.60361°S 58.38167°W﻿ / -34.60361; -58.38167 |
Trujillo Obelisk |  | Santo Domingo | Dominican Republic | 42  | 137 | 1937 | 18°27′53″N 69°53′38″W﻿ / ﻿18.464602°N 69.893933°W﻿ / 18.464602; -69.893933 |
War Memorial |  | Floriana | Malta |  |  | 1938 | 35°53′37″N 14°30′29″E﻿ / ﻿35.89361°N 14.50806°E﻿ / 35.89361; 14.50806 | [46]
San Jacinto Monument |  | La Porte, Texas | United States | 172.92  | 567.3 | 1939 | 29°45′00″N 95°04′51″W﻿ / ﻿29.749886°N 95.080716°W﻿ / 29.749886; -95.080716 | [47]
Trylon and Perisphere |  | 1939 New York World's Fair, Flushing, New York | United States | 190  | 620 | 1939 | 40°44′47″N 73°50′42″W﻿ / ﻿40.7463°N 73.8451°W﻿ / 40.7463; -73.8451 | Not a true obelisk, but an art deco variant.
Maungakiekie Obelisk |  | One Tree Hill, Auckland | New Zealand |  |  | 1940 | 36°54′00″S 174°46′59″E﻿ / ﻿36.900105°S 174.783187°E﻿ / -36.900105; 174.783187 | [48]
Victory Monument |  | Bangkok | Thailand |  |  | 1941 | 13°45′53″N 100°32′19″E﻿ / ﻿13.76472°N 100.53861°E﻿ / 13.76472; 100.53861 | To commemorate the Thai victory in the Franco-Thai War, a brief conflict waged against the French colonial authorities in Indo-China, which resulted in Thailand annexing some territories in western Cambodia and northern and southern Laos. These were among the territories which the Kingdom of Siam had been forced to cede to France in 1893 and 1904, and patriotic Thais considered them rightfully to belong to Thailand.
Plaza Francia Obelisk |  | Altamira, Caracas | Venezuela |  |  | 1944 | 10°29′47″N 66°50′56″W﻿ / ﻿10.49639°N 66.84889°W﻿ / 10.49639; -66.84889 |
Banská Bystrica Obelisk |  | Banská Bystrica | Slovakia |  |  | 1945 | 48°44′06″N 19°08′41″E﻿ / ﻿48.735057°N 19.144648°E﻿ / 48.735057; 19.144648 | Commemorates the soldiers of the Red Army and those of the Romanian Army who fell while liberating the town.
Monument to the Fallen |  | Santa Cruz de Tenerife | Spain | 25  | 82 | 1947 | 28°28′0.2″N 16°14′49.6″W﻿ / ﻿28.466722°N 16.247111°W﻿ / 28.466722; -16.247111 |
Cenotaph on Leinster Lawn |  | Leinster House, Dublin | Ireland | 18.28  | 60.0 | 1950 | 53°20′26″N 6°15′14″W﻿ / ﻿53.34055°N 6.254021°W﻿ / 53.34055; -6.254021 | Erected to commemorate the memories of Arthur Griffith, Michael Collins and Kevin O'Higgins;[49] and replaced an earlier temporary cenotaph, erected in 1923.[50]
Lucas Gusher Obelisk |  | Beaumont, Texas | United States |  |  | 1951 | 30°02′01″N 94°04′45″W﻿ / ﻿30.033540°N 94.079137°W﻿ / 30.033540; -94.079137 | Recognizes the 50th anniversary of the birth of the liquid fuel age as the Lucas Gusher came in at Spindletop on January 10, 1901.
Heroes Monument |  | Surabaya | Indonesia | 41.15  | 135.0  | 1952  | 7°14′46″S 112°44′15″E﻿ / ﻿7.24611°S 112.73750°E﻿ / -7.24611; 112.73750 | Commemorate the events of November 10, 1945, at the Battle of Surabaya
1947–1949 Palestine war Memorial |  | Safed | Israel |  |  |  | 32°58′06″N 35°29′44″E﻿ / ﻿32.968302°N 35.495448°E﻿ / 32.968302; 35.495448 |
Obelisk of São Paulo |  | São Paulo | Brazil | 72  | 236 | 1954 | 23°35′5″S 46°39′17″W﻿ / ﻿23.58472°S 46.65472°W﻿ / -23.58472; -46.65472 | [51]
Obelisks outside the Palace of Culture and Science |  | Warsaw | Poland  |  |  | 1955  | 52°13′50″N 21°00′32″E﻿ / ﻿52.230601°N 21.008772°E﻿ / 52.230601; 21.008772 |
Monument to the abolition of slavery
(Monumento a la abolición de la esclavitud) |  | Abolition Park, Ponce | Puerto Rico | 30  | 100 | 1956 | 18°00′21″N 66°36′46″W﻿ / ﻿18.00583°N 66.61278°W﻿ / 18.00583; -66.61278 | [52]
Obelisk of La Paz |  | La Paz | Bolivia |  |  |  | 16°29′55″S 68°08′06″W﻿ / ﻿16.49861°S 68.13500°W﻿ / -16.49861; -68.13500 |
Demidovsky Pillar |  | Tsentralny City District, Barnaul, Altai Krai | Russia | 14  | 46 |  | 53°19′43.8″N 83°47′3.6″E﻿ / ﻿53.328833°N 83.784333°E﻿ / 53.328833; 83.784333 |
