List of pirates

For software and media pirates, see List of warez groups.

See also: list of fictional pirates and List of pirate films

This is a list of known pirates, buccaneers, corsairs, privateers, river pirates, and others involved in piracy and piracy-related activities. This list includes both captains and prominent crew members. For a list of female pirates, see women in piracy. For pirates of fiction or myth, see list of fictional pirates.

## Ancient World: 315 BC–197 AD

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Denarius coin of Sextus Pompeius, Roman pirate and general from the Roman Republic era of 44–43 BC. AR Denarius (3.85 g, 3h). Massilia (Gaul) mint. Q. Nasidius, moneyer. Bare head of Pompey the Great right; trident before, dolphin below / Ship sailing right; star above. Gan Ning was a notorious pirate and marauder in the late 190s CE, who became a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Sun Quan during the late Eastern Han dynasty. Name[1] | Life  | Years active  | Country of origin  | Comments

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Anicetus | d. 69 |  | Pontus (Hellenic)  | Was the leader of an unsuccessful anti-Roman uprising in Pontus in 69
Gannascus | d. 47  | AD 41–47  | Cananefates (Netherlands)  | Deserted Cananefate soldier. Leading pirate raids of the Chauci into province Gallia Belgica (Belgium) between AD 41–47, when he was captured by the Romans.
Demetrius of Pharos | d. 214 BC |  | Pharos (Hellenic)  | His actions precipitated the Second Illyrian War.
Dionysius the Phocaean | fl. 494 BC | 494 BC | Greece | Phocaean admiral active against Carthaginian and Tyrsenian merchants in the years following the Greco–Persian Wars.
Gan Ning | fl. 180s–210s | 190–197  | China | His party carried bells as their trademark to frighten the commoners.
Teuta of Illyria | fl. 231–227 BC |  | Illyria | Queen regent, fostered the pirates among her people, and had a Roman diplomat killed by them.
Genthus of Illyria | fl. 181–168 BC |  | Illyria | Was accused by the Romans of organizing and aiding pirate raids in Italy.
Glauketas | fl. 315–300 BC | 315–300 BC | Greece  | Greek inscriptions of the Athenian navy raiding his base on Kynthnos Island and capturing him and his men read "making the sea safe for those that sailed thereon."
Sextus Pompeius | 67–35 BC |  | Rome | He was the last focus of opposition to the Second Triumvirate.

## Middle Ages: 400–1585

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Aruj, or Oruç, Reis was a Barbary privateer and later Admiral in Ottoman service who became known as Barbarossa – or Redbeard – amongst Christians. Awilda was a 5th-century pirate who, along with friends, dressed up as sailors and commandeered a ship. Klaus Störtebeker was a 14th–15th century German pirate and one of the leaders of the Likedeelers, a combination of former Victual Brothers (Vitalienbrüder) who roamed Northern European seas. Yermak Timofeyevich, a 16th-century Cossack river pirate who started the Russian conquest of Siberia in the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible Name  | Life  | Years Active  | Country of origin  | Comments

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James Alday | 1516–1576  | 1540s  | England | An English privateer. Raided Spanish ports with James Logan and William Cooke.
John Hawley | 1340–1408  | 1380s  | England | An English mayor, privateer and alleged pirate. Raided in the English Channel.
William Aleyn | fl. 1448 | 1432–1448  | England | English pirate active in the Thames and English Channel. Associate of William Kyd.
Jean Ango | 1480–1551  |  | France | A French ship-owner who provided ships to Francis I for exploration of the globe.
Aruj | 1474–1518  | 1503–1518  | Ottoman Empire | An Ottoman privateer and Bey (Governor) of Algiers and Beylerbey (Chief Governor) of the West Mediterranean.
Awilda | 5th century |  | Scandinavia | She and some of her female friends dressed like sailors and commandeered a ship.
Hayreddin Barbarossa | c. 1478–1546 | 1504–1545  | Ottoman Empire | An Ottoman privateer and later Admiral who dominated the Mediterranean for decades.
Barnim VI, Duke of Pomerania | c. 1365–1405 | 1394–1405  | Germany (Pomerania)  | A Pomeranian duke supporting privateers in the Baltic Sea region and later going on pirate raids himself.
Baldassare Cossa | 1370–1415  |  | Procida | Antipope during the Western Schism, John XXIII was accused of—among other crimes—piracy, incest and sodomy.
Jeanne de Clisson | 1300–1359  | 1343–1356  | Brittany | A French-Breton pirate. She raided French towns and ships in the English Channel.
John Crabbe | d. 1352 | 1305–1332  | Flanders | Flemish pirate known for his successful use of a ship-mounted catapult. Once won the favor of Robert the Bruce and acted as a naval officer for England during the Hundred Years' War (after being captured by King Edward III.)
Pier Gerlofs Donia | c. 1480–1520 |  | Netherlands (Frisia)  | From Arum, Friesland. Known as Grutte Pier 'big Pier' because of his length. Another nickname was 'Cross of the Dutchmen'. A Frisian warrior, pirate, freedom fighter, folk hero and rebel. Mainly active with his band De Arumer Zwarte Hoop 'Arum's Black Heap' at the Zuyderzee, the Netherlands.
Erlend Eindridesson[2] |  | 1445–?  | Norway | A nobleman from Norway, plundered German ships in the Sognefjord.
Eric of Pomerania | c. 1381-82–1459 |  | Germany (Pomerania)  | The first king of the Nordic Kalmar Union, he spent his last years living on the island of Gotland and "sent forth piratical expeditions against friend and foe alike".[3]
Alv Erlingsson | d. 1290 |  | Norway | He was a favorite of the Queen, yet committed countless acts of piracy throughout his life
Eustace the Monk | c. 1170–1217 |  | France | He was a mercenary for both England and France.
Jean Fleury | d. 1527 | c. 1521–1527 | France | French privateer and naval officer under Jean Ango. Seized three Spanish ships carrying Aztec treasure from Mexico to Spain in 1523.
Guynemer of Boulogne | fl. 1097 | 1080s–1090s | County of Boulogne | Boulognese pirate who played a role in the First Crusade.
Magnus Heinason | 1545–1589  |  | Faroe Islands | Faroese naval hero and privateer. Was executed for piracy, though charges were later dropped.
Klein Henszlein | d. 1573 | 1560–1573  | Germany | A 16th-century pirate who raided shipping in the North Sea until his defeat and capture by a fleet from Hamburg
Wijerd Jelckama | c. 1490–1523 |  | Germany (Frisia)  | The nephew of Pier Gerlofs Donia (also known as Grutte Pier), fought along his side against the Saxon and Hollandic invaders.
William Kyd | fl. 1430–1453 | 1430s–1450s | England | English pirate active in South West England during the early-to-mid-15th century.
Gödeke Michels | d. 1402 | 1392–1402  | Germany | A German pirate and one of the leaders of the Likedeelers, a combination of former Victual Brothers (Vitalienbrüder)
Martin Pechlin[2] | 1480–1526  |  | Germany | Died in Mandal, Norway. One of the most feared pirates in his time
Didrik Pining | c. 1430–1491 |  | Germany | A pirate and privateer operating in the North Sea. Often partnered with Hans Pothorst.
Hans Pothorst | c. 1440–1490 |  | Germany | A pirate and privateer operating in the North Sea. Often partnered with Didrik Pining.
Salih Reis | c. 1488–1568 |  | Ottoman Empire | A Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral.
Turgut Reis | 1485–1565  |  | Ottoman Empire | A Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral as well as Bey of Algiers; Beylerbey of the Mediterranean; and first Bey later Pasha of Tripoli.
Klaus Störtebeker | 1360–1401  | 1392–1401  | Germany | A German pirate and one of the leaders of the Likedeelers, a combination of former Victual Brothers (Vitalienbrüder)
Yermak Timofeyevich | c. 1532-42–1585 | ?–1582 | Russia | A leader of a gang of river pirates, along the Don River region, of Russia and later, led an expedition, in the Russian conquest of Siberia, in the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
Kristoffer Trondson | c. 1500–1565 | c. 1535–1542 | Norway | A Norwegian nobleman-turned pirate and privateer. Operated in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Gave up piracy in 1542 and eventually, became admiral of the Danish-Norwegian Fleet.
Bartholomeus Voet[2] | b. early 1400 |  | Germany | Second leader of Victual Brothers, plundered and burned down the Norwegian city Bergen in 1429
Hennig Wichmann | 1370–1402  | 1392–1402  | Germany | A German pirate and one of the leaders of the Likedeelers, a combination of former Victual Brothers (Vitalienbrüder)
Cord Widderich | d. 1447 | 1404–1447  | Germany | A pirate active during political conflicts between Dithmarschen and North Frisia in the early 15th century.
Magister Wigbold | 1365–1402  | 1392–1402  | Germany | A German pirate and one of the leaders of the Likedeelers, a combination of former Victual Brothers (Vitalienbrüder)
Wimund | b. 1147 |  | England | He was a bishop who became a seafaring warlord adventurer.

## Rise of the English Sea Dogs and Dutch Corsairs: 1560–1650

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The first man to intentionally circumnavigate the globe, Thomas Cavendish also raided numerous Spanish towns and ships in the New World. Known as "el Draque" (the Dragon) in Spain, Sir Francis Drake raided Spanish merchant shipping in the Atlantic. After serving as a Spanish galley slave for four years, Piet Hein later captured 11,509,524 guilders of cargo from the Spanish treasure fleet. Gráinne O'Malley (left of frame) was an important figure in Irish legend who is still recognised in popular culture today. Sir John Hawkins. An Elizabethan corsair active off the coasts of West Africa and Venezuela Sir Francis Verney was one of the most feared Barbary corsairs during the early 17th century. Sir James Lancaster VI commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Sir Walter Raleigh who commanded two expedition to search the golden city of El Dorado in Spanish colony of Guayana (actual Venezuela) Sir George Somers. In 1595 co-led with Amyas Preston the raid on Caracas and Coro Name  | Life  | Years Active  | Country of origin  | Comments

