List of oldest trees

List of longest living trees

Pando, a colony of quaking aspen, is one of the oldest-known clonal trees. Recent estimates of its age range up to 14,000 years old, and 16,000 years by the latest (2024) estimate.[1] It is located in Utah, United States.

This is a list of the oldest-known trees. Definitions of an individual tree vary. Tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented "tree-ring" (dendrochronological) count core samples, and from estimates. For these reasons, there are three lists of "oldest trees" here, using different criteria.

The three tables of trees are listed by age and species. The first table includes trees for which a minimum age has been directly determined, either through counting or cross-referencing tree rings or through radiocarbon dating. Many of these trees may be even older than their listed ages, but the oldest wood in the tree has rotted away. For some old trees, so much of the center is missing that their age cannot be directly determined. Instead, estimates are made based on the tree's size and presumed growth rate. The second table includes trees with these estimated ages. The last table lists clonal colonies in which no individual tree trunks may be remarkably old but in which the organism as a whole is thought to be very old.

The record-holders for individual, non-clonal trees are the Great Basin bristlecone pine trees from California and Nevada, in the United States. Through tree-ring cross-referencing, they have been shown to be almost five millennia old.[2]

A clonal colony can survive for much longer than an individual tree. A colony of 48,000 quaking aspen trees (nicknamed Pando), covering 106 acres (43 ha) in the Fishlake National Forest of Utah, is considered one of the oldest and largest organisms in the world. Recent estimates set the colony's age at several thousand (up to 16,000) years, although tree ring samples date individual stems at rarely more than 130 years.[1][3][4][5][6][7] A colony of Huon pine trees covering 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) on Mount Read (Tasmania) is estimated to be around 10,000 years old, as determined by DNA samples taken from pollen collected from the sediment of a nearby lake. Individual trees in this group date to no more than 4,000 years old, as determined by tree ring samples.[8]

## Non-clonal trees with verified ages

[edit]

Name | Age
(years)  | Year Germinated | Species | Location | Country | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

