List of monarchs of Persia

Rulers of Iran and imperial areas from ancient times

Shah of Iran

Lion and Sun
Emblem of Imperial Persia/Iran

Last to reign
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979

Details
Style| Shah
Shahanshah
First monarch|

* Deioces 700–678 BC (first known ruler)
* Cyrus the Great 559–530 BC (Emperor of the first unified Persian Empire)

Last monarch| Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1941–1979 (as Shah of Iran)
Formation| 671 BC
Abolition| 11 February 1979
Residence| Apadana
Tachara
Palace of Darius
Palace of Ardashir
Taq Kasra
Ālī Qāpū Palace
Hasht Behesht
Golestan Palace
Sa'dabad Palace
Niavaran Palace
Appointer| Hereditary
Pretender(s)| Reza Pahlavi

This article lists the monarchs of Iran (Persia) from the establishment of the Medes around 678 BC until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979.

## Median Dynasty (700–550 BC)

[edit]

The Median Kingdom at its greatest extent

Main article: Median dynasty

Portrait  | Name  | Family relations  | Reign  | Notes

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Median Kingdom (678 BC–549 BC)
| Deioces |  | 700–678 BC  | First known ruler of Media
| Phraortes | Son of Deioces  | 678–625 BC  | Overthrew Assyrian rule in Media
Scythian rule (624–597 BC)
| Cyaxares | Son of Phraortes  | 624–585 BC  | The dynasty of the Median kings was known as the Cyaxarid dynasty, named after him or a pre-Deicoes king.[1]
| Astyages | Son of Cyaxares  | 585–549 BC  | Last king of the Medes

## Teispid Kingdom (c.705–559 BC)

[edit]

Main articles: Teispids and Anshan (Persia)

Portrait  | Name  | Family relations  | Reign  | Notes

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Teispid dynasty (c.705–559 BC)
| Achaemenes |  | c.8th century/

688- 675 BC

| First ruler of the Achaemenid kingdom
| Teispes | Son of Achaemenes | c.-640 BC  |
| Cyrus I | Son of Teispes | c.-580 BC  |
| Cambyses I | Son of Cyrus I and father of Cyrus II | c.-560 BC  |

## Achaemenid Empire (559–334/327 BC)

[edit]

The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent

Main articles: Achaemenid Empire and Achaemenid dynasty

Portrait  | Titles  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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Achaemenid dynasty (559–334/327 BC)
| The Great King, King of Kings, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the Four Corners of the World | Cyrus the Great | –  | 600 BC  | Son of Cambyses I king of Anshan and Mandana daughter of Astyages | 559–530 BC  | 530 BC  | King of Anshan from 559 BC.
| The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt^ | Cambyses II | –  | ?  | Son of Cyrus the Great  | 530–522 BC  | 522 BC  | Died while en route to put down a rebellion.

Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Smatawy, Nswbty: Mesutire[2]

| The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | Bardiya | Bardiya (?)  | ?  | Son of Cyrus the Great (possibly an imposter claiming to be Bardiya)  | 522 BC  | 522 BC  | Killed by Persian aristocrats
| The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | Darius the Great | –  | 550 BC  | Son of Hystaspes | 522–486 BC  | 486 BC  | Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Menkhib
Nswbty: Stutre[3]
| The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | Xerxes the Great | –  | 519 BC  | Son of Darius I  | 485–465 BC  | 465 BC  | Typically assumed to be the King Ahaseurus of the Book of Esther based on name
| The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | Artaxerxes I | Arses  | ?  | Son of Xerxes I  | 465–424 BC  | 424 BC
| The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | Xerxes II | Artaxerxes  | ?  | Son of Artaxerxes I  | 424 BC  | 424 BC  | Only recognised in Persia itself, killed by Sogdianus
| The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | ? | Sogdianus | ?  | Son of Artaxerxes I  | 424–423 BC  | 423 BC  | Only recognised in Persia and Elam, killed by Darius II
| The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | Darius II | Ochus  | ?  | Son of Artaxerxes I  | 424–404 BC  | 404 BC  |
| The Great King, King of Kings | Artaxerxes II | Arsaces  | ?  | Son of Darius II  | 404–358 BC  | 358 BC  | The King Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther according to traditional sources[4]
| The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | Artaxerxes III | Ochus  | ?  | Son of Artaxerxes II  | 358–338 BC  | 338 BC  | Killed
| The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | Artaxerxes IV | Arses | ?  | Son of Artaxerxes III  | 338–336 BC  | 336 BC  | Killed
| The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | Darius III | Artashata  | 380 BC  | Son of Arsames son of Ostanes son of Darius II  | 336–330 BC  | 330 BC  | Killed by Artaxerxes V
| The Great King, King of Kings | Artaxerxes V | Bessus | ?  | Probably a descendant of Darius II  | 330–329 BC  | 329 BC  | Killed by Alexander III

Note: Ancient Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Achaemenid dynasty as a result of the Wars of Alexander the Great.

## Macedonian Empire (336–306 BC)

[edit]

The Macedonian Empire at its greatest extent

Main article: Macedonian Empire

Portrait  | Title  | Name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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Argead dynasty (336–306 BC)
| King  | Alexander the Great | 356 BC  | Son of Philip II of Macedonia  | 336–323 BC  | 13 June 323 BC | King of Macedonia from 336 BC as Alexander III. One of the greatest conquerors in history. Died mysteriously.
| King  | Philip III | c. 359 BC  | Son of Philip II of Macedonia  | June 323– 317 BC  | 317 BC  | Killed by Olympias
| King  | Alexander IV | Sept. 323 BC  | Son of Alexander III  | Sept. 323–309 BC  | 309 BC  | King of Macedonia as Alexander IV until 309 BC. Killed by Cassander son of Antipater
| Regent  | Perdiccas | ?  |  | June 323–321 BC  | 321 BC  | Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III, Prince of Orestis
| Regent  | Antipater | 398 BC  | Son of Iollas  | 321–319 BC  | 319 BC  | Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III
| Regent  | Polyperchon | 394 BC  | Son of Simmias  | 319–316 BC  | 303 BC  | Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III. Exercised no actual power in Persia.
| Regent  | Cassander | c. 350 BC | Son of Antipater  | 316–309 BC  | 297 BC  | Regent for and murderer of Alexander IV. Exercised no actual power in Persia.

## Seleucid Empire (311–129 BC)

[edit]

The Seleucid Empire at its greatest extent

Main articles: Seleucid Empire and Seleucid dynasty

Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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Seleucid dynasty (311–129 BC)
| King | Seleucus I Nicator | –  | c. 358 BC  | Son of Antiochus son of Seleucus  | 311–281 BC  | 281 BC  | Assumed title of "King" from 306 BC.
| King | Antiochus I Soter | –  | ?  | Son of Seleucus I  | 281–261 BC  | 261 BC  | Co-ruler from 291
| King | Antiochus II Theos | –  | 286 BC  | Son of Antiochus I  | 261–246 BC  | 246 BC  |
| King | Seleucus II Callinicus | –  | ?  | Son of Antiochus II  | 246–225 BC  | 225 BC  |
| King | Seleucus III Ceraunus | Alexander  | c. 243 BC  | Son of Seleucus II  | 225–223 BC  | 223 BC  |
| Great King | Antiochus III the Great | –  | c. 241 BC  | Son of Seleucus II  | 223–187 BC  | 187 BC  |
| King | Seleucus IV Philopator | –  | ?  | Son of Antiochus III  | 187–175 BC  | 175 BC  |
| King | Antiochus IV Epiphanes | Mithridates  | c. 215 BC  | Son of Antiochus III  | 175–163 BC  | 163 BC  | Killed in Elymais
| King | Antiochus V Eupator | –  | c. 172 BC  | Son of Antiochus IV  | 163–161 BC  | 161 BC  |
| King | Demetrius I Soter | –  | 185 BC  | Son of Seleucus IV  | 161–150 BC  | 150 BC  |
| King | Alexander Balas | –  | ?  | Purported son of Antiochus IV  | 150–146 BC  | 146 BC  |
| King | Demetrius II Nicator | –  | ?  | Son of Demetrius I  | 146–139 BC  | 139 BC  | Defeated and captured by Parthians. He married Rhodogune daughter of Mithridates I
| King | Antiochus VI Dionysus | –  | 148 BC  | Son of Alexander III.  | 145–142 BC  | 138 BC  | In competition with Demetrius II.
| King | Antiochus VII Sidetes | –  | ?  | Son of Demetrius I  | 139–129 BC  | 129 BC  | Killed in battle with Phraates II

## Fratarakas (?-140BC)

[edit]

Main article: Frataraka

The Fratarakas appear to have been Governors of the Seleucid Empire.

Name  | Date  | Coinage  | Family Relations  | Note

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1  | Bagadates/ Baydād (bgdt)  | 3rd century BC  |  | Fratarakā dynasty – son of Baykard  | Governor of the Seleucid Empire. Coin legend bgdt prtrk' zy 'lhy' ("Baydād, fratarakā of the gods") in Aramaic.
2  | Ardakhshir I (rtḥštry)  | Mid-3rd century BC  |  | Fratarakā dynasty  | Governor of the Seleucid Empire
3  | Vahbarz (whwbrz – called Oborzos in Polyenus 7.40)  | Mid-3rd century BC  |  | Fratarakā dynasty  | Governor of the Seleucid Empire
| Vadfradad II | c. 140 BC |  | Fratarakā dynasty  | Governor of the Seleucid Empire. Transition period. Eagle emblem on top of stylized kyrbasia. Aramaic coin legend wtprdt [p]rtrk' zy 'ly' ("Vādfradād, frataraka of the gods").[5]
6  | 'Unknown king I' (Syknlt?)  | 2nd half of 2nd century BC  |  | ?  | Transition period. No inscription on coinage.

