List of official languages

See also: List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language

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This is a list of official, or otherwise administratively-recognized, languages of sovereign countries, regions, and supra-national institutions. The article also lists lots of languages which have no administrative mandate as an official language, generally describing these as de facto official languages.

## Official languages of sovereign countries, wholly or partly

[edit]

### A

[edit]

Abkhaz:

* Abkhazia (with Russian; independence is disputed)[1]

Afar:

* Djibouti (with Arabic, French, Somali)

Afrikaans:

* Namibia (with English and German)
* South Africa (with English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]

Aja-Gbe:

* Benin (a national language along with Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official language is French)

Akan (Akuapem Twi, Asante Twi, Fante):

* Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)

Albanian:

* Albania[3]
* Kosovo (with Serbian)[a][4]
* Montenegro (in Ulcinj)[citation needed]
* North Macedonia (with Macedonian)[5]

Amharic:

* Ethiopia[6]

Anii:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Arabic (see also List of countries where Arabic is an official language):

* Algeria (with Berber)
* Bahrain
* Chad (with French)
* Comoros (with French and Comorian)
* Djibouti (with French)
* Egypt
* Eritrea (with Tigrinya and English)
* Iraq (with Kurdish)[7]
* Israel (with Hebrew)
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Mali (with Tuareg and French)
* Mauritania (with several national languages: Fula, Soninke, Wolof)
* Morocco (with Berber)[8]
* Niger (with French, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]
* Oman
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Somaliland (with English and Somali; independence is disputed)
* Somalia (with Somali)
* Sudan (with English)
* Syria
* Tunisia
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

Armenian:

* Armenia[10]
* Artsakh[11] (independence disputed)

Assamese:

* India (with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)

Aymara:

* Bolivia (with Spanish, Quechua, Guaraní and 33 other languages)[12]
* Peru (with Spanish and Quechua and other languages)[13]

Azerbaijani:

* Azerbaijan[14]

### B

[edit]

Balanta:

* Senegal (a national language along with Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Bambara:

* see Manding
* Mali (a national language along with Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)

Bariba:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Basque:

* Co-official in some autonomous communities of Spain:
* Basque Country
* Navarre; both with Spanish

Bassari:

* Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Bedik:

* Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Belarusian:

* Belarus (with Russian)[15]

Bengali:

* Bangladesh[16]
* India (with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)
* Sierra Leone[17][18]

Berber:

* Algeria (with Arabic)[19]
* Morocco (with Arabic)[8]

Biali:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Bislama:

* Vanuatu (with English and French)[20]

Boko:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Bomu:

* Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)

Bosnian:

* Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Croatian, Serbian) (de facto)[21]

Bozo:

* Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)

Buduma:

* Niger (with French, Arabic, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]

Bulgarian:

* Bulgaria[22]

Burmese:

* Myanmar (formerly Burma)[23]

### C

[edit]

Cantonese:

* Hong Kong (using Traditional Chinese characters); with Mandarin Chinese and English
* Macau (using Traditional Chinese characters); with Mandarin Chinese and Portuguese

Catalan:

* Andorra,[24]
* Co-official in some autonomous communities of Spain:
* Balearic Islands
* Catalonia
* Valencian Community; all with Spanish

Chinese, Mandarin:

* Mainland China (using Simplified Chinese characters)
* Macau (using both Simplified Chinese characters and Traditional Chinese characters)
* Hong Kong (using both Simplified Chinese characters and Traditional Chinese characters; with Cantonese and English)
* Singapore (using Simplified Chinese characters; with English, Malay and Tamil)[25]
* Taiwan (using Traditional Chinese characters; other official languages of Taiwan are Formosan languages,[26] Taiwanese Hokkien,[27] Hakka[28] and Taiwan Sign Language.[27])

Chichewa:

* Malawi (with English)
* Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]

Chirbawe (Sena):

* see Sena

Comorian

* Comoros (with Arabic and French)

Corsican :

* France (with French)
* Corsica

Croatian:

* Croatia[30]
* Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Bosnian and Serbian) (de facto)[21]

Czech:

* Czech Republic
* Slovakia (legislation states that a person using Czech language at a Slovak institution must be treated as if using Slovak language)

### D

[edit]

Dagaare:

* Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)

Dagbani:

* Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)

Dangme

* Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)

Danish:

* Denmark
* Faroe Islands (with Faroese)

Dari:

* Afghanistan (a local variant of Persian, but defined as "Dari" in the Afghan constitution; together with Pashto)[31]

Dendi:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Dhivehi:

* Maldives[32]

Dioula:

* see Manding
* Burkina Faso (a national language along with Fula, Mossi and other languages, the official language is French)

Dogon:

* Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)

Dutch:

* Belgium (official language with French and German)

sole official language in:

* Flanders

co-official language in:

* Brussels (with French)

* The Netherlands (sole official language in every province except Friesland, where West Frisian is co-official and the BES islands, where Papiamento and English are co-official)
* Aruba (with Papiamento)
* Curaçao (with Papiamento and English)
* Sint Maarten (with English)
* Suriname

Dzongkha:

* Bhutan[33]

### E

[edit]

English (see also List of countries where English is an official language):

