List of mustelids

Species in mammal family Mustelidae

Six extant mustelid genera left-to-right, top-to-bottom: Martes, Meles, Lutra, Gulo, Mustela, and Mellivora

Mustelidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, which includes weasels, badgers, otters, ferrets, martens, minks, and wolverines, and many other extant and extinct genera. A member of this family is called a mustelid; Mustelidae is the largest family in Carnivora, and its extant species are divided into eight subfamilies. They are found on all continents except Antarctica and Australia, and are a diverse family; sizes range, including tails, from the widespread 17 cm (7 in) least weasel to the 1.8-meter (6 ft) giant otter of Amazonian South America. Habitats vary widely as well, from the arboreal marten to the fossorial European badger to the marine sea otter. Population sizes are largely unknown, though two species, the sea mink and Japanese otter, were hunted to extinction in 1894 and 1979, respectively, and several other species are endangered. Some species have been domesticated, e.g. the ferret and some populations of the South American tayra. Mustelidae is one of the oldest families in Carnivora; early mustelids first appeared around 28–33 million years ago.[1]

The 23 genera and 62 extant species of Mustelidae are split into 8 subfamilies: Guloninae, martens and wolverines; Helictidinae, ferret-badgers; Ictonychinae, African polecats and grisons; Lutrinae, otters; Melinae, Eurasian badgers; Mellivorinae, the honey badger; Mustelinae, weasels and minks; and Taxidiinae, the American badger. In addition to the extant subfamilies, Mustelidae includes three extinct subfamilies designated as Leptarctinae, Mustelavinae, and Oligobuninae. Extinct species have also been placed into all of the extant subfamilies besides Helictidinae, in both extant and extinct genera; around 200 extinct Mustelidae species have been found, as well as fossil genera not given a species name, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.

## Conventions

[edit]

IUCN Red List categoriesConservation status

EX | Extinct (2 species)
EW | Extinct in the wild (0 species)
CR | Critically Endangered (1 species)
EN | Endangered (7 species)
VU | Vulnerable (6 species)
NT | Near threatened (7 species)
LC | Least concern (39 species)
Other categories
DD | Data deficient (1 species)
NE | Not evaluated (1 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the mustelid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†". Population figures are rounded to the nearest hundred.

## Classification

[edit]

The family Mustelidae consists of 62 extant species belonging to 23 genera and divided into hundreds of extant subspecies, as well the extinct sea mink and Japanese otter, which are the only mustelid species to become extinct since prehistoric times. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 23 genera can be grouped into 8 subfamilies. Some prior classification schemes divided the family solely between the aquatic otters and all other species.

Subfamily Guloninae (Martens and wolverines)

* Genus Eira: one species
* Genus Gulo: one species
* Genus Martes: seven species
* Genus Pekania: one species

Subfamily Helictidinae (Ferret-badgers)

* Genus Melogale: five species

Subfamily Ictonychinae (African polecats and grisons)

* Genus Galictis: two species
* Genus Ictonyx: two species
* Genus Lyncodon: one species
* Genus Poecilogale: one species
* Genus Vormela: one species

Subfamily Lutrinae (Otters)

* Genus Aonyx: three species
* Genus Enhydra: one species
* Genus Hydrictis: one species
* Genus Lontra: four species
* Genus Lutra: three species
* Genus Lutrogale: one species
* Genus Pteronura: one species

Subfamily Melinae (Eurasian badgers)

* Genus Arctonyx: three species
* Genus Meles: three species

Subfamily Mellivorinae (Honey badger)

* Genus Mellivora: one species

Subfamily Mustelinae (Weasels and minks)

* Genus Mustela: fifteen species
* Genus Neogale: five species

Subfamily Taxidiinae (American badger)

* Genus Taxidea: one species

## Mustelids

[edit]

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis; this includes reclassifying Guloninae, Helictidinae, Ictonychinae, Melinae, Mellivorinae, and Taxidiinae as subfamilies rather than as part of a paraphyletic group with Mustelinae

### Subfamily Guloninae

[edit]

Main article: Guloninae

Genus Eira – Hamilton Smith, 1842 – one species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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Tayra

| E. barbara
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Seven subspecies

* E. b. barbara
* E. b. inserta
* E. b. madeirensis
* E. b. peruana
* E. b. poliocephala
* E. b. senex
* E. b. sinuensis

| Central America, Trinidad in the Caribbean, and northern South America
| Size: 60–70 cm (24–28 in) long, plus 35–45 cm (14–18 in) tail[2]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[3]

Diet: Primarily eats fruit, carrion, small vertebrates, insects, and honey[3] |  LC

Unknown [3]

Genus Gulo – Pallas, 1780 – one species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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Wolverine

| G. gulo
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Two subspecies

* G. g. luscus (American wolverine)
* G. g. gulo (Eurasian wolverine)

| Arctic North America, Europe, and Asia
| Size: 70–105 cm (28–41 in) long, plus 18–26 cm (7–10 in) tail[4]

Habitat: Rocky areas, shrubland, forest, and grassland[5]

Diet: Primarily eats carrion and small to large mammals[5] |  LC

Unknown [5]

Genus Martes – Pinel, 1792 – seven species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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American marten

| M. americana
(Turton, 1806)