## Kings of Persis (140 BC-224AD)

[edit]

Main article: Kings of Persis

Name  | Date  | Coinage  | Family Relations  | Note

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7  | Darayan I | 2nd century BC (end)  |  | ?  | Darev I and his successors were sub-kings of the Parthian Empire. Crescent emblem on top of stylized kyrbasia. Aramaic coin legend d’ryw mlk (𐡃‬𐡀𐡓𐡉‬𐡅‬ 𐡌𐡋‬𐡊‬, "King Darius").[5]
8  | Wadfradad III | 1st century BC (1st half)  |  | ?  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Coin legend wtprdt mlk (𐡅‬𐡕‬𐡐‬𐡓‬𐡃‬𐡕 𐡌‬𐡋𐡊‬, "King Vadfradad") in Aramaic script.
9  | Darev II | 1st century BC  |  | son of Vadfradad III  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Aramaic coin legend d’ryw mlk brh wtprdt mlk' ("King Darius, son of King Vadfradad").
10  | Ardakhshir II | 1st century BC (2nd half)  |  | son of Darev II  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Killed by his brother Vahshir I
11  | Vahšīr/ Vahshir I (Oxathres)  | 1st century BC (2nd half)  |  | son of Darev II  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
12  | Pakor I | 1st century AD (1st half)  |  | son of Vahshir I  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
13  | Pakor II  | 1st century AD (1st half)  |  | ?  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
14  | Nambed  | 1st century AD (mid)  |  | son of Ardashir II  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
15  | Napad  | 1st century AD (2nd half)  |  | son of Nambed  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
16  | 'Unknown king II'  | 1st century AD (end)  |  | ?  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
17  | Vadfradad IV  | 2nd century AD (1st half)  |  | ?  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
18  | Manchihr I  | 2nd century AD (1st half)  |  | ?  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
19  | Ardashir III  | 2nd century AD (1st half)  |  | son of Manchihr I  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
20  | Manchihr II  | 2nd century AD (mid)  |  | son of Ardashir III  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
21  | 'Unknown king III'/
tentatively Pakor III[6] | 2nd century AD (2nd half)  |  | ?  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
22  | Manchihr III  | 2nd century AD (2nd half)  |  | son of Manchihr II  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
23  | Ardashir IV  | 2nd century AD (end)  |  | son of Manchihr III  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
24  | Vahshir II (Oxathres)  | c. 206–210 AD  |  | ?  | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. The last of Bazarangids.
25  | Shapur | 3rd century AD (beg.)  |  | Brother of the first Sasanian, Ardashir I | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
26  | Ardashir V
(Sasanian dynasty Ardashir I)  | 3rd century AD (beg.)  |  | First Sasanian ruler, under the name of Ardashir I | Sub-king of the Parthian Empire

## Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 228)

[edit]

Main article: Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire at its greatest extent

The Seleucid dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the Arsacid dynasty established itself in Parthia. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid-2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. Control of eastern territories was permanently lost by Antiochus VII in 129 BC.

For more comprehensive lists of kings, queens, sub-kings and sub-queens of this Era see:

* List of Parthian monarchs
* List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms

Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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Arsacid dynasty (247 BC – 228 AD)
| King, Karen, Autocrator | Arsaces I | Tiridates I or Arsaces  | ?  | Son of Phriapites descendant of Arsaces son of Phriapatius who was probably son of Artaxerxes II | 247–211 BC  | 211 BC  |
| ? | Arsaces II | Artabanus I or Arsaces  | ?  | Son of Arsaces I | 211–185 BC[7] | 185 BC  |
| ? | Arsaces III | Phriapatius | ?  | Grandson of Tiridates I | 185–170 BC[7] | 170 BC  |
| ? | Arsaces IV | Phraates I | ?  | Son of Phriapatius | 170–167 BC[8] | 167 BC  |
| The Great King, Theos, Theopator, Philhellene | Arsaces V | Mithridates I | ?  | Son of Phriapatius | 167[8] −132 BC[9] | 132 BC  |
| The Great King, Philopator, Theopator, Nikephoros | Arsaces VI | Phraates II | ?  | Son of Mithridates I | 132–127 BC[9] | 127 BC  | Killed in battle with Scythians
| King | Arsaces VII | Artabanus II | ?  | Son of Phriapatius | 127–126 BC[9] | 126 BC  | Killed in battle with Tocharians
| The Great King, Theopator, Philadelphos, Philhellene, Epiphanes | Arsaces VIII | Vologases(?)[9] | ?  | Son of Phriapatius | 126–122 BC[9] | 122 BC  | He was the first Arsacid king of Media, Arran and Iberia
| The Great King, King of kings, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces IX | Artabanus(?)[9] | ?  | Son of Artabanus II | 122–121 BC  | 121 BC  | Killed in battle with Medians
| The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Epiphanes, Soter | Arsaces X | Mithridates II | ?  | Son of Artabanus II | 121[10]–91 BC  | 91 BC  |
| The Great King, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Euergetes, Autocrator | Arsaces XI | Gotarzes I | ?  | Son of Mithridates II | 91–87 BC  | 87 BC  |
| The Great King, Theopator, Nicator | Arsaces XII | Artabanus(?)[8] | ?  | Probably son of Arsaces VIII Vologases(?)  | 91–77? BC  | 77? BC  |
| The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Euergetes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philopator, Epiphanes | Arsaces XIII | Mithridates[9] | ?  | Probably son of Mithridates II | 88–67 BC  | 67 BC  |
| The Great King, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XIV | Orodes I | ?  | Probably son of Mithridates II | 80–75 BC  | 75 BC  |
| The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XV | Sanatruces | 157 BC  | Probably son of Arsaces VIII Vologases(?)[8] | 77–70 BC  | 70 BC  |
| The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Eusebes | Arsaces XVI[8] | Arsaces(?) or Vardanes(?) or Vonones(?)  | ?  | ?  | 77–66 BC  | 66 BC  | The most obscure major monarch of the first millennium BC. Nothing about him is currently known.
| The Great King, Theos, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XVII | Phraates III | ?  | Son of Sanatruces | 70–57 BC  | 57 BC  | Killed by Orodes II
| The Great King, Philopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XVIII[8] | ?  | ?  | probably son of Arsaces XVI  | 66–63 BC  | 63 BC  | The second most obscure monarch of the first millennium BC, nothing about him is known.
| The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Theos, Eupator, Theopator, Philhellene | Arsaces XIX | Mithridates III | ?  | Son of Phraates III | 65[8] −54 BC  | 54 BC  | Killed by Orodes II
| King of Kings, Philopator, Eupator, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Ktistes | Arsaces XX | Orodes II | ?  | Son of Phraates III | 57–38 BC  | 38 BC  | Killed by Phraates IV
| King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XXI | Pacorus I | ?  | Son of Orodes II | 50–38 BC  | 38 BC  | Killed in battle with Romans
| King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XXII | Phraates IV | ?  | Son of Orodes II | 38–2 BC  | 2 BC  | Killed by Musa
| King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philoromaeos | Arsaces XXIII | Tiridates II | ?  | Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates  | 30–25 BC  | after 23 BC  | Deposed and went to Rome
| ? | Arsaces XXIV | Mithridates[11] | ?  | Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates  | 12–9 BC  | ?  |
| Queen of Queens, Thea, Urania | Musa | Musa | ?  | Queen of Phraates IV | 2 BC – 4 AD  | 4? AD  |
| King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XXV | Phraates V | ?  | Son of Phraates IV & Musa | 2 BC – 4 AD  | 4 AD  | Deposed and went to Rome
| King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XXVI | Orodes III | ?  | Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates  | 4–6  | 6  | Killed by Parthian aristocrats
| The Great King, King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Nikephorus | Arsaces XXVII | Vonones I | ?  | Son of Phraates IV | 8–12  | 19  | Deposed and went to Rome. Later, he was killed by Romans.
| King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XXVIII | Artabanus III | ?  | Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates  | 10–40  | 40  |
| ? | Arsaces XXIX | Tiridates III | ?  | Probably a descendant of Tiridates II | 35–36  | ?  | Deposed and went to Rome
| ? | Arsaces XXX | Cinnamus  | ?  | Son of Artabanus III | 37  | ?  | Abdicated
| King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XXXI | Gotarzes II | 11  | Son of Artabanus III | 40–51  | 51  |
| King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XXXII | Vardanes I | ?  | Son of Artabanus III | 40–46  | 46  | Killed by Gotarzes II
| King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XXXIII | Vonones II | ?  | Probably son of Artabanus III | c. 45–51  | 51  |
| ? | Arsaces XXXIV | Mithridates[12] | ?  | Son of Vonones I | 49–50  | ?  | Deposed and mutilated by Gotarzes II
| King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, The Lord | Arsaces XXXV | Vologases I | ?  | Son of Vonones II | 51–77  | 77  |
| King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XXXVI | Vardanes II | ?  | Son of Vologases I | 55–58  | ?  | Deposed
| King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XXXVII | Vologases II | ?  | Probably the eldest son of Vologases I | 77–89/90  | ?  |
| King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XXXVIII | Pacorus II | ?  | Probably the younger son of Vologases I | 77–115  | 115  |
| King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XXXIX | Artabanus IV | ?  | Probably son of Vologases I or Artabanus III | 80–81  | ?  |
| King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XL | Osroes I | ?  | brother of Pacorus II | 89/90–130  | 130  |
| King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XLI | Vologases III | ?  | Probably son of Sanatruces I king of Armenia 89–109 who was brother of Osroes I | 105–148  | 148  | He was also king of Armenia as Vologases I
| King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XLII | Parthamaspates | ?  | Son of Osroes I | 116–117  | after 123  | Deposed and went to Rome
| King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XLIII | Mithridates IV | ?  | Probably son of Osroes I | c. 130 – c. 145  | c. 145  |
| King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XLIV[13] | ?  | ?  | ?  | c. 140 – c. 140  | c. 140  |
| King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XLV | Vologases IV | ?  | Son of Mithridates IV | 148–191  | 191  |
| King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XLVI | Vologases V | ?  | Son of Vologases IV | 191–208  | 208  |
| King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XLVII | Osroes II | ?  | Probably son of Vologases IV | c. 190 – c. 195  | ?  |
| King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XLVIII | Vologases VI | 181  | Son of Vologases V | 208–228  | 228  | Killed by Ardashir I
| King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces XLIX | Artabanus V | ?  | Son of Vologases V | 213–226  | 226  | Killed by Ardashir I
| King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | Arsaces L | Tiridates IV[14] | ?  | Son of Vologases IV | 217–222  | ?  | He was also king of Armenia

## Sasanian Empire (224–651)

[edit]