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* The Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Botswana (but the national language is Tswana)
* Cameroon (with French)
* Canada (with French)
* Ontario (de facto; with limited French)
* Quebec (with French)
* Nova Scotia (de facto; with limited French & Gaelic)
* New Brunswick (with French)
* Manitoba (with French)
* British Columbia (de facto; with limited French)
* Prince Edward Island (de facto; with limited French)
* Saskatchewan (de facto; with limited French)
* Alberta (de facto; with limited French)
* Newfoundland and Labrador (de facto; with limited French, Innu-aimun, & Inuttut)
* Northwest Territories (with 10 others)
* Yukon (with French)
* Nunavut (with Inuit & French)
* Curaçao (with Dutch and Papiamento)
* Dominica
* England
* Eritrea (with Tigrinya and Arabic)
* Eswatini (with Swati)
* Fiji (with Bau Fijian and Fiji Hindi)[34]
* Gambia
* Ghana (with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema)
* Grenada
* Guyana
* Hong Kong (with Cantonese and Mandarin Chinese)
* India (with 22 regional languages)
* Republic of Ireland ("second official"; with Irish)[35]
* Jamaica
* Kenya (with Swahili)
* Kiribati
* Lesotho (with Sotho)
* Liberia
* Malawi (with Chichewa)
* Malaysia (de facto official language with Malay; still serves as official and national language with Malay in Sabah and Sarawak)[36]
* Malta (with Maltese)
* Marshall Islands (with Marshallese)
* Mauritius (with French)[37]
* Micronesia, Federated States of
* Namibia (Afrikaans, German, and Oshiwambo are spoken regionally)[38]
* Nauru (with Nauruan)
* New Zealand (with Māori and New Zealand Sign Language)
* Nigeria (with Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba)
* Pakistan (with Urdu as the national language)
* Palau (with Palauan)
* Papua New Guinea (with Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu)
* Philippines (with Filipino)
* Rwanda (with French and Kinyarwanda)
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Samoa (with Samoan)
* Seychelles (with Seychellois Creole and French)
* Sierra Leone
* Singapore (with Chinese, Malay, Tamil)[25]
* Sint Maarten (with Dutch)
* Solomon Islands
* Somaliland (with Arabic and Somali; independence is disputed)
* South Africa (with Afrikaans, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
* South Sudan
* Sri Lanka (with Sinhala and Tamil)
* Sudan (with Arabic)
* Tanzania (with Swahili)
* Tonga (with Tongan)
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Tuvalu (with Tuvaluan)
* Uganda (with Swahili)
* United Kingdom (de facto; individual countries in the UK have statutorily defined official languages, but the UK as a whole does not)
* United States (de facto; the United States has no administratively mandated official language)
* Vanuatu (with Bislama and French)[20]
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe (with Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]

Estonian:

* Estonia

Ewe-Gbe:

* Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)
* Togo (with French and Kabye)

### F

[edit]

Faroese:

* Faroe Islands
* Denmark

Fijian:

* Fiji (with English and Fiji Hindi)[34]

Filipino:

* Philippines (with English)

Finnish:

* Finland (with Swedish)

Fon-Gbe:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Foodo:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Formosan:

* Taiwan (other national languages of Taiwan are Mandarin, Taiwanese Hokkien,[27] Hakka[28] and Taiwan Sign Language.[27])

French (see also List of countries where French is an official language):

* Belgium (official language with Dutch and German)

sole official language in:

* Wallonia (except for the Canton of Eupen and the Canton of Sankt Vith, where German is the official language)

co-official language in:

* Brussels (with Dutch)

* Benin (with several national languages: Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba)
* Burkina Faso (with several national languages including Dioula, Fula, Mossi)
* Burundi (with Kirundi)
* Cameroon (with English)
* Canada (with English)
* Quebec (with limited English)
* New Brunswick (with English)
* Manitoba (with English)
* Northwest Territories (with 10 others)
* Yukon (with English)
* Nunavut (with Inuit & English)
* Central African Republic (with Sango)[39]
* Chad (with Arabic)
* Comoros (with Arabic and Comorian)
* Ivory Coast
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti (with Arabic)
* Equatorial Guinea (with Spanish and Portuguese)
* France
* French Guiana
* French Polynesia
* French Loyalty Islands
* French Southern and Antarctic Lands
* Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean
* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Mayotte
* New Caledonia
* Réunion
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon
* Wallis and Futuna
* (Adélie Land)
* (Clipperton Island)
* Gabon
* Guernsey (with English)
* Guinea (with several national languages: Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey)
* Haiti (with Haitian Creole)[40]
* Italy
* Aosta Valley (with Italian)
* Jersey (with English)
* Luxembourg (with German and Luxembourgish)
* Madagascar (with Malagasy)
* Mali (with several national languages: Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq)
* Mauritius (with English)[37]
* Monaco
* Niger (with Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]
* Rwanda (with English and Kinyarwanda)
* Senegal (with several national languages: Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof)
* Seychelles (with Seychellois Creole and English)
* Switzerland (National and official language with German, Italian, and (Romansh))[41]

Official language in:

* Canton of Geneva
* Canton of Vaud
* Canton of Jura
* Canton of Neuchâtel
* Canton of Fribourg (with German)
* Canton of Bern (with German)
* Canton of Valais (with German)

* Togo (with Ewe-Gbe and Kabye)
* Vanuatu (with Bislama and English)[20]

Fula:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
* Burkina Faso (a national language along with Dioula, Mossi and other languages, the official language is French)
* Guinea (a national language along with Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)
* Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
* Mauritania (a national language along with Soninke, Wolof, the official language is Arabic)
* Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]
* Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

### G

[edit]

Ga:

* Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)

Gàidhlig:

* Scotland (along with English and Scots)[42]

Gbe:

* see Aja-Gbe, Ewe-Gbe, Fon-Gbe, Gen-Gbe, Waci-Gbe, Xwela-Gbe

Gen-Gbe:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Georgian:

* Georgia[43]
* South Ossetia (with Ossetian and Russian; independence is disputed)[44]
* Abkhazia (with Georgian according to the Georgian constitution; independence is disputed)[43]

German:

* Austria (with Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene)
* Belgium (official language with Dutch and French)

sole official language in:

* Canton of Eupen
* Canton of Sankt Vith

* Brazil
* Antônio Carlos
* Santa Maria do Herval
* Domingos Martins
* Laranja da Terra
* Pancas
* Santa Maria de Jetibá
* Vila Pavão
* Pomerode
* Canguçu
* Germany
* Liechtenstein
* Luxembourg (with French and Luxembourgish)
* Italy (in South Tyrol)
* Namibia (with Afrikaans and English)
* Switzerland (National and official language with French, Italian, and (Romansh))[41]

Official language in 21 cantons:

* 17 of the 26 cantons (monolingually German)
* Canton of Grisons (with Italian and Romansh)
* Canton of Bern (with French)
* Canton of Fribourg (with French)
* Canton of Valais (with French)

Gonja:

* Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)

Gourmanché

* Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]

Greek:

* Greece
* Cyprus (with Turkish)[45]
* Albania (Greek Minority Zone of Himara, Finiq and Dervican with Albanian)

Guaraní:

* Paraguay (with Spanish)[46]
* Bolivia (with Spanish, Quechua, Aymara and 33 other languages)[12]

Gujarati:

* India

### H

[edit]

Haitian Creole:

* Haiti (with French)[40]

Hakka:

* Taiwan (other national languages of Taiwan are Mandarin, Taiwanese Hokkien,[27] Formosan languages[26] and Taiwan Sign Language.[27])

Hassaniya:

* Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Hausa:

* Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]
* Nigeria (with English, Igbo and Yoruba)[47]

Hebrew:

* Israel (with Arabic)

Hindi:

* India ("official language of the Union"; with English; 21 other regional languages namely Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Meitei (Manipuri), Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu[48])[49]
* Fiji (with English and Bau Fijian; known constitutionally as Fiji Hindi as an umbrella term to cover Standard Hindi, Urdu, as well as other Hindustani dialects)[34]

Hiri Motu:

* Papua New Guinea (with English and Tok Pisin)

Hungarian:

* Hungary[50]

### I

[edit]

Igbo:

* Nigeria (with English, Hausa and Yoruba)[47]

Icelandic:

* Iceland

Indonesian:

* Indonesia (a standardized dialect of Malay)[51]

Irish:

* Republic of Ireland ("national"; with English being "second official")[35]

Italian:

* Italy
* Croatia
* Istria County (with Croatian)
* San Marino
* Slovenia
* Slovenian Istria (with Slovene)
* Switzerland (National and official language with French, German, and (Romansh))[41]

Official language in:

* Canton of Ticino
* Canton of Grisons (with German and Romansh)

* Vatican City (with Latin)

### J

[edit]

Japanese:

* Japan (de facto)
* Palau (Angaur)

Javanese:

* native to Java; Indonesia

Jola:

* Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

### K

[edit]

Kabye:

* Togo (with French and Ewe-Gbe)

Kalanga:

* Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Tshuwau ("Koisan"), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]

Kannada:

* India (with 21 other regional Languages, and with English as a link language)

Kanuri:

* Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]

Kasem:

* Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Nzema, the official language is English)

Kazakh:

* Kazakhstan (with Russian)[52]

Khmer:

* Cambodia[53]

Kinyarwanda:

* Rwanda (with French and English)

Kirundi:

* Burundi (with French)

Kissi

* Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)

"Koisan" (Tshuwau):

* Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]

Korean:

* North Korea[54]
* South Korea[54] (with Korean Sign Language)

Korean Sign Language:

* South Korea (with Korean)

Kpelle:

* Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)

Kurdish:

* Iraq (with Arabic)[7]

Kyrgyz:

* Kyrgyzstan (with Russian)[55]

### L

[edit]

Lao:

* Laos

Latin:

* Holy See
* Hungary
* Croatia
* Poland

Latvian:

* Latvia

Lithuanian:

* Lithuania

Lukpa:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Luxembourgish:

* Luxembourg (with French and German)

### M

[edit]

Macedonian:

* North Macedonia (with Albanian)

Malagasy:

* Madagascar (with French)

Malay:

* Malaysia (with de facto official language English)
* Brunei
* Singapore (with English, Chinese and Tamil)[25]
* Indonesia (a standardized local dialect of Malay, but treated as the separate language in Indonesia)[51]

Malinke:

* see Manding
* Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)

Maltese:

* Malta (with English)

Mamara:

* Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)

Manding (Mandinka, Malinke):

* see Bambara, Dioula, Malinke, Mandinka

Mandinka:

* see Manding
* Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Mandjak:

* Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Mankanya:

* Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Manx Gaelic:

* Isle of Man (with English)

Māori:

* New Zealand (with English and New Zealand Sign Language)

Marshallese:

* Marshall Islands (with English)

Mauritian Creole

* Mauritius

Mbelime:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Meitei (officially known as Manipuri)

* India (along with 21 other scheduled languages recognised by the 8th schedule of the Indian Constitution)

Mongolian:

* Mongolia

Montenegrin:

* Montenegro

Mossi:

* Burkina Faso (a national language along with Dioula, Fula and other languages, the official language is French)

### N

[edit]

Nambya:

* Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]

Nateni:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Nauruan

* Nauru (with English)

Ndau:

* Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]

Ndebele (Northern):

* South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
* Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]

Ndebele (Southern):

* South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]

Nepali:

* Nepal

New Zealand Sign Language:

* New Zealand (with English and Māori)