Prometheus
(WPN-114) | 4,900+ | 2,900+ BCE | Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva | Wheeler Peak, Nevada | United States | Cut down by Donald Rusk Currey in 1964.[9]
Methuselah | 4,856[nb 1] | 2,832 BCE | Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva | White Mountains (California) | United States | It is the oldest known living (non-clonal) tree in the world.[11]
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo | 3,654–5,484  | 1,630+ BCE | Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides | Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos | Chile | Alive.[11][12] New unconfirmed estimation of 5,484 years would make it the oldest (non-clonal) tree in the world.[13] Located within Alerce Costero National Park.[14]
CBR26 | 3,266 | 1,245 BCE | Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum | Sierra Nevada, California | United States | Dead.[11]
D-21 | 3,220 | 1,199 BCE | Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum | Sierra Nevada, California | United States | Dead.[11]
D-23 | 3,075 | 1,054 BCE | Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum | Sierra Nevada, California | United States | Dead.[11]
CMC 3 | 3,033 | 1,012 BCE | Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum | Sierra Nevada, California | United States | Dead.[11]
Scofield Juniper | 2,675 | 654 BCE | Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[15] | Sierra Nevada, California | United States | Dead.[11]
BLK227 | 2,650  | 626 BCE | Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum | Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina) | United States | [16]
CB-90-11 | 2,467  | 443 BCE | Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine
Pinus aristata | Central Colorado | United States | [11][17]
Panke baobab | 2,419 | 398 BCE | African baobab
Adansonia digitata | Matabeleland North | Zimbabwe | Died in 2011; the oldest non-clonal angiosperm ever documented.[18]
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi | 2,311  | 287 BCE | Sacred fig
Ficus religiosa | Anuradhapura, North Central Province | Sri Lanka | A sapling claimed to be from the Bodhi tree, the legendary tree under which the Buddha is said to have become enlightened. It was brought to its current location and planted at around 288 BCE by Sanghamitra, daughter of Emperor Ashoka. It is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[19]
? | 2,230 | 209 BCE | Qilian juniper
Juniperus przewalskii | Delingha, Qinghai Province | China | [11]
? | 2,200 | 179 BCE | Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens | Northern California | United States | Dead.[11]
Bennett Juniper | 2,200 | 179 BCE | Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[15] | Sierra Nevada, California | United States | [11]
SHP 7 | 2,110 | 89 BCE | Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana | Sierra Nevada California | United States | [11]
BLK232 | 2,089 | 68 BCE | Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum | Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina) | United States | [16]
? | 1,951  | 74 | Subalpine larch
Larix lyallii | Kananaskis, Alberta | Canada | [11][20]
CRE 175 | 1,889 | 133 | Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum | Northern New Mexico | United States | [11]
Miles Juniper | 1,837  | 189 | Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[citation needed] | Sierra Nevada, California | United States | [11][21]
Jōmon Sugi | 1,813  | 212 | Sugi
Cryptomeria japonica | Yakushima Island | Japan | [22]
KET 3996 | 1,727  | 298 | Limber pine
Pinus flexilis | Ketchum, Idaho | United States | [11][23]
BFR-46 | 1,697 | 325 | Limber pine
Pinus flexilis | Wasatch Mountains, Utah | United States | [11]
FL117 | 1,687  | 339 | Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis | Ontario | Canada | [11][24]
ERE | 1,670 | 352 | Limber pine
Pinus flexilis | Northern New Mexico | United States | [11]
RCR 1 | 1,666 | 356 | Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana | Sierra Nevada, California | United States | [11]
? | 1,661 | 361 | Limber pine
Pinus flexilis | South Park (Park County, Colorado) | United States | [11]
BBL 2 | 1,649 | 373 | Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana | Sierra Nevada, California | United States | [11]
BCK 69 | 1,659  | 376 | Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum | Bladen County, North Carolina | United States | [11][25]
? | 1,636 | 386 | Nootka cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis | Vancouver Island | Canada | [11]
FL101 | 1,567 | 455 | Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis | Ontario | Canada | [11]
? | 1,542 | 480 | Limber pine
Pinus flexilis | Central Colorado | United States | [11]
Italus | 1,237  | 788 | Heldreich's pine
Pinus heldreichii | Pollino National Park | Italy | Alive. Oldest tree in Europe with verified age (radiocarbon calibrated tree-ring procedure).[26]

## Non-clonal trees with estimated ages

[edit]

Note: The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and only serve as estimates.

Name | Age
(years) | Species | Location | Country | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo | 5,484  | Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides }  | Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos | Chile | A new 2022 estimation of 5,484 years expands on a previous minimum age based on incomplete tree rings of 3,654.[13][14]
?[nb 2] | 5,076 | Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva | White Mountains (California) | United States | Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan. However, core is missing and date is unconfirmed.[11][27]
Llangernyw Yew | 4,000–5,000 | Common yew
Taxus baccata | Llangernyw, Conwy | United Kingdom | Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village, Wales. One of the 50 Great British Trees.
Sarv-e Abarkuh | 4,500 | Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens | Abarkuh, Yazd | Iran | Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv".[28][29]
Gümeli Porsuğu | 4,115 | Yew
Taxus baccata | Zonguldak | Turkey | Alive, found in 2016.[30][31]
The Ancient Yew | 4,000 | Yew
Taxus baccata | Tisbury, Wiltshire | United Kingdom | 37 feet in circumference. Situated in the churchyard of St John's, Tisbury. Carbon dated by David Bellamy.[32]
The Senator | 3,500 | Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens | Longwood, Florida | United States | Died in January 2012 from human-caused fire.[33][34]
Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601)  | 3,350  | European olive tree

Olea europea L. var. europaea

| Mouriscas, Abrantes | Portugal | Alive.[35][36]
S'Ozzastru | 3,000–4,000 | Olive
Olea europaea | Luras, Sardinia | Italy | [37]
The President | 3,200 | Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum | Sierra Nevada, California | United States | Alive.
Fortingall Yew | 3,000 | Common yew
Taxus baccata | Fortingall, Perthshire | United Kingdom | Alive. Possibly the oldest tree in Britain.[38][39][clarification needed]
Alishan Sacred Tree | 3,000 | Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis | Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi | Taiwan | Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[40]
Patriarca da Floresta [pt] | 3,020 | Jequitibá-rosa