The Sasanian Empire at its greatest extent

Main articles: Sasanian Empire and Sasanian dynasty

Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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House of Sasan
| Shahanshah[15] | Ardashir I | –  | 180  | Son of Papak, who was son of Sasan | 28 April 224 – February 242  | February 242  |
| Shahanshah | Shapur I | –  | 215  | Son of Ardashir I | 12 April 240 – May 270  | May 270  |
| Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah[16] | Hormizd I | Hormozd-Ardashir  | ?  | Son of Shapur I | May 270 – June 271  | June 271  |
| Shahanshah, Gilanshah | Bahram I | –  | ?  | Son of Shapur I | June 271 – September 274  | September 274  |
| Shahanshah | Bahram II | –  | ?  | Son of Bahram I | September 274 – 293  | 293  |
| Shahanshah, Sakanshah | Bahram III | –  | ?  | Son of Bahram II | 293  | 293  | Deposed
| Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah | Narseh I | –  | ?  | Son of Shapur I | 293–302  | 302  |
| Shahanshah | Hormizd II | –  | ?  | Son of Narseh I | 302–309  | 309  | Killed by Iranian aristocrats
| Shahanshah | Adhur Narseh | –  | ?  | Son of Hormizd II | 309  | 309  | Killed by Iranian aristocrats
| Shahanshah, Dhū al-aktāf[17] | Shapur II | –  | 309  | Son of Hormizd II | 309–379  | 379  |
| Shahanshah | Ardashir II | –  | 309/310  | Son of Hormizd II | 379–383  | 383  |
| Shahanshah | Shapur III | –  | ?  | Son of Shapur II | 383 – December 388  | December 388  | Killed by Iranian aristocrats
| Shahanshah, Kirmanshah | Bahram IV | –  | ?  | Son of Shapur II | December 388 – 399  | 399  |
| Shahanshah | Yazdegerd I | –  | 363  | Son of Shapur III | 399 – 21 January 420  | 21 January 420  | Killed by Iranian aristocrats
| Shahanshah | Bahram V | –  | 406  | Son of Yazdegerd I | 21 January 420 – 20 June 438  | 20 June 438  |
| Shahanshah | Yazdegerd II | –  | ?  | Son of Bahram V | 20 June 438 – 15 December 457  | 15 December 457  |
| Shahanshah | Hormizd III | –  | 399  | Son of Yazdegerd II | 457–459  | 459  | Killed by Peroz I
| Shahanshah | Peroz I | –  | 459  | Son of Yazdegerd II | 459 – January 484  | January 484  | Killed in battle with Hephthalites
| Shahanshah | Balash | –  | ?  | Son of Yazdegerd II | February 484 – 488  | 488  |
| Shahanshah | Kavadh I | –  | 449  | Son of Peroz I | 488–496  | 13 September 531  | Deposed
| Shahanshah | Djamasp | –  | ?  | Son of Peroz I | 496–498  | 502  | Deposed
| Shahanshah | Kavadh I | –  | 449  | Son of Peroz I | 498 – 13 September 531  | 13 September 531  |
| Shahanshah, Anushiravan, The Just | Khosrau I | –  | 500  | Son of Kavadh I | 13 September 531 – 31 January 579  | 31 January 579  |
| Shahanshah | Hormizd IV | –  | 540  | Son of Khosrau I | 31 January 579 – 5 September 590  | 5 September 590  | Killed by Vistahm
| Shahanshah, Aparviz | Khosrau II | –  | 570  | Son of Hormizd IV | September 590 – September 590  | 28 February 628  | Deposed and went to Byzantine territory
House of Mihran
| Shahanshah, Chubineh | Bahram VI | Mehrbandak  | ?  | Son of Bahram Gushnasp from House of Mihran | September – 590 January 591  | 591  | Assassinated under the order of Khosrau II
House of Sasan
| Shahanshah, Aparviz, The Victorious | Khosrau II | –  | 570  | Son of Hormizd IV | January 591 – 25 February 628  | 28 February 628  | Executed by Mihr Hormozd under the orders of Kavadh II
House of Ispahbudhan
| Shahanshah | Vistahm | –  | ?  | Son of Shapur from the House of Ispahbudhan. He was the uncle of Khosrau II and husband of Gorduya, sister of Bahram VI | 591 – 596 or 600  | 596 or 600  | Killed by his wife Gorduya or by his general Pariowk
House of Sasan
| Shahanshah | Kavadh II | Shirweih  | ?  | Son of Khosrau II | 25 February 628 – 15 September 628  | 15 September 628  | Died from plague
| Shahanshah | Ardashir III | –  | 621  | Son of Kavadh II | 15 September 628 – 27 April 630  | 27 April 630  | Killed by Shahrbaraz
House of Mihran
| Shahanshah, Shahrvaraz | Shahrbaraz | –  | ?  | Sasanian general from the House of Mihran | 27 April 630 – 17 June 630  | 17 June 630  | Killed by Farrokh Hormizd under the orders of Borandukht
House of Sasan
| Shahanshah | Khosrau III | –  | ?  | Nephew of Khosrau II | 630  | 630  | Killed after a few days reign
| Shahbanu[18] | Borandukht | –  | 590  | Daughter of Khosrau II | 630 (First reign)

June 631 – June 632 (Second reign)

| 632  | Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Shapur-i Shahrvaraz

Restored to the Sasanian throne, and later strangled to death by Piruz Khosrow

| Shahanshah | Shapur-i Shahrvaraz | –  | ?  | Son of Shahrbaraz and an unknown sister of Khosrau II | 630  | ?  | Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Azarmidokht
| Shahanshah | Peroz II | Gushnasp-Bandeh  | ?  | Son of Mihran-Goshnasp & Chaharbakht who was daughter of Yazdandad son of Khosrau I.  | 630  | 630  | Killed by Iranian aristocrats
| Shahbanu | Azarmidokht | –  | ?  | Daughter of Khosrau II | 630–631  | 631  | Killed by Iranian aristocrats
| Shahanshah | Khosrau IV | Khurrazadh  | ?  | Son of Khosrau II | 631  | 631  | Killed by Iranian aristocrats
House of Ispahbudhan
| Shahanshah | Farrokh Hormizd | –  | ?  | Son of Sasanian general Vinduyih, the brother of Vistahm | 630–631  | 631  | Killed by Siyavakhsh under the orders of Azarmidokht
House of Sasan
| Shahanshah | Hormizd VI | –  | ?  | Grandson of Khosrau II | 630–631  | 631  | Killed by Iranian aristocrats
| Shahanshah | Yazdegerd III | –  | 624  | Son of Shahryar the son of Khosrau II | 16 June 632–651  | 651  | Killed by a miller

Note: Classical Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Sasanian Empire as a result of the Muslim conquest of Persia.

## Dabuyid (651–760)

[edit]

Main article: Dabuyid dynasty

Dabuyids (c. 720)

A Zoroastrian Persian dynasty that held power in the north for over a century before finally falling to the Abbasid Caliphate.

Portrait  | Title  | Name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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Dabuyid dynasty (642–760)
| Ispahbadh | Gil Gavbara | ?  | Son of Piruz  | 642–660  | 660  |
| Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah | Dabuya | ?  | Son of Gil Gavbara | 660–676  | 676  |
| Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah | Farrukhan the Great | ?  | Son of Dabuya | 712–728  | 728  |
| Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah | Dadhburzmihr | ?  | Son of Farrukhan the Great | 728–740/741  | 740/741  |
| Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah | Farrukhan the Little | ?  | Son of Farrukhan the Great | 740/741–747/48  | 747/48  | Regent for Khurshid of Tabaristan
| Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah | Khurshid | 734  | Son of Dadhburzmihr | 740/741–760  | 761  | Committed suicide

## Rashidun Caliphate (642–661)

[edit]

Main articles: Rashidun Caliphate and Rashidun

The Rashidun Empire reached its greatest extent under Caliph Uthman, in 654

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

* Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait  | Title  | Name  | Kunya | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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| Al Farooq, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Umar | Abu Hafs  | 583  | Son of Khattab ibn Nufayl.  | 642–644  | 644  | Umar became Caliph in 634 and his forces conquered Persia in 642. Killed by Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
| Zonnurain, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Uthman | Abu Amr  | 579  | Son of Affan ibn Abd shams, of the Umayyad clan.  | 644–656  | 656  | Killed by Rebels
| Al-Mortaza, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin, Great Imam, Maula Ali | Ali | Abul-Hasan  | 598  | Son of Abu Talib ibn Shayba, of the Hashemite clan. Son-in-law of Muhammad.  | 656–661  | 661  | Killed by Kharijites
| Al-Mujtaba Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Al-Hasan | Abu Muhammad  | 624  | Son of caliph Ali ibn ABI talib, of the Hashemite clan. Grandson of Muhammad.  | 661–661  | 670  | Abdicated after six or seven months to Muawiya

## Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

[edit]

Main article: Umayyad Caliphate

Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent (c. 750)

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

* Islamic dynasties of Iran

Portrait/Coin  | Title  | Name  | Kunya | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Muawiyah I | Abu Abdallah  | ?  | Son of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, cousin of Uthman ibn Affan and distant cousin of Muhammad | 661–680  | 680  | Reigned until his death
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Yazid I | Abu Khalid  | ?  | Son of Muawiyah I | 680–683  | 683  | Reigned until his death
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Muawiya II | Abu Abd ur-Rahman  | ?  | Son of Yazid I | 683–684  | ?  | Reigned until his death
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Marwan I | Abu Abd al-Malik  | ?  | Son of Hakam cousin of Muawiyah I | 684–685  | 685  | Reigned until his death
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Abd al-Malik | Abu'l-Walid  | ?  | Son of Marwan I | 685–705  | 705  | Reigned until his death
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Al-Walid I | Abu'l-Abbas  | 674  | Son of Abd al-Malik | 705–715  | 715  | Reigned until his death, built Mosque and great patron of Art.
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik | Abu Ayyub  | 675  | Son of Abd al-Malik | 715–717  | 717  | Reigned until his death in 717
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Umar II | Abu Hafṣ  | 680  | Son of Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan and Paternal cousin of Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik | 717–720  | 720  | Reigned until his death, died of food poisoning.
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Yazid II | Abu Khalid  | 690/91  | Son of Abd al-Malik | 720–724  | 724  | Reigned until his death in 724
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Hisham | Abu'l-Walid  | 691  | Son of Abd al-Malik | 724–743  | 743  | Reigned until his death, built many schools and mosques in his Empire.
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Al-Walid II | Abu'l-Abbas  | 709  | Son of Yazid II | 743–744  | 744  | Reigned until his death (Assassinated)
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Yazid III | Abu Khalid  | 701  | Son of Al-Walid I and Shahfarand daughter of Peroz III | 744–744  | 744  | Reigned until his death (Brain tumour)
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Ibrahim ibn al-Walid | Abu Ishaq  | 701/02  | Son of Al-Walid I | 744–744  | 744  | Abdicated for Marwan II
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Marwan II | Abu Abd al-Malik  | 691  | Son of Muhammad ibn Marwan and Paternal cousin of Caliph Hisham.  | 744–750  | 750  | Ruled from Harran in the Jazira. Killed by Saffah