Fourteen subspecies

* M. a. abieticola
* M. a. abietinoides
* M. a. actuosa
* M. a. americana
* M. a. atrata (Newfoundland pine marten)
* M. a. brumalis
* M. a. caurina
* M. a. humboldtensis (Humboldt marten)
* M. a. kenaiensis
* M. a. nesophila
* M. a. origenes
* M. a. sierrae
* M. a. vancouverensis
* M. a. vulpina

| Northern North America (includes range of Pacific marten)
| Size: 46–66 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 13–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[6]

Habitat: Forest[7]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and small mammals, as well as birds, insects, fruit, and carrion[7] |  LC

Unknown [7]

Beech marten

| M. foina
(Erxleben, 1777)

Eleven subspecies

* M. f. bosniaca (Balkan beech marten)
* M. f. bunites (Cretan beech marten)
* M. f. foina (European beech marten)
* M. f. intermedia (Middle Asian beech marten)
* M. f. kozlovi (Tibetan beech marten)
* M. f. mediterranea (Iberian beech marten)
* M. f. milleri (Rhodes beech marten)
* M. f. nehringi (Caucasian beech marten)
* M. f. rosanowi (Crimean beech marten)
* M. f. syriaca (Syrian beech marten)
* M. f. toufoeus (Lhasa beech marten)

| Europe and central Asia
| Size: 40–50 cm (16–20 in) long, plus 22–30 cm (9–12 in) tail[8]

Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and shrubland[9]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and small mammals, as well as birds, insects, fruit, and carrion[9] |  LC

Unknown [9]

European pine marten

| M. martes
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Seven subspecies

* M. m. borealis
* M. m. latinorum
* M. m. lorenzi
* M. m. minoricensis
* M. m. notialis
* M. m. ruthena
* M. m. uralensis

| Europe and west Asia
| Size: 48–58 cm (19–23 in) long, plus 16–28 cm (6–11 in) tail[10]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[11]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, birds, and amphibians, as well as carrion[11] |  LC

Unknown [11]

Japanese marten

| M. melampus
(Wagner, 1841)

Two subspecies

* M. m. melampus
* M. m. tsuensis

| Japan (M. m. melampus in green, M. m. tsuensis in red (Tsushima Island))
| Size: 47–55 cm (19–22 in) long, plus 17–22 cm (7–9 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[13]

Diet: Primarily eats fruit, small mammals, and insects[13] |  LC

Unknown [13]

Nilgiri marten

| M. gwatkinsii
Horsfield, 1851 | Parts of southern India
| Size: 55–65 cm (22–26 in) long, plus 40–45 cm (16–18 in) tail[14]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[15]

Diet: Primarily eats birds, small mammals, and insects[15] |  VU

1,000 [15]

Sable

| M. zibellina
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Sixteen subspecies

* M. z. angarensis
* M. z. arsenjevi
* M. z. averini
* M. z. brachyura
* M. z. ilimpiensis
* M. z. jakutensis
* M. z. kamtschadalica
* M. z. obscura
* M. z. princeps
* M. z. sahalinensis
* M. z. sajanensis
* M. z. schantaricus
* M. z. tomensis
* M. z. tungussensis
* M. z. yeniseensis
* M. z. zibellina

| Large parts of Russia
| Size: 38–56 cm (15–22 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest[17]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, birds, nuts, and berries[17] |  LC

2 million [17]

Yellow-throated marten

| M. flavigula
(Boddaert, 1785)

Nine subspecies

* M. f. borealis
* M. f. chrysospila
* M. f. flavigula
* M. f. hainana
* M. f. henrici
* M. f. indochinensis
* M. f. peninsularis
* M. f. robinsoni
* M. f. saba

| Eastern and southeastern Asia
| Size: 50–72 cm (20–28 in) long, plus 33–48 cm (13–19 in) tail[18]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[19]

Diet: Primarily eats birds, small mammals, and insects[19] |  LC

Unknown [19]

Genus Pekania – Gray, 1865 – one species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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Fisher

| P. pennanti
(Erxleben, 1777) | Northern North America
| Size: 75–120 cm (30–47 in) long, plus 31–41 cm (12–16 in) tail[20]

Habitat: Forest[21]

Diet: Primarily eats small to medium mammals, birds, and carrion[21] |  LC

Unknown [21]

### Subfamily Helictidinae

[edit]

Main article: Helictidinae

Genus Melogale – I. Saint-Hilaire, 1831 – five species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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Bornean ferret-badger

| M. everetti
(Thomas, 1895) | Small parts of Borneo
| Size: 33–44 cm (13–17 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[23]

Diet: Primarily eats invertebrates, amphibians, insects, fruit, and carrion[22][23] |  EN

Unknown [23]

Burmese ferret-badger

| M. personata
I. Saint-Hilaire, 1831

Five subspecies

* M. p. laotum
* M. p. nipalensis
* M. p. personata
* M. p. pierrei
* M. p. tonquinia

| Southeast Asia
| Size: 33–44 cm (13–17 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, and forest[25]

Diet: Primarily eats insects and snails, as well as small mammals, frogs, lizards, carrion, birds, eggs, and fruit[24][25] |  LC

Unknown [25]

Chinese ferret-badger

| M. moschata
(Gray, 1831)

Seven subspecies

* M. m. ferreogrisea
* M. m. hainanensis
* M. m. millsi
* M. m. moschata
* M. m. sorella
* M. m. subaurantiaca
* M. m. taxilla

| East Asia
| Size: 30–43 cm (12–17 in) long, plus 15–21 cm (6–8 in) tail[26]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[27]

Diet: Primarily eats insects, frogs, and carrion[27] |  LC

Unknown [27]

Javan ferret-badger

| M. orientalis
(Blanford, 1888)

