List of political parties in Malaysia

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Timeline of Malaysian political parties with origins from UMNO since 1946

This is a list of political parties in Malaysia, including existing and historical ones.

## Legislation

[edit]

Under the current legislation, all political parties (termed "Political Associations") must be registered under the Societies Act.

### Anti-hopping parties law

[edit]

In Malaysian politics, a frog (Malay: katak politik) (Sabahan: Buhangkut politik) refers to an act where a politician crosses the bench from one party to another (changing support).[1] This term was first coined during the 1994 Sabah state elections after United Sabah Party losing its majority even the party won the state elections. Despite its usage nationwide, it is more familiar within the state of Sabah.[2] Since May 25, 2023, nine states of Malaysia has approved the "Anti-Switching Parties Law" or "Anti-Hopping Parties Law" for both states legislative assembly and parliament including Sabah and Sarawak.[3]

### Election expenses

[edit]

The Election Offences Act (1954) regulates the maximum expenses allowed for candidates vying for parliamentary seats and for state seats during the campaign period (excluding before the nomination day and after election day). The permissible campaign expenditure set by the Election Offences Act (1954) is RM 100,000 per candidate for state seats and RM 200,000 per candidate for federal seats. According to this guideline, with 505 state seats and 222 parliamentary seats in the 2013 general election, the maximum amount that Barisan Nasional was allowed to spend was only about RM 95 million. Due to the lack of records and regulations, Malaysian politicians may not even know how much they spent on their campaigns or overspending the expenditure than permitted by law. Another related problem was the secrecy surrounding political funds and their use. Although many politicians, including members of newly appointed cabinets, voluntarily disclosed their personal finances, such disclosure is not compulsory and many sources of revenue remain obscure.

### Election deposits

[edit]

The deposit was RM 10,000 to contest a parliamentary seat, or RM 5,000 to contest a state assembly seat. The deposit is used to pay for infringements of election laws and is returned after polling day unless the candidate loses and fails to garner more than 12.5 per cent or one-eighth of the votes cast. Additionally it is required that each candidate provide a RM 5,000 deposit for cleaning up banners and posters after the election.

### Political donations

[edit]

Political donations are legal in Malaysia. There is no limit, and parties are not obliged to disclose the source of the funding, which makes political donations a vague subject but still entirely legal in the country. All political donations are allowed to be given into accounts of individuals and accounts of the political party. Anonymous donors and foreigners may request not to reveal their identities.

Political parties are funded by contributions from:

* party members and individual supporters (via membership fees/dues/subscriptions and/or local/foreign small donations),
* organisations, which share their political views (e.g. by trade union affiliation fees) or which stand to benefit from their activities (e.g. by local/foreign corporate donations) or
* taxpayers respectively the general revenue fund (by grants that are called state aid, government or public funding).

## Latest election results

[edit]

Main article: 2022 Malaysian general election

## Currently active parties

[edit]

### Parties represented in the Parliament and/or the state legislative assemblies

[edit]

This is the list of coalitions and parties that have representation in the Parliament of Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat & Dewan Negara) and/or the state legislative assemblies, sorted by seats held in the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia. Unless noted, numbers exclude independents and loose allies linked to each party

Coalition and Party  | Abbr  | Leader  | Ideology  | Position  | Dewan Rakyat | Dewan Negara | State Assemblies | Vote share (2022)  | Federal government

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Pakatan Harapan
Alliance of Hope[A] | PH  | Anwar Ibrahim | Progressivism

Social liberalism

Social democracy

| Centre-left |

82 / 222

14 / 70

139 / 607

| 37.46%  | Government
| Perikatan Nasional
National Alliance[B] | PN  | Muhyiddin Yassin | Religious nationalism

National conservatism

| Right-wing to far-right |

74 / 222

15 / 70

210 / 607

| 30.35%  | Opposition
| Barisan Nasional
National Front | BN  | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi | Conservatism | Centre-right to right-wing |

30 / 222

21 / 70

119 / 607

| 22.36%  | Government
| Gabungan Parti Sarawak
Sarawak Parties Alliance[C] | GPS  | Abang Abdul Rahman Johari Abang Openg | Sarawak nationalism

Conservatism

| Centre-right to right-wing |

23 / 222

6 / 70

76 / 607

| 3.94%  | Government
| Parti Gabungan Rakyat Sabah
Sabah People's Alliance Party[D] | GRS  | Hajiji Noor | Sabah nationalism

Conservatism

| Centre-right to right-wing |

6 / 222

4 / 70

42 / 607

| 2.99%  | Government
| Parti Warisan
Heritage Party | Warisan  | Shafie Apdal | Progressivism Multiracialism

Nationalism

| Centre |

3 / 222

0 / 70

14 / 607

| 1.82%  | Government
| Parti Kesejahteraan Demokratik Masyarakat
Social Democratic Harmony Party | KDM  | Priscella Peter | Sabah regionalism |  |

1 / 222

0 / 70

2 / 607

| 0.34%  | Government
| Parti Bangsa Malaysia
Malaysian Nation Party | PBM  | Larry Sng | Multiracialism |  |

1 / 222

0 / 70

2 / 607

| 0.11%  | Government
| Malaysian United Democratic Alliance
Ikatan Demokratik Malaysia[E] | MUDA  | Amira Aisya Abdul Aziz (Acting)  | Social democracy | Centre-left |

1 / 222

0 / 70

1 / 607

| 0.48%  | Opposition

A The coalition contested seats in West Malaysia using the symbol of the People's Justice Party while seats in East Malaysia were contested using the symbols of the individual coalition parties.
Excludes the Malaysian United Indigenous Party, which was part of the coalition in the 2018 election but subsequently left and later joined Perikatan Nasional in 2020.
B New alliance of parties formed in 2020. Share shown are the total seats and vote share of BERSATU, PAS and GERAKAN in the last election.
C Four parties that made up Barisan Nasional Sarawak announced their withdrawal from the coalition and formed the new coalition of 12 June 2018.[4]
D Gabungan Rakyat Sabah Party (GRS) is an official political coalition party founded in September 2020 by Datuk Sri Panglima Hajiji Noor and successfully registered, confirmed on March 11, 2022 by Registry of Societies (RoS)[5][6]
E The party contested in an electoral pact with Pakatan Harapan.

## Coalitions and electoral pacts

[edit]

### Pakatan Harapan (PH, Alliance of Hope)

[edit]

The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).

Party  | Abbr  | Leader  | Ideology  | Position  | Registered  | International
affiliation  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Democratic Action Party
Parti Tindakan Demokratik | DAP  | Anthony Loke Siew Fook | • Social democracy
• National secularism | Centre-left | 1966  | Progressive Alliance |
| United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation
Pertubuhan Kinabalu Progresif Bersatu | UPKO  | Ewon Benedick | • Sabah regionalism
• Malaysian nationalism | Centre-left | 1999 (1994)  | N/A  | [A]
| Parti Keadilan Rakyat
People's Justice Party | PKR  | Anwar Ibrahim | • Social liberalism
• Malaysian reformism | Centre-left | 2003 (1991)  | N/A  | [B]
| Parti Amanah Negara
National Trust Party | AMANAH  | Mohamad Sabu | • Islamic modernism
• National progressivism | Centre-left | 2015 (1978)  | N/A  | [C]

A Originally registered as Parti Demokratik Sabah (Sabah Democratic Party) in 1994, the party was renamed as United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation in 1999 and renamed further to its current name in 2019.
B Originally registered as Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia (Muslim Community Union of Malaysia) in 1991, the party was reorganised with new leadership in 1999 and renamed Parti Keadilan Nasional (National Justice Party). In 2003, the party merged with Parti Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Party) and was again renamed to its current name. In 2005, a small left-wing group left the party to reorganise Parti Rakyat Malaysia just prior to its de-registration.
C Originally registered as Parti Pekerja-Pekerja Malaysia (Malaysian Worker's Party) in 1978, the party was reorganised with new leadership in 2015 and renamed to its current name.

### Perikatan Nasional (PN, National Alliance)

[edit]

The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).

Party  | Abbr  | Leader  | Ideology  | Position  | Registered  | International
affiliation  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Parti Islam Se-Malaysia
Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS  | Abdul Hadi Awang | Islamism[7] | Far-right | 1955  | Muslim Brotherhood
(Ikhwanul Muslimin)  |
| Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia
Malaysian People's Movement Party | GERAKAN  | Dominic Lau Hoe Chai | Liberalism | Centre | 1968  | Liberal International
(observer) |
| Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia
Malaysian United Indigenous Party | BERSATU  | Muhyiddin Yassin | Malay nationalism | Right-wing | 2016  | N/A  |
| Malaysian Indian People's Party
Parti Rakyat India Malaysia | MIPP  | Punithan Paramsiven  | Malaysian Indians' interests | N/A  | 2019  | N/A  |

### Barisan Nasional (BN, National Front)

[edit]

The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).