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Uluj Ali | 1519–1587  | 1536–1550  | Turkey  | An Italian-born Muslim corsair, who later became an Ottoman admiral and Chief Admiral (Kaptan-ı Derya) of the Ottoman Fleet in the 16th century.
Nicholas Alvel | early 17th century  | 1603  | England  | Active in the Ionian Sea.[citation needed]
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés | 1519–1574  | 1565  | Spanish  | A Spanish Admiral and pirate hunter, de Aviles is remembered for his destruction of the French settlement of Fort Caroline in 1565.
Samuel Axe | early 17th century  | 1629–1645  | England  | An English privateer in Dutch service, Axe served with English forces in the Dutch Revolt against Habsburg rule.
Sir Andrew Barton | 1466–1511  | to 1511  | Scotland  | Served under a Scottish letter of marque, but was described a pirate by English and Portuguese.
Abraham Blauvelt | d. 1663  | 1640–1663  | Netherlands  | One of the last Dutch corsairs of the mid-17th century, Blauvelt mapped much of South America.
Jambe de Bois | d. 1563 | 1550s–1560s  | France  | Known for his sacking of Santiago de Cuba in 1554
Jean Bontemps | early 16th century  | 1559–1572  | France  | Active in the Caribbean Sea. He attacked Santa Marta, Cartagena de Indias, Rio de Hacha and Margarita island.
Jan de Bouff | early 17th century  | 1602  | Netherlands  | de Bouff served as a Dunkirker in Habsburg service during the Dutch Revolt.
Rock Brasiliano | c. 1630–1671?  | c. 1654–1671  | Netherlands,Brazilian  | Pirate born in the town of Groningen, long residence of Dutch colony of Brasil. Active in the Caribbean and captain of pirates of Jamaica. Known for his fury and great cruelty and sadism, especially against Spaniards.[4]
Hendrik Brouwer | 1581–1643  | 1600,
1643  | Netherlands  | Brouwer was a privateer who fought the Habsburgs during the Dutch revolt, holding the city of Castro, Chile hostage for a period of two months.[5]
Nathaniel Butler | b. 1578  | 1639  | England  | Despite a comparatively unsuccessful career as a privateer, Butler was later colonial governor of Bermuda.
John Callis | c. 1558–1587?  | c. 1574–1587  | England  | Welsh pirate active along the southern coast of Wales.
Thomas Cavendish | 1560–1592  | 1587–1592  | England  | The first man to intentionally circumnavigate the globe, Cavendish also raided numerous Spanish towns and ships in the New World.[6][7][8][9][10]
Jacob Collaart | 17th century  | 1625–1635  | Netherlands  | A Flemish admiral who served as privateer and one of the Dunkirkers in Spanish Habsburg service during the Dutch Revolt, responsible for the destruction of at least 150 fishing boats.
Claes Compaan | 1587–1660  | 1621–1627  | Netherlands  | Former Dutch corsair and privateer, he later became a pirate and was successful in capturing hundreds of ships in Europe, the Barbary coast and West Africa.
Baltazar de Cordes | d. 1601?  | 1598–1601  | Netherlands  | A Dutch corsair who fought against the Spanish during the early 17th century.
Simon Danziker | d. 1611  | 1600s–1610s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair and privateer who later became a Barbary corsair based in Algiers and Tunis during the early 17th century. He and John Ward dominated the Western Mediterranean during the early 17th century.
Sir Francis Drake | 1540–1596  | 1563–1596  | England  | Known as "el Draque" (the Dragon), he was an Elizabethan corsair who raided Spanish merchant shipping on behalf of Queen Elizabeth I.[11][12]
Peter Easton | 1570–1619  | 1602  | England  | A privateer, then pirate, who was able to retire in Villefranche, Savoy with an estimated worth of two million pounds.
Juan Garcia | fl. 1622  | 1620s  | Spain  | One of the Spanish privateers who accompanied Jan Jacobsen on his last voyage in 1622.
Sir Michael Geare | c. 1565–?  | c. 1584–1603  | England  | Elizabethan Sea Dog active in the West Indies up until the turn of the 17th century.
Piers Griffith | 1568  | 1628  | Wales  | From 1600 to 1603, Griffith was active against Spanish shipping.[13]
Sir John Hawkins | 1532–1595  | 1554, 1564, 1567  | England  | An Elizabethan corsair active off the coasts of West Africa and Venezuela. His work in ship design was important during the threat of invasion from the Spanish Armada.[14][15]
Piet Pieterszoon Hein | 1577–1629  | 1628  | Netherlands  | After serving as a Spanish galley slave for four years, Hein later captured 11,509,524 guilders of cargo from the Spanish treasure fleet.
Moses Cohen Henriques | early 17th century  | 1620s and 1630s  | Netherlands  | Dutch pirate of Portuguese Sephardic Jewish origin active in the Caribbean against Spain and Brazil against Portugal
Richard Ingle | 1609–1653  | 1644–1653  | England  | Maryland privateer and pirate. In an extension of the English Civil War in the Catholic colony of Maryland he and the Puritan settlers raided ships belonging to Catholics and the colonial governor Lord Baltimore. Ingle seized control of the Maryland capital briefly and was later hanged for piracy.
Pieter Adriaanszoon Ita | fl. 1628–1630  | 1620s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair and privateer. Commanded one of the earliest and largest expeditions against the Portugal and Spain in the Caribbean during 1628.
Jan Jacobsen | d. 1622  | 1610s–1620s  | Netherlands  | Flemish-born privateer in English service during the Eighty Years' War.
Willem Jacobszoon | fl. 1624–1625  | 1620s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair who accompanied Pieter Schouten on one of the first major expeditions to the West Indies. [citation needed]
Willem Jansen | fl. 1600  | 1600s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair based in Duinkerken and one time officer under Jacques Colaert. [citation needed]
Jan Janszoon | 1570–after 1641  |  | Republic of Salé  | Known also as Murad Reis, originally Dutch, he was a fighter captured by the Algerian corsairs who converted to Islam in 1618. He began serving as a Navy fighter in Algiers, then after gaining experience there, he was invited to join the 17th-century "Salé Rovers".
Zheng Jing | 1643–1682  | 1662–1682  | China  | Chinese pirate and warlord. The eldest son of Koxinga and grandson of Zheng Zhilong, he succeeded his father as ruler of Tainan and briefly occupied Fujian.
Cornelius Jol | 1597–1641  | 1630s–1640s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair successful against the Spanish in the West Indies. One of the first to use a wooden peg leg.
Shirahama Kenki | 16th-early 17th centuries  |  | Japan | Japanese pirate and one of the first Japanese with whom the southern Vietnamese kingdom of the Nguyễn Lords made contact.
Lawrence Keymis | fl. –1618  | 1595/1596–1617  | England  | Lawrence Keymis was a seaman and companion of Sir Walter Raleigh in his expeditions to Spanish colony of Guayana in 1595 and 1617 to search for England El Dorado (actual Venezuela).[16] In another expedition in 1596 led a force inland Guayana along the banks of the Essequibo River, reaching what he wrongly believed to be Lake Parime.[17]
Sir James Lancaster | 1554–1618  | 1591–1603  | England  | Elizabethan Sea Dog active in India during the late 16th century. Later a chief director for the East India Company.
Peter Love | d. 1610  |  | England  | An English pirate who set up base in the Outer Hebrides and was active around Ireland and Scotland. He was betrayed by the outlaw Neil MacLeod and executed in 1610.
Hendrick Jacobszoon Lucifer | 1583–1627  | 1627  | Netherlands  | Hendrick captured 1.2 million guilders from a Honduran treasure fleet, but was mortally wounded in the process.
Sir Henry Mainwaring | 1587–1653  | 1610–1616  | England  | English privateer and pirate hunter. His pirate fleet nearly broke the truce between England and Spain following the Anglo-Spanish War.
Arnaut Mami | mid-16th century  | 1572–1576  | Albania | Active in the Narrow Sea (the modern day Adriatic Sea). He was the squadron admiral and the supreme commander of all Islamic vessels in North Africa and Pasha Algiers, known as the most formidable corsair of that period.
Jan Mendoza[2] | b. Late 1500  | Early 1600  | Spain or Netherlands | Plundered the water between Iceland and Norway, and the coast of Finnmark and Nordland. Hunted down and captured by Admiral Jørgen Daa and explorer Jens Munk by order of King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway. Mendoza was executed by hanging in Copenhagen. The king recovered 8 treasure chests of gold coins, each chest requerd 10 man to lift.
Olivier van Noort | 1558–1627  | 1598–1601  | Netherlands  | Despite his venture being of limited success, it was the inspiration that led to the formation of the Dutch East India Company.
Roger North | 1585–1652  | 1617  | England  | Roger North was a seaman and companion of Sir Walter Raleigh in his expeditions to Spanish colony of Guayana in 1617 to search for England El Dorado (actual Venezuela).[16] North in 1619 petitioned for letters patent authorising him to establish the king's right to the coast and country adjoining the River Amazon; to found a plantation or settlement there, and to open a direct trade with the natives.
John Nutt |  | 1620–1623  | England  | An English pirate active in Newfoundland.
Grace O'Malley | 1530–1603  | 1560s–1600s  | Ireland  | An important figure in Irish legend who is still present in popular culture today.[18][19]
John Oxenham | 1536–1580  | 1570s–1600s  | England  | Elizabethan Sea Dog and associate of Sir Frances Drake during the early years of the Anglo-Spanish War. First English privateer to enter the Pacific though Panama. [citation needed]
William Parker | d. 1617  | 1590s–1600s  | England  | Elizabethan Sea Dog active in the West Indies. Successfully captured Porto Bello in 1602 without firing a shot.[citation needed]
Ali Pegelin  |  | c. 1605–1645  | Netherlands  | Also known as Pisselingh, from Vlissingen (hence his name Pisselingh). Was for 40 years one of the most prominent pirates of Algiers. Settled in 1645 in Algiers with great fortune.[4]
Pedro de la Plesa | fl. 1622  | 1620s  | Spain  | He and Juan Garcia who joined Jan Jacobsen on his final voyage in 1622.
Sir Amyas Preston | c. ?–1609  | c. 1595–1597  | England  | Elizabethan Sea Dog as part of expedition of Walter Raleigh in 1595 sacked Caracas and Coro with George Somers.
Sir Walter Raleigh | fl. 1554–1618  | 1595–1617  | England  | Elizabethan corsair who commanded two expeditions to search for England the fabled "El Dorado" in the Spanish colony of Guayana (modern-day Venezuela).
Assan Reis | fl. 1626  | 1620s  | Netherlands  | Former Dutch privateer turned Barbary corsair. He attacked the Dutch ship St. Jan Babtista under Jacob Jacobsen of Ilpendam on March 7, 1626. [citation needed]
Murat Reis the Elder | 1506–1608  | 1534–1608  | Rhodes | An Ottoman Albanian privateer and Ottoman admiral who took part in all of the early naval campaigns of Turgut Reis.
James Riskinner | 17th century  | 1630s  | England  | A lieutenant on the ship Warwick, then part of a fleet under the command of Nathaniel Butler, he later took part in a privateering expedition between May–September 1639.
Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval | 1500–1560  | 1623–1645  | France  | French nobleman and adventurer who, through his friendship with King Francis, became the first Lieutenant General of New France. As a corsair he attacked towns and shipping throughout the Spanish Main, from Cuba to Colombia. He died in Paris as one of the first Huguenot martyrs.
Ben Robins | 1607–1640  |  | England  | English privateer in the English West Indies.
Isaac Rochussen | 1631–1710  | 1660s–1670s  | Netherlands  | A Dutch corsair active against the English during the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch War. His capture of The Falcon, an East India Company merchantman, was one of the most valuable prizes captured during the late-17th century.
Mahieu Romboutsen | fl. 1636  | 1630s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair in the service of Spain. Was part of a three ship squadron under Jacques Colaert and was captured with him after a five-hour battle with Jan Evertsen.[20][self-published source?]
William Rous | fl. 1636–1645  | 1630s–1640s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair and privateer based on Providence Island. He was involved in privateering expeditions for the Providence Island Company and later commander of Fort Henry.
Jan van Ryen | d. 1627  | 1620s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair active in the West Indies. Reportedly killed with a number of colonists attempting to establish one of the first colonies on the Wiapoco in Dutch Guiana.
Pieter Schouten | fl. 1624–1625  | 1620s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair who led one of the Dutch expeditions to the West Indies.
Sir George Somers | c. 1564–1610  | c. 1595–1607  | England  | Elizabethan Sea Dog in 1595 sacked Caracas and Coro with Amyas Preston. Active in the West Indies up until the turn of the 17th century.
Jacques de Sores | 16th century  | 1555  | France  | A French pirate whose sole documented act was his attack and burning of Havana in 1555.
Matsura Takanobu | 1529–1599  |  | Japan | One of the most powerful feudal lords of Kyūshū and one of the first lords to allow trading with Europeans
Guillaume Le Testu | 1509–1573  | 1560s–1570s  | France  | French privateer, explorer and cartographer. First navigator to chart Australia in 1531.
Dirck Simonszoon van Uitgeest | fl. 1628–1629  | 1620s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair who commanded a Dutch West India Company expedition to Brazil bringing back over 12 Portuguese and Spanish prizes.[citation needed]
De Veenboer | d. 1620  | 1600s–1610s  | Netherlands  | De Veenboer meaning the Peat Bog Farmer. Former Dutch corsair and privateer. Later became a Barbary corsair under Simon the Dancer and eventually commanded the Algiers corsair fleet.[4]
Sir Francis Verney | 1584–1615  | 1608–1610  | England  | English nobleman who left behind his inheritance to become a Barbary corsair.
Johannes van Walbeeck | fl. 1634  | 1620s–1630s  | Netherlands  | Dutch admiral and corsair. Captured Curaçao in 1634 and later served as governor.
John Ward | 1552–1622  | 1603–1610s  | England  | A notorious English pirate around the turn of the 17th century who later became a Barbary Corsair operating out of Tunis during the early 1600s.
Jacob Willekens | 1571–1633  | 1590s–1630s  | Netherlands  | Dutch admiral who led Dutch corsairs on the first major privateering expedition to the West Indies.
Cornelis Wittebol | fl. 1622  | 1620s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair in Spanish service. In February 1622, attacked a fishing fleet from the Veere and Maasmond sinking several ships and bringing back the survivors to ransom in Duinkerken. [citation needed]
Hendrik Worst | fl. 1624  | 1620s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair who accompanied Pieter Schouten in his expedition to the West Indies. [citation needed]
Wang Zhi | 16th century  | 1551–1555  | China  | One of the chief figures among the wokou of the 16th century.
Zheng Zhilong | 1604–1662  | 1623–1645  | China  | A convert to Christianity, Zhilon collaborated with Dutch forces, helping to create a monopoly on trade with Japan.
Filips van Zuylen | fl. 1624  | 1620s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair active against the Portuguese in West Africa.

## Age of the Buccaneers: 1650–1690

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Although Jean Bart was born the son of a fisherman, he was able to retire as an admiral in French service on the strength of his captures during his time as a privateer. William Dampier was the first Englishman to explore or map parts of New Holland (Australia) and New Guinea, and was also the first person to circumnavigate the world three times. Known only for a single attack against a Spanish galleon (pictured), Pierre le Grand's existence is disputed. François l'Ollonais was nicknamed "Flail of the Spaniards" and had a reputation for brutality – offering no quarter to Spanish prisoners. Roche Braziliano had a reputation for violence, and once roasted two Spanish farmers when they refused to hand over their pigs. Name  | Life  | Years active  | Country of origin  | Comments