Victory Obelisk
(Poklonnaya Hill Obelisk) |  | Poklonnaya Hill, Moscow | Russia | 141.8  | 465 | 1995 [3] | 55°43′54″N 37°30′25″E﻿ / ﻿55.731682°N 37.506943°E﻿ / 55.731682; 37.506943 | [53]
Monument to the Conquerors of Space |  | Moscow | Russia | 107  | 351 | 1964 | 55°49′21″N 37°38′23″E﻿ / ﻿55.822508°N 37.639600°E﻿ / 55.822508; 37.639600 |
Bayonet-Obelisk of the War Memorial |  | Brest Fortress, Brest | Belarus | 100  | 330 | 1971 | 52°04′58″N 23°39′25″E﻿ / ﻿52.082887°N 23.656834°E﻿ / 52.082887; 23.656834 | [54]
Trinity Nuclear Test Site Obelisk |  | Jornada del Muerto, Socorro, New Mexico | United States | 3.7  | 12 |  | 33°40′38″N 106°28′31″W﻿ / ﻿33.677285°N 106.475380°W﻿ / 33.677285; -106.475380 | The location of the first atomic bomb explosion.[55]
Iglica |  | Wroclaw | Poland | 90  | 300 | 1948 | 51°06′27″N 17°04′32″E﻿ / ﻿51.107543°N 17.075417°E﻿ / 51.107543; 17.075417 | original height 106 metres
Cairn to mark the Geographic Centre of North America |  | Rugby, North Dakota | United States | 4.6  | 15 | 1971 | 48°21′16″N 99°59′53″W﻿ / ﻿48.354440°N 99.998090°W﻿ / 48.354440; -99.998090 | The structure is more like a cairn sited near the geographical center of North America (Mexico, US and Canada). The location of the geographical center is approximately 15 miles (24 km) for the location of the cairn.[56]
Pirulito da Praça Sete |  | Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais | Brazil |  |  |  | 19°55′09″S 43°56′19″W﻿ / ﻿19.919101°S 43.938635°W﻿ / -19.919101; -43.938635 |
Oregon Trail |  | Boise, Idaho | United States |  |  |  |  | 21 obelisks that mark the trail.[57][58]
Islamic Summit Minar |  | Lahore, Punjab | Pakistan | 47  | 155 | 1974 | 31°33′37″N 74°19′30″E﻿ / ﻿31.560304°N 74.324988°E﻿ / 31.560304; 74.324988 | An obelisk-shape structure built to commemorate the Organisation of Islamic Conference.
Luxor Hotel |  | Las Vegas, Nevada | United States |  |  |  | 36°05′44″N 115°10′24″W﻿ / ﻿36.095488°N 115.173322°W﻿ / 36.095488; -115.173322 | The obelisk stands in front of the hotel, a pyramid-shaped hotel along The Strip
|  | Endicott, Triple Cities, New York | United States |  |  | 1975 |  | An obelisk stands in front of radio talk show host Clint Ferro's boyhood home[citation needed]
Monumen Nasional |  | Merdeka Square, Jakarta | Indonesia | 137  | 449  | 1975 | 6°10′31″S 106°49′38″E﻿ / ﻿6.175402°S 106.827133°E﻿ / -6.175402; 106.827133 | Symbolizing the fight for the independence of Indonesia
Juche Tower |  | Pyongyang | North Korea | 170  | 560 | 1982 | 39°01′03″N 125°45′49″E﻿ / ﻿39.017610°N 125.763634°E﻿ / 39.017610; 125.763634 |
Leningrad Hero City Obelisk |  | Vosstaniya Square, Saint Petersburg | Russia | 36  | 118 | 1985 | 59°55′51″N 30°21′43″E﻿ / ﻿59.930932°N 30.361836°E﻿ / 59.930932; 30.361836 |
Minsk Hero City Obelisk |  | Victors Avenue, Minsk | Belarus | 45  | 148 | 1985 | 53°54′57″N 27°32′17″E﻿ / ﻿53.915905°N 27.538141°E﻿ / 53.915905; 27.538141 |
1948 Arab–Israeli War Memorial |  | Ad Halom, Ashdod | Israel |  |  |  | 31°46′55″N 34°39′59″E﻿ / ﻿31.781916°N 34.666449°E﻿ / 31.781916; 34.666449 | Memorial to Egypt's fallen soldiers[59]
Avis Obelisk |  | Avis Farms Office Park, Pittsfield Township, Michigan | United States |  |  | 1998 | 42°12′47″N 83°44′46″W﻿ / ﻿42.213080°N 83.746073°W﻿ / 42.213080; -83.746073
Bahá'í House of Worship |  | Bahá'í World Centre buildings, Mount Carmel, Haifa | Israel |  |  | 1971 | 32°49′22″N 34°58′33″E﻿ / ﻿32.822766°N 34.975708°E﻿ / 32.822766; 34.975708 | Marking the site of the future Bahá'í House of Worship.
Independence Monument Obelisk |  | Maha Bandula Park, Yangon | Myanmar |  |  |  | 16°46′23″N 96°09′34″E﻿ / ﻿16.773145°N 96.159495°E﻿ / 16.773145; 96.159495 | [60]