### Notable Governors

[edit]

Governor | Term

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Governors of Khurasan
Abdallah ibn Khazim | 662–665, 683–84
Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad | 673–676
Salm ibn Ziyad | 681–684
Umayya ibn Abdallah | 694–697
Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra | 698–702
Yazid ibn al-Muhallab | 702–704
Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah | 717–719
Muslim ibn Sa'id | 723–724
Asad ibn Abdallah | 724–727, 734–38
Nasr ibn Sayyar | 738–748

## Abbasid Caliphate (748–861)

[edit]

Main article: Abbasid Caliphate

Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent (c. 850), Abbasids ruled Persia until the start of Anarchy in 861

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

* Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait/Coin  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | As-Saffah | Abu'l-Abbas Abdallah  | 721  | Son of Muhammad ibn Ali who was a descendant of Muhammad's paternal uncle  | 748–754  | 754  | Reigned until his death (Smallpox)
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Al-Mansur | Abu Ja'far Abdallah  | 714  | Brother of As-Saffah | 754–775  | 775  | Reigned until his death, one of the famous Arab caliph.
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Al-Mahdi | Abu Abdallah Muhammad  | 744/745  | Son of Al-Mansur | 775–785  | 785  | Reigned until his death, famous Abbasid caliph.
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Al-Hadi | Abu Muhammad Musa  | 764  | Son of Al-Mahdi | 785–786  | 786  | Reigned until his death in 786
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Harun al-Rashid | Abu Ja'far Harun  | 763/766  | Son of Al-Mahdi | 786–809  | 809  | Reigned until his death, the most famous Abbasid caliph
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Al-Amin | Abu Musa Muhammad  | 787  | Son of Harun al-Rashid | 809–813  | 813  | Dethroned and Killed by al-Ma'mun
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Al-Ma'mun | Abu'l-Abbas Abdallah  | 786  | Son of Harun al-Rashid | 813–833  | 833  | Reigned until his death, famous Abbasid caliph
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Al-Mu'tasim | Abu Ishaq Muhammad  | 796  | Son of Harun al-Rashid | 833–842  | 842  | Reigned until his death, famous Abbasid caliph
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Al-Wathiq | Abu Ja'far Harun  | 812  | Son of Al-Mu'tasim | 842–847  | 847  | Reigned until his death, Abbasid caliph
| Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | Al-Mutawakkil | Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far  | 822  | Son of Al-Mu'tasim | 847–861  | 861  | Reigned until his assassination, last great Abbasid caliph (for others see Abbasid caliphs).

### Notable Governors

[edit]

Governor | Term

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Governors of Khurasan
Abu Muslim | 750–755
Abu Awn Abd al-Malik | 766–767
Humayd ibn Qahtaba | 768–776
Mu'adh ibn Muslim | 778–780
Al-Fadl ibn Yahya | 795–796
Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan | 796–807/8
Mansur ibn Yazid al-Himyari | 796–797
Governor[19] | Term

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Governors of Khurasan (Tahirids)
Tahir ibn Husayn | 821–822
Talha ibn Tahir | 822–828
Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani | 828–845
Tahir ibn Abdallah | 845–862
Muhammad ibn Tahir | 862–873

## Samanid Empire (819–999)

[edit]

Main articles: Samanid Empire and Anarchy at Samarra

Samanid Empire at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

* Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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Samanid dynasty (819–999)
|  | Ahmad ibn Assad  | ?  | ?  |  | 819–864/865  | 864/5  |
|  | Nasr I | ?  | ?  |  | 864/865–892  | 892  |
| Adel | Ismail Samani | ?  | ?  |  | 892–907  | 907  |
| Shaheed | Ahmad Samani | ?  | ?  |  | 907–914  | 914  |
| Saeed | Nasr II | ?  | ?  |  | 914–942  | 943  |
| Hamid | Nuh I | ?  | ?  |  | 942–954  | 954  |
| Rashid | 'Abd al-Malik I | ?  | ?  |  | 954–961  | 961  |
| Mo'ayyed | Mansur I | ?  | ?  |  | 961–976  | 976  |
| Radhi | Nuh II | ?  | ?  |  | 976–996  | 997  |
| Abol Hareth | Mansur II | ?  | ?  |  | 996–999  | 999  |
| Abol Favares | 'Abd al-Malik II | ?  | ?  |  | 999  | 999  |
| Montaser | Isma'il Muntasir | ?  | ?  |  | 1000–1005  | 1005  |

## Saffarid Kingdom (861–1003)

[edit]

Main articles: Saffarid dynasty and Anarchy at Samarra

Saffarid Empire at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

* Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait  | Title  | Name  | Kunya | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Note

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Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)
| Emir | Ya'qub ibn al-layth al-Saffar | –  | 840  | Son of al-Layth  | 861–879  | 879  | Died of sickness
| Emir | Amr ibn al-Layth | –  | ?  | Son of al-Layth  | 879–901  | 902  | Captured by the Samanids, later executed on 20 April 902 in Baghdad
| Emir | Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr | Abu'l-Hasan  | ?  | Son of Muhammad, son of Amr  | 901–908  | ?  | Imprisoned in Baghdad
| Emir | Al-Layth | –  | ?  | Son of Ali, son of al-Layth  | 909–910  | 928  | Dies of natural causes as a prisoner in Baghdad in 928
| Emir | Muhammad ibn Ali ibn al-Layth | –  | ?  | Son of Ali, son of al-Layth  | 910–911  | ?  | Imprisoned in Baghdad
| Emir | Amr | Abu Hafs  | 902  | Son of Ya'qub | 912–913  | ?  | Overthrown by the Samanids
| Emir | Ahmad Ja’far Ahmad ibn Muhammad | Abu Ja'far  | 21 June 906  | Son of Muhammad, son of Amr | 923–963  | 31 March 963  | Killed by Abu’l-'Abbas and a Turkic Ghilman
| Emir | Khalaf ibn Ahmad | Abu Ahmad  | November 937  | Son of Ahmad ibn Muhammad | 963–1009  | March 1009  | Overthrown by the Ghaznavids in 1003, died in exile in 1009

## Ghurid Kingdom (879–1215)

[edit]

Main article: Ghurid dynasty

Map of the Ghurid dynasty at its greatest extent by the year 1202

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

* Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait  | Title  | Name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Note

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Ghurid dynasty (879–1215)
| Malik | Amir Suri | ?  | Father of Muhammad ibn Suri[20] | ?–?  | ?  | was the first Malik of the Ghurid dynasty
| Malik | Muhammad ibn Suri | ?  | Son of Amir Suri | ?–1011  | 1011  | Poisoned himself
| Malik | Abu Ali ibn Muhammad | ?  | Son of Muhammad ibn Suri | 1011–1035  | 1035  | Overthrown and killed by his nephew Abbas ibn Shith
| Malik | Abbas ibn Shith | ?  |  | 1035–1060  | 1060  | Deposed and killed by the Ghaznavids, replaced by his son Muhammad ibn Abbas
| Malik | Muhammad ibn Abbas | ?  | Son of Abbas ibn Shith | 1060–1080  | 1080  |
| Malik | Qutb al-din Hasan | ?  | Son of Muhammad ibn Abbas | 1080–1100  | 1100  |
| Malik | Izz al-Din Husayn | ?  | Son of Qutb al-din Hasan | 1100–1146  | 1146  |
| Malik | Sayf al-Din Suri | ?  | Son of Izz al-Din Husayn | 1146–1149  | 1149
| Malik | Baha al-Din Sam I | ?  | Son of Izz al-Din Husayn | 1149  | 1149  |
| Malik | Ala al-Din Husayn | ?  | Son of Izz al-Din Husayn | 1149–1161  | 1161  |
| Malik | Sayf al-Din Muhammad | ?  | Son of Ala al-Din Husayn | 1161–1163  | 1163  |
| Sultan | Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad | 1139  | Son of Baha al-Din Sam I | 1163–1202  | 1202  |
| Sultan | Mu'izz al-Din | 1149  | Son of Baha al-Din Sam I | 1173–1206  | 1206  |
| Sultan | Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud | ?  | Son of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad | 1206–1212  | 1212  |
| Sultan | Baha al-Din Sam III | ?  | Son of Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud | 1212–1213  | 1213  |
| Sultan | Ala al-Din Atsiz | 1159  | Son of Ala al-Din Husayn | 1213–1214  | 1214  |
| Sultan | Zia al-Din Ali | ?  | Son of Shuja al-Din Muhammad | 1214–1215  | 1215  |

## Ziyarid Kingdom (928–1043)

[edit]

Main article: Ziyarid dynasty

Ziyarid dynasty at its greatest extent Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal Name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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Ziyarid dynasty (928–1043)
| Abolhajjaj, Emir | Mardavij |  | ?  | son of Ziyar  | 928–934  | 934  |
| Abutaher | Voshmgir |  | ?  | son of Ziyar  | 934–967  | 967  |
| Zahir od-Dowleh | Bisotoon |  | ?  | son of Voshmgir | 967–976  | 976  |
| Shams ol-Ma'ali, Abolhasan | Qabus |  | ?  | son of Voshmgir | 976–1012  | 1012  |
| Falak ol-Ma'ali | Manuchehr |  | ?  | son of Qabus | 1012–1031  | 1031  |
| Sharaf ol-Ma'ali | Anushiravan |  | ?  | son of Manuchehr | 1031–1043  | 1043  |
| Onsor ol-Ma'ali | Keikavus |  | ?  | son of Eskandar son of Qabus | ?  | ?  |
|  | Gilanshah |  | ?  | son of Keykavous | ?  | ?  |

## Buyid Kingdom (934–1062)

[edit]

Main article: Buyid dynasty

Buyid dynasty at its greatest extent

The Buyid Kingdom was divided into a number of separate emirates, of which the most important were Fars, Ray, and Iraq. Generally, one of the emirs held a sort of primus inter pares supremacy over the rest, which would be marked by titles like Amir al-umara (which tied them into the hierarchy of the Abbasid Caliphate) and Shahanshah (which the dynasty revived as a sign of independence from the Abbasid caliphs).