Noon:

* Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Northern Sotho:

* South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]

Norwegian:

* Norway (two official written forms – Bokmål and Nynorsk)

Nzema:

* Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, the official language is English)

### O

[edit]

Oniyan:

* Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Wamey, the official language is French)

Oriya

* India (with 21 other regional Languages, and with English as a link language)

Oromo:

* Ethiopia[56]

Ossetian:

* South Ossetia (with Russian and Georgian; independence is disputed)[44]

### P

[edit]

Palauan:

* Palau (with English)

Papiamento:

* Aruba (with Dutch)
* Curaçao (with Dutch and English)
* Netherlands (Bonaire)

Pashto:

* Afghanistan (with Dari in Afghanistan)[31]

Persian:

* Iran
* Afghanistan (called Dari in Afghanistan; with Pashto)[31]
* Tajikistan (called Tajiki in Tajikistan; with Russian for "inter-ethnic communication")[57]

Polish:

* Poland

Portuguese:

* Angola
* Brazil
* Cape Verde
* East Timor (with Tetum)
* Equatorial Guinea (with Spanish and French)
* Guinea-Bissau
* Macau (with Cantonese)
* Mozambique
* Portugal
* São Tomé and Príncipe

Punjabi:

* India

### Q

[edit]

Quechua:

* Bolivia (with Spanish, Aymara, Guaraní and 33 other languages)[12]
* Ecuador (with Shuar and Spanish)
* Peru (with Spanish, Aymara and other languages)[13]

### R

[edit]

Romanian:

* Romania
* Moldova

Romansh:

* National language in Switzerland (with German, French, and Italian)[41]
* Official language in canton of Grisons (with German and Italian)[58]

Russian:

* Russia (in some regions together with regional languages)[59]
* Abkhazia (with Abkhaz according to the Abkhazian constitution;[1] independence is disputed)
* Belarus (with Belarusian)[15]
* Kazakhstan (with Kazakh)[52]
* Kyrgyzstan (with Kyrgyz)[55]
* South Ossetia (with Ossetian and Georgian; independence is disputed)[44]
* Tajikistan ("inter-ethnic communication"; with Tajik)[57]
* Transnistria (with Moldovan and Ukrainian; independence is disputed)[60]

### S

[edit]

Safen:

* Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Samoan

* Samoa (with English)

Sango

* Sao Pauloan Brazilian Portuguese (Portugues)
* Central African Republic (with French)[39]

Sena:

* Zimbabwe as Chirbawe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]

Scots

* Scotland (With English and Scots Gaelic)[42]

Serbian:

* Serbia
* Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Bosnian, Croatian) (de facto)[21]
* Kosovo (independence is disputed; with Albanian)

Serer:

* Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Seychellois Creole

* Seychelles (with French and English)

Shona:

* Zimbabwe (with English, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]

Sinhala:

* Sri Lanka (with Tamil, and with English as a link language)

Slovak:

* Slovakia
* Czech Republic[61]

Slovene:

* Slovenia

Somali:

* Djibouti (with Arabic, French, Afar)
* Somalia (with Arabic)
* Somaliland (with Arabic and English; independence is disputed)

Songhay-Zarma:

* Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
* Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]

Soninke:

* Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
* Mauritania (a national language along with Fula, Wolof, the official language is Arabic)
* Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Wolof, the official language is French)

Sotho:

* Lesotho (with English)
* South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]

South African Sign Language

* South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]

Spanish:

* Argentina (de facto)
* Bolivia (with Aymara, Quechua, Guaraní, and 33 other languages)[12]
* Chile
* Easter Island (with Rapa Nui)
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador (with Quechua and Shuar)
* El Salvador
* Equatorial Guinea (with French and Portuguese)
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico (de facto)
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay (with Guaraní)[46][62]
* Peru (with Aymara, Quechua and other languages)[13]
* Spain[63] (Aranese, Basque, Catalan, and Galician are co-official in some regions)
* United States (in the US territory of Puerto Rico)
* Uruguay (de facto)
* Venezuela
* Western Sahara (with Arabic)

Susu:

* Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)

Swahili:

* Kenya (with English)[64]
* Rwanda (with English, French and Kinyarwanda)
* Tanzania (de facto; with English)
* Uganda (since 2005; with English)

Swati:

* Eswatini (with English)
* South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]

Swedish:

* Sweden
* Finland (with Finnish)
* Åland (monolingually Swedish) (an autonomous province under Finnish sovereignty)

Syenara:

* Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Tamasheq, the official language is French)

### T

[edit]

Taiwan Sign Language:

* Taiwan (other national languages of Taiwan are Mandarin, Formosan languages,[26] Hakka[28] and Taiwanese Hokkien.[27])

Taiwanese Hokkien:

* Taiwan (using Traditional Chinese characters and/or pe̍h-oē-jī (Latin letters); other national languages of Taiwan are Mandarin, Formosan languages,[26] Hakka[28] and Taiwan Sign Language.[27])

Tajik:

* Tajikistan (a variant of Persian written in Cyrillic)[57]

Tagalog:

* see Filipino

Tamasheq:

* Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, the official language is French)
* Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]

Tamil:

* India (with 21 other languages, and with English as a link language)
* Singapore (with English, Chinese and Malay)[25]
* Sri Lanka (with Sinhala, and with English as a link language)

Tammari:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Tasawaq:

* Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tebu)[9]

Tebu:

* Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq)[9]

Telugu:

* India (with 21 other regional Languages, and with English as a link language)[citation needed]

Tetum:

* East Timor (with Portuguese)

Thai:

* Thailand

Tigrinya:

* Eritrea (with Arabic and English)
* Ethiopia (with Afar, Amharic, Oromo and Somali)

Tok Pisin:

* Papua New Guinea (with English and Hiri Motu)

Toma:

* Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)

Tonga:

* Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]

Tongan

* Tonga (with English)

Tsonga:

* South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]

Tswana:

* Botswana (with English)
* South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
* Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Venda, Xhosa)[29]

Turkish:

* Turkey
* Cyprus (with Greek)[45]
* Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (independence disputed)

Turkmen:

* Turkmenistan

Tuvaluan

* Tuvalu (with English)

### U

[edit]

Ukrainian:

* Ukraine
* Transnistria (with Moldovan and Russian; independence is disputed)[60]

Urdu:

* Pakistan (with English)
* India (Urdu dialect and in script it is Sanscrit with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)

Uzbek:

* Uzbekistan

### V

[edit]

Venda:

* South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
* Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Xhosa)[29]

Vietnamese:

* Vietnam

### W

[edit]

Waama:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Waci-Gbe:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Wamey:

* Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, the official language is French)

Welsh:

* United Kingdom (limited de jure official status in Wales)[65]

Wolof:

* Mauritania (a national language along with Fula, Soninke, the official language is Arabic)
* Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, the official language is French)

### X

[edit]

Xhosa:

* South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Zulu)[2]
* Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda)[29]

Xwela-Gbe:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

### Y

[edit]

Yobe:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Yom:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Yoruba:

* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Xwela-Gbe, Yom, the official languages is French)
* Nigeria (with English, Hausa and Igbo)[47]

### Z

[edit]

Zimbabwean sign language:

* Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]

Zulu:

* South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[2]

## List of languages by the number of countries in which they are the most widely used

[edit]

This is a ranking of languages by number of sovereign countries in which they are de jure or de facto official, co-official, an administrative or working language.[66]

Language  | Number of countries language spoken

|

English | 101
French | 60
Arabic | 51
Standard Chinese | 33
Spanish | 31
Persian | 29
German | 18
Russian | 16
Malay | 13
Portuguese | 12

## Official regional and minority languages

[edit]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)

|

Abaza:

* Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Cherkess, Karachay, Nogai and Russian)[67]

Adyghe:

* Adygea (state language; with Russian)[68]

Aghul:

* Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Aklanon:

* Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)[70]

Albanian:

* Kosovo
* North Macedonia (in some municipalities)
* Montenegro (The only official language is Montenegrin, while Albanian is in official use along with Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian)

Altay:

* Altay, Republic of (state language; with Russian)[71]

Arabic:

* Philippines (mainly in Mindanao)

Aranese see Occitan

Armenian:

* Nagorno Karabagh

Assamese:

* India (with Hindi, English {as a "subsidiary official language"} and 20 other official languages)
* Assam

Avar:

* Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Azeri:

* Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Balkar:

* Kabardino-Balkaria (state language; with Kabardian and Russian)[72]

Bashkir:

* Bashkortostan (state language; with Russian)[73]

Basque:

* Basque Autonomous Community (with Spanish)
* Navarre (in some areas with Spanish)

Bengali:

* India (as a "subsidiary official language"} and 20 other official languages; second most spoken Indian Language)
* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Assam
* Tripura
* West Bengal

Bikol:

* Luzon and Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)[70]

Bosnian:

* part of Serbia
* Sandžak region
* Montenegro (with Montenegrin, Albanian, Croatian and Serbian)

Buryat:

* Buryatia (state language; with Russian)[74]
* Zabaykalsky Krai
* Agin-Buryat Okrug (authorized language)[75]

Cantonese Chinese:

* China:
* Some provinces Canton Province (with Mandarin)
* Hong Kong (for Chinese language, Cantonese is spoken de facto; co-official with English)
* Macau (for Chinese language, Cantonese is spoken de facto; co-official with Portuguese)

Catalan:

* parts of Spain
* Balearic Islands (with Spanish)
* Catalonia (with Spanish)
* Valencia (named as Valencian, with Spanish)
* parts of France
* Pyrénées Orientales
* parts of Italy
* Alghero

Cebuano:

* Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[70]

Chavacano:

* Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)[70]

Chechen:

* Chechnya (state language; with Russian)[76]
* Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Cherkess:

* Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Karachay, Nogai and Russian)[67]

Cherokee:

* Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area in Oklahoma, United States.[77]

Chipewyan:

* Northwest Territories (with Cree, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Chukchi:

* Sakha (local official language; in localities with Chukchi population)[78]

Chuvash:

* Chuvashia (state language; with Russian)[79]

Cree:

* Northwest Territories (with Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Crimean Tatar

* Crimea (with Russian and Ukrainian)

Croatian:

* part of Austria
* Burgenland (with German and Hungarian)*part of Italy
* Molise[citation needed]
* part of Serbia
* Vojvodina (with Hungarian, Pannonian Rusyn, Romanian, Serbian and Slovak)
* Montenegro (with Montenegrin, Albanian, Bosnian and Serbian)

Dargwa:

* Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Dolgan:

* Sakha (local official language; in localities with Dolgan population)[78]

Dutch:

* The Nord-Pas-de-Calais (France) (French Flemish dialect with French, English for some part of the region)

English:

* parts of Canada:

See also: Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories

* Alberta
* British Columbia
* Manitoba (with French)
* Newfoundland and Labrador
* Nova Scotia
* Ontario
* Prince Edward Island
* Quebec
* Saskatchewan
* New Brunswick (with French)
* Northwest Territories (with Chipewyan, Cree, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ)
* Nunavut (with Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, and French)
* Yukon (with French)