### 21st century

[edit]

Obelisk name  | Image  | Location  | Country  | Elevation  | Completed  | Coordinates  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

m | ft
Spire of Dublin |  | Dublin | Ireland | 120  | 390 | 2003 | 53°20′59″N 6°15′37″W﻿ / ﻿53.349814°N 6.260254°W﻿ / 53.349814; -6.260254 |
Capas National Shrine |  | Tarlac province | Philippines | 70  | 230 | 2003 | 15°20′56″N 120°32′43″E﻿ / ﻿15.34891°N 120.545246°E﻿ / 15.34891; 120.545246 | [citation needed]
Kolonna Eterna |  | San Gwann | Malta | 6  | 20 | 2003 | 35°54′35″N 14°28′36″E﻿ / ﻿35.90972°N 14.47667°E﻿ / 35.90972; 14.47667 | Egyptian obelisk by Paul Vella Critien[61]
Colonna Mediterranea |  | Luqa | Malta | 3.0  | 10 | 2006 | 35°51′38″N 14°29′3″E﻿ / ﻿35.86056°N 14.48417°E﻿ / 35.86056; 14.48417 | Abstract art by Paul Vella Critien[62]
Plaza Salcedo Obelisk |  | Vigan, Ilocos Sur | Philippines |  |  |  | 17°34′31″N 120°23′15″E﻿ / ﻿17.57528°N 120.38750°E﻿ / 17.57528; 120.38750 |
Colony Park Monument |  | Ridgeland, Mississippi | United States | 58  | 190 |  | 32°26′49″N 90°08′47″W﻿ / ﻿32.447081°N 90.146352°W﻿ / 32.447081; -90.146352 | cellphone tower in shape of Washington Monument
Cyclisk |  | Santa Rosa, California | United States | 20  | 65  |  | 38°25′35″N 122°42′49″W﻿ / ﻿38.426463°N 122.713655°W﻿ / 38.426463; -122.713655 | Made of 340 bicycles[63]
Obelisco Novecento |  | Rome | Italy |  |  | 2004 | 41°49′23″N 12°27′55″E﻿ / ﻿41.822928°N 12.465325°E﻿ / 41.822928; 12.465325 | Sculpture by Arnaldo Pomodoro[citation needed]
Armed Forces Memorial  |  | National Memorial Arboretum, Staffordshire  | United Kingdom  |  |  | 2007  | 52°43′39″N 1°43′39″W﻿ / ﻿52.727428°N 1.7274395°W﻿ / 52.727428; -1.7274395 |
Caja Madrid Obelisk |  | Madrid | Spain | 92  | 302 | 2009 | 40°27′58″N 3°41′22″W﻿ / ﻿40.466028°N 3.689348°W﻿ / 40.466028; -3.689348 |
Särkynyt lyhty |  | Tornio, Lapland | Finland | 9  | 30 |  | 65°50′47″N 24°09′09″E﻿ / ﻿65.846379°N 24.152498°E﻿ / 65.846379; 24.152498 | Made of stainless steel[citation needed]
Agostinho Neto Memorial |  | Luanda | Angola | 120  | 390 | 2012 | 8°49′25″S 13°13′08″E﻿ / ﻿8.823684°S 13.218869°E﻿ / -8.823684; 13.218869 |
Oregon World War II Memorial |  | Salem, Oregon | United States |  |  | 2014 | 44°56′22″N 123°01′59″W﻿ / ﻿44.939509°N 123.033047°W﻿ / 44.939509; -123.033047 |
Human rights obelisk  |  | Brussels  | Belgium  | 12  | 39  | 2018  | 50°52′08″N 4°20′40″E﻿ / ﻿50.868850°N 4.344555°E﻿ / 50.868850; 4.344555 | The monument, consists of a stack of 30 coloured stones, includes all the articles of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in four languages - French, Dutch, German and English.[64]