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

* Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Note

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Buyids of Fars (933–1062)
| Emir, Amir al-umara | Imad al-Dawla | Abu'l-Hasan Ali  | 891  | Son of Buya  | 934–949  | 949  | Also Senior Buyid Emir (934–949)
| Emir, Shahanshah | Adud al-Dawla | Fanna Khusraw  | 936  | Son of Rukn al-Dawla and nephew of Imad al-Dawla | 949–983  | 983  | Senior Buyid Emir (976–983) and Emir of Iraq (978–983)
| Emir, Amir al-umara | Sharaf al-Dawla | Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil  | 962  | Son of Adud al-Dawla | 983–989  | 989  | Also Senior Buyid Emir and Emir of Iraq (987–989)
| Emir, King | Samsam al-Dawla | Abu Kalijar Marzuban  | 964  | son of Adud al-Dawla | 989–998  | 998  | Also Emir of Iraq and self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983–986)
| Emir, King, Shahanshah | Baha' al-Dawla | Abu Nasr Firuz  | 971  | Son of Adud al-Dawla | 998–1012  | 1012  | Also Emir of Iraq (988–1012) and Senior Buyid Emir (997–1012)
| Emir | Sultan al-Dawla | Abu Shuja  | 992  | Son of Baha' al-Dawla | 1012–1024  | 1024  | Also Emir of Iraq and Senior Buyid Emir (1012–1021)
| Emir, Shahanshah | Abu Kalijar | Marzuban  | 1011  | Son of Sultan al-Dawla | 1024–1048  | 1048  | Also Emir of Kerman (1028–1048), Senior Buyid Emir (1037–1048) and Emir of Iraq (1044–1048)
| Emir | Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun |  | ?  | Son of Abu Kalijar | 1048–1054  | 1062  | Lost Fars to Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah
| Emir | Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah |  | ?  | Son of Abu Kalijar | 1051–1054  | ?  | Lost Fars to Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
| Emir | Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun |  | ?  | Son of Abu Kalijar | 1054–1062  | 1062  | Killed by the Shabankara tribal chief Fadluya
Buyids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamadan (935–1038)
| Emir, Amir al-umara | Rukn al-Dawla | Abu Ali Hasan  | 898  | Son of Buya  | 935–976  | 976  | Also Senior Buyid Emir (949–976)
| Emir | Fakhr al-Dawla | Abu'l-Hasan Ali  | 952  | Son of Rukn al-Dawla | 976–980

and

983–997

| 980  | Also Emir of Hamadan & Tabaristan (984–997) and Senior Buyid Emir (991–997)
| Emir | Mu'ayyad al-Dawla | Abu Mansur  | 941  | Son of Rukn al-Dawla | 976–983  | 983  | Also Emir of Hamadan (976–983), Jibal (977–983), Tabaristan (980–983), and Gorgan (981–983)
| Emir | Majd al-Dawla | Abu Taleb Rostam  | 993  | Son of Fakhr al-Dawla | 997–1029  | 1029  | Only in Rey, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
| Emir | Shams al-Dawla | Abu Taher  | ?  | Son of Fakhr al-Dawla | 997–1021  | 1021  | Only in Isfahan and Hamaedan, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
| Emir | Sama' al-Dawla | Abu'l-Hasan Ali  | ?  | Son of Shams al-Dawla | 1021–1023  | 1023  | Only in Hamadan, Deposed by Kakuyids
Buyids of Iraq and Khuzistan (945–1055)
| Emir, Amir al-umara | Mu'izz al-Dawla | Abu'l-Husayn Ahmad  | 915  | Son of Buya  | 945–966  | 966  |
| Emir, Amir al-umara | Izz al-Dawla | Abu Mansur Bakhtiyar  | 943  | Son of Mu'izz al-Dawla | 966–979  | 979  | Self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (976–978)
| Emir, Shahanshah | Adud al-Dawla | Fanna Khusraw  | 937  | Son of Rukn al-Dawla | 977–983  | 983  | Also Emir of Fars (949–983) and Senior Buyid Emir (976–983)
| Emir, King | Samsam al-Dawla | Abu Kalijar Marzban  | 964  | Son of Adud al-Dawla | 983–987  | 998  | Also self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983–986) and Emir of Fars & Kerman (989–998)
| Emir, Amir al-umara | Sharaf al-Dawla | Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil  | 962  | Son of Adud al-Dawla | 987–989  | 989  | Also Emir of Fars (983–989) and Senior Buyid Emir (987–989)
| Emir | Baha' al-Dawla | Abu Nasr Firuz  | 970  | Son of Adud al-Dawla | 989–1012  | 1012  | Also Senior Buyid Emir (997–1012) and Emir of Fars (999–1012)
| Emir | Sultan al-Dawla | Abu Shuja  | 992  | Son of Baha' al-Dawla | 1012–1021  | 1024  | Also Senior Buyid Emir (1012–1021) and Emir of Fars (1012–1024)
| Emir, Shahanshah, King | Musharrif al-Dawla | Abu 'Ali  | 1002  | Son of Baha' al-Dawla | 1021–1025  | 1025  | Closest thing to Senior Buyid Emir (1024–1025)
| Emir | Jalal al-Dawla | Abu Tahir Jalal al-Dawla  | 994  | Son of Baha' al-Dawla | 1027–1043  | 1043  |
| Emir, Shahanshah | Abu Kalijar | Marzuban  | 1011  | Son of Sultan al-Dawla | 1043–1048  | 1048  | Also Emir of Fars (1024–1048), Emir of Kerman (1028–1048) and Senior Buyid Emir (1037–1048)
| Emir | Al-Malik al-Rahim | Abu Nasr Khusrau Firuz  | ?  | Son of Abu Kalijar | 1048–1058  | 1058  | Also Senior Buyid Emir (1051–1058). Deposed by Tughril of the Seljuqs

## Ghaznavids Empire (977–1186)

[edit]

Main article: Ghaznavids

Map of the Ghaznavid dynasty at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

* Muslim dynasties of Iran

#  | Laqab  | Personal Name  | Reign  | Succession right  | Notes

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1  | Nasir-ud-din  | Sabuktigin | 977–997  |  |
2  | No title  | Ismail | 997–998  | son of Sabuktigin  |
3  | Yamin ad-Dawlah Abu Qasim  | Mahmud | 998–1030  | first son of Sabuktigin  |
4  | Jalal ad-Dawlah  | Muhammad | 1030
1st reign | second son of Mahmud  |
5  | Shihab ad-Dawlah  | Masud I | 1030–1041  | first son of Mahmud  | Was overthrown, imprisoned and executed, following the battle of Dandanaqan
—  | Jalal ad-Dawlah  | Muhammad | 1041
2nd reign | second son of Mahmud  | Raised to the throne following the removal of Masud I.
6  | Shihab ad-Dawlah  | Mawdud | 1041–1048  | son of Masud I  | Defeated Muhammad at the battle of Nangrahar and gained the throne.[21]
7  | ?
? | Masud II | 1048  | son of Mawdud  |
8  | Baha ad-Dawlah  | Ali | 1048–1049  | son of Masud I  |
9  | Izz ad-Dawlah  | Abd al-Rashid | 1049–1052  | fifth son of Mahmud  |
10  | Qiwam ad-Dawlah  | Toghrul | 1052–1053  | Turkish mamluk general  | Usurped the Ghaznavid throne after massacring Abd al-Rashid and eleven other Ghaznavid princes.[22]
11  | Jamal ad-Dawlah  | Farrukh-Zad | 1053–1059  | son of Masud I  |
12  | Zahir ad-Dawlah  | Ibrahim | 1059–1099  | son of Masud I  |
13  | Ala ad-Dawlah  | Mas'ūd III | 1099–1115  | son of Ibrahim  |
14  | Kamal ad-Dawlah  | Shir-Zad | 1115–1116  | son of Masud III  | Murdered by his younger brother Arslan ibn Mas'ud.[23]
15  | Sultan ad-Dawlah  | Arslan-Shah | 1116–1117  | son of Masud III  | Took the throne from his older brother Shirzad, but faced a rebellion from his other brother Bahram Shah, who was supported by the sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, Ahmad Sanjar.[24]
16  | Yamin ad-Dawlah  | Bahram Shah | 1117–1157  | son of Masud III  | Under Bahram-Shah, the Ghaznavid empire became a tributary of the Great Seljuq Empire. Bahram was assisted by Ahmad Sanjar, sultan of the Great Seljuq empire, in securing his throne.[25]
17  | Muizz ad-Dawlah  | Khusrau Shah | 1157–1160  | son of Bahram-Shah  |
18  | Taj ad-Dawlah  | Khusrau Malik | 1160–1186  | son of Khusrau-Shah  |

## Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)

[edit]

Main article: Seljuk Empire

A map showing the Great Seljuk Empire at its height, upon the death of Malik Shah I in 1092