Cariniana legalis

| Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo | Brazil | Alive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at the Vassununga State Park.[41]
Great Camphor of Takeo | 3,000+ | Cinnamomum camphora
"Camphor Tree" | Takeo, Saga | Japan | A large Camphor tree reputed to be over 3,000 years old.[42] Worshipped at a Shinto shrine dedicated to the tree, dating back to the 700s C.E.[43] Alive.
Raintree | 3,000+ | Great Basin bristlecone pine | Spring Mountains, Nevada | United States | Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.
Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia [Wikidata] | 2,850 | Olive
Olea europaea | Santa Iria de Azoia, Loures | Portugal | Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority; Tree ID[44]
Mother of the Forest | 2,520 | Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum | Sierra Nevada, Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California | United States | Dead.
Sarv Zibad | 2,500 | Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens | Sarv Zibad, Khorasan | Iran | Also called "holly Sarv".[28][29]
General Sherman | 2,300–2,700  | Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum | Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California | United States | Alive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), it is the largest known living single-stem tree, and among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on Earth.[45][46]
Kayano Ōsugi | 2,300 | Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica | Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa | Japan | Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".
Oliveira de Santa Luzia | 2,210 | Olive
Olea europaea | Santa Luzia, Tavira, Algarve | Portugal | Alive.[47]
Jōmon Sugi | 2,170–7,200 | Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica | Yakushima | Japan | Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[48][49][50]
Ballyconnell Yew | 2,000–5,000 | Yew
Taxus baccata | Ballyconnell, Annagh | Ireland | Oldest tree in Ireland.[citation needed]
Elia Vouvon | 2,000–5,000 | Olive
Olea europaea | Kolymvari, Crete | Greece | Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[51]
Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi | 2,000–4,000 | Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa | Sicily | Italy | Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".
Chandelier Tree | 2,000-2,500 |  Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens | Leggett, California | United States | The name "Chandelier Tree" comes from its unusual limbs that resemble a chandelier. The limbs, which measure from 4 to 7 ft (1.2 to 2.1 m) in diameter, begin 100 ft (30 m) above the ground. It is 2,400 years old.[52]
Ulleungdo Hyangnamu | 2,000–3,000 | Chinese juniper
Juniperus chinensis | Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk | South Korea | Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branches was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".
Stara Maslina | 2,249 (2,016-2482)[53] | Olive
Olea europaea | Stari Bar, Bar | Montenegro |
Tnjri | 2,040+ | Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis | Martuni Region | Azerbaijan | Oldest tree in a part of Azerbaijan. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".
Koca Katran | 2,030 | Lebanon cedar
Cedrus libani | Antalya | Turkey | Alive.[54]
? | 2,010 | Olive
Olea europaea | Exo Hora, Zakynthos | Greece | [55]
? | 2,010 | Yew
Taxus | Sochi, Krasnodar Krai | Russia | A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[56]
Houkisugi at Nakagawa | 2,000 | Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica | Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita, Kanagawa | Japan |
Lady Liberty | 2,000+ | Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum | Longwood, Florida | United States | Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".
Tejo Milenario | 2,000+ | Yew
Taxus baccata | Cazorla, Jaén | Spain | Oldest tree in Spain.[57]
The Pechanga Great Oak Tree | 1,000[58]-2,000 | Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia | Temecula, California | United States | Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.
Methuselah | 1,800 | Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens | Woodside, California | United States | [59]
Araucaria Madre | 1,810 | Araucaria araucana | Araucanía | Chile | Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.[60]
Granit oak | 1,679 | Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur | Granit | Bulgaria |
Kongeegen | 1,500–2,000 | Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur | Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand | Denmark | [61]
Stelmužė Oak | 1,500–2,000 | Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur | Stelmužė, Zarasai | Lithuania | Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.
Vilémovice Yew | 1,500–2,000 | Common yew
Taxus baccata | Vilémovice | Czech Republic | 345 cm (136 in) in circumference.[62]
Aubépines | 1,500 | Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna | Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne | France | Oldest tree in France.[63]
Jardine Juniper | 1,500 | Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum | Logan Canyon, Utah | United States | [64]
Árbol del Tule | 1,433–1,600 | Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum | Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca | Mexico | Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".
Baikushev's pine | 1,300 | Heldreich's pine
Pinus heldreichii | Pirin Mountains | Bulgaria | Oldest known coniferous tree in Bulgaria. It is named after its discoverer, forest ranger Kostadin Baikushev.
Te Matua Ngahere | 1,200–4,000 | Kauri
Agathis australis | Waipoua Forest, Northland | New Zealand | Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".
Cis Henrykowski | 1270 | Common Yew
Taxus Baccata | Henryków Lubański, Lower Silesia, | Poland | Oldest tree in Poland. The age of the tree was estimated based on the trunk circumference and growth rate assessed by taking a core from an undamaged part of the trunk. If the trunk is the result of the fusion of two or three trunks, its age may be younger.[65]
Algarrobo Abuelo | 1,200+ | Algarrobo
Prosopis chilensis | Villa de Merlo, San Luis Province | Argentina | Possibly oldest algarrobo in Argentina.[citation needed]
"The Sisters" or "Sisters Olive Trees of Noah"  | 1,162 ±131[66] | Olive
Olea europaea | Bchaaleh, North Governorate | Lebanon | Folk legend also ascribes The Sisters as the source of the olive branch returned to Noah's Ark at the waning of the Biblical Flood.[67]
Olive Tree of Mouchão | 3350  | Olive