Two subspecies

* M. o. orientalis
* M. o. sundaicus

| Parts of Java and Indonesia
| Size: 35–40 cm (14–16 in) long, plus 14–17 cm (6–7 in) tail[28]

Habitat: Shrubland and forest[29]

Diet: Primarily eats invertebrates and insects[28][29] |  LC

Unknown [29]

Vietnam ferret-badger

| M. cucphuongensis
T. Nadler, 2011 | Vietnam  | Size: Unknown

Habitat: Forest[30]

Diet: Unknown[30] |  DD

Unknown [30]

### Subfamily Ictonychinae

[edit]

Main article: Ictonychinae

Genus Galictis – Bell, 1826 – two species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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Greater grison

| G. vittata
(Schreber, 1776)

Four subspecies

* G. v. andina
* G. v. brasiliensis
* G. v. canaster
* G. v. vittata

| Northern South America and Central America
| Size: 60–76 cm (24–30 in) long, including tail[31]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[32]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, birds, lizards, amphibians, eggs, and fruit[32] |  LC

Unknown [32]

Lesser grison

| G. cuja
(Molina, 1782)

Four subspecies

* G. c. cuja
* G. c. furax
* G. c. huronax
* G. c. luteola

| Southern South America
| Size: 28–51 cm (11–20 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[33]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, forest, grassland, and savanna[34]

Diet: Primarily eats small lagomorphs and rodents, as well as birds, frogs, lizards, snakes, and eggs[34] |  LC

Unknown [34]

Genus Ictonyx – Kaup, 1835 – two species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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Striped polecat

| I. striatus
(Molina, 1782)

Nineteen subspecies

* I. s. albescens
* I. s. arenarius
* I. s. elgonis
* I. s. erythreae
* I. s. ghansiensis
* I. s. giganteus
* I. s. intermedius
* I. s. kalaharicus
* I. s. lancasteri
* I. s. limpopoensis
* I. s. maximus
* I. s. obscuratus
* I. s. orangiae
* I. s. ovamboensis
* I. s. pretoriae
* I. s. senegalensis
* I. s. shoae
* I. s. shortridgei
* I. s. striatus

| Central, Southern, and sub-Saharan Africa
| Size: 28–30 cm (11–12 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Grassland, savanna, desert, and shrubland[36]

Diet: Primarily eats insects[36] |  LC

Unknown [36]

Saharan striped polecat

| I. libycus
(Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833)

Four subspecies

* I. l. libyca
* I. l. multivittata
* I. l. oralis
* I. l. rothschildi

| Northern, western, and southern edges of the Sahara
| Size: 40–47 cm (16–19 in) long, plus 16–19 cm (6–7 in) tail[37]

Habitat: Shrubland and desert[38]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, small mammals, birds, fish, and insects[37][38] |  LC

Unknown [38]

Genus Lyncodon – Gervais, 1845 – one species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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Patagonian weasel

| L. patagonicus
(Blainville, 1842)

Two subspecies

* L. p. patagonicus
* L. p. thomasi

| Argentina
| Size: 30–35 cm (12–14 in) long, plus 6–9 cm (2–4 in) tail[39]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and forest[40]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and birds[40] |  LC

Unknown [40]

Genus Poecilogale – Thomas, 1883 – one species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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African striped weasel

| P. albinucha
(Gray, 1864)

Five subspecies

* P. a. albinucha
* P. a. bechuanae
* P. a. doggetti
* P. a. lebombo
* P. a. transvaalensis

| Southern Africa
| Size: 25–36 cm (10–14 in) long, plus 13–23 cm (5–9 in) tail[41]

Habitat: Shrubland, forest, savanna, and grassland[42]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, rodents, and birds, as well as snakes and insects[41][42] |  LC

Unknown [42]

Genus Vormela – Blasius, 1884 – one species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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Marbled polecat

| V. peregusna
(Güldenstädt, 1864)

Five subspecies

* V. p. koshewnikowi
* V. p. negans
* V. p. pallidior
* V. p. peregusna
* V. p. syriaca

| Southeast Europe and central Asia
| Size: 28–48 cm (11–19 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[43]

Habitat: Desert, rocky areas, grassland, and shrubland[44]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and birds[44] |  VU

Unknown [44]

### Subfamily Lutrinae

[edit]

Main article: Lutrinae

Genus Aonyx – Lesson, 1827 – three species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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African clawless otter

| A. capensis
Schinz, 1821

Five subspecies

* A. c. capensis (Cape clawless otter)
* A. c. hindei
* A. c. meneleki
* A. c. microdon
* A. c. philippsi

| Sub-Saharan Africa
| Size: 72–95 cm (28–37 in) long, plus 40–60 cm (16–24 in) tail[45]

Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, neritic marine, coastal marine, intertidal marine, and grassland[46]

Diet: Primarily eats crabs and lobsters, as well as frogs, fish, and insects[45][46] |  NT

Unknown [46]

Asian small-clawed otter

| A. cinereus
(Illiger, 1815)

Three subspecies

* A. c. cinereus
* A. c. concolor
* A. c. nirnai

| Southeast Asia
| Size: 40–63 cm (16–25 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail[47]

Habitat: Intertidal marine, coastal marine, inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, neritic marine, and grassland[48]

Diet: Primarily eats crabs, molluscs, insects, and small fish, as well as rodents, snakes, and amphibians[48] |  VU

Unknown [48]