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Vincenzo Alessandri | d. 1657  |  | Italy  | Originally a Knight of Malta, Alessandri was captured and enslaved.[citation needed]
Cornelius Andreson |  | 1674–1675  | Netherlands  | He is best known for attacking English traders off Acadia and for serving in King Philip's War.
Michiel Andrieszoon | 17th century  | 1680s  | Netherlands  | Dutch merchant-pirate. Associated with Thomas Paine and Laurens de Graff. [citation needed]
John Ansell | d. 1689  |  | England  | Sailed with Henry Morgan and participated in his raids against Maracaibo and Gibraltar, Venezuela.
Joseph Bannister | d. 1687  | 1680–1687  | England  | Former merchant captain who operated in the Caribbean and defeated two Royal Navy ships in battle.
Jean Bart | 1651–1702  | 1672–1697  | France  | Born the son of a fisherman, Bart retired an admiral in French service.
Michel le Basque | 17th century  | 1666–1668  | France  | Pirate and flibustier (French buccaneer) from the Kingdom of Navarre in the southwest of France. He is best known as a companion of François L'Olonnais, with whom he sacked Maracaibo and Gibraltar.
John Bear |  | 1684–1689  | England  | English pirate active in the Caribbean who also served with the Spanish and French.
Philippe Bequel | 17th century  | 1650–1669  | France  | Was one of the first foreign privateers awarded a letter of marque by the governor of Jamaica
Jacob Janssen van den Bergh | fl. 1660  | 1650s–1660s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair and slave trader for the Dutch West India Company. [citation needed]
Charlotte de Berry | 17th century  | 1660s  | England  | A female pirate, she later commanded her own ship. Her story first appeared in 1836 and she may have been fictional.
Lancelot Blackburne | 1653–1743  | 1680–1684  | England  | Blackburne was an English clergyman, who became Archbishop of York, and – in popular belief – a pirate.
Eduardo Blomar | d. 1679  | 1670s  | Spain  | Spanish renegade active in the Spanish Main during the 1670s. Tried in absentia and convicted of piracy with Bartolomé Charpes and Juan Guartem in Panama in 1679. [citation needed]
George Bond | 17th century  | 1683–1684  | England  | Active in the Caribbean, known for acting in league with the pirate-friendly Governor of St. Thomas, Adolph Esmit.
Pierre Bot | 17th century  | 1680s  | France  | French buccaneer active in the Caribbean. [citation needed]
Alexandre Bras-de-Fer | 17th century  | mid-17th century  | France  | A flibustier (French buccaneer) in the latter half of the mid-17th century. He is best known for capturing a Spanish ship after being shipwrecked, though his story is possibly apocryphal.
Nicolas Brigaut | 1653–1686  | 1679–1686  | France  | French pirate and buccaneer active in the Caribbean. He was closely associated with fellow corsair Michel de Grammont.
James Browne | 17th century  | 1676–1677  | Scotland  | Scottish pirate and privateer active in the Caribbean. He is best known for his hasty execution and the effects it had on colonial Jamaican government.
Manuel Butiens | fl. 1645  | 1640s  | Netherlands  | Dutch renegade and Dunkirker in the service of Spain. [citation needed]
Jean du Casse | 1646–1715  | 168?–1697  | France  | Born to Huguenot parents, du Casse was allowed to join the French navy on the value of his prizes taken while a buccaneer.
Bartolomé Charpes | d. 1679  | 1680s  | Spain  | Spanish renegade who was tried in absentia and convicted of piracy with Eduardo Blomar and Juan Guartem in Panama by Governor Don Dionicio Alceda in 1679. [citation needed]
Jean Charpin |  | 1688–1689  | France  | French pirate and buccaneer active in the Caribbean and off the coast of Africa. He is best known for sailing alongside Jean-Baptiste du Casse as well as for his Articles, or "Pirate Code."
Nicholas Clough |  | 1682–1683  | England  | Active in the Caribbean and off the coast of Africa. He is best remembered for leaving behind a well-documented Pirate Code, his "Articles of Agreement".
Edward Collier | 17th century  | 1668–1671  | England  | Served as Sir Henry Morgan's second-in-command throughout much of his expeditions against Spain during the mid-17th century.
Edmund Cooke | 17th century  | 1673–1683  | England  | Merchant captain, buccaneer, and pirate. He is best known for sailing against the Spanish alongside Bartholomew Sharp, John Coxon, Basil Ringrose, Lionel Wafer, and other famous buccaneers. Cooke's flag was red-and-yellow striped and featured a hand holding a sword.
John Cook | d. 1683  | 1680s  | England  | English buccaneer who led an expedition against the Spanish in the early 1680s. [citation needed]
John Cornelius |  | 1687–?  | Ireland  | Irish pirate supposedly active in the Red Sea and off the west coast of Africa. He succeeded William Lewis, who was killed after announcing he'd made a pact with the Devil. Lewis and Cornelius are likely the fictional creations of Captain Charles Johnson, who presented their stories among those of real historical pirates.
John Coxon | d. 1689  | 1677–1682  | England  | One of the most famous of the Brethren of the Coast, a loose consortium of pirates and privateers who were active on the Spanish Main.
George Cusack | d. 1675  | 1668–1675  | Ireland  | Cruised both northern Europe and the West Indies, during and after the Anglo-Dutch Wars.
William Dampier | 1651–1715  | 1670–1688  | England  | Was the first person to circumnavigate the world three times.[21][22]
Edward Davis | 17th century  | 1680–1688  | England  | Led the last major buccaneer raid against Panama.
John Davis | 18th century  |  | England  | Davis was one of the earliest and most active buccaneers on Jamaica.
Jacquotte Delahaye | 17th century  | 1660s  | France  | Delahaye was a French Buccaneer, and together with Anne Dieu-Le-Veut was one of very few female buccaneers.
Edward Dempster | 17th century  | 1667–1669  | England  | A buccaneer and privateer active in the Caribbean. He is best known for his association with Henry Morgan.
Anne Dieu-Le-Veut | b. 1650  | 1650–1704  | France  | Was originally one of the women – "Filles de Roi" – sent by the French government to Tortuga to become wives to the local male colonists.
Cornelius Essex | d. 1680  | 1670s  | England  | An English buccaneer who took part in Captain Bartholomew Sharp's privateering expedition, the "Pacific Adventure", during the late 1670s.
Jacob Evertson | died 1695?  | 1681–1688  | Netherlands  | He escaped Henry Morgan and sailed with Jan Willems for several years.
Alexandre Exquemelin | 1645–1707  | 1669–1674
1697  | France  | A French writer, most known as the author of one of the most important sourcebooks of 17th century piracy, De Americaensche Zee-Roovers.
Jacob Fackman | 17th century  | 1662–1666  | England  | English buccaneer and pirate active in the Caribbean. He is best known for attacking the Spanish alongside Henry Morgan, John Morris, and David Marteen.
Jean Fantin |  | 1681–1689  | France  | French pirate active in the Caribbean and off the coast of Africa. He is best known for having his ship stolen by William Kidd and Robert Culliford.
Philip Fitzgerald | 17th century  | 1672–1675  | Ireland  | Irish pirate and privateer who served the Spanish in the Caribbean.
Jean Foccard | 17th century  | 1680s  | France  | Associate of Laurens de Graaf and Michel de Grammont. He later joined them in their attack on Tampico in 1682. [citation needed]
Pierre Francois | 17th century  | mid-17th century  | France  | Mid-17th-century flibustier, or French buccaneer, active in the Caribbean. He is best known for a single attack on a Spanish pearl-diving fleet. His story appears only in Alexandre Exquemelin's History of the Buccaneers and the truth of his account is uncertain.
Thomas Freeman | 17th century  | 1655–1680  | England  | English buccaneer and pirate active in the Caribbean. He is best known for attacking the Spanish alongside Henry Morgan, David Marteen, and John Morris.
Louis Le Golif | 17th century  | 1660–1675  | France  | Known from his Memoirs; supposedly a real buccaneer active against the Spanish, Golif's Memoirs were a forgery and he is now assumed to be entirely fictional.
Laurens de Graaf | 1653–1704  | 1672–1697  | Netherlands  | Also known as Lorencillo and active in the Caribbean. Characterised as "a great and mischievous pirate" by Henry Morgan, de Graaf was a Dutch pirate, mercenary, and naval officer in the service of the French colony of Saint-Domingue. Sacked Veracruz. His companion was pirate Nicholas van Hoorn.[4]
John Graham | 17th century  | 1683–1686  | England  | English pirate active off New England and the African coast. May have been a doctor as well.
Michel de Grammont | 1645–1686  | 1670–1686  | France  | A French buccaneer, de Grammont primarily attacked Spanish holdings in Maracaibo, Gibraltar, Trujillo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Cumana and Veracruz
Pierre le Grand | 17th century  |  | France  | Known only for a single attack against a Spanish galleon, his existence is disputed.
"Red Legs" Greaves | 17th century  | 1670s–1690?  | Scotland  | Greaves's nickname was based on a commonly used term for reddened legs often seen among the Scottish and Irish who took to wearing kilts in almost any weather. Noted for his raid of Margarita Island. He may have been fictional; his story first appeared in 1924.
Francois Grogniet | 17th century  | 1683–1687  | France  | French buccaneer and pirate active against the Pacific coast of Spanish Central America.
Juan Guartem | 17th century  | 1670s  | Spain  | A Spanish renegade pirate who raided Spanish settlements in New Spain during the late 17th century with his most notable raid being against Chepo in 1679.
Jean Hamlin | 17th century  | 1682–1684  | French  | French buccaneer active in the Caribbean and off the coast of Africa. He was often associated with St. Thomas' pirate-friendly Governor Adolph Esmit.
Peter Harris | d. 1680  | 1670s  | England  | English buccaneer and member of Captain Bartholomew Sharp's "Pacific Expedition". Killed at Panama in 1680. [citation needed]
Richard Hawkins | 1562–1622  | 1593–1594  | England  | A buccaneer and explorer who was later knighted.
Thomas Hawkins | d. 1690  | 1689  | Unknown  | Pirate briefly active off New England. He was known for sailing with Thomas Pound.
Thomas Henley |  | 1683–1685  | Colonial America  | A pirate and privateer active in the Red Sea and the Caribbean.
Henry Holloway |  | 1687  | Colonial America  | A pirate active off the American east coast, from South Carolina to Maine. Aided by a member of Governor James Colleton's Grand Council.
Nicholas van Hoorn | 1635–1683  | 1663–1683  | Netherlands  | Merchant, privateer and later pirate, van Hoorn was hugely successful before dying of wound infection. Active in the Caribbean and based at the island Hispaniola. Sacked in 1683 Veracruz. Worked together with Laurens de Graaf aka Lorencillo.[4]
William Jackson | 17th century  | 1639–1645  | England  | It was the fleet under his command that captured Jamaica for England.
Bartholomeus de Jager | fl. 1655  | 1650s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair active against the Portuguese. He attacked a small merchant fleet at Fernando de Noronha, capturing one merchant ship and driving off the other. [citation needed]
Daniel Johnson | 1629–1675  | 1657–1675  | England  | Became known as "Johnson the Terror" among the Spanish.
William Knight | 17th century  | 1684–1686  | England  | Along with Edward Davis, he took part in the final large buccaneer attack on Spanish holdings.
Jean L'Escuyer | 17th century  | 1685  | France  | French pirate active on the Pacific coast of Central America. He sailed and fought alongside a number of prominent buccaneers such as Edward Davis, Francois Grogniet, William Dampier, and others.
François l'Olonnais | 1635–1668  | 1660–1668  | France  | Nicknamed "The Bane of Spaniards" (French: Fléau des Espagnols). l'Ollonais had a reputation for brutality, offering no quarter to Spanish prisoners. Famous by his raids against Maracaibo and Gibraltar, Venezuela.
Jelles de Lecat | 17th century  | 1668–1674  | Netherlands  | Sacked Spanish territories alongside Brasiliano, Reyning, Bradley, and Morgan. Often called "Yellahs," "Yallahs," or "Captain Yellows."
William Lewis |  | 1687–?  | Unknown  | Pirate supposedly active in the Caribbean, off the American east coast, and the west coast of Africa. He was known for sparing his victims, and for being killed after announcing he had made a pact with the Devil. He is likely the fictional creation of Captain Charles Johnson, who presented his story among those of real historical pirates.
Raveneau de Lussan | b. 1663  | 1684–1688  | France  | An impoverished nobleman. Attacked targets in Central America. Known for a "long march" in 1688.
Thomas Magott | 17th century  | 1680s  | England  | English buccaneer who sailed with Bartholomew Sharp and others on the "Pacific Adventure". [citation needed]
Marquis de Maintenon | 1648–1691  | 1672–1676  | France  | A French nobleman who became a buccaneer in the Caribbean, selling his castle and title to Madame de Maintenon. Remarkable for his raid of Margarita Island.
Edward Mansvelt / Mansfield | d. 1666  | 1650s–1660s  | Curaçao | Dutch buccaneer in English service. Known as the Admiral of the "Brethren of the Coast", Mansvelt was a mentor to Sir Henry Morgan who succeeded him following his death.
David Marteen | 17th century  | 1663–1665  | Netherlands  | Known primarily as the sole non-English Captain who participated in the raids against Spanish strongholds in present-day Mexico and Nicaragua.
Montbars the Exterminator | 1645–1701?  | 1660s–1670s  | France  | A former French naval officer and gentleman adventurer, he engaged in a violent and destructive war against Spain in the Caribbean and the Spanish Main. His hatred of the Spanish earned him the name "Montbars the Exterminator".
Sir Henry Morgan | 1635–1688  | 1663–1674  | Wales  | A privateer who later retired to become Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica.[23][24] he participated in his raids against Panama, Maracaibo, Gibraltar, Porto Bello.
John Morris | 17th century  | 1663–1672  | England  | A skilled pilot, he served with both Christopher Myngs and Henry Morgan before becoming a pirate hunter.
Sir Christopher Myngs | 1625–1666  | 1650s–1660s  | England  | Described as "unhinged and out of tune" by the governor of Jamaica, Myngs nevertheless became a Vice-Admiral of the Blue in the Royal Navy. In 1658, raided the coast of South-America; failing to capture a Spanish treasure fleet, he destroyed Tolú and Santa Marta in present-day Colombia instead. In 1659, he plundered Cumaná, Puerto Cabello and Coro in present-day Venezuela.
Thomas Paine | 17th century  | 1680s  | England  | A colonial American privateer who raided several settlements in the West Indies with Jan Willems, most notably against Rio de la Hacha in 1680. He also drove the French from Block Island.
Manuel Ribeiro Pardal | d. 1671  | 1668–1671  | Portugal  | Portuguese privateer in the service of Spain. One of the few successful privateers active against the buccaneers of the Caribbean during the late 17th century.
George Peterson | 17th century  | 1686–1688  | England  | Part of his crew consisted of the remnants of the crews of Jean Hamlin and two recently deceased pirates, Jan "Yankey" Willems and Jacob Evertson.
Pierre Le Picard | fl. 1666–1690  | 1660s–1690s  | France  | An officer under l'Ollonais and Henry Morgan, he and Moise Vauquelin left to pursue a career on their own. He later served in King William's War. He may have been one of the first buccaneers to raid shipping on both the Caribbean and Pacific coasts.
Chevalier du Plessis | d. 1668  | 1660s  | France  | French privateer active in the West Indies. He was succeeded by Moise Vauquelin following his death. [citation needed]
Baron Jean de Pointis | 1635–1707  | 1690s  | France  | His greatest venture was the 1697 Raid of Cartagena.
Bartolomeu Português | b. 1630  | 1666–1669  | Portugal | One of the earliest pirates to use a pirate code.
Thomas Pound | d. 1703  | 1689  | England  | Briefly commanded a small ship near Massachusetts before being captured.
Lawrence Prince | fl. 1659–1672  | 1650s–1670s  | Netherlands  | Dutch buccaneer in English service. An officer under Sir Henry Morgan, he and John Morris led the vanguard at Panama in 1671.
Philip Ras | fl. 1652–1655  | 1650s  | Netherlands  | Captured several English ships as both a corsair and privateer during the First Anglo-Dutch War. [citation needed]
Stenka Razin | 1630–1671  |  | Russia | A Cossack pirate who operated on the Volga and later expanded into the Caspian Sea.
Peter Roderigo |  | 1674–1675  | Netherlands  | He is best known for attacking English traders off Acadia and for serving in King Philip's War.
Richard Sawkins | d. 1680  | 1679–1680  | England  | Participated, along with John Coxon and Bartholomew Sharp, in the surprise attack on Santa Maria in Panama.
Lewis Scot | fl. 1663  | 1660s  | England  | Known for his attack on the city of Campeche, on the Yucatan Peninsula.
Robert Searle | 17th Century  | 1660s  | England  | Jamaican-based buccaneer known for his sacks of Tobago and St. Augustine, Florida and occasional compatriot of Henry Morgan.
Bartholomew Sharp | 1650–1690  | 1679–1682  | England  | Plundered 25 Spanish ships and numerous small towns.
Gustav Skytte | 1637–1663  | 1657–1663  | Sweden | Attacked ships in the Baltic Sea, along with other accomplices of noble descent.
Bernard Claesen Speirdyke | fl. 1663–1670  | 1660s–1670s  | Netherlands  | Dutch buccaneer active in the Caribbean, he was captured by Captain Manuel Ribeiro Pardal near Cuba and later executed.
Charles Swan | 17th century  |  | England  | A reluctant pirate, he begged for a pardon even as he looted his way around South America.
Jacques Tavernier / Le Lyonnais | 1625–1673  | 1664–1673  | France  | French buccaneer who took part in expeditions with Laurens de Graaf, Michel de Grammont, Pierre le Grand, François l'Ollonais and Sir Henry Morgan before his execution in 1673. His existence is disputed as the only pre-20th century reference to him appears in Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography.[25][26]
Moïse Vauquelin / Moses Vanclein | fl. 1650–1672  | 1650s–1670s  | France  | An officer under l'Ollonais, he also had a partnership with Pierre le Picard. In his later years, he wrote a book detailing the coastline of Honduras and the Yucatan along with fellow buccaneer Philippe Bequel.
Captain Veale | 17th century  | 1685  | England  | Attacked ships along New England from Virginia to Boston with pirate John Graham.
Thomas Veale | 17th century  | mid-1600s  | England  | Known for legends of his buried treasure.
Cornelis Janszoon van de Velde | fl. 1655  | 1650s  | Netherlands  | Dutch corsair active near the Antillen, he was briefly associated with Bartholomeus de Jager. [citation needed]
Lionel Wafer | 1640–1705  | 1679–1688  | Wales  | An explorer whose work helped inspire the Darien Scheme.
Janke / Yankey Willems | fl. 1681–1687  | 1680s  | Netherlands  | Dutch buccaneer active in the Caribbean.
Francis Witherborn | 17th century  | 1670–1672  | England  | English buccaneer, privateer, and pirate active in the Caribbean. He is best known for his brief association with Henry Morgan.
Thomas Woolerly |  | 1683–1687  | Colonial America  | A pirate and privateer active in the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean.
William Wright | 17th century  | 1675–1682  | England  | Despite being English, Wright was active as a privateer under a French commission. He later became a buccaneer.

## Golden Age of Piracy: 1690–1730

[edit]

The most successful pirate of the Golden Age of Piracy, Black Bart was estimated to have captured more than 470 vessels. With his fearsome appearance, Blackbeard is often credited with the creation of the stereotypical image of a pirate. Miguel Enríquez was the most longeve and the wealthiest of the privateers born in the Caribbean colonies.[27] Amaro Pargo. He was one of the most famous pirates of the golden age of piracy, and one of the most important personalities of the 18th century of Spain. Despite never commanding a ship herself, Anne Bonny is remembered as one of few known female pirates. Henry Every (or Avery) is famous as one of the few pirates of the era who was able to retire with his takings without being either arrested or killed in battle. Although modern historians dispute the legitimacy of his trial and execution, the rumour of Captain Kidd's buried treasure has served only to build a legend around the man as a great pirate. Name  | Life  | Years active  | Country of origin  | Comments