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

* Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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Seljuk(1037–1191)
| Sultan, Beg | Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Tughril I Abu Talib Mohammad  | 995  | Son of Mikha'il son of Seljuq  | 1029–1063  | 1063  | Reigned until his death
| Sultan | ʿAdud ad-Dawla | Alp Arslan Abu Shujaʿ Mohammad  | 1039  | Son of Chaghri Beg Dawud brother of Toğrül I | 1063–1072  | 1072  | Reigned until his death
| Sultan | Jalal ad-Dawla wa'd-Din | Malik Shah I Abu'l-Fath Hasan  | 1055  | Son of Alp Arslan | 1072–1092  | 1092  | Killed by Assassins
| Sultan | Nasir ad-Dawla wa'd-Din | Abu'l-Qasim Mahmud I | 1086  | Son of Malik Shah I | 1092–1094  | 1094  | Reigned until his death, Child ruler
| Sultan | Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Abu'l-Muzaffar Barkiyaruq | 1080  | Son of Malik Shah I | 1094–1105  | 1105  |
| Sultan | Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Abu Shuja Muhammad I Tapar  | 1082  | Son of Malik Shah I | 1105–1118  | 1118  |
| Sultan | Muglith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Mahmud II | 1104  | Son of Muhammad I | 1118–1131  | 1131  | Dominated by his uncle Sanjar and killed in a rebellion against him.
| Sultan | Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Abu Talib Toghrul II | 1109  | Son of Muhammad I | 1132–1134  | 1134  | Ruled only in Iraq, dominated by his uncle Ahmed Sanjar
| Sultan | As-Salatin Muʿizz ad-Dunyā wa'd-Dīn | Abu'l-Harith Ahmed Sanjar | 1087  | Son of Malik Shah I | 1097–1157  | 1157  | Ruled in Khorasan, dominating a series of nephews in Iraq.
| Sultan | Ghiyath ad-Dawla wa'd-Din | Abu'l-Fath Mas'ud | 1109  | Son of Muhammad I | 1134–1152  | 1152  | Ruled over the western portion of the empire. Preoccupations in the east meant Sanjar was unable to dominate him.
| Sultan | Mugith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Malik Shah III | 1128  | Son of Mahmud II | 1152–1153

and

1160

| 1153  | Deposed by Khass Bey

Regained throne but then deposed by the people of Isfahan after 16 days.

| Sultan | Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Abu Shuja Muhammad II | 1128  | Son of Mahmud II | 1153–1160  | 1160  | Rule contested with his uncle Sulayman Shah (1153–1155)
| Sultan | Mu'izz ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Abu'l-Harith Sulayman Shah | 1118  | Son of Muhammad I | 1153–1155

and

1160–1161

| 1162  | Rule contested with his nephew Muhammad II

Deposed by Inanj, Lord of Reyy and the court officials

| Sultan | Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Arslan | 1134  | Son of Toghrul II | 1161–1176  | 1176  | De facto power in the hands of Ildeniz (1160–1174) and his son Pahlavan (1174–1176)
| Sultan | Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Abu Talib Toghrul III | ?  | Son of Arslan | 1176–1194  | 1194  | De facto power in the hands of Pahlavan (1176–1186) and Qizil Arslan (1186–1188). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191.

Killed by Khwarazm Shah Tekish

| Sultan |  | Sanjar II  | ?  | Son of Sulayman Shah | 1189–1191  | 1191  | De facto power in the hands of Qizil Arslan (1189–1191). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191.
Eldiguzids (1191)
| Sultan |  | Qizil Arslan | ?  | Son of Ildeniz | 1191  | 1191  | Held de facto power (1186–1188). Deposed Qizil Arslan in 1191, declared himself Sultan and died an hour before his coronation.

## Khwarazmian Empire (1153–1220)

[edit]

Main article: Khwarazmian Empire

Khwarazmian Empire at its greatest extent

An empire built from Khwarezm, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

* Islamic dynasties of Iran

Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family Relations  | Reign  | Death  | Note

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Anushtegin dynasty (1153–1220)
| Sultan | Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar | Atsiz | 1097/1105  | son of Muhammad I of Khwarazm | 1153–1156  | 1156  | Ruling in Khwārazm from 1127
| Sultan | Taj ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath | Il-Arslan | ?  | son of Atsiz | 1156–1172  | 1172  |
| Sultan | Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar | Tekish | ?  | son of Il-Arslan | 1172–1200  | 1200  | With opposition from Sultan shah
| Shah | Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath | Muhammad Sanjar | ?  | son of Tekish | 1200–1220  | 1220  | Eliminated by the Mongols
| Sultan | Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar | Mingburnu | ?  | son of Muhammad | 1220–1231  | 1231  | Reign largely guerilla warfare against the Mongol conquerors

## Mongol Empire (1220–1256)

[edit]

Main article: Mongol Empire

Mongol Empire at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

* Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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| Khan | Genghis | Temujin  | 1162  | Son of Yesugei Baghatur | 1220–1227  | 1227  | Ruling in Mongolia from 1206
| Khan |  | Tolui | 1192  | Son of Genghis | 25 August 1227 – 13 September 1229  | 13 September 1229  | Regent
| Khan |  | Ögedei | c. 1186  | Son of Genghis | 13 September 1229 – 11 December 1241  | 1241  |
| Khatun |  | Töregene | ?  | Wife of Ögedei | 1242 – March 1246  | ?  | Regent
| Khan |  | Güyük | c. 1206  | Son of Ögedei and Töregene | 1246–1248  | 1248  |
| Khatun |  | Oghul Qaimish | ?  | Wife of Güyük | 1248–1251  | 1251  | Regent
| Khan |  | Möngke | 10 January 1209  | Son of Tolui | 1 July 1251 – 11 August 1259  | 11 August 1259  |

## Ilkhanate (1256–1357)

[edit]

Main article: Ilkhanate

Ilkhanate at its greatest extent

### Ilkhanate (1256–1335)

[edit]

Portrait  | Title  | Throne name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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| Khan, Ilkhan |  | Hulagu | c. 1217  | Son of Tolui | 1256 – 8 February 1265  | 8 February 1265  |
| Khan, Ilkhan |  | Abaqa | 1234  | Son of Hulagu | 1265 – 1 April 1282  | 1 April 1282  |
| Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | Ahmad | Tekuder | ?  | Son of Hulagu | 1282–1284  | 1284  | Killed by Arghun
| Khan, Ilkhan |  | Arghun | c. 1258  | Son of Abaqa | 1284 – 7 March 1291  | 7 March 1291  |
| Khan, Ilkhan |  | Gaykhatu | ?  | Son of Abaqa | 1291–1295  | 1295  | Killed by general Taghachar
| Khan, Ilkhan |  | Baydu | ?  | Son of Taraqai son of Hulagu | 1295  | 1295  | Executed by Ghazan
| Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | Mahmud | Ghazan | 5 November 1271  | Son of Arghun | 1295–1304  | 1304  |
| Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | Muhammad Khodabandeh | Öljaitü | 1280  | Son of Arghun | 1304 – 16 December 1316  | 16 December 1316  |
| Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | Abu Sa'id | Ala' ad-Din Bahadur  | 2 June 1305  | Son of Öljaitü | 1316 – 1 December 1335  | 1 December 1335  |
| Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | Arpa Ke'un | Mu'izz ad-Din Mahmud  | ?  | Son of Suseh son of Munkqan son of Malik-Temur son of Ariq Böke son of Tolui | 1335 – 10 April 1336  | 10 April 1336  | Killed in battle by Ali Padshah
| Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | Nasir ad-Din | Musa | ?  | Son of Ali son of Baydu | 12 April 1336 – 1337  | 1337  | Puppet of Ali Padshah, fled after being defeated by the Jalayirid Hasan Buzurg
| Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan |  | Togha Temür | ?  | Son of Sudi son of Bababahathor son of Abokan son of Amakan son of Tur son of Jujiqisar son of Yesugei Baghatur | 1335–1353  | 1353  | In opposition to Jalayirid and Chupanid candidates, killed by the Sarbadar Yahya Karawi
| Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | Muzaffar ad-Din | Muhammad | ?  | Son of Yul Qotloq son of Il Temur son of Ambarji son of Mengu Temur son of Hulagu | 1336–1338  | 1338  | Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, executed by the Chupanid Hasan Kucek
| Khatun |  | Sati beg | c. 1300  | Daughter of Öljaitü | 1338–1339  | After 1345  | Puppet of Hasan Kucek, who deposed her.
| Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | Izz ad-Din | Jahan Temür | ?  | Son of Ala-Fireng son of Gaykhatu | 1339–1340  | ?  | Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, who deposed him for Togha Temür.
| Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan |  | Suleiman | ?  | Husband of Sati beg and son of Yusef Shah son of Soga son of Yeshmut son of Hulagu | May 1339 – 1345  | ?  | Puppet of Hasan Kucek, fled to Diyarbakr in the disorder after his death.
| Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan |  | Anushirwan | ?  | ?  | 1344–1356  | ?  | Puppet of the Chupanid Malek Ashraf
| Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan |  | Luqman  | ?  | Son of Togha Temür  | 1353–1388  | ?  | Puppet of Timur
| Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan |  | Ghazan II | ?  | ?  | 1356–1357  | ?  | Puppet of Malek Ashraf

## Sarbadars (1332–1386)

[edit]

Sarbadars in 1345 Portrait  | Title  | Name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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| Amir | Abd al-Razzaq ibn Fazlullah | ?  |  | 1337–1338  | 1338  | Revolted against Togha Temür, stabbed to death by his brother
| Amir | Wajih ad-Din Masud ibn Fazlullah | ?  | brother of Abd al-Razzaq  | 1338–1344  | 1344  | Captured by the Paduspanids and executed.
| Amir | Muhammad Aytimur (1343–1346) | ?  | Unrelated to predecessors  | 1344–1346  | 1346  | Overthrown and executed
| Amir | Kulu Isfendiyar | ?  | Unrelated to predecessors  | 1346–c. 1347  | c. 1347  |
| Amir | Shams al-Din ibn Fazl Allah | ?  | brother of Abd al-Razzaq  | c. 1347  | ?  | Forced to abdicate by successor
| Amir | Khwaja Shams al-Din 'Ali | ?  | Unrelated to predecessors  | 1347–1351/1352  | 1351/1352  | Assassinated by a disgruntled official
| Amir | Yahya Karawi | ?  | Unrelated to predecessors  | 1351/1352–1355/1356  | 1355/1356  | Eliminated Togha Temür, assassinated.
| Amir | Zahir al-Din Karawi | ?  | Nephew of Yahya Karawi  | 1355/1356  | 1355/1356  | Deposed by vizier
| Amir | Haidar Qassab | ?  | Unrelated to predecessors  | 1355/1356  | 1356  | Assassinated by a Turkish slave
| Amir | Lutf Allah | ?  | Son of Wajih ad-Din Masud  | 1356–1357/1358 or 1361  | 1357/1358 or 1361  | Deposed and executed by his vizier
| Amir | Hasan al-Damghani | ?  | Unrelated to predecessors  | 1357/1358 or 1361–1361/1362  | 1361/1362  | Overthrown by Dervish rebels
| Amir | Khwaja 'Ali-yi Mu'ayyad ibn Masud | ?  | Unrelated to predecessors  | 1361/1362–1376/1377

and

1376/1377–1381

| ?  | Restored, became vassal of Tamerlane in 1381
| Amir | Rukn ad-Din | ?  | Unrelated to predecessors  | 1376/1377  | ?  | Installed by Dervish rebels.