Congo clawless otter

| A. congicus
(Lönnberg, 1910) | Sub-Saharan Africa
| Size: 79–95 cm (31–37 in) long, plus 50–56 cm (20–22 in) tail[49]

Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, and marine[50]

Diet: Unknown[50] |  NT

Unknown [50]

Genus Enhydra – Fleming, 1828 – one species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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Sea otter

| E. lutris
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Three subspecies

* E. l. kenyoni (Northern sea otter)
* E. l. lutris (Asian sea otter)
* E. l. nereis (Southern sea otter)

| Northern Pacific coasts
| Size: 55–130 cm (22–51 in) long, plus 12–33 cm (5–13 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[52]

Diet: Primarily eats marine invertebrates, as well as fish[52] |  EN

125,000 [52]

Genus Hydrictis – Pocock, 1921 – one species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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Spotted-necked otter

| H. maculicollis
(Lichtenstein, 1835) | Much of sub-Saharan Africa
| Size: 57–69 cm (22–27 in) long, plus 33–44 cm (13–17 in) tail[53]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, forest, coastal marine, and intertidal marine[54]

Diet: Primarily eats frogs, crabs and small water birds[53][54] |  NT

Unknown [54]

Genus Lontra – Gray, 1843 – four species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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North American river otter

| L. canadensis
(Schreber, 1777)

Seven subspecies

* L. c. canadensis
* L. c. kodiacensis
* L. c. lataxina
* L. c. mira
* L. c. pacifica
* L. c. periclyzomae
* L. c. sonora

| United States and Canada, possibly Mexico
| Size: 66–107 cm (26–42 in) long, plus 31–46 cm (12–18 in) tail[55]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, intertidal marine, neritic marine, and coastal marine[56]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, as well as amphibians and crustaceans[56] |  LC

Unknown [56]

Southern river otter

| L. provocax
(Thomas, 1908) | Southern Chile and Argentina
| Size: 57–70 cm (22–28 in) long, plus 35–46 cm (14–18 in) tail[57]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, coastal marine, neritic marine, and intertidal marine[58]

Diet: Primarily eats fish and crustaceans[58] |  EN

Unknown [58]

Neotropical otter

| L. longicaudis
(Olfers, 1818)

Three subspecies

* L. l. annectens
* L. l. enudris
* L. l. longicaudis

| South and Central America, Trinidad in the Caribbean
| Size: 50–79 cm (20–31 in) long, plus 37–57 cm (15–22 in) tail[59]

Habitat: Coastal marine, inland wetlands, neritic marine, and intertidal marine[60]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, as well as crustaceans, insects, amphibians, and molluscs[60] |  NT

Unknown [60]

Marine otter

| L. felina
(Molina, 1782) | West coast of South America
| Size: 57–79 cm (22–31 in) long, plus 30–36 cm (12–14 in) tail[61]

Habitat: Coastal marine, intertidal marine, oceanic marine, and neritic marine[62]

Diet: Primarily eats crustaceans and molluscs, as well as fish, birds, and small mammals[62] |  EN

Unknown [62]

Genus Lutra – Brisson, 1762 – three species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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Eurasian otter

| L. lutra
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Eleven subspecies

* L. l. angustifrons
* L. l. aurobrunneus
* L. l. barang
* L. l. chinensis
* L. l. hainana
* L. l. kutab
* L. l. lutra
* L. l. meridionalis
* L. l. monticolus
* L. l. nair
* L. l. seistanica

| Europe, North Africa, and large regions of Asia
| Size: 57–70 cm (22–28 in) long, plus 35–40 cm (14–16 in) tail[63]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, forest, grassland, coastal marine, neretic marine, intertidal marine, and shrubland[64]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, as well as insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds, small mammals, and crustaceans[64] |  NT

Unknown [64]

Hairy-nosed otter

| L. sumatrana
(Gray, 1865) | Scattered parts of southeast Asia
| Size: 50–82 cm (20–32 in) long, plus 35–50 cm (14–20 in) tail[65]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, shrubland, grassland, forest, coastal marine, and intertidal marine[66]

Diet: Primarily eats fish and water snakes, as well as frogs, lizards, turtles, and crabs[66] |  EN

Unknown [66]

Japanese otter†

| L. nippon
Imaizumi, Yoshiyuki, 1989 | formerly Japan (extinct)  | Size: 65–80 cm (26–31 in) long, plus 45–50 cm (18–20 in) tail

Habitat: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, shrubland, grassland, forest, coastal marine, and intertidal marine

Diet: Fish, crabs, shrimp, eels, beetles, fruit  |  EX

Genus Lutrogale – (Gray, 1865) – one species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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Smooth-coated otter

| L. perspicillata
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826

Three subspecies

* L. p. maxwelli (Iraq smooth–coated otter)
* L. p. perspicillata
* L. p. sindica

| Iraq, South and southeast Asia
| Size: 65–79 cm (26–31 in) long, plus 40–50 cm (16–20 in) tail[67]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, forest, grassland, coastal marine, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and shrubland[68]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, as well as shrimp, crabs, and insects[68] |  VU

Unknown [68]

Genus Pteronura – Gray, 1837 – one species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

|
|
|
|

Giant otter

| P. brasiliensis
(Gmelin, 1788)

Two subspecies

* P. b. brasiliensis
* P. b. paraguensis

| North and central South America
| Size: 96–123 cm (38–48 in) long, plus 45–65 cm (18–26 in) tail[69]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, coastal marine, neritic marine, and forest[70]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, as well as caiman and turtles[70] |  EN