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James Allison | ?  | 1689–1691  | Colonial America  | Active near Cape Verde and the Bay of Campeche. Almost the entire record of Allison's piracy comes from trial records of a single incident, the seizure of the merchantman Good Hope.
Thomas Anstis | d. 1723  | 1718–1723  | England | Was mainly active in the Caribbean, and served under first Howell Davis and later Bartholomew Roberts.[25][28]
Leigh Ashworth | ?  | 1716–1719  | Unknown  | A pirate and privateer operating in the Caribbean in the early 1700s.
John Auger | 1678–1718  | 1718  | Unknown  | Active in the Bahamas around 1718. He is primarily remembered for being captured by pirate turned pirate-hunter Benjamin Hornigold.
Adam Baldridge | ?  | fl. c. 1685–1697  | England | English pirate and one of the early founders of the pirate settlements in Madagascar.
Jonathan Barnet | ?  | 1715–1720  | England  | English privateer active in the Caribbean. He is best known for capturing pirates Calico Jack, Anne Bonney, and Mary Read.
Thomas Barrow | d. 1726  | 1702–1718  | Unknown  | Pirate active in the Caribbean. He is best known for proclaiming himself Governor of New Providence.
Don Benito | ?  | 1725  | Spain  | Real name possibly Benito Socarras Y Aguero, he was a Spanish pirate and guarda costa privateer active in the Caribbean.
Charles Bellamy | ?  | 1717–1720  | England  | English pirate who raided colonial American shipping in New England and later off the coast of Canada. He is often confused with the more well-known Samuel "Black Sam" Bellamy, as they operated in the same areas at the same time.
Samuel Bellamy (Black Sam) | 1689–1717  | 1716–1717  | Hittisleigh, Devonshire, England  | Despite having a career of only 16 months, Bellamy was extraordinarily successful, capturing more than 50 ships before his death at age 28.[28] His acquired wealth of five tons of treasure from his short career is speculated at US$120 million in 2008 dollars.[29] Bellamy began his pirate career under the command of Henry Jennings, a Buccaneer that turned pirate; but double-crossing Jennings, Bellamy fled to the Bahamas and joined Jennings' nemesis, Benjamin Hornigold of the Mary Anne. But quickly growing wearisome of Hornigold's refusal to attack English ships, Bellamy called for a vote of no confidence, and the crew ousted Hornigold and Blackbeard by a majority vote, electing Bellamy as captain. Bellamy's prize flagship, Whydah Galley, discovered by underwater explorer Barry Clifford in 1984, is currently the world's only fully authenticated Golden Age pirate shipwreck ever found.
Blackbeard (Edward Teach) | 1680–1718  | 1716–1718  | England  | With his fearsome appearance, Blackbeard is often credited with the creation of the stereotypical image of a pirate. Although his real name remains unknown, he began his pirate career as the first officer of Buccaneer-turned-pirate Captain Benjamin Hornigold of the Mary Anne. When a young crewman, Samuel Bellamy, called for a vote of no confidence in Hornigold for his refusal to attack English ships, the crew by a vote ousted Hornigold and Blackbeard, leaving the Mary Anne to Bellamy whom the crew elected their new captain.[25][28] His legend solidified after he took command of the Queen Anne's Revenge.[30]
Black Caesar | d. 1718  | 1700s–1718  | Africa  | A captured slave turned pirate, legend held that Black Caesar had been a well-known pirate active off the Florida Keys during the early 18th century. Historically, he was part of Blackbeard's crew and was one of five Africans serving on his flagship.[28]
Augustin Blanco | ?  | 1700–1725  | Cuba  | He was noted for attacking in open boats, and for having a mixed-race crew.
Richard Bobbington | d. 1697  | 1695–1696  | Unknown  | Active in the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Persian Gulf. Sailed with Thomas Tew's crew after Tew's death. One of several captains of the Charming Mary.
Jean Bonadvis | ?  | 1717–1720  | France  | He is best known for his involvement with Benjamin Hornigold and "Calico Jack" Rackham.
Stede Bonnet | 1688–1718  | 1717–1718  | Barbados | Nicknamed "The Gentleman Pirate", Bonnet was born into a wealthy family before turning to piracy.[25][28]
Anne Bonny | ?  | 1720  | Unknown  | Despite never commanding a ship herself, Anne Bonny is remembered as one of few known female pirates.[25][28]
George Booth | d. 1700  | 1696–1700  | England  | One of the earliest pirates active in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea.
John Bowen | d. 1704  | 1700–1704  | Bermuda | Was active in the Indian Ocean, his contemporaries included George Booth and Nathaniel North.
Joseph Bradish | d. 1700  | 1698–1700  | Unknown  | A pirate best known for a single incident involving a mutiny.
John Breholt | 17th–18th centuries  | 1697–1711  | England  | Pirate and salvager active in the Caribbean, the Carolinas, and the Azores. He is best known for organizing several attempts to get the pirates of Madagascar to accept a pardon and bring their wealth home to England.
Nicholas Brown | d. 1726  | to 1726  | England  | Active off the coast of Jamaica, Brown was eventually killed – and his head pickled – by childhood friend John Drudge.
Phineas Bunce | d. 1718  | 1717–1718  | Unknown  | Pirate active in the Caribbean. He was pardoned for piracy but reverted to it immediately afterwards and was killed by a Spanish pirate hunter.
Nathaniel Burches | ?  | 1705–1707  | Unknown  | A privateer who operated out of New England. He was known for sailing alongside Regnier Tongrelow and Thomas Penniston, and for single-handedly defeating a huge Spanish ship.
Josiah ("Thomas") Burgess | 1689–1719  | 1716–1719  | England  | He is best known as one of the heads of New Providence's "Flying Gang."
Samuel Burgess | 1650–1716  | 1690–1708  | England  | Member of Captain William Kidd's crew in 1690 when the Blessed William was seized by Robert Culliford and some of the crew.
William Burke | d. 1699  | 1699  | Ireland  | Pirate and trader active in the Caribbean and near Newfoundland, best known for aiding William Kidd.
James Carnegie | ?  | 1716  | Unknown  | Sailed in consort with Henry Jennings.
Canoot | ?  | 1698  | France  | French pirate active off the coast of New England.
Dirk Chivers | early 18th century  | 1694–1699  | Netherlands | Active in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, Chivers later retired from piracy and returned to the Netherlands.[25]
Adrian Claver | ?  | 1704–1705  | Netherlands  | A Dutch privateer based out of New England. He sailed alongside other prominent privateers such as John Halsey, Regnier Tongrelow, and Thomas Penniston.
Edward Coates | ?  | 1689–1694  | Colonial America  | A colonial American privateer in English service during the King William's War and later a pirate operating in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean during the mid-1690s.
Thomas Cocklyn | early 18th century  | 1717 to death  | England  | Primarily known for his association with Howell Davis and Oliver La Buze, Cocklyn's activities after 1719 are unknown.[25][28]
John Cockram | ?  | 1713–1718  | England  | Pirate, trader, and pirate hunter in the Caribbean, best known for his association with Benjamin Hornigold.
John Cole (pirate) | d. 1718  | 1718  | England  | Associated with Richard Worley and William Moody. He is known more for the unusual cargo of his pirate ship than for his piracy.
Robert Colley | d. 1698  | 1695–1698  | Colonial America  | An American pirate active near Newfoundland and the Indian Ocean.
Thomas Collins (pirate) | d. 1719  | 1690s–1719  | Unknown  | Active in the Indian Ocean. He is best known for leading a pirate settlement and trading post on Madagascar.
Christopher Condent | d. 1734  | 1718–1720  | England  | After entering into piracy in 1718, Condent later took a prize of £150,000 with his ship Fiery Dragon and retired to France, becoming a wealthy merchant.[25] Known by many names, including Condent, Congdon, Connor or Condell; and by given names including William, Christopher, Edmond or John.
Joseph Cooper | d. 1725  | 1718–1725  | Colonial America  | Active in the Caribbean and the American East Coast. He was best known for sailing alongside Francis Spriggs, and for the manner of his death.
William Cotter | b.1670 d.1702  | 1690–1692  | England | He was mainly active in Jamaica and the Red Sea sailing under George Raynor.
William Coward | ?  | 1689–1690  | Unknown  | A minor pirate active off the coast of Massachusetts. He is known for a single incident involving the seizure of one small vessel, largely thanks to events surrounding his trial.
Captain Crapo | 18th century  | 1704–1708  | France  | French privateer active in the Caribbean and off the American east coast during the War of Spanish Succession. He was highly successful, capturing a large number of English vessels which he sent back to his home ports in Martinique and Port Royal.
Mary Critchett | died 1729  | 1729  | Colonial America  | She is best known for being one of only four female pirates from the Golden Age of Piracy.
Robert Culliford | Early 18th century  | 1690–1698  | England  | The former first mate of William Kidd, Culliford led a first mutiny against Kidd, stealing his ship Blessed William. One of the few pirates documented as participating in matelotage, with John Swann.[25][28]
Alexander Dalzeel | 1662–1715  | 1685–1715  | Scotland  | Served under Henry Every. Was captured four times before finally being hanged.
Howell Davis | 1690–1719  | 1718–1719  | Wales  | Having a career that lasted only 11 months, Davis was ambushed during an attempt to kidnap the governor of Príncipe.[25][28]
Captain Davy | early 18th century  | 1704–1705  | France  | French privateer active off New England during Queen Anne's War. He is best known for repeatedly evading capture by rival English and Dutch privateers such as Adrian Claver and Thomas Penniston.
Thomas Day | ?  | 1697  | Unknown  | Pirate and privateer active off the American East Coast. He is known for being one cause of increasing tensions between the Governors of Maryland and Pennsylvania.
Robert Deal | d. 1721  | 1718–1721  | England  | He is best known for his association with Charles Vane.
Nicholas de Concepcion | ?  | 1720  | Unknown  | Pirate active off the New England coast. An escaped slave, he was one of the few black or mulatto pirate captains.
Mathurin Desmarestz | 1653–1700  | 1685–1697  | France  | French pirate and buccaneer active in the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Indian Ocean.
Étienne de Montauban | ?  | 1691–1695  | France  | French flibustier (buccaneer), privateer, and pirate active in the Caribbean and off the west African coast. Frequently referred to as Sieur de Montauban (last name occasionally Montauband), he wrote an account of his later voyages, including surviving a shipwreck.
Francis Demont | ?  | 1716–1717  | Colonial America  | Pirate active in the Caribbean. His trial was important in establishing Admiralty law in South Carolina.
John Derdrake | ?  | Early 1700s  | Denmark  | Known as "Jack of the Baltic." Danish pirate active in the 1700s. His story, if true, makes him one of the few pirates known to force his victims walk the plank.
George Dew | 1666–1703  | 1686–1695  | England  | He once sailed alongside William Kidd and Thomas Tew, and his career took him from Newfoundland to the Caribbean to the coast of Africa.
Edward England | 1690–1720  | 1717–1720  | Ireland  | Differing from many other pirates of his day, England did not kill captives unless necessary.[25][28]
John Evans | d. 1723  | 1722–1723  | Wales  | After an unsuccessful career as a legitimate sailor, Evans turned to piracy – initially raiding houses from a small canoe.
Henry Every (Avery) | 1659–1699  | 1694–1699  | England  | Famous as one of the few pirates of the era who was able to retire with his takings without being either arrested or killed in battle.[25]
Mary Farley, alias Mary / Martha Farlee / Harley / Harvey  |  | 1725–1726  | Irish | In 1725, Mary Harvey and her husband Thomas were transported to the Province of Carolina as felons. In 1726, Mary and three men were tried for piracy. Two of the men were hanged (their leader John Vidal was convicted and later pardoned), but Mary was released. Her husband Thomas was never caught.[31]
Joseph Faro | ?  | 1694–1696  | Colonial America  | Active in the Indian Ocean. He is best known for sailing alongside Thomas Tew to join Henry Every's pirate fleet which captured and looted the fabulously rich Mughal ship Gunsway.
John Fenn | d. 1723  | to 1723  | England  | Sailed with Bartholomew Roberts and, later, Thomas Anstis.
Lewis Ferdinando | ?  | 1699–1700  | Unknown  | Active near Bermuda during the Golden Age of Piracy.
Francis Fernando | ?  | 1715–1716  | Jamaica  | Jamaican pirate and privateer active in the Caribbean. He was one of the few confirmed mixed-race captains in the Golden Age of Piracy.
James Fife | d. 1718  | 1718  | Unknown  | Active in the Caribbean. Murdered by forced men on his crew.
William Fly | d. 1726  | to 1726  | England  | Raided off the New England coast before being captured and hanged at Boston, Massachusetts.
William Fox | ?  | 1718–1723  | Unknown  | Pirate active in the Caribbean and off the African coast. He was indirectly associated with a number of more prominent pirates such as Bartholomew Roberts, Edward England, and Richard Taylor.
Richard Frowd | ?  | 1718–1719  | England  | He is best known for sailing with William Moody. He was one of a number of pirates to have both white and black sailors in his crew.
Ingela Gathenhielm | 1692–1729  | 1718–1721  | Sweden | Widow of Lars Gathenhielm, active on the Baltic Sea.
Lars Gathenhielm | 1689–1718  | 1710–1718  | Sweden | Active on the Baltic Sea
Captain Gincks | ?  | 1705–1706  | Unknown  | A privateer based in New York. He is best known for sailing alongside Adrian Claver, and for a violent incident involving his sailors while ashore.
Richard Glover | d. 1698  | 1694–1698  | Colonial America  | A pirate and slave trader active in the Caribbean and the Red Sea in the late 1690s.
Robert Glover | d. 1698  | 1693–1698  | Ireland / Colonial America  | An Irish-American pirate active in the Red Sea area in the late 1690s.
Christopher Goffe | ?  | 1683–1691  | Colonial America  | A pirate and privateer active in the Red Sea and the Caribbean. He was eventually trusted to hunt down his former comrades.
John Golden | d. 1698  | 1696–1698  | England  | A Jacobite pirate and privateer active in the waters near England and France. His trial was important in establishing Admiralty law, differentiating between privateers and pirates, and ending the naval ambitions of the deposed James II.
Thomas Goldsmith | d. 1714  | 1714  | England  | Chiefly remembered not for his piracy but for retiring and dying peacefully in his bed, and for his gravestone inscription.
Thomas Griffin (pirate) | ?  | 1691  | Colonial America  | A pirate and privateer active off New England. He is known for his association with George Dew.
Captain Grinnaway | ?  | 1718  | Unknown  | A pirate from Bermuda, best known for being briefly and indirectly involved with Edward Teach (or Thatch, alias Blackbeard).
Nathaniel Grubing | 17th century  | 1692–1697  | England  | English pirate who sailed in service to the French. He is best known for leading several raids on Jamaica before his capture.
Jean Baptiste Guedry | d. 1726  | 1726  | Acadia  | Took over a small ship off Acadia and was tried for piracy. The trial was publicized to Indians as an example of English law.
Charles Harris | 1698–1723  | 1722–1723  | England  | He is best known for his association with George Lowther and Edward Low.
John Halsey | d. 1708  | 1705–1708  | Colonial America  | Active in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, Halsey is remembered by Defoe as "brave in his Person, courteous to all his Prisoners, lived beloved, and died regretted by his own People."[25]
Israel Hands | ?  | 1700s–1718  | Colonial America  | Also known as Basilica Hands.[32] He is best known for being second in command to Edward Teach, better known as Blackbeard. Hands' first historical mention was in 1718, when Blackbeard gave him command of David Herriot's ship Adventure after Herriot was captured by Teach in March 1718.[30]
Don Miguel Enríquez (Henríquez) | 1674–1743  | 1701–1735  | Puerto Rico | Although born a shoemaker, Enríquez was later awarded a letter of marque by Spain, going on to become knighted and gathering a fortune of over 500,000 pieces of eight.[27] Considered the "most accomplished" of the Hispanic privateers.[33]