## Chobanids (1335–1357)

[edit]

Chupanids at their greatest extent Portrait  | Title  | Name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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| Amir | Hassan Kuchak | c. 1319  | Son of Timurtash son of Chupan | 16 July 1338 – 15 December 1343  | 15 December 1343  | Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Sati Beg and Suleiman Khan.
| Amir | Yagi Basti | ?  | Son of Chupan | 1343–1344  | 1344  | Assassinated by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf.
| Amir | Surgan | c. 1320  | Son of Chupan and Sati Beg | 1343–1345  | 1345  | Driven out by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf.
| Amir | Malek Ashraf | ?  | Brother of Hassan Kuchak | 1343–1357  | 1357  | Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Anushirwan. Hung by Jani Beg of the Golden Horde.
| Amir | Temürtas | ?  | Son of Malek Ashraf  | 1360  | 1360  | Short-lived puppet of the Golden Horde.

## Jalayirids (1335–1432)

[edit]

Jalayirids at their greatest extent Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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| Ulus Beg | Taj-ud-Din | Hasan Buzurg | ?  | Son-in-law of Chupan | 1336–1356  | 1356  | Ruled through Ilkhanate puppets Muhammad Khan and Jahan Temür.
| Bahadur Khan | Mu'izz-ud-dunya wa'd-Din | Shaikh Uvais | c. 1337–1374  | Son of Hasan Buzurg  | 1356–1374  | 1374  |
| Shaikh |  | Hasan | ?  | Son of Shaikh Uvais  | 1374–1374  | 1374  | Killed by the Amirs
| Shaikh | Jalal-ud-Din | Husain I (1374–1382)  | ?  | Son of Shaikh Uvais  | 1374–1382  | 1382  | Executed by his rebellious brother Ahmed
| Shaikh |  | Bayazid | ?  | Son of Shaikh Uvais  | 1382–1384  | 1384  | In opposition to Husain and Ahmed
| Sultan | Ghiyath ud-Din | Ahmad | ?  | Son of Shaikh Uvais  | 1383–1410  | 1410  | In exile 1393–4, 1400–2, 1403–5. Killed in battle by Qara Yusuf
| Sultan | Ala ud-Dunya | Shah Walad | ?  | Son of Ali, son of Uvais  | 1410–1411  | 1411  |
| Sultan |  | Mahmud | ?  | Son of Shah Walad  | 1411  | 1425  | Under regency of Tandu Khatun
| Sultan |  | Uvais | ?  | Son of Shah Walad  | 1415–1421  | 1421  |
| Sultan |  | Muhammad | ?  | Son of Shah Walad  | 1421  | 1421  |
| Sultan |  | Mahmud | ?  | Son of Shah Walad  | 1421–1425  | 1425  | Second reign
|  |  | Hussain | ?  | Son of Ala-ud-Dawlah, son of Ahmed  | 1425–1432  | 1432  | Defeated by Kara Koyunlu

## Injuids (1335–1357)

[edit]

Injuids at their greatest extent Portrait  | Title  | Name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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|  | Sharaf ad-Din Mahmud Shah | ?  |  | 1304–1335  | 1335  | Highly autonomous master of the Ilkhanate royal estates (the injü), removed by Abu Sa'id, executed by Arpa Ke'un.
| Amir | Ghiyath ad-Din Kai-Khusrau | ?  | Son of Mahmud Shah  | 1335–1338/9  | 1338/9  |
| Amir | Jalal ad-Din Mas'ud Shah | ?  | Son of Mahmud Shah  | 1338–1342  | 1342  | In opposition to Kai-Khusrau. Jalayirid partisan. Assassinated by Chupanids.
| Amir | Shams ad-Din Muhammad | ?  | Son of Mahmud Shah  | 1339/40  | 1339/40  | In opposition to Mas'ud Shah. Murdered by his Chupanid supporter.
| Amir | Shaikh Abu Ishaq | ?  | Son of Mahmud Shah  | 1343–1357  | ?  | Defeated & executed by the Muzaffarids

## Muzaffarids (1314–1393)

[edit]

Muzaffarids at its greatest extent Portrait  | Title  | Name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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| Emir | Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar | 1301  |  | 1314–1358  | 1368  | Founder of the Muzaffarid dynasty
| Emir | Shah Shuja | ?  |  | 1358–1384  | 1384  |
| Emir | Zain al-Abidin | ?  |  | 1384–1387  | 1387  |
| Emir | Shah Yahya | ?  |  | 1387–1391  | 1391  | Only ruled in Shiraz
| Emir | Shah Mansur | ?  |  | 1391–1393  | 1393  |

## Timurid Empire (1370–1467)

[edit]

Main article: Timurid Empire

Locator map of the Timurid Empire, c. 1400 Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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| Amir, Beg, Gurkani, Sahib Qiran, Sultan  | Timur | Timur bin Taraghai Barlas, later Timur Gurkani  | 9 April 1336  | Son of Muhammad Taraghai  | 1370 – 18 February 1405  | End of 1453  |
| Emir  | Pir Muhammad | Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir  | c. 1374  | Grandson of Timur  | 18 February 1405 – 22 February 1407  | 22 February 1407  |
| Emir, Sultan, Shah | Khalil Sultan | Khalil Sultan bin Miran Shah  | c. 1384  | Grandson of Timur  | 18 February 1405 – 13 May 1409  | 13 May 1409  |
| Mirza  | Shah Rukh | Shah Rukh  | 30 August 1377  | Son of Timur  | 18 February 1405 – 12 March 1447  | 12 March 1447  |
| Mirza, Sultan  | Ulugh Beg | Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay  | 22 March 1394  | Son of Shahrukh Mirza  | 12 March 1447 – 27 October 1449  | 27 October 1449  | Deposed and murdered by his successor

## Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu (1375–1497)

[edit]

Main articles: Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu

### Qara Qoyunlu

[edit]

Qara Qoyunlu (greatest extent) Portrait  | Title  | Regnal Name  | Personal Name  | Birth  | Reign  | Death  | Family relations  | Notes

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| Bey | Qara Muhammad | Qara Muhammad Turmush ibn Bairam Khwaja  | ?  | 1378–1388  | 1388  | First Bey of Kara Koynulu  |
| Bey | Qara Yusuf | Abu Nasr Qara Yusuf Nuyan ibn Muhammad  | ?  | 1388–1420  | 1420  |  | Reign ended by Timurid invasion
| Bey | Qara Iskander | Qara Iskander ibn Yusuf  | ?  | 1420–1436  | 1436  |  | Killed
| Bey،Padishah-i Iran | Jahan Shah | Muzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf  | 1397  | 1438 – 11 November 1467  | 11 November 1467  | Son of Qara Yusuf  | Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu
| Bey | Hasan Ali | Hasan Ali ibn Jahan Shah  | ?  | 11 November 1467 – 1468  | 1468  | Son of Jahan Shah  | Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu

### Aq Quyunlu

[edit]

Ag Qoyunlu (greatest extent) Portrait  | Title  | Regnal Name  | Personal Name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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| Bey | Qara Osman | Qara Yuluk (Nickname)  | ?  |  | 1378–1435  | 1435  | For aiding Timur, he was given Diyarbakir in 1402
| Bey | Ali | Nur al-Din Ali ibn Qara Yülük  | ?  | Son of Qara Osman  | 1435–1438  | 1438  |
| Bey | Hamza |  | ?  |  | 1403–1435  | 1444  |
| Bey | Jahangir | M‘uizz al-Din Jahangir ibn Ali ibn Qara Yülük  | ?  | Son of Qara Osman  | 1444–1453  | 1453  |
| Bey | Uzun Hassan | Uzun Hassan ibn Jahangir  | ?  | Son of Jahangir  | 1453 – 6 January 1478  | 6 January 1478  |
| Bey | Khalil | Khalil ibn Uzun Hasan  | ?  | Son of Uzun Hasan  | 1478–1479  | 1479  |
| Bey | Yaqub | Yaqub ibn Uzun Hasan  | ?  | Son of Uzun Hasan  | 1479–1490  | 1490  |
| Bey | Baysongur | Baysongur ibn Yaqub  | ?  | Son of Yaqub  | 1490–1491  | 1491  |
| Bey | Rostam | Rostam ibn Maqsud  | ?  | Son of Maqsud  | 1491–1497  | 1497  |
| Bey | Ahmad Govde | Ahmad Govde ibn Muhammad  | ?  | Son of Muhammad  | 1497  | 1497  |

Sources:[26][27]

Note: Medieval Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the rise of the Safavid Empire

## Safavid Empire (1501–1736)

[edit]