Unknown [70]

### Subfamily Melinae

[edit]

Main article: Melinae

Genus Arctonyx – F.Cuvier, 1825 – three species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

|
|
|
|

Greater hog badger

| A. collaris
F. Cuvier, 1825

Four subspecies

* A. c. collaris (Greater hog badger)
* A. c. consul (Burmese hog badger)
* A. c. dictator (Indochinese hog badger)

| East and southeast Asia (image includes albogularis and hoevenii)
| Size: 65–104 cm (26–41 in) long, plus 19–29 cm (7–11 in) tail[71]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[72]

Diet: Believed to primarily eat worms[72] |  VU

Unknown [72]

Northern hog badger

| A. albogularis
(Blyth, 1853)

Two subspecies

* A. a. albogularis (Greater hog badger)
* A. a. leucolaemus (Chinese hog badger)

| South and East Asia (image includes collaris and hoevenii)
| Size: 55–70 cm (22–28 in) long, plus 11–22 cm (4–9 in) tail[71]

Habitat: Forest, bushland, agricultural area, wasteland, and montane grassland[73]

Diet: Small vertebrates, invertebrates, and plant material[73] |  LC

Unknown [73]

Sumatran hog badger

| A. hoevenii
(Blyth, 1853) | Sumatra  | Size: 51–71 cm (20–28 in) long, plus 8–18 cm (3–7 in) tail[71]

Habitat: Montane and mossy forests, montane grasslands[74]

Diet: Believed to primarily eat invertebrates[74] |  LC

Unknown [74]

Genus Meles – Brisson, 1762 – three species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

|
|
|
|

Asian badger

| M. leucurus
(Hodgson, 1847)

Five subspecies

* M. l. amurensis (Amur badger)
* M. l. arenarius (Kazakh badger)
* M. l. leucurus (Common sand badger)
* M. l. sibiricus (Siberian badger)
* M. l. tianschanensis (Tien Shan badger)

| Central and east Asia
| Size: 49–70 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 13–21 cm (5–8 in) tail[75]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and forest[76]

Diet: Omnivorous; eats fruit, nuts, plants, earthworms, insects, eggs, carrion, and small mammals[76] |  LC

Unknown [76]

European badger

| M. meles
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Four subspecies

* M. m. heptneri (Kizlyar badger)
* M. m. marianensis (Iberian badger)
* M. m. meles (Common badger)
* M. m. milleri (Norwegian badger)

| Europe (map also includes range of Caucasian badger)
| Size: 56–90 cm (22–35 in) long, plus 11–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[77]

Habitat: Grassland, forest, desert, and shrubland[78]

Diet: Omnivorous; eats fruit, nuts, plants, earthworms, insects, eggs, carrion, and small mammals[78] |  LC

Unknown [78]

Japanese badger

| M. anakuma
Temminck, 1844 | Japan
| Size: 70–79 cm (28–31 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[79]

Habitat: Forest[80]

Diet: Primarily eats earthworms and insects, as well as fruit[80] |  LC

Unknown [80]

### Subfamily Mellivorinae

[edit]

Main article: Mellivorinae

Genus Mellivora – Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr, 1780 – one species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

|
|
|
|

Honey badger

| M. capensis
(Schreber, 1776)

Twelve subspecies

* M. c. abyssinica (Ethiopian ratel)
* M. c. buechneri (Turkmenian ratel)
* M. c. capensis (Cape ratel)
* M. c. concisa (Lake Chad ratel)
* M. c. cottoni (Black ratel)
* M. c. inaurita (Nepalese ratel)
* M. c. indica (Indian ratel)
* M. c. leuconota (White-backed ratel)
* M. c. maxwelli (Kenyan ratel)
* M. c. pumilio (Arabian ratel)
* M. c. signata (Speckled ratel)
* M. c. wilsoni (Persian ratel)

| Africa, Middle East, and India
| Size: 73–96 cm (29–38 in) long, plus 14–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[81]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, savanna, and desert[82]

Diet: Primarily eats smaller mammals[82] |  LC

Unknown [82]

### Subfamily Mustelinae

[edit]

Main article: Mustelinae

Genus Mustela – Linnaeus, 1758 – fifteen species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

|
|
|
|

Back-striped weasel

| M. strigidorsa
Gray, 1855 | Parts of southeast Asia
| Size: 30–36 cm (12–14 in) long, plus 18–20 cm (7–8 in) tail[83]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[84]

Diet: Unknown, but believed to eat rodents and insects[83][84] |  LC

Unknown [84]

Black-footed ferret

| M. nigripes
(Audubon, 1851) | Three small areas in central United States
| Size: 50–53 cm (20–21 in) long, plus 11–13 cm (4–5 in) tail[85]

Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[86]

Diet: Primarily eats prairie dogs[86] |  EN

200 [86]

Egyptian weasel

| M. subpalmata
Hemprich, 1833 | Nile river delta in Egypt
| Size: 32–43 cm (13–17 in) long, plus 9–13 cm (4–5 in) tail[87]

Habitat: Urban, marine[88]

Diet: Primarily eats fruit and vegetables, birds, and insects[89][88] |  LC

Unknown [88]

European mink

| M. lutreola
(Linnaeus, 1761)

Seven subspecies

* M. l. biedermanni (French mink)
* M. l. binominata
* M. l. cylipena (Middle European mink)
* M. l. lutreola (Northern mink)
* M. l. novikovi (Middle Russian mink)
* M. l. transsylvanica (Carpathian mink)
* M. l. turovi (Caucasian mink)

| Scattered parts of west Asia and west Europe
| Size: 35–43 cm (14–17 in) long, plus 15–19 cm (6–7 in) tail[90]