Party  | Abbr  | Leader  | Ideology  | Position  | Registered  | International
affiliation  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| United Malays National Organisation
Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu | UMNO  | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi | • Ketuanan Melayu
• National conservatism | Right-wing | 1946 (1988)  | N/A  | A
| Malaysian Indian Congress
Kongres India Malaysia | MIC  | Vigneswaran Sanasee | • Malaysian Indian interest
• Social conservatism | Right-wing | 1946 (1963)  | N/A  | B
| Malaysian Chinese Association
Persatuan Cina Malaysia | MCA  | Wee Ka Siong | • Malaysian Chinese interest
• Social conservatism | Right-wing | 1949 (1963)  | N/A  | C
| Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah
United Sabah People's Party | PBRS  | Arthur Joseph Kurup | Sabah nationalism | Right-wing | 1994  | N/A  |

A Originally registered in 1946, UMNO was deregistered in 1988 and the then Prime Minister registered a new party, UMNO Baru the same year. UMNO Baru is considered a successor party to the original UMNO. The suffix Baru or New was dropped from the name in July the same year
B Originally registered as the Malayan Indian Congress, the name was changed to the current name after the formation of Malaysia in 1963
C Originally registered as the Malayan Chinese Association, the name was changed to the current name after the formation of Malaysia in 1963

### Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA, Homeland Movement)

[edit]

The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).

Party  | Abbr  | Leader  | Ideology  | Position  | Registered  | International
affiliation  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia
Pan Malaysian Islamic Front | BERJASA  | Zamani bin Ibrahim | • Islamic democracy
• National conservatism | Centre-right | 1977  | N/A  |
| Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia
Malaysia Mighty Bumiputera Party | PUTRA  | Ibrahim Ali | • National conservatism
• Malaysian reformism | Far-right | 2019  | N/A  |
| National Indian Muslim Alliance Party
National Indian Muslim Alliance Party | IMAN  | Mohammed Mosin Abdul Razak  | • Islamic democracy
• Social liberalism |  | 2019  | N/A  |

### Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS, Sarawak Parties Coalition)

[edit]

The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).

Party  | Abbr  | Leader  | Ideology  | Position  | Registered  | International
affiliation  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Sarawak United Peoples' Party
Parti Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak | SUPP  | Sim Kui Hian | National reformism | Centre-right | 1959  | N/A  |
| Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu
United Traditional Bumiputera Party | PBB  | Abang Abdul Rahman Johari Abang Openg | Ketuanan Bumiputera
Right-wing populism | Right-wing | 1973  | N/A  | A
| Progressive Democratic Party
Parti Demokratik Progresif | PDP  | Tiong King Sing | N/A  | Centre | 2002 (2017)  | N/A  | B
| Parti Rakyat Sarawak
Sarawak People's Party | PRS  | Joseph Salang Gandum | Sarawak nationalism
National reformism | Centre-right | 2004  | N/A  |

A The party is a result of a merger between Parti Bumiputera Sarawak (Sarawak Bumiputera Party), itself a merger established in 1968 between Parti Negara Sarawak (Sarawak National Party or PANAS established in 1960) and Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (Sarawak Native People's Front or BARJASA established in 1961), and Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (Sarawak Native's Heritage Party or PESAKA established in 1961)
B Originally registered as the Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party, the name was changed to its current form to facilitate the expansion of the party beyond the state of Sarawak

### Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS, Sabah People's Coalition)

[edit]

The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).

Party  | Abbr  | Leader  | Ideology  | Position  | Registered  | International
affiliation  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Parti Bersatu Sabah
United Sabah Party | PBS  | Maximus Ongkili
Joachim Gunsalam
(Acting) | • Bumiputera's rights and regionalism
• Social conservatism | Right-wing | 1985  |  |
| Parti Liberal Demokratik
Liberal Democratic Party | LDP  | Chin Su Phin  |

* Sabah regionalism
* Liberalism

| Centre | 1989  |  |
| Sabah Progressive Party
Parti Maju Sabah | SAPP  | Yong Teck Lee | Sabah regionalism | Centre | 1994  | N/A  |
| Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu (Baru)
United Sabah National Organisation (New) | USNO  | Pandikar Amin Mulia | National conservatism | Centre | 2013
| N/A  |
| Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah
Sabah People's Idea Party | GAGASAN  | Hajiji Noor | • Sabah nationalism
• Multiracialism | Centre-right | 2013  |  |
| Parti Solidariti Tanah Airku
Homeland Solidarity Party | STAR  | Jeffrey Kitingan | Sabah regionalism | Centre | 2016  |  | C
| Parti Harapan Rakyat Sabah
Sabah People's Hope Party | PHRS  | Liew Yun Fah  | Sabah regionalism | Centre | 2016  |  |
| Parti Cinta Sabah
Love Sabah Party | PCS  | Anifah Aman | Sabah regionalism | Centre | 2013  |  |

* This political coalition party was registered and legalised on March 11, 2022 under Societies Act 1966.[8]
C Originally established as the Sabah chapter of the State Reform Party (STAR), the party was reorganised and registered separately with the ROS after STAR decided to focus solely on Sarawak regional politics.

## Parties without representation in the Parliament and the state legislative assemblies

[edit]

This is the list of active coalitions and parties that do not have representation in the Parliament of Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara) and the state legislative assemblies, sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS). Parties that are part of a coalition that is represented are not listed here even if the party itself is not represented. This list does not include parties that are active but have yet to be registered with the ROS or EC such as the Green Party of Malaysia.

### Parties registered with the ROS and EC

[edit]

Political parties registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS) and with the Election Commission (EC).

Party  | Abbr  | Leader  | Ideology  | Position  | Registered  | International
affiliation  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Parti Rumpun Sabah
Sabah Clan Party | RUMPUN  | Dato Dr. Hj. Ismail Idris  | Islamic Democracy
Sabah patriotism
Sabah nationalism | Left-wing | 2024  |  |
| Parti Impian Sabah
Sabah Dream Party | PISabah  | Ybhg Michel Alok  | Sabah nationalism
Democratic socialism
Left-wing nationalism | Left-wing | 2023  |  |
| Parti Rakyat Malaysia
Malaysian People's Party | PRM  | Mohd Hashim Saaludin  | Democratic socialism
Left-wing nationalism | Left-wing | 1955 (1989)  |  | A
| Malaysian Ceylonese Congress
Kongres Ceylonese Malaysia | MCC  | Mahendranathan Thuraiappah  | N/A  | N/A  | 1958 (1970)  |  |
| Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress
Kongres India Muslim Malaysia | KIMMA  | Syed Ibrahim Kader  | Islamism
Conservatism | Centre-right | 1976  |  | B
| Parti Punjabi Malaysia
Malaysian Punjabi Party | PPM  | Datuk Gurjeet Singh Rhande  | N/A  | N/A  | 1986  |  | C
| Liberal Democratic Party
Parti Liberal Demokratik | LDP  | Chin Su Pin  | Liberal conservatism
Classical liberalism | Right-wing | 1989  |  |
| Malaysian United People's Party
Parti Bersatu Rakyat Malaysia | MUPP  | Roy Nazry  | Nationalism | Right-wing | 1994 (2011)  |  | D
| Parti Sosialis Malaysia
Socialist Party of Malaysia | PSM  | Michael Jeyakumar Devaraj | Socialism
Left-wing populism | Left-wing | 1998  |  |
| Parti Cinta Malaysia
Love Malaysia Party | PCM  | Huan Cheng Guan  | National conservatism | Right-wing | 2007  | N/A  |
| Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party
Parti Makkal Sakti Malaysia | MMSP  | R.S. Thanenthiran | Dravidianism | Centre-right | 2009  |  |
| Parti Kebangsaan Sabah
Sabah Nationality Party | PKS  | Thomas Anggan  | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2013  |  |
| Pertubuhan Perpaduan Rakyat Kebangsaan Sabah
Sabah National People's Unity Organisation | PERPADUAN  | Jack Giau  | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2013  |  |
| Parti Sejahtera Angkatan Perpaduan Sabah
Sabah Wellbeing & Unity Front Party | SAPU  | Abdul Banning Mohd.  | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2013  |  |
| Sabah Peace Party
Parti Damai Sabah | SPP  | Berman Angkap  | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2013  |  |
| Parti Kerjasama Anak Negeri
Sabah Native Co-operation Party | Anak Negeri  | Henrynus Amin  | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2013  |  |
| Parti Rakyat Gabungan Jaksa Pendamai
Justices of Peace Coalition People's Party | PEACE  | Julian Petrus Jout  | Sarawak regionalism | Centre-right | 2013  |  |
| Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah
Sabah People's Ideals Party | GAGASAN / PGRS  | Dr. Ationg Tituh