David Herriot | ?  | 1700s–1718  | Jamaica  | Captain of the Jamaican sloop Adventure, captured by Edward Teach, alias Blackbeard, in 1718. He joined Blackbeard's crew, and later when Stede Bonnet separated from Blackbeard, Herriot became his sailing master. During the Battle of Cape Fear River Herriott was taken by Col. Rhet, of the sloop Royal James, on September 27, 1718.[34] Herriot and boatswain, Ignatius Pell, turned King's evidence at their trial but escaped their Charleston prison on October 25. Herriot was shot and killed on Sullivan Island a few days later.[30]
John Hoar | d. 1697  | 1694–1697  | Colonial America  | A pirate and privateer active in the late 1690s in the Red Sea area.
Benjamin Hornigold | 1680–1719  | 1717–1719  | England  | Known for being less aggressive than other pirates, Hornigold once captured a ship for the sole purpose of seizing the crew's hats.[25][28]
Thomas Howard | early 18th century  | 1698–1703  | England  | Howard served under both George Booth and John Bowen and later commanded the Prosperous.
Samuel Inless | ?  | 1698–1699  | Unknown  | Active in the Indian Ocean, best known for serving as Captain over Nathaniel North and George Booth.
John Ireland | ?  | 1694–1701  | Colonial America  | A pirate active in the Indian Ocean. He is best known for sailing with Thomas Tew. One of several captains of the Charming Mary.
John James | ?  | 1699–1700  | Wales  | A Welsh pirate active near Madagascar, Nassau, and the American east coast.
Henry Jennings | d. 1745  | 1715  | England  | Jennings was a later governor of the pirate haven of New Providence.[25] Although the Governor of Jamaica personally commissioned Jennings' privateering in 1715,[35] after Jennings' began attacking salvage camps and Spanish, English and French vessels,[36] Jennings was declared a pirate in April 1716.[37] Jennings and his fleet of pirates and privateers subsequently moved to Nassau.[37] Jennings was one of 400 pirates who took advantage of the British amnesty in 1718, and afterwards retired to Bermuda to live the rest of his life "as a wealthy, respected member of society."[38]
Henry Johnson | ?  | 1730  | Ireland  | Irish pirate active in the Caribbean. He shared captaincy with a Spaniard, Pedro Poleas. Johnson was best known thanks to an autobiography written by a sailor he captured and marooned.
Evan Jones | ?  | 1698–1699  | Wales  | Welsh-born pirate from New York active in the Indian Ocean, best known for his indirect connection to Robert Culliford and for capturing a future Mayor of New York.
John Julian | d. 1733  | 1716–1717  | Miskito origins  | Recorded as the first black pirate to operate in the New World.[28]
James Kelly (James Gilliam) | d. 1701  | to 1699  | England  | Active in the Indian Ocean, Kelly was a long-time associate of William Kidd.
William "Captain" Kidd | 1645–1701  | 1695–1699  | Scotland  | Although modern historians dispute the legitimacy of his trial and execution, the rumor of Captain Kidd's buried treasure has served only to build a legend around the man as a great pirate. His property was claimed by the crown and given to the Royal Hospital, Greenwich, by Queen Anne.[25][28][39][40][41][42]
Henry King (pirate) | ?  | 1700  | Unknown  | He is best known for attacking the slave ship John Hopewell, whose captured crew turned the tables and took his ship from him.
John King (pirate) | c. 1706/9–1717  | 1716–1717  | England  | Although not ever a captain, King joined the crew of Samuel Bellamy when they boarded the ship he was on, and is one of the youngest known pirates on record. His age is disputed at anywhere from 8–11 years.
Montigny la Palisse | ?  | 1720–1721  | France  | Sailed in consort with Bartholomew Roberts.
Robert Lane | d. 1719  | 1719  | Unknown  | Was given command of a prize ship by Edward England, which was lost off Brazil with all hands.
Thomas Larimore | ?  | 1677–1706  | Colonial America  | Active in the Caribbean and off the eastern seaboard of the American colonies. After helping suppress Bacon's Rebellion and serving as a militia leader he turned to piracy, operating alongside John Quelch.
Peter Lawrence | ?  | 1693–1705  | Netherlands  | Dutch pirate and privateer active off New England and Newfoundland, and in the Caribbean. His and other pirates' dealings with Rhode Island's governors nearly led to the colony losing its charter.
John Leadstone / "Old Captain Crackers" | ?  | 1704–1721  | Unknown  | A pirate and slave trader active off the west coast of Africa. Often called "Captain Crackers" or "Old Captain Cracker," he is best known for his actions against the English Royal African Company and for his brief involvement with Bartholomew Roberts.
Francois Le Sage | d. 1694  | 1682–1694  | France or Netherlands  | Pirate and buccaneer active in the Caribbean and off the coast of Africa. He is primarily associated with fellow buccaneers Michiel Andrieszoon and Laurens de Graaf.
Francis Leslie (pirate) | ?  | 1717–1718  | England  | He is best known as one of the leaders of the "Flying Gang" of pirates operating out of New Providence.
Olivier Levasseur (Oliver La Buse) | 1688–1730  | 1716–1730  | France  | Nicknamed "la Buse" (the Buzzard) for the speed with which he attacked his targets, Levasseur left behind a cryptic message that has yet to be deciphered fully today.[25][28]
Samuel Liddell | ?  | 1716  | Unknown  | A pirate, privateer, and merchant active in the Caribbean. He is best known for sailing alongside Henry Jennings.
Edward "Ned" Low | 1690–1724  | 1721–1724  | England  | A pirate known for his vicious torture, his methods were described as having "done credit to the ingenuity of the Spanish Inquisition in its darkest days".[25][28]
George Lowther | d. 1723  | to 1723  | England  | Active in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, one of Lowther's lieutenants included Edward Low.[25][28]
Matthew Luke (Matteo Luca)  | d. 1722  | 1722  | Italy  | A pirate and Spanish Guarda Costa active in the Caribbean.
Philip Lyne | d. 1726  | 1725–1726  | Unknown  | Known for his cruelty and his association with Francis Spriggs.
John Martel | ?  | 1716–1718  | England  | English pirate active in the Caribbean.
Simon Mascarino | ?  | 1701–1721  | Portugal  | A Portuguese pirate active in the Caribbean. He was also a privateer in service of the Spanish.
William May | ?  | 1689–1700  | Unknown  | Active in the Indian Ocean. He was best known for taking over William Kidd's ship Blessed William and sailing with Henry Every.
Edward Miller | ?  | 1718–1720  | England  | English pirate active in the Caribbean.
Christopher Moody | d. 1718  | 1713–1718  | England  | Active off North and South Carolina, Moody offered no quarter to captured crews, signified by his flying of a red standard.[28] Often conflated with William Moody.
William Moody (pirate) | d. 1718  | 1717–1718  | England  | He is best known for his association with Olivier Levasseur and Thomas Cocklyn, crewmembers who succeeded him as captains in their own right. Often conflated with Christopher Moody.
Captain Napin | ?  | 1717–1718  | Unknown  | A pirate active in the Caribbean and off the American east coast. He is best known for sailing alongside Benjamin Hornigold.
Thomas Nichols (pirate) | ?  | 1717–1718  | Unknown  | A pirate active in the Caribbean and off the American east coast. He is best known as a leader among the "Flying Gang" of pirates operating out of New Providence.
Richard Noland | ?  | 1717–1724  | Ireland  | He was best known for sailing with Samuel Bellamy before working for the Spanish.
John Norcross | 1688–1758  | 1715–1727  | England  | English Jacobite pirate and privateer who sailed in service to Sweden.
Nathaniel North | b. 1672  | 1689–1709  | Bermuda  | Active in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, North served with other famous contemporaries, including John Bowen and George Booth.
Amaro Pargo | 1678–1695  | 1703–1737  | Spain | He was one of the most famous pirates of the golden age of piracy, and one of the most important personalities of the 18th century Spain.
Major Penner | ?  | 1718  | Unknown  | Pirate captain active in the Caribbean. Kept his title of "Major" instead of "Captain."
Thomas Penniston | d. 1706  | 1704–1706  | Unknown  | A privateer who operated out of New England. He was known for sailing alongside Adrian Claver and Regnier Tongrelow.
James Plantain | early 18th century  | 1725–1728  | Jamaica | Plantain ruled the island of Madagascar between 1725 and 1728, primarily through fear, and was known as the "King of Ranter Bay".[25]
Daniel Porter | ?  | 1718–1721  | Unknown  | Pirate and trader active in the Caribbean. He is best known for his associations with Benjamin Hornigold and Bartholomew Roberts.
John Prie | d. 1727  | 1727  | Unknown  | A mutineer and minor pirate in the Caribbean.
John Pro | d. 1719  | 1690s–1719  | Netherlands  | Best known for leading a pirate trading post near Madagascar.
John Quelch | 1666–1704  | 1703–1704  | England  | Quelch was the first person tried for piracy outside England under Admiralty Law and therefore without a jury.
"Calico Jack" John Rackham | 1682–1720  | to 1720  | England  | Earned his nickname for the colourful calico clothes that he wore.[25][28]
George Raynor | 1665–1743  | 1683–1694  | Colonial America  | Active in the Red Sea. Before he was briefly a pirate captain, he was a sailor on the Batchelor's Delight which circumnavigated the globe with William Dampier.
Mary Read | 1690–1721  | to 1720  | England  | Along with Anne Bonny, one of few known female pirates. When captured, Read escaped hanging by claiming she was pregnant, but died soon after of a fever while still in prison.[25][28]
William Read (pirate) | d. 1701  | 1701  | England  | Active in the Indian Ocean near Madagascar. He is best known for rescuing fellow pirate captains John Bowen and Thomas White.
Lieutenant Richards (pirate) | ?  | 1718  | Unknown  | Active in the Caribbean and off the Carolinas. He is best known for sailing alongside Blackbeard (Edward Teach / Thatch).
John Rivers (pirate) | d. 1719  | 1686–1719  | England  | A pirate best known for leading a settlement and trading post on Madagascar.
Bartholomew Roberts (Black Bart) | 1682–1722  | 1719–1722  | Wales | The most successful pirate of the Golden Age of Piracy, estimated to have captured more than 470 vessels.[25][28][43]
Philip Roche (pirate) | 1693–1723  | 1721  | Ireland  | Active in the seas of northern Europe, best known for murdering the crews and captains of ships he and his men took over.
Tempest Rogers | 1672–1704  | 1693–1699  | England  | A pirate trader active in the Caribbean and off Madagascar. He is best known for his association with William Kidd.
Woodes Rogers | 1679–1732  | 1709–1710  | England  | Played a major role in the suppression of pirates in the Caribbean.[25][28][44]
John Russell | 18th century  | 1722–1723  | Unknown  | Pirate active from Nova Scotia to the Caribbean to the African coast. He is best known for his association with Edward Low and Francis Spriggs, and for his involvement with two well-known and well-documented maroonings.
Jasper Seagar | d. 1721  | 1719–1721  | England  | Active in the Indian Ocean, best known for sailing with Edward England, Olivier Levasseur, and Richard Taylor.
Robert Semple (Richard Sample)  | d. 1719  | 1719  | Unknown  | Was given command of a prize ship by Edward England, which was run ashore and captured off Brazil.
Richard Shipton | d. 1726  | 1723–1726  | Unknown  | Active in the Caribbean, best known for sailing alongside Edward Low and Francis Spriggs.
James Skyrme | d. 1722  | 1720–1722  | Wales  | A Welsh pirate best known for captaining two of Bartholomew Roberts' prize ships.
Francis Spriggs | d. 1725  | to 1725  | England  | Along with George Lowther and Edward Low, Spriggs was primarily active in the Bay of Honduras during the early 1720s.
Daniel Stillwell | ?  | 1715–1718  | England  | A minor pirate in the Caribbean, best known for his association with Benjamin Hornigold.
Ralph Stout | d. 1697  | 1692–1697  | Unknown  | Active in the Indian Ocean. He is best known for rescuing fellow pirate Robert Culliford after each of them spent separate 4-year periods in Mughal Empire prisons.
Thomas Sutton | 1699–1722  | 1719–1722  | Scotland  | Active off the coast of Africa. He was best known for sailing alongside Bartholomew Roberts.
John Swann (pirate) | ?  | 1698–1699  | Unknown  | A minor pirate in the Indian Ocean, known almost entirely for speculation about his relationship with Robert Culliford.
John Taylor | early 18th century  |  | England  | At Reunion Island, Taylor is reputed to have captured the most valuable prize in pirate history.[25]
Thomas Tew | d. 1695  | 1692–1695  | England  | Despite only going on two pirate voyages, Tew pioneered a route later known as the Pirate Round.[25][28]
Captain Thompson | d. 1719  | 1719  | Cuba  | Active in the Caribbean. He is primarily known for a single incident involving grenades.
John Thurber | 1649–1717 (or 1625–1705)  | 1685–1693  | Unknown  | Last name also Churcher, he was a pirate trader and slave trader active off Madagascar. He is best known for his role in introducing rice to America as a staple crop and export commodity.
Regnier Tongrelow | ?  | 1704–1705  | France or Netherlands  | A prolific privateer who operated out of New England. He captured a large number of ships over a short career, sending most back to New York, and was known for attacking the largest ships he could find.
Richard Tookerman | 1691–1723  | 1718–1723  | England  | As a pirate, smuggler, and trader active in the Caribbean and the Carolinas, he became best known for involvement with pirates Stede Bonnet and Bartholomew Roberts.
Rais Hamidou | 1770–1815  | 1790–1815  | Algiers | An Algerian privateer, later admiral who captured several ships during his career.
Turn Joe | ?  | 1717  | Ireland  | Irish pirate and privateer who left English service and sailed for Spain instead as a guarda costa privateer in the Caribbean.
Charles Vane | 1680–1721  | 1716–1721  | England  | Disliked due to his cruelty, Vane showed little respect for the pirate code, cheating his crew out of their shares in the takings.[25][28]
Hendrick van Hoven | d. 1699  | 1698–1699  | Netherlands  | A buccaneer and pirate active in the Caribbean. He was known as "the grand pirate of the West Indies."
John Vidal | ?  | 1727  | Ireland / Colonial America  | A minor Irish-American pirate briefly active near Ocracoke Inlet off North Carolina. He is best known for bringing the Farley family with him, causing Martha Farley to be one of the few women tried for piracy.
Thomas Wake | d. 1696  | 1694–1696  | Colonial America  | Best known for sailing alongside Thomas Tew to join Henry Every in the Indian Ocean, hunting the Moghul treasure fleet.
Richard Want | ?  | 1692–1696  | Colonial America  | Active in the Indian Ocean. He is best known for sailing alongside Thomas Tew and Henry Every.
James Weatherhill | d. 1703  | 1693  | Caribbean  | A privateer and pirate active in King William's War.
Brigstock Weaver | ?  | 1720–1725  | Unknown  | He is best known for his association with fellow pirates Thomas Anstis and Bartholomew Roberts.
John West (pirate) | ?  | 1713–1714  | Unknown  | A minor pirate in the Caribbean, best known for his association with Benjamin Hornigold.
Joseph Wheeler (pirate) | ?  | 1696–1698  | Unknown  | He is best known for sailing alongside Dirk Chivers and Robert Culliford.
Thomas White (pirate) | d. 1708  | d. 1708  | 1698–1708  | He was only briefly a captain on his own but served under several more prominent captains such as George Booth, John Bowen, Thomas Howard, John Halsey, and Nathaniel North.
David Williams (pirate) | d. 1709  | 1698–1709  | Wales  | Welsh sailor who turned pirate after being abandoned on Madagascar. He was only briefly a Captain, and is best known for sailing under a number of more prominent pirate captains.
Paulsgrave Williams | ?  | 1716–1723  | Colonial America  | A pirate who sailed the Caribbean, American eastern seaboard, and off West Africa. He is best known for sailing alongside Samuel Bellamy.
Christopher Winter | ?  | 1716–1723  | England  | English pirate active in the Caribbean. He is best known for sailing in Spanish service and launching the career of Edward England.
Nicholas Woodall | ?  | 1718  | Unknown  | He is best known for his involvement with Charles Vane and Benjamin Hornigold.
Edward Woodman | ?  | 1692–1706  | Colonial America  | A pirate active in the Indian Ocean and the Caribbean.
Richard Worley | d. 1719  | to 1719  | England  | Credited as one of the first pirates to fly the skull and crossbones pirate flag.[25]
Emanuel Wynn | early 18th century  |  | France  | Was the first pirate to fly the "skull and crossbones" Jolly Roger. His design also incorporated an hourglass below the skull.[25]
Charles Yeats | ?  | 1718  | Unknown  | He is best known for sailing alongside and then abandoning Charles Vane.