Habitat: Inland wetlands[91]

Diet: Primarily eats amphibians, crustaceans, fish, small mammals, insects, and birds[91] |  CR

Unknown [91]

European polecat

| M. putorius
Linnaeus, 1758

Six subspecies

* M. p. anglia (Welsh polecat)
* M. p. aureola (Mediterranean polecat)
* M. p. caledoniae (Scottish polecat)†
* M. p. mosquensis (Middle Russian polecat)
* M. p. putorius (Common polecat)
* M. p. rothschildi (Carpathian polecat)

| Europe and west Asia
| Size: 29–46 cm (11–18 in) long, plus 8–17 cm (3–7 in) tail[92]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, coastal marine, grassland, forest, and shrubland[93]

Diet: Primarily eats lagomorphs, rodents, amphibians, and other vertebrates, as well as invertebrates and carrion[93] |  LC

Unknown [93]

Ferret

| M. furo
Linnaeus, 1758 | Worldwide distribution (domesticated)  | Size: 20–46 cm (8–18 in) long, plus 7–19 cm (3–7 in) tail[94]

Habitat: Domesticated

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals  |  NE

Unknown

Indonesian mountain weasel

| M. lutreolina
Robinson, 1917 | Scattered parts of Indonesia
| Size: 27–33 cm (11–13 in) long, plus 13–17 cm (5–7 in) tail[95]

Habitat: Shrubland and forest[96]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, as well as small mammals, birds, amphibians, and eggs[95][96] |  LC

Unknown [96]

Japanese weasel

| M. itatsi
Temminck, 1844 | native to Japan, introduced to Russia (native range in blue, introduced in red (Hokkaido, Sakhalin))
| Size: 21–36 cm (8–14 in) long, plus 7–16 cm (3–6 in) tail[97]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and forest[98]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, insects, amphibians, and reptiles[98] |  NT

Unknown [98]

Least weasel

| M. nivalis
Linnaeus, 1766

Seventeen subspecies

* M. n. allegheniensis (Allegheny weasel)
* M. n. boccamela (Transcaucasian weasel)
* M. n. campestris (Plains weasel)
* M. n. caucasica (Caucasian weasel)
* M. n. eskimo (Alaskan weasel)
* M. n. heptneri (Turkmenian weasel)
* M. n. mosanensis (Korean weasel)
* M. n. namiyei (Japanese weasel)
* M. n. nivalis (Common weasel)
* M. n. numidica (Mediterranean weasel)
* M. n. pallida (Montane Turkestan weasel)
* M. n. pygmaea (Siberian least weasel)
* M. n. rixosa (Bangs' weasel)
* M. n. rossica
* M. n. russelliana (Sichuan weasel)
* M. n. stoliczkana
* M. n. tonkinensis (Vietnamese weasel)
* M. n. vulgaris (Middle European weasel)

| Europe, Asia, northern Africa, northern North America
| Size: 11–26 cm (4–10 in) long, plus 1–9 cm (0–4 in) tail[99]

Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, rocky areas, coastal marine, shrubland, and grassland[100]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and other small mammals as well as eggs, lizards, frogs, salamanders, fish, worms, and carrion[100] |  LC

Unknown [100]

Malayan weasel

| M. nudipes
Desmarest, 1822

Two subspecies

* M. n. leucocephalus
* M. n. nudipes

| Southeast Asia
| Size: 30–36 cm (12–14 in) long, plus 24–26 cm (9–10 in) tail[101]

Habitat: Shrubland and forest[102]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, as well as small birds, lizards, and insects[101][102] |  LC

Unknown [102]

Mountain weasel

| M. altaica
Pallas, 1811

Four subspecies

* M. a. altaica
* M. a. birulai
* M. a. raddei
* M. a. temon

| Central Asia and northern India  | Size: 22–29 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 9–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[103]

Habitat: Shrubland, rocky areas, and grassland[104]

Diet: Primarily eats pikas, rodents, small birds, lizards, and insects[104] |  NT

Unknown [104]

Siberian weasel

| M. sibirica
Pallas, 1773

Eleven subspecies

* M. s. canigula (Tibetan kolonok)
* M. s. charbinensis (Manchurian kolonok)
* M. s. coreanus (Korean kolonok)
* M. s. davidiana (Taiwanese kolonok)
* M. s. fontanierii (North Chinese kolonok)
* M. s. hodgsoni (Hodgson's kolonok)
* M. s. manchurica (Far Eastern kolonok)
* M. s. moupinensis (Burmese kolonok)
* M. s. quelpartis (Quelpart kolonok)
* M. s. sibirica (Siberian kolonok)
* M. s. subhemachalana (Himalayan kolonok)

| North-central and east Asia (native range in green, introduced in red (Japan))
| Size: 25–39 cm (10–15 in) long, plus 13–21 cm (5–8 in) tail[105]

Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, forest, and rocky areas[106]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, amphibians, fish, carrion, and pine nuts[106] |  LC

Unknown [106]

Steppe polecat

| M. eversmanii
Lesson, 1827

Seven subspecies

* M. e. admirata (Chinese steppe polecat)
* M. e. amurensis (Amur steppe polecat)
* M. e. eversmanii (Petropavlov steppe polecat)
* M. e. hungarica (European steppe polecat)
* M. e. larvatus (Tibetan steppe polecat)
* M. e. michnoi (Baikal steppe polecat)
* M. e. talassicus (Turkestan steppe polecat)

| Central Asia and eastern Europe
| Size: 29–56 cm (11–22 in) long, plus 8–18 cm (3–7 in) tail[107]