Stephen Jimbangan  | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2013  | United Nations (UN)  | no representatives until 2023, after Hajiji Noor takeover this party.
| Minority Rights Action Party
Parti Tindakan Hak Minoriti | MIRA  | K. Palanisamy  | Liberal democracy
Minority rights | N/A  | 2013  |  | F
| Sarawak People's Energy Party
Parti Tenaga Rakyat Sarawak | TERAS  | Banyi Beriak  | N/A  | Centre | 2013  |  | G
| People's Alternative Party
Parti Alternatif Rakyat | PAP  | A. David Dass  | Liberal democracy | Centre | 2014  |  |
| Sabah People's Hope Party
Parti Harapan Rakyat Sabah | HR  | Liew Yun Fah  | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2016  |  | no representatives until 2022, after this party finally got representative from Kukusan and cooperate with GRS.
| Malaysian United Party
Parti Bersama Malaysia | MUP  | Tan Gin Theam  | Liberal democracy | Centre | 2016  |  |
| Penang Front Party
Parti Barisan Pulau Pinang | PFP  | Razalif Mohd Zain  | Penang regionalism | Centre-right | 2016  |  |
| Malaysian Advancement Party
Parti Kemajuan Malaysia | KEMAJUAN  | Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy | Egalitarianism
Humanism | N/A  | 2019  |  |
| Parti Sedar Rakyat
People's Awareness Party (Renamed from Parti Sedar Rakyat Sarawak
Sarawak People's Awareness Party on 13 September 2023)[9] | SEDAR  | Othman Abdillah | National conservatism | N/A  | 28 May 2019  |  |
| Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak
Sarawak People's Aspiration Party | ASPIRASI  | Lina Soo  | • Sarawak regionalism
• State separatism | Centre-left | 1996 (2020)  | N/A  |

B PRM was originally registered as Partai Ra'ayat. It was renamed Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Socialist Party) in 1970 and then renamed again to its current name in 1989. In 2003 the party officially merged with Parti Keadilan Nasional to form Parti Keadilan Rakyat. Some members of the original PRM re-organised PRM as a functional political party in 2005 after some disagreement on the ideology and direction of the newly merged party, PKR.
C KIMMA was accepted to become the associate member of UMNO with the obserser status on 27 August 2010.[10]
D The Punjabi Party of Malaysia was established in 1986[11] but only registered with the Elections Commission in 2003.[12]
E Originally registered as the Parti Demokratik Setiahati Kuasa Rakyat Bersatu Sabah, it was later renamed on 23 March 2011 when it extended its wings to Peninsular Malaysia.
G Formed by former members of the original United Sabah National Organisation which was dissolved in 1991.
H The party applied to change its name to Minority Rights Action Party and announced its support for the Pakatan Harapan coalition prior to the GE14.
I The supposed plan to dissolve TERAS in 2016 was abandoned and never materialised.[13]

### Parties registered with the ROS but not with the EC

[edit]

Political parties registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS) but not with the Election Commission (EC). They are therefore unable or able to contest in elections using their own symbols.

Party  | Abbr  | Leader  | Ideology  | Position  | Registered  | International
affiliation  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Malaysian Indian United Party
Parti Bersatu India Malaysia | MIUP  | S. Nallakaruppan | N/A  | N/A  | 2007  |  |
| Kongres Keadilan India Malaysia
Malaysian Indian Justice Congress | KKIM  | R. Shanmugam  | Hindu nationalism
Dravidian parties | Centre-right | 2019  |  |
| Sabah Truth Party
Sabah Truth Party | KEBENARAN  | Bentan Alamin | Suluk nationalism | Right-wing | 2013  |  |
| Parti Bersatu Bugis Sabah
Sabah Bugis United Party | PBBS  | N/A  | Sabah regionalism | Right-wing | 2013  |  |
| Parti Ekonomi Rakyat Sabah
Sabah People's Economy Party | PERS  | N/A  | N/A  | Centre-right | 2013  |  |
| Parti Ekonomi Rakyat Sarawak Bersatu
United Sarawak People's Economy Party | PERSB  | Salleh Mahali | Populism
Sarawak regionalism | Centre-right | 2013  |  |
| Malaysian Indian Justice Party
Parti Keadilan India Malaysia | MIJP  | V. Arikrishna  | Hindu nationalism
Dravidianism | Centre-right | 2013  |  |
| People's National Party of Malaysia
Parti Nasional Penduduk Malaysia | PNP  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | 2013  |  |
| Minority Rights Action Party
Parti Tindakan Hak Minoriti | MIRA  | A. Rajaretinam | Liberal democracy
Minority rights | N/A  | 2013  |  | H
| Barisan Pemuda Pribumi Sarawak
Sarawak Native's Youth Front | PRIBUMI  | N/A  | • Social democracy
• Youth politics | Centre | 2022  |  |
| Barisan Dayak Bersatu Sarawak
Sarawak United Dayak Front | SADAYAK  | N/A  | • Social democracy
• Dayak nationalism | Centre-right | 2022  |  |
| Perikatan Rakyat Bersatu Johor
Johor United People's Alliance | JOPA  | N/A  | • Human rights
• Religious freedom
• Johor nationalism | Centre | 2022  |  |
| People's Power Party (Malaysia)
Parti Kuasa Rakyat | Kuasa Rakyat  | Kamaruzzaman Taacob  | Marhaenism
Nationalism | Centre-right | 2022  |  |

## Historical parties

[edit]

See also: Category:Defunct political parties in Malaysia and List of political parties in Singapore

These organisations have never been or are no longer registered as political bodies, and can thus no longer contest elections. Parties that were registered in British Malaya but operated solely in the territory of Singapore are also excluded from this list. Parties that have been renamed but still exist today as registered political parties are also excluded from this list. A number of these may still exist as organisations in some form, but none are recognised as political parties.

### Before 1925

[edit]