## Post Golden Age: pirates, privateers, smugglers, and river pirates: 1730–1885

[edit]

Luis Brion, Dutch privateer active in the Caribbean before joining as admiral of Simon Bolivar army Hippolyte Bouchard, oil on canvas by José Gil de Castro Jean Lafitte Gregor MacGregor in the British Army, painted by George Watson, 1804 Francisco de Miranda by Martin Tovar y Tovar Narciso Lopez, Venezuelan filibuster John A. Murrell, known as the "Great Western Land Pirate," ran an American gang of river pirates and highwaymen along the Mississippi River William Walker, American filibuster Name  | Life  | Years Active  | Country of origin  | Comments

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José Joaquim Almeida | 1777–1832  | 1812–1832  | Portugal  | Portuguese Barbary corsair who fought in the Anglo-American War of 1812 and the Argentine War of Independence.
Peter Alston | 1765–1804  | 1797–1804  | United States | River pirate, highwayman, and counterfeiter, son of counterfeiter, Philip Alston, alias James May, who was believed to be an associate of the Samuel Mason and Micajah "Big" Harpe and Wiley "Little" Harpe.
Philip Alston | 1740 or 1741–after 1799  | 1770?–1799?  | United States | River pirate and counterfeiter, an associate of the counterfeiter John Duff and father of river pirate, highwayman, and counterfeiter, Peter Alston.
François Aregnaudeau | 1774–1813  | 1810–1821  | France  | Breton who commanded a number of privateers, most notably Blonde, and Duc de Dantzig. In them he captured numerous prizes. He and Duc de Dantzig disappeared without at trace around the end of 1812. Their disappearance gave rise to an unsubstantiated gruesome ghost ship legend.
Louis-Michel Aury | 1788–1821  | 1810–1821  | France  | French privateer, served the Republics of Venezuela and Mexico.
Joseph Baker | d. 1800  | 1800  | Canada | The single piratical action of his career consisted of an unsuccessful attempt to commandeer the sloop Eliza.[45]
Renato Beluche | 1780–1860  | 1803–1823  | Louisiana, New Spain | A known associate of the Lafitte Brothers active in the Caribbean before joining Simon Bolivar army in his fight for South American independence.
Hippolyte Bouchard | 1780–1837  | 1817–1819  | France | A French and Argentine sailor who fought for Argentina, Chile and Peru.[46]
Luis Brion de Trox | 1782–1821  | 1806–1821  | Curaçao | Dutch privateer, served to the Republics of Venezuela and Great Colombia.
Flora Burn | fl. 1741  | 1740s–1750s  | England | Female pirate active mainly off the East coast of North America from 1741.
Cabeza de Perro | 1800 – ?  | ?  | Spain | Was a Spanish pirate. His physical characteristics earned him his nickname, which translates to Dog Head.
Henri Caesar | early 19th century  | 1805–1830  | Haiti | Haitian pirate supposedly active in the Caribbean during the early 19th century. Historical existence is doubtful.
Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey | 1700–1760  | 1720s–1740s  | England  | Cobham and his wife, Maria, were primarily active in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
James Copeland | 1823–1857  | 1830s–1857  | United States  | A leader of a gang of pirates, smugglers, and outlaws in southern Mississippi and southern Alabama, around Mobile, known as the Wages and Copeland Clan.
Richard Coyle | d. 1738  | 1738  | England  | He is known for a single incident involving the murder of the Captain of the ship St. John.
Jacob Pettersson Degenaar | 1692–1766  | 1740s  | Sweden
Sadie Farrell (Sadie The Goat) | ?  | 1869  | United States  | An Irish American New York City river pirate and the criminal leader of the Charlton Street Gang in 1869.
James Ford | 1770?–1833  | 1799?–1833  | United States  | A civic leader and business owner in western Kentucky and southern Illinois, secretly, was the leader of a gang of river pirates and highwaymen, along the Ohio River, known as the "Ford's Ferry Gang."
Hezekiah Frith | Early 19th century  | 1790s–1800s  | Bermuda  | British ship owner and smuggler known as Bermuda's "gentleman privateer". Alleged to have used his business as a cover to withhold cargo sized in privateering expeditions and amass a small fortune.
Vincent Gambi | d. 1820  |  | Italy | A pirate based out of New Orleans, he was an associate of Jean Lafitte.
José Gaspar (Gasparilla) | 1756–1821  | 1783–1821  | Spain  | Spanish naval officer who turned to piracy and operated from a base in southwest Florida. Although Gaspar is a popular figure in local folklore and was the inspiration for Tampa's Gasparilla Pirate Festival, there is no evidence of his existence.[47]
Leoncio Prado Gutiérrez | 1853–1883  | 1876–1877  | Peru | Prado a Peruvian mariner with Cuban revolutionaries seized the Spanish ship Moctezuma in the Caribbean sea at North of La Hispaniola. Renamed as Cespedes failed to liberate Cuba under Spanish rule. Realizing how the ship remained in the hands of the royalist navy, Prado ordered his men to leave and lit a barrel of gunpowder inside of the ammunition storage facilities.
Catherine Hagerty and Charlotte Badger | early 19th century  | 1806  | England  | Australian convicts. Among a group of convicts taken on board a shorthanded ship as crew. The convicts commandeered the ship and sailed for New Zealand. Hagerty was put ashore and died, Badger was never seen again.[48]
Micajah and Wiley Harpe | Before 1768–1799 (Micajah)
Before 1770–1799 (Wiley)  | 1775?–1799 (Micajah)
1775?–1804 (Wiley)  | United States  | America's first known serial killers, were Loyalists in the American Revolution, as well as, river pirates and highwaymen, who preyed on travelers along the Ohio River and the waterways of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Illinois. The Harpe Brothers were associates of Samuel Mason and Peter Alston.
Pugsy Hurley | 1846–after 1886  | 1865?–after 1886  | United States  | English-born American burglar, river pirate and underworld figure in New York City during the mid-to late 19th century. An old time thief from the old Seventh Ward, he was also a well-known waterfront thug whose criminal career lasted over two decades. He especially gained notoriety as a member of the Patsy Conroy Gang.
Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah | 1760–1826  | 1780–1826  | Kuwait | The most famous pirate in the Persian Gulf, he ruled over Qatar and Dammam for short periods and fought alongside the Wahhabis against the Al-Khalifa tribe of Bahrain.[49]
Bill Johnston | 1782–1870  | 1810–1860  | United States  | Nicknamed "Pirate of the Thousand Islands".
Edward Jordan | 1771–1809  | 1794–1809  | Canada | Irish rebel, fisherman and pirate of Nova Scotia.
Jørgen Jørgensen | 1780–1841  | 1807–1808  | Denmark  | Danish adventurer and writer, he was captured by the British as a privateer during the Napoleonic Wars.[50]
Jean Lafitte | c. 1776–1826?  | 1803–1815
1817–1820s  | France  | French pirate (or privateer) active in the Gulf of Mexico during the early 1800s. A wanted fugitive by the United States, he later participated, during the War of 1812, in the Battle of New Orleans on the side of Andrew Jackson and the Americans. In 1822, Lafitte approached the navy of Gran Colombia and Simon Bolivar granted a commission and given a new ship, a 40-ton schooner named General Santander.
Pierre Lafitte | 1770–1821  | 1803–1821  | France  | French pirate, and lesser-known brother of Jean Lafitte, active mainly in the Gulf of Mexico.
Narciso Lopez | 1797–1851  | 1850–1851  | Venezuela | Venezuelan adventurer, enlisted in United States about six hundred filibusters and successfully reached Cuba in May 1850 to liberate the island from Spanish Crown rule. His troops took the town of Cárdenas, carrying a flag that López had designed, which later became the banner of modern Cuba. After another failed attempt to free Cuba he was executed in Havana by the royalists in 1851.
Sam Hall Lord | 1778–1844  | 1800s–1840s  | Barbados  | Sam Lord was one of the most famous buccaneers on the island of Barbados.
Kazimierz Lux | 1780–1846  | 1803–1819  | Poland  | The Polish Pirates of the Caribbean. After fighting against a slave rebellion in Haiti, Lux started a career of piracy – shooting and boarding an American brig was one of his more spectacular successes; the vessel was later sold for 20,000 francs in Havana.[clarification needed]
Gregor MacGregor | 1786–1845  | 1810–1830  | Scotland  | A Scottish adventurer, soldier and land speculator who fought in the Venezuelan and New Granadan struggle for independence. In 1817, led an army of only 150 men in an assault on Amelia Island, Florida. After his return to Britain in 1820, he claimed to be cacique of Poyais a fictional Central American country that MacGregor had invented which, with his promotional efforts, drew investors and eventually colonists.
Francisco de Miranda | 1750–1816  | 1806  | Venezuela  | Venezuelan militar and adventurer, who organized in 1806 two private filibustering expeditions from New York and Trinidad with the intention of liberate Venezuela under Spanish rule since XVI siecle. On April 28 of 1806 the small fleet was overtaken by Spanish warships off the coast of Venezuela. Only the Leander escaped. The Backus and Bee were captured with all the revolutionaries. Sixty men were put on trial for piracy and Ten were sentenced to death in Puerto Cabello. The Leander and the expeditionary force regrouped on the British islands of Barbados and Trinidad, assisted by HMS Lilly. The new expedition landed at La Vela de Coro on August 3, captured the fort and raised the tricolor flag for the first time on Venezuelan soil. Before dawn the next morning the expeditionaries occupied Coro, but found no support from the city residents and Miranda returned to England.
Samuel Mason | 1739–1803  | to 1803  | United States  | Initially, a Revolutionary War Patriot captain in the Ohio County, Virginia militia and an associate judge and squire in Kentucky, Mason later, ran a gang of highway robbers and waterways river pirates.
John A. Murrell | 1806?–1844  | to 1834  | United States  | Near-legendary bandit, known as the "Great Western Land Pirate," ran a gang of river pirates and highwaymen along the Mississippi River.
Robert Surcouf | 1779–1823  | 1789–1808  | France | French privateer and slave trader who operated in the Indian Ocean between 1789 and 1801, and again from 1807 to 1808, capturing over 40 prizes, while amassing a large fortune as a ship-owner, both from privateering and from commerce.
Rachel Wall | 1760–1789  | 1781–1782  | Province of Pennsylvania | Rachel and her husband George Wall were active off the New Hampshire coast until George and the crew were washed out to sea. She was hanged in Boston on 8 October 1789.
William Walker | 1824–1860  | 1852–1860  | United States  | American lawyer, journalist and adventurer, who organized several private military expeditions into Latin America, with the intention of establishing English-speaking colonies under his personal control. Walker became president of the Republic of Nicaragua in 1856 and ruled until 1857, when he was defeated by a coalition of Central American armies. He was executed in Trujillo by the government of Honduras in 1860.
Alexander White  | 1762–1784  | 1784  | East Coast of America  | Hanged for piracy in Cambridge, Massachusetts in November 1784.[51]
Dominique You | 1775–1830  | 1802–1814  | Haiti  | Acquired a reputation for daring as a pirate. Retired to become a politician in New Orleans.

## Renegades of the West Indies: 1820–1830

[edit]

The last of the successful Caribbean pirates, Roberto Cofresí underwent one of the broadest mythifications among Hispanic pirates. Name  | Life  | Years active  | Country of origin  | Comments

|
|
|
|

Mansel Alcantra (Alcantara) | fl. 1829  | 1820s  | Spain | In 1829, he captured the Topaz off St. Helena and had the entire crew murdered.
Roberto Cofresí | 1791–1825  | 1818–1825  | Puerto Rico  | Considered the "last of the [successful] West India pirates", Cofresí avoided capture by the navies of six nations for years and became the final target of the West Indies Anti-Piracy Operations.[52] After being captured by the Puerto Rican militia, he claimed to have a stash of 4,000 pieces of eight hidden, which he tried to use as a bribe.[53]
Diabolito (Little Devil) | d. 1823  |  | Cuba | Cuban-born pirate active in the Caribbean during the early 19th century. He was one of the first pirates to be hunted down by Commodore David Porter and the Mosquito Fleet during the early 1820s.
Charles Gibbs | 1798–1831  | 1816–1831  | United States  | One of the last pirates active in the Caribbean, and one of the last people executed for piracy by the United States.[54]
"Don" Pedro Gilbert | 1800–1834  | 1832–1834  | Colombia | Took part in the last recorded incident of piracy in Atlantic waters.[55][56]
Benito de Soto | 1805–1830  | 1827–1830  | Spain  | The most notorious of the last generation to attack shipping on the Atlantic Ocean.
Jacque Alexander Tardy | 1767–1827  | 1817–1827  | France  |

## Piracy in East and Southeast Asia: 1400–1860

[edit]

Ching Shih, from China, the most successful female pirate and one of the world's most powerful pirates in history. Chui A-poo, a powerful 19th-century Qing Chinese pirate Name  | Life  | Years Active  | Country of origin  | Comments

|
|
|
|

Chen Zuyi | −1407  | 15th century  | China  | Based operations in Palembang, Sumatra and raided the Malacca Strait. Eventually captured by Ming admiral Zheng He.
Limahong | 1499–1575  | 16th century  | China  | Pirate-warlord who raided the coast of Southern China, the northern Philippine Islands and Manila in 1574.
Wang Zhi | −1560  | 16th century  | China  | Smuggler turned head of pirate syndicate, raided from Japan to Thailand.
Lin Daoqian | −1580s  | 16th century  | China  | Led pirate attacks along the coast of Guangdong and Fujian. Driven to Taiwan by the Ming navy commander Yu Dayou.
Tuanku Abbas | early 19th century  | to 1844  | Malay Archipelago | The brother of a rajah of Achin, known for his sponsoring and leading of pirate raids.
Eli Boggs | 1810–1857  | 1830–1857  | United States  | Pirate who sailed in Chinese junk for smuggling.
Cheng I | d. 1807  | to 1807  | China  | A pirate on the Chinese coast in the 18h and 19th centuries.
Cheung Po Tsai | early 19th century  | to 1810  | China  | Active along the Guangdong coast and is said to have commanded a fleet of 600 junks.
Ching Shih | d. 1844  | 1807–1810  | China  | A prominent female pirate in late Qing China. She was a prostitute who married a pirate and rose to prominence after his death. Regarded as one of the most powerful pirates in human history, she commanded her husband's fleet after his death. While the fleet she inherited was already large, she further increased the number of ships and crew. At its height, her fleet was composed of more than 1,500 ships and 80,000 sailors. She controlled much of the waters of the South China Sea. After years of piracy during which she defeated several attempts to capture her, the Qing government offered her peace in 1810 and she was able to retire. She married her second-in-command.[57]
Chui A-poo | d. 1851?  | 1840s–1850  | China  | Based in Bias Bay east of Hong Kong, Chui preyed on merchant ships in the South China Sea until his fleet was defeated by the Royal Navy in 1849.[58]
Abdulla al-Hadj | d. 1843  | 1800s  | England/Arabia  | English pirate primarily known for his activity in the South China Sea[59]
Shap Ng-tsai | fl. 1840s  | 1845–1849  | China  | Commanded around 70 junks in the South China Sea before retiring and accepting a pardon from the Chinese government.

## Blackbirders, Shanghaiers, Crimps and African Slave Traders: 1860–1900

[edit]

Name  | Life  | Years Active  | Country of origin  | Comments

|
|
|
|

Nathaniel Gordon | 1826–1862  | 1860  | United States  | The first and only American slave trader to be tried, convicted, and executed "for being engaged in the Slave Trade" in accordance with the Piracy Law of 1820.[60]
Bully Hayes | 1829–1877  | 1850–1877  | United States  | The Pirate of the South Sea, was a notorious blackbirder in the South Pacific, and was described as "the last of the Buccaneers".
Albert W. Hicks | 1820–1860  | 1860  | United States  | New York waterfront thug who killed the 3-man crew of an oyster sloop after being shanghaied. He was the last man hung for piracy in the United States.
James "Shanghai" Kelly | 1830–1892  | 1850–1870  | United States  | A legendary figure in San Francisco history who owned several boarding houses and saloons, Kelly was renowned for his ability to supply men to understaffed ships. He was reported to have shanghaied 100 men for three ships in a single evening, by hosting a free booze cruise to celebrate his "birthday", then serving opium-laced whiskey to knock out his guests.[61]
Joseph "Bunko" Kelly | d. aft. 1908  | 1879–1894  | England  | The "King of the Crimps" in Portland, Oregon, he shanghaiied over 2,000 men in all. In 1893, he delivered 20+ men who had mistakenly consumed embalming fluid from the open cellar of a mortuary. The ship sailed off before the captain realized most of the men were dead.[62]
Pedro Ñancupel | 1837–1888  | 1870s–1888  | Chile  | A Pilgerodendron lumberjack turned pirate who was active in Guaitecas Archipelago and other archipelagoes of Patagonia in the 1870s and 1880s. Ñancupel was captured in Melinka in 1886 and bought into justice in Ancud the same year. After escaping from detainment in Ancud he was captured once again and executed by firing squad on November 11, 1888. He was said at the time to have killed 99 persons.
Ben Pease | 1837–1870  | 1860–1870  | United States  | A New England sea captain who kidnapped Pacific Islanders aboard the Pioneer, providing labor for the plantations of Fiji. When Bully Hayes was arrested for piracy in Samoa, Pease helped him to escape. When next the Pioneer returned to port, Hayes was at the helm, and was rumored to have killed Pease during a fight.