Habitat: Grassland and shrubland[108]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and pikas[108] |  LC

Unknown [108]

Stoat

| M. erminea
Linnaeus, 1758

37 subspecies

* M. e. aestiva (Middle Russian stoat)
* M. e. alascensis (Junean stoat)
* M. e. anguinae (Vancouver Island stoat)
* M. e. arctica (Tundra stoat)
* M. e. augustidens
* M. e. bangsi (Western Great Lakes stoat)
* M. e. celenda
* M. e. cigognanii (Bonaparte's stoat)
* M. e. erminea (Northern stoat)
* M. e. fallenda
* M. e. ferghanae (Fergana stoat)
* M. e. gulosa
* M. e. haidarum (Queen Charlotte Islands stoat)
* M. e. hibernica (Irish stoat)
* M. e. initis
* M. e. invicta
* M. e. kadiacensis (Kodiak stoat)
* M. e. kaneii (East Siberian stoat)
* M. e. karaginensis (Karaginsky stoat)
* M. e. lymani (Altai stoat)
* M. e. martinoi
* M. e. minima (Swiss stoat)
* M. e. mongolica (Gobi stoat)
* M. e. muricus (Southwestern stoat)
* M. e. nippon (Japanese stoat)
* M. e. ognevi
* M. e. olympica (Olympic stoat)
* M. e. polaris (Polar stoat)
* M. e. richardsonii (Richardson's stoat)
* M. e. ricinae (Hebrides stoat)
* M. e. salva
* M. e. seclusa
* M. e. semplei (Baffin Island stoat)
* M. e. stabilis (British stoat)
* M. e. streatori
* M. e. teberdina (Caucasian stoat)
* M. e. tobolica (Tobolsk stoat)

| Europe, north Asia, northern North America, and Greenland (native range in green, introduced in red (New Zealand)); map includes range of American and haida ermines
| Size: 17–33 cm (7–13 in) long, plus 4–12 cm (2–5 in) tail[109]

Habitat: Shrubland, inland wetlands, grassland, rocky areas, and forest[110]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, as well as fruit, earthworms, insects, eggs, and birds[110] |  LC

Unknown [110]

Yellow-bellied weasel

| M. kathiah
Hodgson, 1835

Two subspecies

* M. k. caporiaccoi
* M. k. kathiah

| Himalayan mountains and east-southeast Asia
| Size: 25–27 cm (10–11 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail[111]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[112]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, as well as birds and small mammals[111][112] |  LC

Unknown [112]

Genus Neogale – Gray, 1865 – five species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

|
|
|
|

Amazon weasel

| N. africana
(Desmarest, 1818)

Two subspecies

* N. a. africana
* N. a. stolzmanni

| Amazon basin
| Size: 41–52 cm (16–20 in) long, plus 16–21 cm (6–8 in) tail[113]

Habitat: Inland wetlands and forest[114]

Diet: Unknown[115][114] |  LC

Unknown [114]

American mink

| N. vison
(Schreber, 1777)

Fifteen subspecies

* N. v. aestuarina (California lowland mink)
* N. v. aniakensis
* N. v. energumenos (Western mink)
* N. v. evagor
* N. v. evergladensis (Everglades mink)
* N. v. ingens (Alaskan mink)
* N. v. lacustris (Hudson Bay mink)
* N. v. letifera (Mississippi Valley mink)
* N. v. lowii
* N. v. lutensis (Florida mink)
* N. v. melampeplus (Kenai mink)
* N. v. mink (Common mink)
* N. v. nesolestes (Island mink)
* N. v. vison (Eastern mink)
* N. v. vulgivaga (Southern mink)

| Canada and United States; introduced to large areas in South America, Europe, and Asia (native range in red (North America), introduced in pink)
| Size: 31–45 cm (12–18 in) long, plus 14–25 cm (6–10 in) tail[116]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, forest, and shrubland[117]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, amphibians, crustaceans, muskrats, and small mammals[117] |  LC

Unknown [117]

Colombian weasel

| N. felipei
(Izor and Torre, 1978) | Small area of northwest South America
| Size: 32–39 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[118]

Habitat: Inland wetlands and forest[119]

Diet: Unknown, but believed to eat fish, small mammals, and insects[120][119] |  VU

1,300 [119]

Long-tailed weasel

| N. frenata
(Lichtenstein, 1831)

42 subspecies

* N. f. affinis
* N. f. agilis
* N. f. alleni (Black Hills long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. altifrontalis
* N. f. arizonensis (Arizona long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. arthuri
* N. f. aureoventris
* N. f. boliviensis (Bolivian long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. costaricensis (Costa Rican long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. effera
* N. f. frenata (Bridled weasel)
* N. f. goldmani (Chiapas long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. gracilis
* N. f. helleri
* N. f. inyoensis (Inyo long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. latirostra
* N. f. leucoparia
* N. f. longicauda (Common long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. macrophonius
* N. f. munda
* N. f. neomexicanus (New Mexico long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. nevadensis (Nevada long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. nicaraguae (Nicaraguan long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. nigriauris
* N. f. notius
* N. f. noveboracensis (New York long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. occisor
* N. f. olivacea
* N. f. oregonensis (Oregon long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. oribasus
* N. f. panamensis (Panama long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. peninsulae (Florida long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. perda
* N. f. perotae
* N. f. primulina
* N. f. pulchra
* N. f. saturata (Cascade Mountains long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. spadix
* N. f. texensis (Texas long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. tropicalis (Tropical long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. washingtoni (Washington long-tailed weasel)
* N. f. xanthogenys (California long-tailed weasel)

| North America, Central America, and northern South America
| Size: 28–42 cm (11–17 in) long, plus 11–30 cm (4–12 in) tail[121]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, grassland, and shrubland[122]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and other small mammals[122] |  LC