Olea europaea

| Mouriscas, Abrantes | Portugal | In 2016, José Luís Lousada, a researcher at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, estimated the tree's age at approximately 3350 years using dendrometry. According to this assessment with an estimate age precision of 2%, it is considered the oldest tree in Portugal.[68]

## Clonal trees

[edit]

As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[citation needed]

Name | Age
(years) | Species | Location | Country | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Wollemi Pines  | 60+ million years | Wollemi pine
Wollemia nobilis | Wollemi National Park, New South Wales | Australia  | According to Cris Brack and Matthew Brookhouse at the ANU Fenner School of Environment & Society: "Once you accept that a common, genetically identical stock can define a tree, then the absolute "winner" for oldest tree (or the oldest clonal material belonging to a tree) [in Australia] must go to the Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis). It may be more than 60 million years old. The Wollemi pine clones itself, forming exact genetic copies. It was thought to be extinct until a tiny remnant population was discovered in Wollemi National Park in 1994... There is also substantial evidence that the tree has been cloning itself and its unique genes ever since it disappeared from the fossil record more than 60 million years ago."[69]
Unknown | 43,600–130,000 | King's lomatia
Lomatia tasmanica | Southwest National Park, Tasmania | Australia | Lomatia tasmanica is an endangered species with only one population, consisting of several hundred genetically identical individuals. Although it flowers occasionally, fruit production has never been observed, and it propagates vegetatively. Fossilized leaves are dated as at least 43,600 years old, found in sediments with a maximum age of 130,000.[70]
Pando | less than 16,000–80,000[1][4] | Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides | Fishlake National Forest, Utah | United States | Covers 107 acres (0.43 km2) and has around 47,000 stems (aged up to 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.
Jurupa Oak[71] | 13,000[72] | Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri | Jurupa Mountains, California | United States | Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[72]
Old Tjikko | 9,550 | Norway spruce
Picea abies | Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna | Sweden | The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[73][74] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[75] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[76]
Old Rasmus | 9,500 | Norway spruce
Picea abies | Sonfjället, Härjedalen | Sweden | [77]
Mongarlowe mallee | 3,000–13,000 | Mongarlowe mallee
Eucalyptus recurva | Mongarlowe, New South Wales | Australia | Alive. A critically endangered species, known only from 6 wild individuals, first described in the 1980s. Based on the size and growth rate of its lignotuber, the largest single specimen is estimated to be 3,000 years old. However, it is possible that two other specimens are actually the result of a split in the original rootstock, and based on their spread of 26m would be estimated at 13,000 years old, potentially the oldest single tree on earth.[78]
unknown | 3,000[79]–10,000[80] | Huon pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii | Mount Read, Tasmania | Australia | Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[8]
Antarctic Beech  | 2,000 | Antarctic beech
Nothofagus moorei | Repeater Station Road, Springbrook National Park, Queensland | Australia  | Three individuals approximately 2000 years old are the parent trees to others in the surrounding forest; they grow clones by coppicing new shoots radially, forming a ring at the base of the parent tree trunk.[81]