## See also

[edit]

* Victory column
* List of Roman obelisks
* Obelisk

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Barnes, Richard (2004). The Obelisk: A Monumental Feature in Britain. Frontier. p. 18\. ISBN 978-1-872914-28-2.
2. ^ Fewins, Clive, And so to the tower, via the medieval treacle mines [permanent dead link] in The Independent dated 19 January 1997, at findarticles.com, accessed 19 July 2008
3. ^ "English Heritage | English Heritage". Risk.english-heritage.org.uk. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
4. ^ History of County Wexford: The Penal Laws & the 18th century
5. ^ Willebrand, Peter (June 2020). "Återuppstånden" [The Resurrection] (PDF). Sten. (in Swedish). Vol. 82, no. 2\. Kristianstad, Sweden: Sveriges Stenindustriförbund. pp. 30–31. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
6. ^ Nelson Monument Historic England; Retrieved 20 September 2020
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8. ^ "Site Record for Erskine House & Blantyre Monument". Canmore.rcahms.gov.uk. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
9. ^ "Pomniki lubelskie – pomnik Unii Lubelskiej - Leksykon - Teatr NN". teatrnn.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-10-20.
10. ^ Captain Cook's Monument
11. ^ Caulkins, Francis (2010). The Stone Records of Groton. Applewood Books. ISBN 9781429022798.
12. ^ "Bunker Hill Monument". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
13. ^ "Spencer Monument – Blata l-Bajda, Malta". Waymarking.com. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
14. ^ "Obelisken i Odinslund, en riktig skattgömma". Retrieved 3 June 2021.
15. ^ "Jefferson's Gravestone". Retrieved 21 August 2015.
16. ^ McAdam, Marika; Bainbridge, James (2013). "Iasi". Southeastern Europe (online version / no page number). Lonely Planet.
17. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Rutherford's Monument (Category B Listed Building) (LB3295)". Retrieved 2 April 2019.
18. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Regent Road, Calton Old Burial Ground and Monuments... (Category A Listed Building) (LB27920)". Retrieved 2 April 2019.
19. ^ The Lansdowne Monument near to Cherhill, Wiltshire, Great Britain at geograph.org.uk, accessed 18 July 2008
20. ^ Historic England. "Wellington Monument (1060281)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
21. ^ Richards, Robin (2013). LE-JOG-ed: A mid-lifer's trek from Land's End to John O'Groats. Troubador Publishing. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-1-78306-935-4.
22. ^ "Sewer Vent". NSW State Heritage Register. Office of Environment & Heritage, Government of New South Wales. 30 November 2001. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
23. ^ "Lincoln Tomb". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
24. ^ "Brigadier-General John Nicholson's Obelisk". www.azkhan.de. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
25. ^ "Captain Cook's Landing Site". Monument Australia. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
26. ^ Dauphin County Department of Military & Veterans' Affairs [dead link]
27. ^ "13 Interesting Facts About the Washington Monument". I Hit The Button. 2014-10-30. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
28. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
29. ^ "Bennington Monument - Historic Sites". historicsites.vermont.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-01-16. Retrieved 2019-04-05.
30. ^ National Heritage Board (2002), Singapore's 100 Historic Places, Archipelago Press, ISBN 981-4068-23-3
31. ^ "DallasNews.com: Hidden History of Dallas". Archived from the original on 2010-11-09. Retrieved 2019-04-05.
32. ^ "Sergeant Floyd Monument". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
33. ^ Erekson, Keith A. (2005). "The Joseph Smith Memorial Monument and Royalton's 'Mormon Affair': Religion, Community, Memory, and Politics in Progressive Vermont" (PDF). Vermont History. 73: 117–51.