* The United Kingdom:

* England
* Northern Ireland
* Scotland (with Scottish Gaelic in some municipalities)
* Wales (with Welsh)
* Isle of Man (with Manx Gaelic)
* Guernsey (with French)
* Jersey (with French)

* parts of the United States. See English-only movement. English is an official language in the following states and territories:
* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii (with Hawaiian language)
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kentucky
* Massachusetts
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Montana
* Nebraska
* New Hampshire
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Puerto Rico (with Spanish)
* South Carolina
* South Dakota (with Lakota & Dakota)
* Texas
* Tennessee
* U.S. Virgin Islands
* Utah
* Virginia
* West Virginia
* Wyoming

Erzya:

* Mordovia (state language; with Moksha and Russian)[80]

Even:

* Sakha (local official language; in localities with Even population)[78]

Evenki:

* Sakha (local official language; in localities with Evenki population)[78]

Faroese:

* Faroe Islands (with Danish)

Finnish:

* Karelia (authorized language; with Karelian and Veps)[81]

French:

* parts of Canada

* New Brunswick (co-official with English)
* Northwest Territories (with Chipewyan, Cree, English, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ)
* Nunavut (with English, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut)
* Quebec
* Yukon (with English)

* Guernsey (with English)
* Jersey (with English)
* Puducherry (co-official with Tamil in the Union Territory of Puducherry. Also Telugu and Malayalam are its regional official languages)
* part of Italy
* Aosta (co-official with Italian)
* part of United States with Louisiana

Frisian (West):

* The Netherlands: co-official in the province of Friesland (with Dutch)

Friulian:

* The Friuli region of northeastern Italy

Gagauz:

* Gagauzia (Moldova) (with Russian)

Galician:

* part of Spain
* Galicia (with Spanish)

German:

* Italy
* South Tyrol (together with Italian and Ladin)

Greek:

* parts of south Albania
* parts of south Italy
* Salento (Grecia Salentina, together with Italian)
* Calabria (Bovesia, together with Italian)

Guaraní:

* Bolivia
* Paraguay
* in Argentina
* Corrientes Province (co-official with Spanish)

Gujarati:

* India (with 21 other regional languages)
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
* Gujarat

Gwich'in:

* Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Hawaiian:

* Hawaii (with English)

Hiligaynon:

* Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[70]

Hindi:

* India (with 21 other regional languages)
* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Bihar
* Chhattisgarh
* Delhi Territory
* Haryana
* Jharkhand
* Madhya Pradesh
* Rajasthan
* Uttarakhand
* Uttar Pradesh

Hungarian:

* part of Serbia
* Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Romanian, Slovak and Ruthenian)
* part of Romania
* part of Slovenia
* part of Croatia
* part of Slovakia
* part of Austria

Ibanag:

* Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[70]

Ilocano:

* Luzon and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan.)[70]

Ingush:

* Ingushetia (state language; with Russian)[82]

Inuinnaqtun:

* Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))
* Nunavut (with English, French, and Inuktitut)

Inuktitut:

* Nunavut (with English, French, and Inuinnaqtun)
* Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Inuvialuktun:

* Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Irish:

* Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) (along with Ulster Scots and English)

Italian:

* part of Croatia
* Istria county (with Croatian)
* part of Slovenia
* Izola, Koper and Piran municipalities (with Slovene)

Ivatan:

* Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[70]

Japanese:

* Part of Palau
* Angaur (with English)

Kabardian:

* Kabardino-Balkaria (state language; with Balkar and Russian)[72]

Kalaallisut:

* Greenland

Kalmyk:

* Kalmykia (state language; with Russian)[83]

Kannada:

* India (with 21 other regional languages)

Kapampangan:

* Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ilocano, Ibanag, Ivatan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[70]

Karachay:

* Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Cherkess, Nogai and Russian)[67]

Karelian:

* Karelia (authorized language; with Finnish and Veps)[81]

Kashmiri:

* India (with 21 other regional languages)
* Jammu and Kashmir

Kazakh:

* Republic of Altay (official language; in localities with Kazakh population)[84]
* part of the People's Republic of China
* Ili, with Chinese (Mandarin)
* Barkol, with Chinese (Mandarin)
* Mori, with Chinese (Mandarin)
* part of Mongolia
* Mori, with Mongolian

Khakas:

* Khakassia (state language; with Russian)[85]

Khanty:

* Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Mansi and Nenets)[86]
* Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Nenets and Selkup)[87]

Kinaray-a:

* Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)[70]

Komi:

* Komi (state language; with Russian)[88]

Komi-Permyak:

* Perm Krai
* Komi-Permyak Okrug (official language)[89]

Korean:

* part of the People's Republic of China with Chinese (Mandarin)
* Changbai (Jangbaek, Changbaek)
* Yanbian (Yeonbyeon, Yŏnbyŏn)

Kumyk:

* Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Kyrgyz:

* part of the People's Republic of China
* Kizilsu (with Chinese (Mandarin))

Lak:

* Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Lezgian:

* Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Macedonian

* part of Albania
* part of Serbia

Maguindanao:

* Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)[70]

Malayalam:

* India (with 21 other regional languages)
* Kerala
* Puducherry
* Lakshadweep

Mansi:

* Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Khanty and Nenets)[86]

Maranao:

* Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)[70]

Marathi:

* India (with 21 other regional languages)
* Maharashtra
* Goa
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu

Mari (Hill and Meadow):

* Mari El (state language; with Russian)[90]

Mayan:

* Mexico (*only recognized)
* Guatemala (*only recognized)
* Belize (*only recognized)
* Honduras (*only recognized)
* El Salvador (*only recognized)