Party  | Abbr  | Period  | Description

|
|
|

Nanyang Communist Party
Parti Komunis Nanyang | CPN  | 1925–1930  | South Sea Communist Party is also referred to as Nanyang Communist Party or simply called as SSCP or CPN which operates and is headquartered in Singapore. SSCP or CPN has been published since 1925, and on the instructions of the Comintern then uncle Ho Chi Minh was sent as a Comintern representative for the establishment of communist parties national to harmonize the culture of the local community with the ideology of communism, such as the Indochina Communist Party, Communist Party of Indonesia, Chinese Communist Party and Communist Party of Thailand.
Communist Party of Malaya
Parti Komunis Malaya | CPM  | 1930–1989  | The party operated legally from 1945 to 1948 before it was banned. After it was banned, the party went underground as the Malayan National Liberation Army to conduct an armed rebellion. In 1989, the party signed a peace treaty with the Malaysian and Thai governments ending its armed rebellion. The current status of the party as an organisation remains unclear.
Young Malays Union
Kesatuan Melayu Muda | KMM  | 1937–1945  | The first overtly political Malay national organisation. The party was dissolved after the surrender of Japan in 1945 but her members formed the nucleus of many post-war political parties.
Pahang Malays Association
Persatuan Melayu Pahang | PMP  | 1938–1949  | The first overtly semi-political Malays national organisation in Pahang. The association was dissolved and absorbed into UMNO branches and it can be said that all the former leaders of the Pahang Malay Association continued their activities as UMNO leaders.
Syarikat Bekerjasama Am Saiburi
Saiburi General Cooperative Union | SABERKAS  | 1945–1954  | Originally organised as an underground Malay nationalist movement in Thai occupied Kedah (Saiburi in Thai), it was legalised as a political organisation in 1945 just prior to the return of Kedah to the British authorities in 1946.[14] It joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party in 1952 and was eventually merged with the other component parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[15]
Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya
Malays Nationalist Party | PKMM  | 1945–1948  | The first post-war pan-Malayan Malay nationalist party formed by former activists of the Young Malays Union advocating a form of left-wing nationalism called Marhaenism. The party was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency.
Malayan Democratic Union
Kesatuan Demokratik Malaya | MDU  | 1945–1948  | The first post-war non-ethnic political party primarily but not exclusively operating in Singapore, an integral part of British Malaya then. The party was voluntarily dissolved after their failure to block the formation of the Federation of Malaya in favour of the Malayan Union and the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency.[16]
All-Malaya Council of Joint Action | AMCJA  | 1946–1948  | A coalition of left-wing non-Malay political parties in opposition to the Federation of Malaya proposal. The coalition worked in cooperation with the left-wing Malay dominated coalition, PUTERA. The coalition ceased to exist after the dissolution of MDU, the primary component party, in 1948.[17]
Angkatan Pemuda Insaf
Aware Youth Corps | API  | 1946–1947  | Originally the youth wing of the Malay Nationalist Party, the party was organised in 1946 by the more radical left-wing elements and was subsequently banned in 1947.
Angkatan Wanita Sedar
Awakened Women's Union | AWAS  | 1946–1948  | Originally the women's wing of the Malay Nationalist Party, the party was organised in 1946 by the more radical left-wing elements and was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency.
Overseas Chinese Youth Association
Persatuan Pemuda Tionghua Perantauan Sarawak | OCYA  | 1946–1959  |
New Democratic Youth League of Malaya
Liga Pemuda Demokratik Baru Malaya | NDYL  | 1946–1948  | A member of the AMCJA, it was banned during the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency.
Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat
Centre of Peoples' Power | PUTERA  | 1947–1948  | A coalition of left-wing Malay political parties in opposition to the Federation of Malaya proposal. The coalition worked in cooperation with the left-wing non-Malay dominated coalition, AMCJA. The coalition ceased to exist after the banning of PKMM, the primary component party, in 1948.
Barisan Tani Se-Malaya
Pan-Malayan Farmers' Front | BATAS  | 1947–1948  | A left-wing party for organising Malayan peasants. The party was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency and the party's leader, Musa Ahmad, eventually became the chairman of the Communist Party of Malaya.[18]
Majlis Agama Tertinggi Se-Malaya
Pan-Malayan Supreme Religious Council | MATA  | 1947–1948  | Established by radical Malay clerics to challenge the Sultan's control of Islam. It was part of the PUTERA coalition that worked with AMCJA in a multi-racial political front. It gradually adopted a more pan-Malay nationalist approach and eventually was absorbed by Hizbul Muslimin.[19]
Gerakan Angkatan Muda
Young Generation Movement | GERAM  | 1947–1948  | Led by Aziz Ishak and A Samad Ismail, it was part of the PUTERA coalition that worked with the AMCJA in a multi-racial political front. The movement was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency.
Pemuda Radikal Melayu
Radical Malay Youth Party | PERAM  | 1948  | Established by Mohamed Mustaza, a former Secretary General of the PKMM, to replace the role played by API which was banned in 1947.[20] PERAM was itself banned after the declaration of the Malayan Emergency.
Hizbul Muslimin
Malayan Muslim People's Party | HAMIM  | 1948  | Inspired by the Muslim Brotherhood and led by Ustaz Abu Bakar al-Baqir, it was an attempt to transform MATA into a full-fledged political party. It ceased to exist after several of its leaders were arrested during the Malayan Emergency.[19]
Malacca Labour Party
Parti Buruh Melaka | MLP  | 1948–1954  | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was first organised within the territorial limits of Malacca in 1948[21] but only gained registration in 1951. In 1952, it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[15]
Peninsular Malays Union
Persatuan Melayu Semenanjung | PEMAS  | 1949–1965  | Formed as an alternative to UMNO for poorer Malays, the party were deregistered on the height of Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation

### 1950–1959

[edit]

Party  | Abbr  | Period  | Description

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Sarawak Overseas Chinese Democratic Youth League
Liga Pemuda Tionghua Perantauan Demokratik Sarawak | SOCDYL  | 1951–1954  | Radical left-wing offshoot of the Sarawak Overseas Chinese Youth Association. It was merged into the Sarawak Liberation League in 1954.
Radical Party
Parti Radikal | RP  | 1951–1952  | Led by Lim Chong Eu, the party was founded to contest the George Town Municipal Council elections. The party was dissolved in 1952 when Lim joined the Malayan Chinese Association.[22]
Alliance Party
Parti Perikatan |  | 1951–1973  | A coalition of the United Malays National Organisation, the Malayan Chinese Association and the Malayan Indian Congress. The coalition was expanded to include other parties after the 13 May Incident and was subsequently registered as the Barisan Nasional (National Front).
Independence of Malaya Party
Parti Kemerdekaan Malaya | IMP  | 1951–1953  | Established by founding president of the United Malays National Organisation, Onn Jaafar, to be a multi-ethnic party. The party did not do well electorally and was dissolved in 1953.
Labour Party of Penang
Parti Buruh Pulau Pinang | LPP  | 1951–1954  | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Penang to contest the George Town Municipal Elections. In 1952, it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[15]
Selangor Labour Party
Parti Buruh Selangor | SLP  | 1951–1954  | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Selangor. In 1952, it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[15]
Perak Labour Party
Parti Buruh Perak | PLP  | 1952–1954  | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Perak. In 1952[23] it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[15]
Negri Sembilan Labour Party
Parti Buruh Negri Sembilan | NSLP  | 1952–1954  | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Negri Sembilan to contest the Seremban Town Council elections in 1953.[24] In 1952 it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[15]
Pan-Malayan Labour Party
Parti Buruh Se-Malaya | PMLP  | 1952–1954  | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, the Pan-Malayan Labour Party was formed as a confederation of labour parties from Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca and Singapore. With the loosening of regulations, it eventually centralised its organisation to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[15]
National Association of Perak
Parti Kebangsaan Perak | NAP  | 1953–1959  | Formed and led by the first Menteri Besar of Perak, Abdul Wahab Toh Muda Abdul Aziz, the party was a multi-ethnic party that cooperated with the Independence of Malaya Party and later with Parti Negara. The party was renamed the Perak National Democratic Association and eventually absorbed by the United Malays National Organisation and the Malayan Chinese Association after the death of the founder.[25]
Province Wellesley Labour Party
Parti Buruh Seberang Prai | PWLP  | 1953–1959  | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Penang and competed against the Labour Party of Penang in the George Town Municipal Council elections in 1953.[26] The party did not join the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and existed separately until its eventual merger with the LPM.
Parti Negara
National Party | PN  | 1953–1962  | The successor party to the Independence of Malaya Party, it took a more Malay nationalistic stance compared to its predecessor but maintained a multi-ethnic composition. The party was dissolved after the death of its founding president, Onn Jaafar.
Malaysia People's Progressive Party
Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia | myPPP  | 1953–2019  | A multiracial political party in Malaysia which was one of the component members of the National Front or Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition from 1973 to 2018. After losing the 2018 election, the party has been split into two factions - one led by Maglin Dennis D'Cruz who supported myPPP remaining part of the BN coalition and the other led by party president M. Kayveas who insisted on myPPP leaving the BN coalition. The latter emerged victorious in the immediate power struggle and myPPP subsequently exited the Barisan Nasional coalition. The Registrar of Societies (RoS) has deregistered MyPPP, which is facing leadership problems, effective 14 Jan 2019.
Labour Party of Malaya
Parti Buruh Malaya | LPM  | 1954–1972  | With the easing of restrictions, the Pan-Malayan Labour Party re-organised itself from a confederation of labour parties into a centralised party.
Sarawak Liberation League
Liga Pembebasan Sarawak | SLL  | 1954–1956  | A radical left-wing political organisation in Sarawak, it was merged into the Sarawak Advanced Youth Association in 1956 after being proscribed by the colonial authorities.
Sarawak Advanced Youth Association
Persatuan Pemuda Progresif Sarawak | SAYA  | 1956–1971  | A militant left-wing political organisation in Sarawak, it eventually coalesced with other radical left-wing groups and formed the nucleus of the North Kalimantan Communist Party.
Malayan Socialist Youth League
Liga Pemuda Sosialis Malaya | MSYL  | 1956–1958  | Organised as the youth wing of the Labour Party of Malaya, it was eventually proscribed and banned shortly after the independence of Malaya.
Malayan Party
Parti Malaya | MP  | 1956–1964  | A Malacca based party, it was established to retain Malacca's status as a Crown Colony. With the formation of Malaysia in 1963, most members defected to the Alliance Party and the party eventually faded out.
Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front
Fron Sosialis Rakyat Malaya | FSRM  | 1957–1969  | A coalition initially comprising the Labour Party of Malaya and Partai Ra'ayat, it became the major Opposition party in the newly independent Malaya until the Confrontation resulted in its persecution and eventual demise.