Unknown [122]

Sea mink†

| N. macrodon
(Prentiss, 1903) | formerly northern New England coast in United States, Maritime Provinces in Canada
| Size: Estimated to have been around 91 cm (36 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail[123]

Habitat: Intertidal marine, neritic marine, and coastal marine[124]

Diet: Primarily ate fish as well as molluscs[124] |  EX

0 [124]

### Subfamily Taxidiinae

[edit]

Main article: Taxidiinae

Genus Taxidea – Horsfield, 1839 – one species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

|
|
|
|

American badger

| T. taxus
(Schreber, 1777)

Five subspecies

* T. t. berlandieri (Texas badger)
* T. t. jacksoni (Jackson's badger)
* T. t. jeffersonii (British Columbia badger)
* T. t. marylandica (Maryland badger)
* T. t. taxus

| Mexico, United States and southern Canada
| Size: 42–72 cm (17–28 in) long, plus 10–16 cm (4–6 in) tail[125]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and shrubland[126]

Diet: Primarily eats fossorial rodents, as well as scorpions, insects, snakes, lizards, and birds[126] |  LC

Unknown [126]

## References

[edit]

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2. ^ Schreffler, Christina (2003). "Eira barbara". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
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7. ^ a b c Helgen, K.; Reid, F. (2016). "Martes americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41648A45212861. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41648A45212861.en.
8. ^ Carter, Kimberlee (2004). "Martes foina". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
9. ^ a b c Abramov, A. V.; Kranz, A.; Herrero, J.; Choudhury, A.; Maran, T. (2016). "Martes foina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29672A45202514. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29672A45202514.en.
10. ^ Schwanz, Lisa (2000). "Martes martes". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
11. ^ a b c Herrero, J.; Kranz, A.; Skumatov, D.; Abramov, A. V.; Maran, T.; Monakhov, V. G. (2016). "Martes martes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12848A45199169. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12848A45199169.en.
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14. ^ Webb, Amanda (2013). "Martes gwatkinsii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
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16. ^ Bates, Jeremy (2002). "Martes zibellina". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
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* v
* t
* e

Lists of mammal species

* Mammals
* marine
* prehistoric
* recently extinct
* critically endangered
* endangered
* vulnerable
* near threatened
* least concern
* data deficient

Monotremes
and marsupials|

* Dasyuromorphs (quolls, dunnarts, and other Australian carnivores)
* Didelphimorphs (opossums)
* Peramelemorphs (bandicoots and bilbies)

Diprotodonts
(kangaroos and possums)|

* Macropodiformes (kangaroos, wallabies, bettongs, and potoroos)
* Phalangeriformes (possums, gliders, and cuscus)

Placental mammals|

* Afrosoricids (golden moles, otter shrews, and tenrecs)
* Cingulates (armadillos)
* Macroscelids (elephant shrews)
* Perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates)
* Pholidotans (pangolins)
* Pilosans (anteaters and sloths)
* Rodents
* extinct
* Scandentians (treeshrews)

Artiodactyls
(even-toed ungulates)|

* Bovids (antelope, sheep, goats, and cattle)
* Cervids (deer)
* Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises)
* Arctic
* extinct
* Suines (pigs and peccaries)

Carnivorans
(carnivores)|

* Canids (dogs, including wolves and foxes)
* Canis lupus subspecies
* Felids (cats)
* Herpestids (mongooses)
* Mephitids (skunks and stink badgers)
* Mustelids (badgers, martens, otters, and weasels)
* Pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses)
* Fossil pinnipedimorphs (seals and stem-relatives)
* Procyonids (raccoons, coatis, and kinkajous)
* Ursids (bears)
* Ursus arctos subspecies
* Viverrids (civets and genets)

Chiropterans
(bats)|

* Hipposiderids (Old World leaf-nosed bats)
* Megachiroptera (fruit bats)
* Miniopterids (bent-winged bats)
* Molossids (free-tailed bats)
* Rhinolophids (horseshoe bats)
* Vespertilionids (vesper bats)
* Kerivoulines (woolly bats)
* Murinines (tube-nosed bats)
* Myotines (mouse-eared bats)
* Vespertilionines (pipistrelles and serotines)

Eulipotyphlans
(moles and shrews)|

* Soricids (shrews)
* Crocidurines (white-toothed shrews)
* Myosoricines (African shrews)
* Soricines (red-toothed shrews)
* Erinaceids (hedgehogs and gymnures)
* Talpids (moles and desmans)

Lagomorphs
(rabbits and pikas)|

* Leporids (hares and rabbits)
* Ochotonids (pikas)

Primates|

* Cercopithecoids (Old World monkeys)
* Hominoids (apes)
* Lemuroids (lemurs)
* Lorisoids (lorises and galagos)
* Platyrrhines (New World monkeys)
* Tarsiiformes (tarsiers)
* Fossil primates

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