34. ^ Kowsky, Francis R. (1981). "McKinley Monument". Buffalo architecture : a guide. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02172-2.
35. ^ Monument to Samuel Smith Historic England; Retrieved 21 September 2020
36. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
37. ^ "The Women's Monument entry in the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) Registry of Gazetted Sites, Objects and Shipwrecks". Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-25.
38. ^ Walker, D. R. (26 January 2014). "The PAX Memorial in Walmer, Port Elizabeth". Blogging while allatsea. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
39. ^ The City of Miami Beach. "Flagler Monument History" (PDF). The City of Miami Beach. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2006. Retrieved 13 June 2006.
40. ^ "Indiana World War Memorial Plaza Historic District". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2008.
41. ^ "Boer War Memorial". eMelbourne. July 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
42. ^ Howard, A. "Forgotten Landscape: Soldiers Memorial Avenue". THRA Papers and Proceedings. 52 (2): 95–106.
43. ^ "Big Red Apple". City of Cornellia. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
44. ^ "Obelisco a los Constituyentes | Intendencia de Montevideo". Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
45. ^ "National Library of Australia - Trove Photograph - unveiling of monument to Lieutenant-Colonel William Paterson, George Town".
46. ^ "The War Memorial". Times of Malta. 23 June 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
47. ^ "San Jacinto: Monument Fact Sheet]". San Jacinto Museum of History.
48. ^ "Maori Memorial. Obelisk on One Tree Hill. Scheme to divert fund". Auckland Star. 19 March 1931. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
49. ^ Griffin, David J.; Pegum, Caroline (2000). Leinster House 1744 – 2000 An Architectural History. Dublin, Ireland: The Irish Architectural Archive in association with The Office of Public Works.
50. ^ "1923 – Cenotaph, Leinster House, Dublin". Architecture of Dublin City & Lost Buildings of Ireland. Archiseek. February 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
51. ^ Obelisco do Ibirapuera: Prefeitura e Estado unidos em prol do restauro (in Portuguese)
52. ^ Ponce: Informacion para estudiantes. Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Government of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
53. ^ "Park Pobedy - a beautiful Victory memorial". Moscow Russia Insider's Guide. 2017. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
54. ^ "The Bayonet-Obelisk". Brest Hero-Fortress Memorial. 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
55. ^ "Trinity Site Monument". National Science Digital Library. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
56. ^ "Geographic Centers". USGS Geography Products. U.S. Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
57. ^ "Oregon Trail Monuments – Boise Arts & History". Boiseartsandhistory.org. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
58. ^ "Oregon Trail Monuments". Boise City Department of Arts & History. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
59. ^ Na'aman, Ayelet (2009-04-28). "7 fascinating memorials". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
60. ^ Seekins, Donald M. (2014). State and Society in Modern Rangoon. Routledge. pp. 36, 73. ISBN 9781317601548.
61. ^ Guillaumier, Alfie (2005). Bliet u Rħula Maltin (in Maltese). Santa Venera: Klabb Kotba Maltin. p. 737\. ISBN 978-99932-39-40-6.
62. ^ Borg Cardona, Ben (2010), "Cars pass by Colonna Mediterranea, a sculpture by Malta artist Paul Vella Critien", abc.net.au.
63. ^ McCallum, Kevin (August 26, 2010). "Hey, what's it all mean?". Santa Rosa Press Democrat.
64. ^ McNally, Paul (2018-12-10). "Human rights monument inaugurated at Tour & Taxis". The Bulletin. Retrieved 2019-11-05.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Obelisks.

* Private List by Shoji Okamoto at the Wayback Machine (archived October 17, 2007)