### 1960–1969

[edit]

Party  | Abbr  | Period  | Description

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Parti Negara Sarawak
National Party of Sarawak | PANAS  | 1960–1968  | A bumiputera dominated multi-ethnic political party, it was second political party to registered in Sarawak, it was established to contest municipal and district council elections. In 1968 the party merged with the Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak to form Parti Bumiputera.
United National Kadazan Organisation
Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Kadazan Bersatu | UNKO  | 1961–1964  | Established by Donald Stephens, the first indigenous party in Sabah was modeled after UMNO in Malaya to represent the interests of the Kadazandusun community. The party split in 1962 with a group led by G. S. Sundang going on to form the United Pasok Momogun Organisation.
United Sabah National Organisation
Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu | USNO  | 1961–1996  | Established by Mustapha Harun, it was established as a multi-ethnic party but was dominated by the Muslim Bajau community. The party was eventually dissolved in 1996 with her members either joining UMNO or Parti Bersatu Sabah after the dissolution.
Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak
Sarawak Native People's Front | BARJASA  | 1961–1968  | A Muslim bumiputera party primarily representing the interests of the ethnic Malay and Melanau community, it merged with Parti Negara Sarawak in 1968 to form Parti Bumiputera.
Sarawak National Party
Parti Kebangsaan Sarawak | SNAP  | 1961–2013  | A multi-ethnic party, it joined the Sarawak Alliance but was expelled in 1965. It joined the Barisan Nasional coalition in 1976 but was again expelled in 2004.[27][28][29] It then joined the Pakatan Rakyat coalition in 2010 but withdrew just before the

2011 Sarawak state election.[30] Various internal power struggles culminated in the de-registration of the party in 2013.

North Borneo Democratic Party
Parti Demokratik Borneo Utara | NBDP  | 1962  | A Chinese-based party that was established in Jesselton, it merged later that same year with the Sandakan based United Party to form the Borneo Utara National Party (later renamed the Sabah National Party).
United Party
Parti Bersatu | UP  | 1962  | A Chinese-based party that was established in Sandakan, it merged later that same year with the Jesselton based North Borneo Democratic Party to form the Borneo Utara National Party (later renamed the Sabah National Party).
United Pasok Momogun National Organisation
Persatuan Kebangsaan Pasok Momogun Bersatu | Pasok Momogun / UPMO  | 1962–1964  | A breakaway from the United National Kadazan Organisation, it eventually reunited with its parent party to form the United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation and formed the Sabah Alliance with the United Sabah National Organisation and the Sabah National Party.
Borneo Utara National Party
Parti Kebangsaan Borneo Utara | BUNAP  | 1962–1963  | A merger of the North Borneo Democratic Party and the United Party, it was renamed the Sabah National Party after the independence of Sabah within the federation of Malaysia.
Sarawak Chinese Association
Persatuan Cina Sarawak | SCA  | 1962–1974  | A Chinese-based party set up by former Parti Negara Sarawak, it was part of the Sarawak Alliance. In 1970, most of its members crossed over to the Sarawak United Peoples' Party. SCA fell into inactivity and was wounded up by its remnant members.
Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak
Sarawak Native's Heritage Party | PESAKA  | 1962–1973  | A party established by Tun Jugah to represent Iban interests, it was in direct competition with the Sarawak National Party. It merged with Parti Bumiputera in 1973 to form the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu.
United Democratic Party
Parti Demokratik Bersatu | UDP  | 1962–1968  | Established by Lim Chong Eu, a former president of the Malayan Chinese Association, it won a single seat in the 1964 general election. It was dissolved in 1968 when Lim joined forces with a few other notable politicians to form Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia.
Sabah Indian Congress
Kongres India Sabah | SIC  | 1962–1975  | A small party representing the interests of the Indian community in Sabah, it was part of the Sabah Alliance and held one of the nominated seats in the Sabah State Assembly until 1974 when the State Government fell to Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah. It subsequently ceased being active.[31]
Sabah National Party
Parti Kebangsaan Sabah | SANAP  | 1963–1965  | Formerly the Borneo Utara National Party, it was renamed the Sabah National Party after the independence of Sabah within the federation of Malaysia. In 1965, it absorbed the social organisation, the Sabah Chinese Association, and renamed itself as the latter.
National Convention Party
Parti Perhimpunan Kebangsaan | NCP  | 1963–1965  | Established by Abdul Aziz Ishak, a former Federal Minister in Tunku Abdul Rahman's first and second administration, the party was a component of the Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front. It was weakened after the arrest of Aziz under the Internal Security Act in 1964 and subsequently dissolved.
United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation
Persatuan Pasaokmomogun Kadazan Bersatu | UPKO  | 1964–1967  | A merger of the United Kadazan National Organisation and the United Pasok Momogun National Organisation, it formed the Sabah Alliance with the United Sabah National Organisation and the Sabah National Party. By 1967, the party was absorbed the United Sabah National Organisation and had ceased to exist as an organised force.
Machinda Party
Parti Machinda | MACHINDA  | 1964–1967  | Formed by dissidents of the Sarawak United Peoples' Party who were discomforted by the increasing communist influence and led by Michael Buma, the party participated in the Malaysian Solidarity Convention. Internal conflict over the participation of the party in the MSC eventually caused the party's dissolution in 1967[32]
Sabah Chinese Association
Persatuan Cina Sabah | SCA  | 1965–1979  | Renamed from the Sabah National Party after absorbing the smaller non-political Sabah Chinese Association, it was part of the Sabah Alliance until it left in 1976. In 1978, most of its leaders and members have left to form the Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party and the party was eventually deregistered in 1979.
Malaysian Solidarity Convention
Konvensyen Solidariti Malaysia | MSC  | 1965  | A coalition led by the People's Action Party of Malaya consisting also of the United Democratic Party, the People's Progressive Party, the Sarawak United Peoples' Party and the Machinda Party to challenge what they perceived as the growth of communalism in Malaysia. The MSC was short-lived as PAP, the main convenor, was de-registered following the withdrawal of Singapore from Malaysia.
United Malaysian Chinese Organisation
Persatuan Cina Malaysia Bersatu | UMCO  | 1966–1970  | Formed by former founding member of the Malayan Chinese Association and founding Secretary General of the United Democratic Party, Chin See Yin,[33] the party failed to obtain electoral support in the 1969 general election and was dissolved in the aftermath of the 13 May Incident.
Parti Bumiputera
Bumiputera Party | PB  | 1967–1973  | A merger of the Parti Negara Sarawak and Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak, the party eventually merged with Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak to form Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu in 1973.
Parti Marhaen Malaysia
Malaysian Marhaen Party | PMM  | 1968–1974  | Formed after the release of Parti Rakyat Malaysia founder, Ahmad Boestamam, the party was a result of Boestamam's disagreement with his former party's adoption of scientific socialism as its ideology. After the failure of the party to win electoral support in the 1974 general election, it merged with Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia.

### 1970–1979

[edit]