## Piracy from the 20th–21st century: 1901–

[edit]

Name  | Life  | Years active  | Country of origin  | Comments

|
|
|
|

Asad 'Booyah' Abdulahi  | 1966–  | 1998–  | Somalia | Somali pirate boss, active in capturing ships in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean for ransoms.[63]
Román Delgado Chalbaud | 1882–1929  | 1929  | Venezuela | On 11 August 1929 Delgado Chalbaud led the steamship Falke, (renamed General Anzoátegui for the occasion) into Cumaná in a failed attempt to overthrow Venezuelan dictator Juan Vicente Gomez. After landing in Cumana the expeditionary force of 250–300 men soon ran into problems by government troops. Delgado was killed on the first day, and on 24 August, the leaders of the expedition surrendered.[64][65] Venezuela's roving diplomat in Europe, José Ignacio Cárdenas, had reported on the planned expedition, which helped defeat it.[66]
Rafael de Nogales Méndez | 1879–1936  | 1902  | Venezuela | With the support of president Zelaya of Nicaragua, Nogales participated in a failed attempt to overthrow Venezuelan dictator Cipriano Castro involving an expedition aboard of schooner La Libertad. The forces landed in La Guajira peninsula but were defeated by general Antonio Davila in Carazua.
Paul del Rio | 1943–2015  | 1963  | Venezuela | On 13 February 1963, Paul del Rio at the age of 19 was the leader of a Venezuelan revolutionary group, the Armed Forces of National Liberation, that seized the Venezuelan cargo ship Anzoategui in the Caribbean, in a failed attempt to overthrow President Romulo Betancourt. Involving 25 men, the ship was hauled off to the Brazilian coast, evading both the Venezuelan Navy and the U.S. Navy.
Henrique Galvão | 1895–1970  | 1961  | Portugal | On January 22, 1961, Henrique Galvão led the Santa Maria hijacking, also known as Operation Dulcinea. The Portuguese revolutionaries isolated the vessel by cutting off all communication, and killed one officer and wounded several others. Galvão used the hijacking to send radio broadcasts from the ship calling attention to his concerns and views on what he characterized as President Salazar's regime of fascism. The liner evaded both the U.S. Navy and British Royal Navy for eleven days before docking safely at Recife, Brazil.
Abdul Hassan  | 1969–  | 2005–  | Somalia | Somali pirate nicknamed "the one who never sleeps". Leader of the 350-men strong group "Central Regional Coast Guard", active in capturing ships for ransoms.[67][68]
Felix von Luckner | 1881–1966  | 1916–1917  | Germany | German navy officer nobleman privateer known by the epithet Der Seeteufel (the Sea-Devil) – and his crew that of Die Piraten des Kaisers (the Emperor's Pirates) – for his exploits in command of the sailing commerce raider SMS Seeadler (Sea Eagle) in 1916–17, during World War I.
Manuel Antonio Matos | 1847–1929  | 1902–1903  | Venezuela | With the support of the New York & Bermudez Company and Orinoco Steamship Company, in 1901 Matos participated in a failed revolution to overthrow Venezuelan dictator Cipriano Castro, involving an expedition from Trinidad aboard the steamship Ban Righ with men, weapons, ammunition for the revolutionary army. The forces landed in Coro, Paraguana peninsula, but were defeated in La Victoria by government forces on November 2, 1902.
Gustavo Machado Morales | 1898–1987  | 1929  | Venezuela | Participated in Rafael Simón Urbina's June 1929 taking of Fort Amsterdam in Curaçao, in another failed attempt to overthrow dictator Juan Vicente Gómez, involving 250 men.[64] This attempt involved the kidnapping of the governor of Curaçao, Leonardus Albert Fruytier,[64] who was hauled off to invade Venezuela on the stolen American ship Maracaibo.[64] After this raid was defeated by Gómez forces, he went into exile in Colombia with Urbina and other revolutionaries.
Joseph Mortelmans  | 1884–?  | 1907–1908  | Belgium | Joseph Mortelmans, a 25-year-old seaman on the Nueva Tigre, a 50-ton sailing ship registered and sailed under the Peruvian flag, forced the captain and mate into the water on 18 November 1907 after departing Callao.[69] He forced the other seaman, a youth named Skerritt, to help sail the ship to the west. The ship's name was changed to be the White Rose. The ship struck the reef of Abemama in the Gilbert Islands on 24 January 1908.[69] Skerritt disclosed the events as to the seizing of the ship and Mortelmans was charged with piracy and convicted in the Supreme Court of Suva in Fiji. He served his sentence in a prison in New South Wales, Australia, and was released in 1931.[69]
Abduwali Muse | 1990–  | 2008–2009  | Somalia | On 16 February 2011, Muse was a defendant in the first piracy trial in the United States in almost two centuries.
Peter de Neumann | 1917–1972  | 1941  | United Kingdom | Second Officer aboard the RN prize vessel Criton (captured from the Vichy French). Widely known as "The Man From Timbuctoo".[70][71]
"Roaring" Dan Seavey | 1865–1949  | 1900–1930  | United States | Active as a "Timber Pirate", "Lake Pirate", and "Great Lakes Pirate", in Wisconsin and Michigan, on the Great Lakes.
Boysie Singh | 1908–1957  | 1947–1956  | Trinidad | Active in the waters between Venezuela and Trinidad. Singh commonly attacked fishing boats, killing the crew and stealing the boat engine, before sinking the boat and selling the engine.[72]
Rafael Simón Urbina | 1897–1952  | 1929–1931  | Venezuela | Participated in Gustavo Machado Morales's June 1929 taking of Fort Amsterdam in Curaçao, involving 250 men.[64] This attempt involved the kidnapping of the governor of Curaçao, Leonardus Albert Fruytier, who was hauled off to invade Venezuela on the stolen American steamship Maracaibo to overthrow the dictatorship of General Gomez.[64] After this raid was defeated by troops conducted by Leon Jurado, he went into exile in Colombia with Machado and other revolutionaries.[64] In October 1931, aboard the stolen American tanker Progresso with 137 Mexican braceros and 8 Venezuelans, it landed at Puerto Gutiérrez and took Capatárida being defeated once more by General Leon Jurado's troops, after which he fled the country again.

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## Further reading

[edit]

### Ancient World

[edit]

* Abulafia, D., The Boundless Sea: A Human History of the Oceans (2019)
* Bulwer, Edward Lytton. Athens, Its Rise and Fall: With Views of the Literature, Philosophy, and Social Life of the Athenian People. New York: Harper & brothers Publishers, 1852.
* Emanuel, J.P., Black Ships and Sea Raiders: The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Context of Odysseus' Second Cretan Lie (2017)
* Fleming, R., Britain after Rome. The Fall and Rise 400 to 1070 (2010)
* Fouracre, P (ed)., The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume I c. 500–c. 700; Hamerow, H., The earliest Anglo-Saxon kingdoms; Lebecq, S., The northern Seas (fifth to eighth centuries) (2005)
* Haywood, J., Dark Age Naval Power. A Reassessment of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Seafaring Activity (1999)
* Livy, History of Rome, Rev. Canon Roberts (translator), Ernest Rhys (Ed.); (1905) London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.
* Pearson, A.F., Barbarian Piracy and the Saxon Shore; A reappraisal (2005)
* Plutarch, "Aratus" in Plutarch's Lives, Arthur Hugh Clough (editor), John Dryden (translator). Two volumes. Modern Library; Modern Library Paperback Ed edition (2001). Downloadable version at Project Gutenberg. Vol. 2: ISBN 0-375-75677-9.
* Polybius, Histories, Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (translator); London, New York. Macmillan (1889); Reprint Bloomington (1962).
* Pritchett, William Kendrick. The Greek State at War. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974. ISBN 0-520-02565-2
* Rawlinson, George; Benjamin Jowett, Henry Graham Dakyns and Edward James Chinnock. Greek Historians: The Complete and Unabridged Historical Works of Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon and Arrian. New York: Random House Incorporated, 1942.
* Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996. ISBN 0-306-80722-X
* Shaw, Philip. The Sublime. New York: Routledge, 2006. ISBN 0-415-26847-8
* Strabo, Geography, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924). Books 8–9: ISBN 0-674-99216-4, Books 13–14: ISBN 0-674-99246-6.
* Thirlwall, Connop. A History of Greece. London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1846.
* Walbank, F. W., Philip V of Macedon, The University Press (1940).
* Waltari, Mika; The Etruscan (Turms kuolematon, 1955).
* Wilkes, John, The Illyrians (Peoples of Europe), Blackwell Publishers, (1995) ISBN 0-631-19807-5.

### Middle Ages

[edit]

* Bono, Salvatore, Corsari nel Mediterraneo (Corsairs in the Mediterranean), Oscar Storia Mondadori. Perugia, 1993.
* Bottling, Douglas. The Pirates. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books Inc., 1978.
* Bracker, Jörgen : Klaus Störtebeker – only one of them. The history of the Vitalienbrüder. In: Wilfried honour-break (Hrsg.): Störtebeker. 600 years after its death (Hansi studies; Bd. 15). Porta Alba publishing house, Luebeck 2001, ISBN 3-933701-14-7
* Bradford, Ernle, The Sultan's Admiral: the Life of Barbarossa, London, 1968.
* Currey, E. Hamilton, Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean,, London, 1910
* John of Fordun, Chronicle of the Scottish Nation. Edited by William Forbes Skene, translated by Felix J.H. Skene. Reprinted, Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993. ISBN 1-897853-05-X
* Knecht, R.J. Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-521-57885-X
* McDonald, R. Andrew Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058–1266. Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 2003. ISBN 1-86232-236-8
* Meier, D., Seefahrer, Händler und Piraten im Mittelalter (2004)
* Oram, Richard, David I: The King who made Scotland. Tempus, Stroud, 2004. ISBN 0-7524-2825-X
* Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996. ISBN 0-306-80722-X
* Tschan, F.J., Adam of Bremen. History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen (2002)
* William of Newburgh, Historia rerum anglicarum, Book 1 Ch. 24, "Of bishop Wimund, his life unbecoming a bishop, and how he was deprived of his sight", Full-text online.
* Wolf, John B., The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks, New York, 1979; ISBN 0-393-01205-0

### Rise of the English Sea Dogs and Dutch Privateers: 1560–1650

[edit]

* Andrade, Tonio. The Company's Chinese Pirates: How the Dutch East India Company Tried to Lead a Coalition of Pirates to War Against China, 1621–1662].
* Bicheno, Hugh Crescent and Cross: The Battle of Lepanto 1571, Phoenix Paperback, 2004, ISBN 1-84212-753-5
* Rachel Carley (2000). Cuba: 400 Years of Architectural Heritage. Watson-Guptill. p. 224\. ISBN 0-8230-1128-3.
* David Cordingly (1997). Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates. Harvest Books. p. 320\. ISBN 0-15-600549-2.
* Currey, E. Hamilton Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean, London, 1910.
* Earle, Peter (2003). The Pirate Wars. Methuen Publishing. p. 304\. ISBN 0-413-75880-X.
* Gerhard, Peter. Pirates of New Spain, 1575–1742. Mineola, NY: Courier Dover Publications, 2003. ISBN 0-486-42611-4
* van der Hoven, Marco, ed. Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568–1648. Brill Academic Publishers, 1997. ISBN 90-04-10727-4
* Hughes-Hallett, Lucy. Heroes: A History of Hero Worship. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2004. ISBN 1-4000-4399-9.
* Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Providence Island, 1630–1641: The Other Puritan Colony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-521-55835-8
* Lane, Kris E. Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500–1750. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1998. ISBN 0-7656-0257-1
* Lunsford, V.W., Piracy and Privateering in the Golden Age Netherlands (2005)
* Manthorpe, Jonathan. Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan. New York, 2005.
* Mattingly, Garett, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, ISBN 0-395-08366-4 – a detailed account of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, it received a special citation from the Pulitzer Prize committee in 1960.
* Maxwell, Kenneth. Naked Tropics: Essays on Empire and Other Rogues. London: Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0-415-94576-3
* Mcgrath, John Terrence. The French in Early Florida: In the Eye of the Hurricane. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. ISBN 0-8130-1784-X
* Michael, Franz. The Origin of Manchu Rule in China. Baltimore, 1942. Journal of World History, 2004 Dec.; 15(4):415–44.
* Miguel de Cervantes, in chapter XXXIX of his classic El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha, mentions Uluç Ali under the name of "Uchali", describing briefly his rise to the regency of Algiers.
* Rodger, N.A.M. The Safeguard of the Sea; A Naval History of Britain 660–1649. (London, 1997).
* Roding, Juliette and Lex Heerma van Voss, ed. The North Sea and Culture (1550–1800). Larenseweg, Netherlands: Uitgeverij VerLoren, 1996. ISBN 90-6550-527-X
* Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996. ISBN 0-306-80722-X
* Schmidt, Benjamin. Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570–1670. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-80408-6
* Stradling, R.A. The Armada of Flanders: Spanish Maritime Policy and European War, 1568–1668 (Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History). Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-521-40534-8 (issued in paperback 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-52512-1)
* Wolf, John B. The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks, W.W. Norton, New York/London, 1979, ISBN 0-393-01205-0.

### Age of the Buccaneers: 1650–1690

[edit]

* The Pirates of the Caribbean II in Tortuga in the XVII Century Tortuga, 1918.
* Haring, Clarence. The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the XVII Century. Methuen, 1910.
* Walpole, Horace, Letters, Volume 4 (at Project Gutenberg)
* Lunsford, V.W., Piracy and Privateering in the Golden Age Netherlands (2005)
* Marley, David F. Pirates and Privateers of the Americas. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1994.
* Morris, Mowbray. Tales of the Spanish Main. Kessinger Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-4179-5373-X
* Riccardo Capoferro, Frontiere del racconto. Letteratura di viaggio e romanzo in Inghilterra, 1690–1750, Meltemi, 2007.
* Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996. ISBN 0-306-80722-X
* Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates: an A–Z Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996.
* The Voyages and Adventures of Capt. Barth. Sharp and Others in the South Sea, Being a Journal of the Same; Also Capt. Van Horn with His Buccanieres Surprising of La Veracruz; to Which Is Added the True Relation of Sir Henry Morgan His Expedition Against the Spaniards in the West-Indies and His Taking Panama; Together with the President of Panama's [i.e., Juan Perez de Guzman] Account of the Same Expedition, Translated Out of the Spanish; and Col. Beeston's Adjustment of the Peace Between the Spaniards and English in the West Indies. London: Printed by B.W. for R.H. and S.T. and are to be sold by Walter Davis..., 1684.
* The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

### Golden Age of Piracy: 1690–1730

[edit]

* Andrews, Thomas F. (editor) (1979) English Privateers at Cabo San Lucas: the Descriptive Accounts of Puerto Seguro by Edward Cooke (1712) and Woodes Rogers (1712), with Added Comments by George Shelvocke (1726) and William Betagh (1728). Dawson's Book Shop, Los Angeles.
* Bolster, W. Jeffrey. Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail.
* Breverton, Terry (2003) The Book of Welsh Pirates and Buccaneers. Glyndwr Publishing. ISBN 1-903529-09-3
* Cooke, Edward (1712) A Voyage to the South Sea and Round the World. 3 vols. Lintot, London
* Ellms, Charles (1837) The Pirate's Own Book: Authentic Narratives of the Most Celebrated Sea Robbers. Portland ME: Sanborn & Carter (reissued: New York: Dover Publications 1993 ISBN 0-486-27607-4)
* Gilbert, H. (1986) The Book of Pirates. London: Bracken Books.
* Johnson, Charles (1724) A General History of the Pyrates. 2 vols. London: Charles Rivington
* Johnson, Charles (1724) A General History of the Pyrates, from their First Rise and Settlement in the Island of Providence, to the Present Time... 2nd ed. London: Printed for, and sold by, T. Warner
* Johnson, Charles (1724) A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pirates (1998 ed.). Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-732-0.
* Johnson, Charles (1728) The History of the Pirates: containing the lives of Captain Mission.... London: Printed for, and sold by, T. Woodward, 1728.
* Little, Bryan (1960) Crusoe's Captain: Being the Life of Woodes Rogers, seaman, trader, colonial governor. London: Odhams Press
* Lunsford, V.W., Piracy and Privateering in the Golden Age Netherlands (2005)
* Menefee, S. P. "Vane, Charles," in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 56 (2004): pp. 94–95.
* Pennell, C. R. (2001) Bandits at Sea: a Pirates Reader. New York: NYU Press ISBN 0-8147-6678-1
* Pickering, David (2006) Pirates. CollinsGem. New York: HarperCollins Publishers; pp. 80–82
* Rediker, Marcus (2004) Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age. Boston: Beacon Press ISBN 0-8070-5024-5
* Rogers, Woodes (1712) A Cruising Voyage Round the World. London: Andrew Bell
* Rogozinski, Jan (1996) Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press ISBN 0-306-80722-X
* Rogozinski, Jan (2000) Honor Among Thieves: Captain Kidd, Henry Every, and the Pirate Democracy in the Indian Ocean. Stackpole Books ISBN 0-8117-1529-9
* Seitz, Don Carlos, Gospel, Howard F. & Wood, Stephen (2002) Under the Black Flag: Exploits of the Most Notorious Pirates. Mineola, New York: Courier Dover Publications ISBN 0-486-42131-7
* Smith, Captain Alexander (1926) History of the Highwaymen. London: George Routledge & Sons ISBN 0-415-28678-6
* Steele, Philip (2004) The World of Pirates. Boston: Kingfisher Publications ISBN 0-7534-5786-5
* The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates. London: Printed for Benj. Cowse at the Rose and Crown in St Paul's Church-Yard, 1719.