Main articles: Safavid Iran and Safavid dynasty

The maximum extent of the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
| Shah, Sultan, Kagan-i Suleyman shan, Pādišah-ī Īrān | Ismail I |  | 17 July 1487  | son of Sultan Heidar

grandson of Uzun Hasan from mother lineage

| 22 December 1501 – 23 May 1524  | 23 May 1524  |
| Shah, Sahib-i-Qiran, Kagan-i Suleyman shan | Tahmasp I |  | 22 February 1514  | son of Ismail I | 23 May 1524 – 25 May 1576  | 25 May 1576  |
| Shah | Ismail II |  | 31 May 1537  | son of Tahmasp I | 25 May 1576 – 24 November 1577  | 24 November 1577  | Poisoned (?)
| Shah, Khodabandeh, Ashraf, Soltan | Mohammed Khodabanda |  | 1532  | son of Tahmasp I | 11 February 1578 – 1 October 1587  | 1596  | Deposed
| Shahanshah, Sultan, Great | Abbas I the Great[28] |  | 27 January 1571  | son of Mohammad I | 1 October 1587 – 19 January 1629  | 19 January 1629  |
| Shah, Mirza | Safi | Sam Mirza  | 1611  | son of Mohammd Baqer (Safi) Mirza son of Abbas I | 19 January 1629 – 12 May 1642  | 12 May 1642  |
| Shah | Abbas II |  | 30 August 1632  | son of Safi | 12 May 1642 – 26 October 1666  | 26 October 1666  |
| Shah, Hakem-ol Hokama | Suleiman I | Safi Mirza  | February/March 1648  | son of Abbas II | 26 October 1666 – 29 July 1694  | 29 July 1694  |
| Shah, Sultan, Sadr-ol Hakem | Sultan Husayn |  | 1668  | son of Suleiman I | 29 July 1694 – 9 September 1727  | 9 September 1727  | Deposed and killed by Ashraf Hotak
Afghan Rebellion
| Shah | Mahmud Hotak |  | 1697?  | son-in-law of Sultan Husayn son of Mirwais Khan Hotak | 23 October 1722 – 22 April 1725  | 22 April 1725  | Recognised as Shah of Persia after the Siege of Isfahan
| Shah | Ashraf Hotak |  | ?  | cousin of Mahmud Hotak | 22 April 1725 – 5 October 1729  | 5 October 1729  | Ruled in opposition to Tahmasp II and lost control of Persia after the Battle of Damghan
Safavid Restoration
| Shah | Tahmasp II |  | 1704  | son of Sultan Husayn | 11 September 1722 – 11 February 1740  | 11 February 1740  | Ruled in opposition to Mahmud Hotak, later deposed and killed by Nader

## Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)

[edit]

Main articles: Afsharid Iran and Afsharid dynasty

Afsharid dynasty at its greatest extent Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Family relations  | Reign  | Death  | Notes

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Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
| Shahanshah, Sultan, Hakem-ol Hokama, Hazrat-e Ashraf, Zel- ol Allah | Nader Shah | Nadhar Qoli Khan  | 1698  | son of Imam Qoli Beig Afshar  | 8 March 1736 – 20 June 1747  | 20 June 1747  | Before coronation, his title was Tahmasp Qoli Khan. Killed
| Shah | Adel Shah | Ali Qoli Beig  | ?  | son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan, brother of Nader | 6 July 1747 – 1 October 1748  | 1749  | Deposed and blinded by Ebrahim. Killed by Shahrukh Afshar
| Shah | Ebrahim Afshar | Mohammad Ali Beig  | 1725  | son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan, brother of Nader | 8 December 1748 – June-July 1749  | 1749  | Deposed and killed by Shahrukh Afshar
| Shah | Shahrukh Afshar |  | 1734  | son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi  | 1 October 1748 – 14 January 1750  | 1796  | Deposed and blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750)
Brief Safavid control[29] (1749–1750)
| Shah | Suleiman II of Persia | Mir Sayyed Mohammad Marashi  | ?  | Pretender to the Safavid throne  | 1749–1750  | ?  | Removed and blinded
Afsharid restoration[30] (1750–1796)
| Shah | Shahrukh Afshar |  | 1734  | son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi  | 20 March 1750 – 1796  | 1796  | Deposed and blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750)

## Zand Kingdom (1751–1794)

[edit]

Main article: Zand dynasty

Map of the Zand dynasty during the reign of Lotf Ali Khan Portrait  | Title  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Birth  | Reign  | Death  | Family relations  | Notes

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Zand dynasty (1751–1794)
| Khan, Vakil e-Ro'aayaa | Karim Khan Zand | Mohammad Karim  | 1705  | 1751 – 6 March 1779  | 6 March 1779  | son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha  | Had Ismail III as a Safavid prince, who reigned as a figurehead under the authority of Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari briefly from 1750 to 1751, and then under the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand from 1751 till his death in 1773.
| Khan | Mohammad Ali Khan Zand |  | 1760  | 6 March 1779 – 19 June 1779  | 19 June 1779  | son of Karim |
| Khan | Abol-Fath Khan Zand |  | 1755  | 6 March 1779 – 22 August 1779  | 1787  | son of Karim |
| Khan | Zaki Khan Zand |  | ?  | 6 March 1779 – 22 August 1779  | 22 August 1779  | son of Budaq Khan & Bay Agha  |
| Khan | Sadeq Khan Zand | Mohammad Sadeq  | ?  | 22 August 1779 – 14 March 1781  | 1782  | son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha  |
| Khan | Ali-Morad Khan Zand |  | 1720  | 14 March 1781 – 11 February 1785  | 11 February 1785  | son of Allah Morad (Qeytas) Khan Zand Hazareh  |
| Khan | Jafar Khan |  | ?  | 18 February 1785 – 23 January 1789  | 23 January 1789  | son of Sadeq |
| Khan | Sayed Morad Khan |  | ?  | 23 January 1789 – 10 May 1789  | 10 May 1789  | son of Khoda Morad Khan Zand Hazareh  |
| Khan | Lotf Ali Khan |  | 1769  | 23 January 1789 – 20 March 1794  | 20 March 1794  | son of Ja'far | Deposed, blinded and killed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

## Qajar Empire (1794–1925)

[edit]

Main articles: Qajar Iran and Qajar dynasty

Map of the Qajar dynasty during the reign of Agha Mohammad Shah Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Agha Mohammad Shah

* آقا محمد شاه

| (1742-03-14)14 March 1742 – 17 June 1797(1797-06-17) (aged 55)| 20 March 1794| 17 June 1797
(assassinated)| Son of Mohammad Hasan Khan| Qajar|
Fath-Ali Shah

* فتحعلى‌شاه قاجار

| (1772-09-05)5 September 1772 – 23 October 1834(1834-10-23) (aged 62)| 17 June 1797| 23 October 1834| Son of Hossein Qoli Khan, brother of Agha Mohammad Shah| Qajar|
Mohammad Shah

* محمد شاه

| (1808-01-05)5 January 1808 – 5 September 1848(1848-09-05) (aged 40)| 23 October 1834| 5 September 1848| Son of Abbas Mirza, son of Fath-Ali Shah| Qajar|
Naser al-Din Shah

* ناصرالدین شاه

| (1831-07-16)16 July 1831 – 1 May 1896(1896-05-01) (aged 64)| 5 September 1848| 1 May 1896
(assassinated)| Son of Mohammad Shah| Qajar|
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah

* مظفرالدین شاه

| (1853-03-23)23 March 1853 – 3 January 1907(1907-01-03) (aged 53)| 1 May 1896| 3 January 1907| Son of Naser al-Din Shah| Qajar|
Mohammad Ali Shah

* محمدعلی شاه

| (1872-06-21)21 June 1872 – 5 April 1925(1925-04-05) (aged 52)| 3 January 1907| 16 July 1909
(deposed)| Son of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah| Qajar|
Ahmad Shah

* احمد شاه

| (1898-01-21)21 January 1898 – 21 February 1930(1930-02-21) (aged 32)| 16 July 1909| 15 December 1925
(deposed)| Son of Mohammad Ali Shah| Qajar|

## Pahlavi Empire (1925–1979)

[edit]

Main articles: Pahlavi Iran and Pahlavi dynasty

Map of the Pahlavi dynasty with modern international borders Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Reza Shah

* رضا شاه

| (1878-03-15)15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944(1944-07-26) (aged 66)| 15 December 1925| 16 September 1941
(abdicated)| Son of Abbas-Ali Khan| Pahlavi|
Mohammad Reza Shah

* محمدرضا شاه

| (1919-10-26)26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980(1980-07-27) (aged 60)| 16 September 1941| 11 February 1979
(deposed)| Son of Reza Shah| Pahlavi|

## See also

[edit]

* Achaemenid Empire
* Great Civilization
* History of Iran
* List of ancient Persians
* List of royal consorts of Persia
* Monarchism in Iran
* 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
* Iranian National Jewels
* List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran
* List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms
* Islamic dynasties of Iran

## Notes and references

[edit]

1. ^ Behistun Inscription: This is Phraortes. He lied, saying: "I am Khshathrita, of the dynasty of Cyaxares. I am king in Media."
2. ^ G. Posener, La première domination perse en Égypte, Cairo, 1936, pp. 30–36.
3. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol 46), Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. ISBN 3-8053-2310-7, pp. 220–21.
4. ^ Hoschander, Jacob (1918). "The Book of Esther in the Light of History". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 9 (1/2). Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, Oxford University: 1–41. doi:10.2307/1451208. JSTOR 1451208. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
5. ^ a b CNG: KINGS of PERSIS. Vādfradād (Autophradates) II. Early-mid 2nd century BC. AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 16.23 g, 11h). Istakhr (Persepolis) mint.
6. ^ Rezakhani, Khodadad (2010). "The "Unbekannter König III" and the Coinage of Hellenistic and Arsacid Persis". Nameye Iran-E Bastan, 15.
7. ^ a b Assar, 2004.Assar, 2005. Assar, "Moses of Choren & the Early Parthian Chronology", 2006.
8. ^ a b c d e f g Qashqai, H., "The successors of Mithridates II"
9. ^ a b c d e f g Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165–91 BC" Qashqai, H., "The successors of Mithridates II"
10. ^ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165–91 BC"
11. ^ Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4
12. ^ Tacitus, The Annals, 11.10
13. ^ See: Unknown King (III) (c. AD 140)
14. ^ See: Tiridates III (c. AD 224 – 228?)
15. ^ In Persian it means "King of Kings"
16. ^ "The great king of Armenians"
17. ^ "The penetrator of the shoulders"
18. ^ "Queen"
19. ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 168-169.
20. ^ In arabic, ibn means son of. so muhammad ibn suri means: muhammad son of suri (so suri is his father)
21. ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 22-24.
22. ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 45.
23. ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 90.
24. ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 93-95.
25. ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 297.
26. ^ Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature (46). Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī., pp. 193, 274, 315, 330, 332, 422 and 430. See also: Abdul Hussein Navai, Asnaad o Mokatebaat Tarikhi Iran (Historical sources and letters of Iran), Tehran, Bongaah Tarjomeh and Nashr-e-Ketab, 2536, pages 578,657, 701–702 and 707
27. ^ H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."
28. ^ بزرگ.
29. ^ "Ottoman and Persian Empires 1730–1875 by Sanderson Beck".
30. ^ Lang, David Marshall (1957), The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1832, p. 148. Columbia University Press

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*[c.]: circa