Party  | Abbr  | Period  | Description

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United Sabah Action Party
Parti Tindakan Sabah Bersatu | USAP  | 1970–1974  | Formed by former United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation youth leader, Kalakau Untol, the party was short lived and dissolved after Kulakau joined Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia in 1974.
North Kalimantan Communist Party
Parti Komunis Kalimantan Utara | NKCP  | 1971–1990  | Formally established with the consolidation of activist and guerilla forces operating previously as the Sarawak Advanced Youth Association, communist elements of the Sarawak United Peoples' Party, the Sarawak Peoples' Guerilla Force, and the North Kalimantan Peoples' Army. The NKCP fought a low intensity insurgency against the Malaysian government until a peace agreement was signed in 1990.
Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia
Malaysian Social Justice Party | PEKEMAS  | 1972–1982  | Established by dissidents of Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia after the party joined Barisan Nasional, the party contested in the 1974, 1978, and 1982 general elections. The party did not manage to win much electoral support and lost members to Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia and the Democratic Action Party. After its failure to win any seats in the 1982 general election, the party was eventually dissolved.
Communist Party of Malaya (Revolutionary Faction)
Parti Komunis Malaya (Puak Revolusioner) | CPM–RF  | 1973–1983  | Established after a party purge by the North Malayan Bureau the Communist Party of Malaya when the 8th Regiment in Sadao broke from the main party.[34] It merged with the Communist Party of Malaya (Marxist-Leninist) in 1983 to form the Communist Party of Malaysia.
Communist Party of Malaya (Marxist-Leninist)
Parti Komunis Malaya (Marxis-Leninis) | CPM–ML  | 1974–1983  | Established after a party purge by the North Malayan Bureau of the Communist Party of Malaya when the 2nd district of the 12th Regiment broke from the main party.[34] It merged with the Communist Party of Malaya (Revolutionary Faction) in 1983 to form the Communist Party of Malaysia.
Parti Bisamah Sarawak
Sarawak Unity Party | BISAMAH  | 1974–1978  | Founded by former SNAP activist, Nelson Kundai Ngareng, the party was renamed Parti Umat Sarawak (Sarawak People's Party) in 1977. It contested the 1978 general election but failed to win any seats and was dissolved shortly thereafter.
Independent People's Progressive Party
Parti Progresif Penduduk Bebas | IPPP  | 1974–1976  | Established by dissidents of the People's Progressive Party after the party joined Barisan Nasional, the party contested in the 1974 general election but failed to gain any seats. The party became defunct shortly thereafter.
Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air
Homeland Awareness Union | KITA  | 1974–1979  | A multi-ethnic party by erstwhile members of Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia and the PAS who disagreed with the decision of their former parties to join Barisan Nasional. The party was led by former PAS MP, Hashim Gera, and contested the 1974 and 1978 general elections. Having failed to gain electoral support, the party dissolved shortly their 1978 outing.
Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak
Sarawak Peoples' National Party | NEGARA  | 1974–1999  | A small Sarawak based political party that was originally rumoured to have been funded by the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu to split the Opposition votes. It put up a strong challenge in the 1991 Sarawak state election together with Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak on a campaign promise to appoint a Dayak Chief Minister but was badly defeated.
Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah
Sabah People's United Front | BERJAYA  | 1976–1991  | Set up by the first Chief Minister of Sabah, Donald Stephens, and USNO Secretary-General, Harris Salleh, the party challenged USNO's dominance of Sabah politics and successfully won the 1976 Sabah state election. The party formed the state government for two terms before losing the 1985 election to Parti Bersatu Sabah. In 1991, the party together with USNO merged to form the Sabah chapter of the United Malays National Organisation.
Parti Perhimpunan Sabah Bersatu
United Sabah Assembly Party | PUSAKA  | 1977–1978  | A short lived party established by Kalakau Untol, the party was dissolved when Kalakau joined Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah.
Sarawak People's Organisation
Pertubuhan Rakyat Sarawak | SAPO  | 1978–1982  | Formed by former SNAP Miri branch secretary, Raymond Szetu Mei Thong to protest the party's entry in to Barisan Nasional in 1976. The party won a seat in the 1978 general election but lost it in the following term. The party then ceased to exist as an organised force thereafter.
Social Democratic Party
Parti Sosial Demokratik | SDP  | 1978–1986  | Established by dissidents of the Democratic Action Party and led by Yeap Ghim Guan, the party was unable to gain electoral support and re-united with the parent party in 1986.
Parti Anak Jati Sarawak
Sarawak Native's Party | PAJAR  | 1978–1982  | Established by dissidents of the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu led by Alli Kawi, it emerged as a major contender in Sarawak and fielded many candidates in the 1978 Sarawak election but faded away after a poor electoral showing.
Parti Sarawak Demokratik Bersatu
Sarawak United Democratic Party | SUDP / BERSATU  | 1978–1988  | Contested in both the 1983 and 1987 Sarawak elections but faded away after a poor electoral showing in both elections.
United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation
Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Pasok Nunukragang Bersatu | PASOK  | 1978–2008  | Set up by former Sabah Deputy Chief Minister G. S. Sundang, the party did not see much electoral success but have nurtured many politicians in its ranks that eventually gained prominency in Sabah. The party was de-registered in 2008 after failing to resolve a leadership crisis.

### 1980–1989

[edit]

Party  | Abbr  | Period  | Description

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|
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Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party
Parti Cina Bersatu Sabah | SCCP  | 1980–1990  | A breakaway from Sabah Chinese Association after the party's poor showing in the 1976 state election. In 1989, its leaders abandoned the party and crossed over to the newly formed Liberal Democratic Party.
Malaysian Communist Party
Parti Komunis Malaysia | MCP  | 1983–1988  | Formed on 5 December 1983 through the merger of two Communist Party of Malaya splinter groups; the Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction and the Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist-Leninist. Conducted armed struggle in the Malaysian-Thai border areas between 1983 and 1987. It eventually accepted a deal for cessation of hostilities with the Thai military and its cadres were resettled in 'friendship villages'.
Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia
Muslim People's Party of Malaysia | HAMIM  | 1983–1998  | Formed by the former president of the PAS, Asri Muda, it joined Barisan Nasional and was part of the ruling coalition of the state of Kelantan until the state fell to PAS again in 1990. The party's last electoral foray was in 1995 after which it eventually fell into inactivity and later de-registered.
Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak
Sarawak Native People's Party | PBDS  | 1983–2004  | Formed by Leo Moggie Irok after a failed attempt to win the presidency of the Sarawak National Party, it was the main representative of the Dayak community in Barisan Nasional until its splintering and subsequent de-registration in 2004.
Sarawak United Labour Party
Kongres Buruh Bersatu Sarawak | PLUS  | 1983–1991  | A small Sibu based political party, it contested both the 1986 and 1990 general elections but failed to win any representation. It disbanded shortly thereafter.
Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah
Sabah United Bumiputera People's Party | BERSEPADU  | 1984–?  | Founded by former Sabah state minister Rauf Othman who was expelled from BERJAYA and then joined but left USNO. It contested in the 1985 Sabah state election but failed to capture any seats.
Parti Nasionalis Malaysia
Malaysian Nationalist Party | NASMA  | 1985–1989  | The first Malay majority multi-racial party in the Peninsular since Parti Negara, it was embroiled in a leadership tussle within the first year, which triggered mass resignations. Entering the 1986 general Election in a weakened state, it did not capture any seat and faded away shortly after.
Parti Momogun Kebangsaan Malaysia
Malaysian National Momogun Party | MOMOGUN  | 1985–?  | A Sabah-based party that contested only in the 1986 general election, it later changed its name to Parti Momogun Kebangsaan Sabah (Sabah National Momogun Party). Momogun has since become dormant.
Democratic Malaysian Indian Party
Parti Demokratik India Malaysia | DMIP  | 1985–1997  | A breakaway from the Malaysian Indian Congress led by a former Vice-President of the party, V. Govindaraj. After a ten-year effort to join Barisan Nasional ended in failure, the party was dissolved a Govindaraj returned to his original party.
Sabah Chinese Party
Parti Cina Sabah | PCS  | 1986  | Set up by former Parti Bersatu Sabah State Assembly Member Francis Leong, it applied to join Barisan Nasional but was turned down. A few months after registration, PCS proposed to merge with Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party, with the latter declining the offer, and the party was subsequently dissolved.
Malaysian Solidarity Party
Parti Solidariti Malaysia | PCS  | 1986–1990  | Set up by former Malaysian Chinese Association Secretary-General, Yeoh Poh San, the party was part of the Gagasan Rakyat coalition but dissolved after the resignation of Yeoh and other Committee members after the 1990 general election.
Harakah Keadilan Rakyat
People's Justice Movement | HAK  | 1986  | A coalition composed of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, Parti Rakyat Malaysia, Parti Nasionalis Malaysia, and the Social Democratic Party set up to contest the 1986 general election against Barisan Nasional.[35]
Persatuan Rakyat Malaysia Sarawak
Sarawak Malaysian People's Association | PERMAS  | 1987–1991  | Formed in the aftermath of the 1987 Ming Court Affair by dissidents against the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, the party managed to win a total of 20 seats with its ally, Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak in the 1987 Sarawak election but was unable to unseat the Barisan Nasional. It failed to retain any of its seats in the 1991 election and the party dissolved shortly thereafter.
Community Coalition Congress
Kongres Penyatuan Masyarakat | CCC  | 1988–2010  | Established as the Chinese Concultative Council of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party to face the 1986 general election, it was formally registered as a political party in 1988. It did not participate directly in any general election and was subsequently superseded by PAS Supporters' Assembly, an official wing of the larger party.
Parti Melayu Semangat 46
Spirit of 46 Malay Party | S46  | 1989–1996  | Formed by the losing faction in UMNO's contentious party elections in 1987, it was led by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah. It was part of the Gagasan Rakyat and Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah coalitions that contested the 1990 general election. By the mid 1990s it had grown severely weakened and in 1996 the party was dissolved when Razaleigh returned to UMNO.
Parti Rakyat Sabah
Sabah People's Party | PRS  | 1989–1991  | Founded by former BERJAYA leader James Ongkili to challenge and defeat the then-dominant Parti Bersatu Sabah in Sabah but he ultimately left the party to join PBS which was led by his uncle, Joseph Pairin Kitingan.
Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat
People's Justice Front | AKAR  | 1989–2001  | Founded by a splinter of Parti Bersatu Sabah headed by Mark Koding, it joined Barisan Nasional in 1991. In 1998, it amended its name to Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat Bersatu (United People's Justice Front). In 1996, a leadership tussle between its top two leaders Pandikar Amin Mulia and Jeffrey Kitingan led to the latter returning to PBS with a large group. Eventually, Pandikar and party remnants decided to dissolve the party and join UMNO.
Gagasan Rakyat
People's Might | GR  | 1989–1996  | A coalition comprising the Democratic Action Party, Parti Melayu Semangat 46, Parti Rakyat Malaysia, Parti Bersatu Sabah, and the All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front to contest the 1990 general election. Disputes between the DAP and S46 eventually caused the coalition to fall apart and the coalition was dissolved after a poor showing in the 1995 general election.
Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah
Muslim Unity Movement | APU  | 1989–1996  | A coalition comprising the Parti Melayu Semangat 46, PAS, BERJASA, and the Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia to contest the 1990 general election. It won control of the Kelantan state government but was formally disbanded after 1995 general election.
Kongres Rakyat Malaysia
Malaysian People Congress | KRM  | 1986–?  | Never contested in any general election
Malaysian Unity Movement
Parti Perpaduan Anak Malaysia | MUM  | 1986–?  | Never contested in any general election
Parti Perpaduan Masyarakat
Community Unity Party | PPM  | 1989–?  | Never contested in any general election
Parti Merdeka Malaysia
Malaysian Independence Party | PMM  | 1989–?  | Never contested in any general election