### Decline of Piracy: 1730–1900

[edit]

* Cordingly, David (1997). Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates. Harvest Books.
* Gregory, Kristiana. The Stowaway: A Tale of California Pirates. Scholastic Trade, 1995. ISBN 0-590-48822-8
* Pickering, David. "Pirates". CollinsGem. HarperCollins Publishers, New York. pp. 96–97. 2006
* Rothert, Otto A. The Outlaws of Cave-In-Rock, Otto A. Rothert, Cleveland 1924; rpt. 1996 ISBN 0-8093-2034-7

## External links

[edit]

Ancient World

* It all began with piracy.
* An article about the Roman Navy, with information on Anicetus.
* Herodotus – The History of Herodotus, with information on Dionysius the Phocaean.
* The Pirates Hold – Entry for Glauketas[usurped].

Middle Ages

* Arctic Sailors Escaped from Cyclops
* Jean Ango at Encyclopædia Britannica.com
* Genealogy – Pier Gerlofs Donia at Langenberg-Laagland.com, see Pier Gerlofs biography, PDF
* An article from the English Historical Review, vol. 27 (1912) gives biographical details of Eustace the Monk.
* Chronological list of important dates and events in the life of Turgut Reis (Italian)
* Agreement on reparations for injuries and damages by vitalians (made between King Henry IV of England and the Hanseatic League)
* Magister Wigbold and the Likedeelers (in German)[permanent dead link]
* "Heard at Byland: Wimund's Woes" from Byland Abbey website, Retrieved Jan. 2005.

Rise of the English Sea Dogs and Dutch Privateers (1560–1650)

* Two variants on the ballad of Andrew Bartin / Barton.
* (in Dutch) A short biography of Hendrik Brouwer.
* John D. Neville. "History of Thomas Cavendish", Heritage Education Program, US National Park Service.
* Christian Isobel Johnstone (1831). Lives and Voyages of Drake, Cavendish, and Dampier. Oliver & Boyd. From Google Books.
* Christian Isobel Johnstone (1892). Early English voyagers : or, The adventures and discoveries of Drake, Cavendish, and Dampier. London: Nelson. From Internet Archive
* Francois Le Clerc, at Rob Ossian's Pirate Cove
* Isle of Tortuga: Jacob Collaart[dead link]
* Oliver Seeler's website "Sir Francis Drake"
* Hunt, E. (1979) [1966]. "Eaton, Peter". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
* An exhibit in the National Archives on John Hawkins.
* A timeline of Piet Hein's life.
* Privateers and Pirates: James Riskinner
* Piracy in the Caribbean

Age of the Buccaneers (1650–1690)

* Jean Bart (English) Archived 2007-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Un dictionnaire biographique de la flibuste (1648–1688), Biographies – B (in French)
* Famous Historical Pirates – Edward Collier
* John Coxon at The Pirate King
* Works by William Dampier at Project Gutenberg
*   * A Voyage to New Holland at Project Gutenberg
*   * A Continuation of a Voyage to New Holland at Project Gutenberg
* Notable Voyagers, W.H.G. Kingston and Henry Frith – Chapter XXI: Voyages and adventures of William Dampier – from AD 1674
* Piracy in the Caribbean

Golden Age of Piracy (1690–1730)

* Brethren of the Coast: Captain Thomas Anstis
* Biography of Bartholomew Roberts
* The Pirate Cove! – George Booth
* National Geographic, "Capt. Samuel Bellamy, Rogue Romeo"
* A Biography of Stede Bonnet
* Anne Bonny at TheWayofthePirates.com
* Christopher Condent at Rob Ossian's Pirate Cove!
* Pirate Encyclopedia: Howell Davis
* Pirates hold: William Fly[usurped]
* The Pirate Cove! – John Halsey
* Biography of Miguel Henríquez
* Benjamin Hornigold at TheWayofthePirates.com
* Benjamin Hornigold at AgeofPirates.com
* Piracy in the Caribbean

Decline of Piracy (1730–1900)

* The California State Military Museum – Spanish and Mexican California: Hippolyte de Bouchard and His Attacks on the California Missions
* Hipólito (Hypolite) Bouchard and the Raid of 1818 article at the Monterey County Historical Society official website – URL accessed on December 2, 2005.
* American Museum of Natural History – Spanish Colonial History
* Gasparilla Pirate Festival
* José Gaspar site Archived 2008-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Bradlee's account of Gasparilla and the Story of Juan Gomez
* Charles Gibbs Treasure
* Charles Gibbs at Rob Ossian's Pirate Cove!
* Don Pedro Gilbert at Age of Pirates.com
* "The Execution of Gordon, The Slave-Trader", Harper's Weekly, March 8, 1862.
* "Slave Captain to be Hanged", Worcester Aegis and Transcript, December 7, 1861, p. 1\. (From Letters of the Civil War (website), archived at Wayback Machine, November 15, 2004.)
* Australian Broadcasting Commission, 22 September 2003, transcript of television program on Jørgen Jørgensen
* A biography of Jørgensen
* Bell Anthology – Samuel Mason
* Cheung Po Tsai Cave at discoverhongkong.com Archived 2002-08-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Piracy in the Caribbean

Piracy in the 20th and 21st centuries

* The Politics of Extinction Archived 2008-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Detailed profile of Paul Watson by Raffi Khatchadourian, from The New Yorker, November 5, 2007

* v
* t
* e

Piracy

Periods|

* Ancient Mediterranean
* Golden Age
* 21st century
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024

Types of pirate|

* Albanian piracy
* Anglo-Turkish piracy
* Baltic Slavic pirates
* Barbary pirates (corsairs)
* Algiers
* Brethren of the Coast
* Buccaneers
* Cilician pirates
* Child pirate
* Cossack pirates
* Filibusters
* French corsairs
* Jewish pirates
* Moro pirates
* Narentines
* Privateers
* Confederate
* River pirate
* Sea Beggars
* Sea Dogs
* Sindhi corsairs
* Timber pirate
* Ushkuyniks
* Uskoks
* Vikings
* Victual Brothers
* Wokou
* Women in piracy

Areas|

| Atlantic World|

* Caribbean
* British Virgin Islands
* Spanish Main
* Lake Nicaragua
* Venezuela
* Gulf of Guinea

|

Indian Ocean|

* Horn of Africa
* Somali Coast
* Indonesia
* Persian Gulf
* Strait of Malacca
* Nosy Boraha

Other waters|

* Baltic Slavic piracy
* Barbary Coast
* Falcon Lake
* South China Coast
* Sulu Sea

Pirate havens
and bases|

* Barataria Bay
* Île Sainte-Marie
* Libertatia
* Lundy
* Mamora
* Port Royal
* Republic of Pirates
* Republic of Salé
* Saint Augustin
* Saint-Malo
* Tortuga

Major figures|

| Pirates|

* Abduwali Muse
* Abshir Boyah
* Adam Baldridge
* Abraham Samuel
* Alfhild
* Albert W. Hicks
* Anne Bonny
* Anne Dieu-le-Veut
* António de Faria
* Alexandre Exquemelin
* Artemisia I of Caria
* Bartolomeu Português
* Bartholomew Roberts
* Benito de Soto
* Benjamin Hornigold
* Black Caesar
* Blackbeard
* Bully Hayes
* Cai Qian
* Calico Jack
* Charles Gibbs
* Charlotte Badger
* Charlotte de Berry
* Cheung Po Tsai
* Christina Anna Skytte
* Chui A-poo
* Dan Seavey
* Diabolito
* Dido
* Dirk Chivers
* Dominique You
* Edward England
* Edward Low
* Eli Boggs
* Elise Eskilsdotter
* Eustace the Monk
* Flora Burn
* Flying Gang
* Fūma Kotarō
* Francis Drake
* François Le Clerc
* François l'Olonnais
* Gan Ning
* Grace O'Malley
* Hayreddin Barbarossa
* Hendrick Lucifer
* Henri Caesar
* Henry Every
* Henry Morgan
* Henry Strangways
* Hippolyte Bouchard
* Huang Bamei
* Israel Hands
* Jacquotte Delahaye
* Jan Janszoon
* Jean Lafitte
* Jeanne de Clisson
* Johanna Hård
* John Hawkins
* John Hoar
* John Newland Maffitt
* John Pro
* Jørgen Jørgensen
* José Joaquim Almeida
* Joseph Baker
* Joseph Barss
* Klaus Störtebeker
* Lai Choi San
* Laurens de Graaf
* Lawrence Prince
* Liang Daoming
* Limahong
* Lo Hon-cho
* Louis-Michel Aury
* Mansel Alcantra
* Manuel Ribeiro Pardal
* Martin Frobisher
* Mary Lindsey
* Mary Read
* Mary Wolverston
* Michel de Grammont
* Moses Cohen Henriques
* Nathaniel Gordon
* Nicholas van Hoorn
* Ng Akew
* Olivier Levasseur
* Pedro Gilbert
* Peter Easton
* Pierre Lafitte
* Piet Pieterszoon Hein
* Princess Sela
* Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami
* Rachel Wall
* Redbeard
* Richard Glover
* Robert Culliford
* Robert Surcouf
* Roberto Cofresí
* Roche Braziliano
* Rusla
* Sadie Farrell
* Samuel Bellamy
* Samuel Hall Lord
* Samuel Mason
* Samuel Pallache
* Sayyida al Hurra
* Sister Ping
* Shap-ng-tsai
* Shirahama Kenki
* Simon Mascarino
* Stede Bonnet
* Teuta
* Thomas Cavendish
* Thomas Tew
* Veborg
* Victual Brothers
* Vincenzo Gambi
* Wang Zhi
* William Dampier
* William Kidd
* Zheng Jing
* Zheng Qi
* Zheng Yi
* Zheng Zhilong
* Zheng Yi Sao

|

Pirate
hunters|

* Angelo Emo
* Chaloner Ogle
* David Porter
* Duarte Pacheco Pereira
* James Brooke
* Julius Caesar
* Jose Campuzano-Polanco
* Luis Fajardo
* Miguel Enríquez
* Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
* Pompey
* Richard Avery Hornsby
* Robert Maynard
* Thomas Warren
* Woodes Rogers

Pirate ships|

* Adventure Galley
* Ambrose Light
* Fancy
* Flying Dutchman
* Ganj-i-Sawai
* Queen Anne's Revenge
* Quedagh Merchant
* Marquis of Havana
* My Revenge
* Royal Fortune
* Saladin
* Whydah Gally
* York

Pirate battles and incidents|

* 1582 Cagayan battles
* 1985 Lahad Datu ambush
* Action of 9 November 1822
* Action of 28 October 2007
* Action of 11 November 2008
* Action of 9 April 2009
* Action of 23 March 2010
* Action of 1 April 2010
* Action of 5 April 2010
* Anti-piracy in the Aegean
* Antelope incident
* Anti-piracy in the West Indies
* Attack on Veracruz
* Balanguingui Expedition
* Battle of Boca Teacapan
* Battle of Cape Fear River
* Battle of Cape Lopez
* Battle of Doro Passage
* Battle of Mandab Strait
* Battle of Manila
* Battle off Minicoy Island
* Battle off Mukah
* Battle of Nam Quan
* Battle of New Orleans
* Battle of Ocracoke Inlet
* Battle of Pianosa
* Battle of the Leotung
* Battle of the Tiger's Mouth
* Battle of Tonkin River
* Battle of Ty-ho Bay
* Battle of Tysami
* Beluga Nomination incident
* Blockade of Charleston (Vane)
* Chepo Expedition
* Capture of the Ambrose Light
* Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham
* Capture of the schooner Bravo
* Capture of the schooner Fancy
* Capture of the sloop Anne
* Carré d'As IV incident
* Dai Hong Dan incident
* Falklands Expedition
* Great Lakes Patrol
* Irene incident
* Jiajing wokou raids
* Maersk Alabama hijacking
* MT Zafirah hijacking
* MT Orkim Harmony hijacking
* MV Moscow University hijacking
* North Star affair
* Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA
* Operation Atalanta
* Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden
* Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden
* Operation Ocean Shield
* Persian Gulf Campaign
* Pirate attacks in Borneo
* Quest incident
* Raid on Cartagena
* Sack of Baltimore
* Sack of Campeche
* Salvador Pirates
* Slave raid of Suðuroy
* Turkish Abductions

Piracy law|

* Acts of grace (1717–1718 Acts of Grace)
* International piracy law
* Letter of marque
* Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
* Piracy Act (1536, 1698, 1717, 1721, 1837, 1850)
* Piracy Law of 1820

Slave trade|

* African slave trade
* African Slave Trade Patrol
* Amistad Incident
* Atlantic slave trade
* Barbary slave trade
* Blockade of Africa
* Capture of the Veloz Passagera
* Capture of the brig Brillante
* Indian Ocean slave trade
* Trans-Saharan slave trade

Pirates in
popular
culture|

| Fictional pirates|

* Askeladd
* Tom Ayrton
* Barbe Rouge
* Brook
* Captain Birdseye
* Captain Blood
* Captain Crook
* Captain Flint
* Captain Hook
* Captain Nemo
* Captain Pugwash
* Captain Sabertooth
* Captain Stingaree
* Charlotte de Berry
* Davy Jones
* Edward Kenway
* Elaine Marley
* Elizabeth Swann
* Franky
* Guybrush Threepwood
* Hector Barbossa
* Jack Sparrow
* Jacquotte Delahaye
* Jimbei
* José Gaspar
* Joshamee Gibbs
* Long John Silver
* Monkey D. Luffy
* Vaas Montenegro
* Mr. Smee
* Nami
* Nico Robin
* Roronoa Zoro
* Sandokan
* Sanji
* Tony Tony Chopper
* Usopp
* Will Turner
* Zanzibar

|

Novels|

* The Pirate
* The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea
* Treasure Island
* Facing the Flag
* On Stranger Tides
* Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island
* Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
* The Angel's Command
* Voyage of Slaves
* Long John Silver
* Pirate Latitudes
* Mistress of the Seas
* Silver: Return to Treasure Island

Tropes|

* Buried treasure
* Davy Jones's locker
* Eyepatch
* Jolly Roger
* skull and crossbones
* Keelhauling
* Marooning
* No purchase, no pay
* Pegleg
* Pet parrot
* Pirate code
* Pirate utopia
* Treasure map
* Walking the plank

Miscellaneous|

* Air pirate
* Space pirate
* International Talk Like a Pirate Day
* Pirates versus Ninjas

Miscellaneous|

* A General History of the Pyrates
* Captain Charles Johnson
* Truce of Ratisbon
* Pirate Round

* Mutiny
* Matelotage
* Piracy kidnappings

Lists|

* Pirates
* Pirate films and TV series
* Privateers
* List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
* Timeline of piracy
* Women in piracy

* Piracy portal
* Category

*[d.]: Death
*[fl.]: Floruit
*[c.]: Circa
*[b.]: Born
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*[e]: Edit this template