## See also

[edit]

* Ecology portal
* Trees portal

* King Clone
* List of individual trees
* List of largest giant sequoias
* List of longest-living organisms
* List of old-growth forests
* List of superlative trees
* Oldest viable seed
* Veteran tree

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ It is uncertain when Methuselah's age was determined, but "it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings (crossdated) in the summer of 1957".[10] The age given here is based on this reference point.
2. ^ Not named yet

## References

[edit]

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Longevity

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Life extension|

* Topic outline
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Lists of
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| by country|

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regions of countries|

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regions by continents|

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Records|

* Longevity claims
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* verified
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Immortality|

* Biological immortality
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Longevity genes|

* FOXO3
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Related|

* Blue zone
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Botany

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* Outline

Subdisciplines|

* Archaeobotany
* Astrobotany
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* Dendrology
* Ethnobotany
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* Phytogeography
* Geobotany
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Plant groups|

* Algae
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* Fern
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* Spermatophytes
* Gymnosperm
* Angiosperm

Plant anatomy

* Plant morphology
(glossary)

| Plant cells|

* Cell wall
* Phragmoplast
* Plastid
* Plasmodesma
* Vacuole

|

Tissues|

* Cork
* Ground tissue
* Mesophyll
* Meristem
* Storage organs
* Vascular tissue
* Vascular bundle
* Wood

Vegetative|

* Bulb
* Root
* Rhizoid
* Rhizome
* Shoot
* Bud
* Leaf
* Cataphyll
* Petiole
* Sessility
* Stem

Reproductive
(incl. Flower)|

* Archegonium
* Antheridium
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* Pollen
* Stamen
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* Filament
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* Tapetum
* Flower
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* Flower development
* Floral diagram
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* Floral symmetry
* Whorl
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* Nut
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* Dispersal
* Endosperm
* Gametophyte
* Gynandrium
* Gynoecium
* Carpel
* Ovary
* Locule
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* Stigma
* Style
* Hypanthium (Floral cup)
* Inflorescence
* Bract
* Pedicellate
* Raceme
* Umbel
* Perianth
* Tepal
* Petal
* Sepal
* Plant embryo
* Receptacle
* Sporophyll
* Sporophyte

Surface structures|

* Cuticle
* Epicuticular wax
* Epidermis
* Nectar
* Stoma
* Thorns, spines, and prickles
* Trichome

Plant physiology
Materials|

* Aleurone
* Apical dominance
* Bulk flow
* Cellulose
* Nutrition
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* Chlorophyll
* Phytomelanin
* Plant hormones
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* Gas Exchange
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Plant growth
and habit|

* Habit
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Reproduction

* Evolution
* Ecology

* Alternation of generations
* Double fertilization
* Evolutionary development
* Evolutionary history
* timeline
* Flora
* Germination
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* Artificial
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* Pollen tube
* Self
* Sporangium
* Microsporangia
* Microspore
* Megasporangium
* Megaspore
* Spore

Plant taxonomy|

* Biological classification
* Botanical nomenclature
* Botanical name
* Correct name
* Author citation
* International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
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* Cultivated plant taxonomy
* Citrus taxonomy
* Cultigen
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* Group
* Grex
* History of plant systematics
* Herbarium
* International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)
* Plant taxonomy systems
* Taxonomic rank

Practice|

* Agronomy
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* Botanical terms
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* by author abbreviation
* Botanical expeditions
* Individual trees
* Oldest trees
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* Plants

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