### 1990–1999

[edit]

Party  | Abbr  | Period  | Description

|
|
|

United Action Party
Parti Tindakan Bersatu | UAP  | 1990–?  | A small ethnic Chinese based party in Sabah.
Parti Kesejahteraan Insan Tanah Air
Homeland People's Wellbeing Party | KITA  | 1995 (2011)-2012  | Originally registered as Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia or AKIM (Malaysian People's Justice Front), it was later renamed on 13 December 2010 by its new chairman, Zaid Ibrahim.
Malaysian Democratic Party
Parti Demokratik Malaysia | MDP  | 1998–2008  | Established by Democratic Action Party dissidents, Wee Choo Keong and Yeap Ghim Guan, the party contested the 1999 and 2004 elections but failed to win any seat. In 2008, Wee joined Parti Keadilan Rakyat and the party was dissolved.
Barisan Rakyat Sabah Bersekutu
Federated Sabah People's Front | BERSEKUTU  | 1998–2010  | Established by former Sabah Chief Minister, Harris Salleh, the party contested the 1999 general election but failed to win any seats. In 2010, the party was dissolved and Harris went on to form the Sabah People's Front.
Barisan Alternatif
Alternative Front | BA  | 1998–2004  | A coalition formed between the KeADILan, DAP, PAS, and PRM, it contested the 1999 and 2004 elections. Tensions between DAP and PAS caused the pact to fragment and by 2004, it had ceased to exist.
Angkatan Insaf Rakyat
Conscious People's Movement | AIR  | 1999  | A coalition formed by splinter parties and groups of PAS and led by AKIM, it consisted of AKIM, HAMIM, BERJASA, and two other smaller groups.
Parti Reformasi Insan Malaysia
Malaysian People's Reform Party | PRIM  | 1999–2009  | Founded by P. Uthayakumar after he left Parti Keadilan Nasional in 1999, the party failed to obtain registration. PRIM activists formed the core of the HINDRAF. HINDRAF was banned in 2007 and its leaders, including Uthayakumar was arrested under the Internal Security Act. Upon Uthayakumar's release, he formed the Human Rights Party.

### 2000–2009

[edit]

Party  | Abbr  | Period  | Description

|
|
|

Malaysian Dayak Congress
Kongres Dayak Malaysia | MDC  | 2005–2013  | Formed by supporters of Daniel Tajem who fought Dr James Masing in a bitter power struggle in Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak in 2003–2004. This resulted in the de-registration of PBDS with Masing's supporters forming Parti Rakyat Sarawak. MDC however failed to obtain registration and her key leaders contested subsequent elections as Independents or representatives of other parties like Parti Keadilan Rakyat. In 2013, one group managed to successfully register Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak Baru.
Malaysian Indian Democratic Action Front
Barisan Bertindak Demokratik India Malaysia | MINDRAF  | 2005–2009  | Formed by a veteran journalist Manuel Lopez to consolidate the objectives of the HINDRAF into a political movement, it failed to obtain registration and was hampered by the arrest of four major HINDRAF activists under the Internal Security Act. In 2009, the released detainees and party activists had formed the Human Rights Party instead.
Parti Mahasiswa Negara
National Students' Party | PMN  | 2008  | A multi-ethnic political party led by activists of the PAS friendly All Malaysia Muslim Undergraduates Movement (Gabungan Mahasiswa Islam Se-Malaysia) and supported by activists of the National Undergraduates Action Front (Barisan Bertindak Mahasiswa Negara), and Malaysian Students Solidarity (Solidariti Mahasiswa Malaysia), it failed to obtain registration as it was deemed to be against the provisions of the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 that forbade students from active participation in politics.
Pakatan Rakyat
People's Pact | PR  | 2008 -2015  | A coalition between PKR, the DAP, the PAS and the SNAP that was formed after the 2008 general election. It failed to obtain registration but continued to operate as an electoral pact in the 2013 general election. In 2015, tensions between the DAP and PAS caused the coalition to fracture with PKR, DAP and the new PAS splinter party, AMANAH forming a new coalition called Pakatan Harapan while PAS went on to form its own coalition called Gagasan Sejahtera.
Human Rights Party Malaysia
Parti Hak Asasi Manusia Malaysia | HRP  | 2009–2019  | A multi-ethnic political party led by human rights and equal rights activist P. Uthayakumar HRP registration application however was never approved and it is being considered as disbanded in due course as even the original movement it was based, HINDRAF had been deregistered in 2019.

### 2010 – present

[edit]

Party  | Abbr  | Period  | Description

|
|
|

Sabah People's Front
Barisan Bersatu Sabah  | SPF  | 2010–2012  | A splinter party of the Federated Sabah People's Front. However, in 2012, SPF was taken over by some former Sarawak Peoples' Party (PRS) members led by dissident leader Sng Chee Hua and turned into the new Sarawak Workers Party (SWP). Meanwhile, the party former president Berman Angkap formed and became the president of new Sabah Peace Party (SPP) in 2013.
Parti Sarawak Bersatu
United Sarawak Party | PSB  | 2014–2024  | The PSB was actually a splinter party of Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) set-up by the Second Finance Minister for Sarawak, Wong Soon Koh along with his supporters following a leadership tussle of the party then and it started as a pro-Barisan Nasional (BN) political pact

## See also

[edit]

* Politics of Malaysia
* List of political parties by country
* List of Malaysian electoral districts
* List of the winning political parties in the Malaysian general election by parliamentary constituency

## References

[edit]