Meitei (officially known as Manipuri):

* India (with 21 other official languages)
* Manipur
* Tripura (formerly)

Mi'kmaq:

* Nova Scotia ("first language"; with English (de facto), French, Scottish Gaelic)

Moksha:

* Mordovia (state language; with Erzya and Russian)[80]

Mongolian:

* part of the People's Republic of China
* Inner Mongolia, with Chinese (Mandarin)
* Haixi, with Tibetan and Chinese (Mandarin)
* Bortala, with Chinese (Mandarin)
* Bayin'gholin, with Chinese (Mandarin)
* Dorbod, with Chinese (Mandarin)
* Qian Gorlos, with Chinese (Mandarin)
* Harqin Left, with Chinese (Mandarin)
* Fuxin, with Chinese (Mandarin)
* Weichang, with Chinese (Mandarin)
* Subei, with Chinese (Mandarin)
* Henan, with Chinese (Mandarin)

Náhuatl:

* Mexico (*only recognized)
* El Salvador (*only recognized)

Nenets:

* Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Khanty and Mansi)[86]
* Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Khanty and Selkup)[87]

Nepali:

* India (with 21 other regional languages)

Nogai:

* Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]
* Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Cherkess, Karachay and Russian)[67]

Occitan:

* Catalonia, with Catalan and Spanish)

Odia:

* India (with 21 other regional languages)
* Odisha

Ossetic (Digor and Iron dialects):

* North Ossetia—Alania (state language; with Russian)[91]

Pangasinan:

* Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[70]

Portuguese:

* part of the People's Republic of China
* Macau (with Chinese)

Punjabi:

* Pakistan
* Punjab
* India (with 21 other regional languages)
* Punjab
* Delhi

Romanian:

* Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak and Ruthenian)

Russian. Russian is fixed as a state language in the Constitutions of the republics of the Russian Federation:

* Adygea (state language; with Adyghe)[68]
* Altay, Republic of (state language; with Altay)[71]
* Bashkortostan (state language; with Bashkir)[73]
* Buryatia (state language; with Buryat)[74]
* Chechnya (state language; with Chechen)[76]
* Chuvashia (state language; with Chuvash)[79]
* Dagestan (state language; with the languages of the Dagestan peoples)[69]
* Ingushetia (state language; with Ingush)[82]
* Kabardino-Balkaria (state language; with Balkar and Kabardian)[72]
* Kalmykia (state language; with Kalmyk)[83]
* Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Cherkess, Karachay and Nogai)[67]
* Karelia (state language)[92]
* Khakassia (state language; with Khakas)[85]
* Komi (state language; with Komi)[88]
* Mari El (state language; with Mari (Hill and Meadow))[90]
* Mordovia (state language; with Erzya and Moksha)[80]
* North Ossetia—Alania (state language; with Ossetic)[91]
* Sakha (state language; with Sakha)[93]
* Tatarstan (state language; with Tatar)[94]
* Tyva (state language; with Tuvan)[95]
* Udmurtia (state language; with Udmurt)[96]
* Russian (with Gagauz) is an official language of Gagauzia (autonomous republic within Moldova)

Rusyn:

* Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak)
* Ukraine
* Zakarapts'ka region (with Ukrainian, Hungarian)

Rutul:

* Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Sakha:

* Sakha (state language; with Russian)[93]

Sambal:

* Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, and Tagalog)[70]

Sami:

* Finland (in four municipalities)
* Norway (in six municipalities in two provinces)
* Sweden (in four municipalities and surrounding municipalities)

Sanskrit:

* Nepal

Saraiki

* Pakistan

Sarikoli:

* part of the People's Republic of China (It's different from Tajiki of Tajikistan)
* Taxkorgan (with Chinese (Mandarin))

Selkup:

* Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Khanty and Nenets)[87]

Serbian:

* Croatia-Co-official minority language in municipalities: Borovo,[97] Trpinja,[97] Markušica,[97] Negoslavci,[97] Vukovar,[98] Šodolovci,[97] Erdut,[98] Darda,[99] Jagodnjak,[97] Kneževi Vinogradi,[99] Dvor,[97] Gvozd,[97] Biskupija,[98] Ervenik,[98] Kistanje,[98] Gračac,[98] Udbina,[98] Vrbovsko,[98] Donji Kukuruzari[98] and Nijemci.[99]

Sindhi:

* India (with 21 other regional languages)
* Pakistan (Official language in the province of Sindh along with Urdu and English)

North and South Slavey:

* Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Slovak:

* part of Serbia
* Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, Romanian and Ruthenian)

Slovene:

* part of Italy
* Friuli-Venezia Giulia (with Italian, Friulian and German)
* part of Austria
* Carinthia (with German)

Spanish:

* New Mexico (spoken with English)
* Puerto Rico (with English)
* Philippines (mainly as Chavacano in Mindanao)
* El Cenizo, Texas[100]

Surigaonon:

* Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[70]

Tabasaran:

* Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Tagalog:

* Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[70]

Tahitian:

* French Polynesia (with French)

Tamil:

* India (with 21 other regional languages)
* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Puducherry
* Tamil Nadu
* Sri Lanka
* Singapore

Tat:

* Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Tatar:

* Tatarstan (state language; with Russian)[94]

Tausug:

* Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Maranao, and Yakan)[70]

Telugu:

* India (with 21 other regional languages)
* Andhra Pradesh
* Telangana
* Puducherry
* Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Tibetan:

* Tibet Autonomous Region (with Chinese (Mandarin))
* Aba (with Chinese (Mandarin))
* Garzê (with Chinese (Mandarin))
* Dêqên (with Chinese (Mandarin))
* Wenshan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
* Gannan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
* Haibai (with Chinese (Mandarin))
* Hainan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
* Huangnan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
* Golog (with Chinese (Mandarin))
* Gyêgu (with Chinese (Mandarin))
* Haixi (with Mongolian and Chinese (Mandarin))
* Muli (with Chinese (Mandarin))
* Tianzhu (with Chinese (Mandarin))

Tłįchǫ:

* Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, and South Slavey)

Tsakhur:

* Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Tswana:

* South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)

Turkish:

* North Macedonia in Plasnica and Centar Župa
* Kosovo in Prizren and Mamuša
* part of Bulgaria

Tuvan:

* Tyva (state language; with Russian)[95]

Udmurt:

* Udmurtia (state language; with Russian)[96]

Urdu:

* Pakistan (with English as co-official language)
* India (with 21 other regional languages)
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Delhi Territory
* Uttar Pradesh state
* Bihar state
* Andhra Pradesh mainly in Hyderabad (former princely state of Nizam) and adjacent areas of Maharashtra and Karnataka

Uyghur:

* Xinjiang (with Chinese (Mandarin))

Veps:

* Karelia (authorized language; with Finnish and Karelian)[81]

Vietnamese:

* Guangxi Province, China (some regional status)
* Part of Cambodia
* Part of Laos

Waray:

* Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Kinaray-a, and Tagalog)[70]

Welsh:

* Wales (United Kingdom) (with English)

Yakan:

* Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Tausug)[70]

Yiddish:

* Russia (only in Jewish Autonomous Oblast, with Russian)

Yukaghir:

* Sakha (local official language; in localities with Yukaghir population)[78]

Zhuang:

* Guangxi (with Chinese (Mandarin))
* Lianshan (with Chinese (Mandarin))

## See also

[edit]

* List of official languages of international organizations
* List of official languages by country and territory
* National language

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The sovereignty of Kosovo is disputed. See International recognition of Kosovo.

## References

[edit]

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6. ^ Article 5. Ethiopian Constitution
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8. ^ a b Article 5. Constitution du Maroc Archived 18 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales
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11. ^ "Article 15. Constitution of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic". Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
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13. ^ a b c "Artículo 48. Constitución Política del Perú". Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
14. ^ Article 21. Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan
15. ^ a b Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus Archived 16 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
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24. ^ Article 2. La Constitució del Principat d’Andorra
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30. ^ "Article 12. Constitution of the Republic of Croatia". Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
31. ^ a b c "Article 16. Constitution of Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
32. ^ Article 11. Constitution of the Republic of Maldives
33. ^ Article 1. Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
34. ^ a b c Section 4. Fiji Constitution
35. ^ a b "Article 8. Constitution of Ireland 1937" (PDF). p. 10\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2012.
36. ^ Article 152 – National Language and Other Languages, Constitution of Malaysia
37. ^ a b Article 49. Constitution of Mauritius Archived 2 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
38. ^ Namibia – Constitution, servat.unibe.ch/icl (International Constitutional Law collection), 1990, retrieved 2 May 2008 (Article 3)
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40. ^ a b Article 5. La Constitution de la République d’Haïti
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43. ^ a b Article 8. Constitution of Georgia
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47. ^ a b c Article 55. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
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49. ^ "Part XVII. Constitution of India" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
50. ^ Article H. Fundamental Law of Hungary
51. ^ a b Article 36. Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
52. ^ a b Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived 20 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
53. ^ Article 5. Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia
54. ^ a b Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 147\. ISBN 978-1-61069-018-8.
55. ^ a b (in Russian) Статья 10. Конституция Кыргызской Республики
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58. ^ "Survista dal Grischun".
59. ^ Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation
60. ^ a b Article 12. Constitution of the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublica
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63. ^ Section 3. Spanish Constitution
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68. ^ a b Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea
69. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Article 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan
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71. ^ a b Article 13 of the Constitution of the Republic of Altay
72. ^ a b c Article 76 of the Constitution of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic
73. ^ a b Article 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan
74. ^ a b Article 67 of the Constitution of the Republic of Buryatia
75. ^ Article 108 of the Statute of the Zabaykalsky Krai
76. ^ a b Article 10 of the Constitution of the Chechen Republic
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79. ^ a b Article 8 of the Constitution of the Chuvash Republic
80. ^ a b c Article 12 of the Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia
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82. ^ a b Article 14 of the Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia
83. ^ a b Article 17 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kalmykia
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85. ^ a b Article 69 of the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia
86. ^ a b c "Law of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug On the languages of the aboriginal minorities of the North living within the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
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93. ^ a b Article 46 of the Constitution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
94. ^ a b Article 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan
95. ^ a b Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tyva
96. ^ a b Article 8 of the Constitution of the Udmurt Republic
97. ^ a b c d e f g h "Treće izvješće Republike Hrvatske o primjeni Europske povelje o regionalnim ili manjinskim jezicima" (PDF). Government of Croatia. August 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
98. ^ a b c d e f g h i Government of Croatia. "NAPUTAK ZA DOSLJEDNU PROVEDBU ZAKONA O UPORABI JEZIKA I PISMA NACIONALNIH MANJINA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ". Narodne novine. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
99. ^ a b c "Registar Geografskih Imena Nacionalnih Manjina Republike Hrvatske" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
100. ^ "Bilingual Border Cities Contest Movement to Make English the Official Language". HuffPost. 2 February 2012.

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Endonyms and exonyms|

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See also|

* Lists of languages
* Category:Languages

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