1. ^ partyforumseasia (17 September 2020). "Malaysia's "Katak" Parliament". Political Party Forum Southeast Asia. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
2. ^ "Political Turmoil in Sabah: Attack of the Kataks". ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
3. ^ "Sabah's history of party hopping has ended, says Hajiji". The Star News. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
4. ^ Tawie, Sulok (12 June 2018). "Sarawak ruling parties quit BN". Malay Mail. Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
5. ^ Express, Daily (18 December 2022). "'GRS stronger now as a fully local party'". Daily Express. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
6. ^ Daily, Express (19 December 2022). "GRS kini kuat sebagai parti tempatan sepenuhnya". Harian Ekspres. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
7. ^ Muller, Dominik M. (2013). "Post-Islamism or Pop-Islamism? Ethnographic observations of Muslim youth politics in Malaysia" (PDF). Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde. 6 (10): 261–284.
8. ^ Bernama (11 March 2022). "RoS approves registration of Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, says Hajiji". malaymail. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
9. ^ "Sarawak-based Parti Sedar Rakyat to go national". The Star. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
10. ^ Teh Eng Hock (27 August 2010). "Kimma becomes Umno associate member". The Star. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
11. ^ Patrick, Sennyah; Chow Kum Hor (10 November 2002). "Parti Punjabi willing to wait for admission into BN". New Straits Times. The New Straits Times Press (M) Berhad. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
12. ^ "Parti Punjabi forced to amend constitution". New Straits Times. 3 October 2002. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
13. ^ Churchill Edward (29 October 2021). "Banyi quits PSB to helm Teras". Borneo Post. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
14. ^ Sahat, Yusri (5 November 2006). "Saberkas pelopori penubuhan UMNO Kedah" [Saberkas led towards the establishment of UMNO Kedah]. Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
15. ^ a b c d e f g Tan, Kim Hong (20 February 2009). "The Labour Party of Malaya, 1952–1972". Aliran Monthly. Aliran Kesedaran Rakyat. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
16. ^ "Malayan Democratic Union is formed - Singapore History".
17. ^ "Pan-Malayan Council of Joint Action is formed - Singapore History".
18. ^ Hashim, Wan (2011). Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia [Race Relations in Malaysia] (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur: ITBM. ISBN 9789830685793.
19. ^ a b Mueller, Dominick M (2014). Islam, Politics and Youth in Malaysia: The Pop-Islamist Reinvention of PAS. Routledge. pp. 51–52\. ISBN 9781317912989.
20. ^ "New Youth Party Formed". The Straits Times. Singapore. 22 January 1948.
21. ^ "Labour Party for Malacca". Morning Tribune. Singapore. 8 September 1948.
22. ^ Ong, Anna (1 February 2017). "Tun Dato' Seri Dr Lim Chong Eu". Penang Trail Blazers. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
23. ^ "Perak Labour Party Meeting". The Straits Times. Singapore. 19 July 1952. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
24. ^ "Negri to form labour party". The Straits Times. Singapore. 11 December 1952. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
25. ^ "Son of Perak who brought pride to his state". The Star. Kuala Lumpur. 1 September 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
26. ^ "New labour party in Province". The Straits Times. Singapore. 22 September 1953. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
27. ^ Sarawak party joins Pakatan, 10 January 2010, MalaysianMirror
28. ^ "Snap secara rasmi sertai Pakatan Rakyat". Malaysiakini. 20 April 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
29. ^ SNAP now fourth PR member, 20 April 2010, MalaysianMirror
30. ^ "SNAP quits Pakatan". Archived from the original on 9 May 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
31. ^ Sandhu, KS; Mani, A (1993). Indian Communities in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 581–582\. ISBN 9789812304186.
32. ^ Kroef, Justus M. (2012). Communism in Malaysia and Singapore: A Contemporary Survey. Berlin, Germany: Springer. ISBN 9789401504997.
33. ^ "Chinese form new political partyUMCO". The Straits Times. Singapore. 10 November 1966.
34. ^ a b Ong, Wei Chong (23 August 2010). Securing the Population from Insurgency and Subversion in the Second Emergency (1968-1981) (PhD). University of Exeter. hdl:10036/119566. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
35. ^ Yusoff, Kamarul Zaman (24 December 2017). "Abdul Hadi semarakkan kembali obor perjuangan PAS" [Abdul Hadi reignited the struggle of PAS]. Harakah Daily (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved 30 May 2018.

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Political parties in Malaysia

Parties represented in the Dewan Negara, Dewan Rakyat and/or State Assemblies

| Pakatan Harapan (PH)|

* Democratic Action Party (DAP)
* People's Justice Party (PKR)
* National Trust Party (AMANAH)
* United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation (UPKO)

|

Barisan Nasional (BN)|

* United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)
* Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA)
* Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)
* Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS)

Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS)|

* United Traditional Bumiputera Party (PBB)
* Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP)
* Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS)
* Progressive Democratic Party (PDP)

Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)|

* Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah (GAGASAN)
* United Sabah Party (PBS)
* Homeland Solidarity Party (STAR)
* Love Sabah Party (PCS)
* Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP)
* Sabah People's Hope Party (PHRS)

Perikatan Nasional (PN)|

* Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU)
* Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)
* Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN)

Other parties|

* Heritage Party (WARISAN)
* Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA)
* Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM)
* Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM)
* Independent

Parties without representation in the Parliament and State Assemblies

| Friends of Barisan Nasional|

* Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party (MMSP)
* Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA)
* Love Malaysia Party (PCM)
* All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front (IPF)
* Malaysian Indian United Party (MIUP)
* Punjabi Party of Malaysia (PPM)
* Parti Kuasa Rakyat (KUASA)*
* Minority Rights Action Party (MIRA)
* Malaysian People's Progressive Party (myPPP)

|

Perikatan Nasional (PN)|

* Malaysian Indian People’s Party (MIPP)

Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)|

* United Sabah National Organisation (Baru) (USNO)
* Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

Other parties|

* Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA)
* Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA)
* Parti Perikatan India Muslim Nasional (IMAN)
* Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM)
* Sabah Native Co-operation Party (ANAK NEGERI)
* Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN)
* People's Alternative Party (PAP)
* Malaysian Hope Party (PHM)
* Homeland Fighter's Party (PEJUANG)
* Socialist Alternative (SA)*
* Youth Front Party
* Sabah Dream Party (IMPIAN)
* Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM)
* People's Welfare Party (KITA)
* Malaysian United People's Party (BERSAMA)
* Malaysian Advancement Party (KEMAJUAN)
* Sabah People's Unity Party (PPRS)
* Malaysian United Party (MUP)
* Malaysian Ceylonese Congress (MCC)
* Sabah Nationality Party (PKS)
* Sabah National People's Unity Organisation (PERPADUAN)
* Sabah Truth Party (KEBENARAN)
* Sabahan Bugis United Party (PBBS)
* Sabah People's Economy Party (PERS)
* Sabah Prosperous Party of Unity Front (SAPU)
* Parti Damai Sabah (SPP)
* Land of the Hornbills Party (PBK)
* Malaysian Science Aspiration Party (SAINS)
* Economic Sarawak United People's Party (PERSB)
* Justice of the Peace Coalition People's Party (PEACE)
* Malaysian Indian Justice Party (MIJP)
* Malaysian National Party (PNM)
* Malaysian Citizen National Party (PNPM)
* Green Party of Malaysia (PHM)
* People First Party (URPARTI)
* Malaysian Arc Party (BAHTERA)
* Barisan Penyatuan Nasional
* Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak (ASPIRASI)
* Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (Baru) (PBDS)
* Parti Sedar Rakyat Sarawak (SEDAR)
* Sarawak for Sarawakian (S4S)
* Sarawak Independent Alliance (SIA)

Defunct parties and coalition

| Defunct coalitions|

* All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA)
* Labour Front (LF)
* Socialist Front (SF)
* Alliance Party (AP)
* Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front (SF)
* Barisan Sabah
* Kumpulan Maju (MAJU)
* Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU)
* Gagasan Rakyat (GR)
* Barisan Alternatif (BA)
* Pakatan Rakyat (PR)

|

Defunct former parliamentary parties|

* Malayan Party (MP)
* Sarawak National Party (SNAP)
* Sarawak Native People's Party (PBDS)
* Sarawak Malaysian People's Association (PERMAS)
* Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM)
* National Party (Negara)
* Labour Party of Malaya (Lab)
* National Convention Party (NCP)
* Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA)
* Malaysian Social Justice Party (PEKEMAS)
* Malaysian Democratic Party (MDP)
* Semangat 46 (S46)
* Parti Sarawak Bersatu (PSB)
* United Sabah National Organisation (USNO)
* United Pasok Momogun Organisation (UPMO)
* United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation (UPKO)
* Sabah National Party (SANAP)
* Sabah Chinese Association (SCA)
* Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA)
* People's Justice Front (AKAR)
* Sarawak People's Energy Party (TERAS)
* United Democratic Party (UDP)
* Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP)
* Muslim League of Malaya (ML)
* National Association of Perak (NAP)
* Radical Party (RADICAL)
* Sarawak People's Organisation (SAPO)
* Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP)
* Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA)
* Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (PESAKA)
* Parti Bumiputera Sarawak (BUMIPUTERA)
* Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS)
* Sabah Indian Congress (SIC)
* United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation (PASOK)
* Sabah Democratic Party (PDS)

Other defunct parties|

* Independence of Malaya Party (IMP)
* Malayan Communist Party (MCP) (Revolutionary Faction) (Marxist-Leninist)
* Malaysian Marhaen Party (PMM)
* North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP)
* Selangor Labour Party (SLP)
* Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (IKATAN)
* Federated Sabah People's Front (BERSEKUTU)
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* Independent People's Progressive Party (IPPP)
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* United People's Party (1976) (UPP)
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* Sabah People's Democratic Party (SEDAR)
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* Sarawak People's National Party (PNRS)
* Sarawak United Democratic Party (BERSATU)
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* Parti Bertindak Rakyat Sabah (BERSIH)
* Sabah Chinese Party (PCS)
* Sabah National Momogun Party (MOMOGUN)
* Sarawak United Labour Party (PLUS)
* Sabah People's Party (PRS)
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* United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party (SETIA)
* Malaysian Solidarity Party (MSP)
* Democratic Malaysian Indian Party (DMIP)
* Community Coalition Congress (CCC)
* Sabah People's Front (SPF)
* Parti Merdeka Malaysia (PMM)
* Human Rights Party (HRP)
* Parti Perpaduan Masyarakat (PPM)
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