List of prime ministers of Canada

Canada's prime ministers during its first century

The prime minister of Canada is the official who serves as the primary minister of the Crown, chair of the Cabinet, and thus head of government of Canada. Twenty-four people (twenty-three men and one woman) have served as prime minister. Officially, the prime minister is appointed by the governor general of Canada, but by constitutional convention, the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house. However, in a minority parliament the leader of an opposition party may be asked to form a government if the incumbent government resigns and the governor general is persuaded that they have the confidence of the House.

By constitutional convention, a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this has more specifically meant the House of Commons.[1]

The 24th and current prime minister is Mark Carney, who assumed office on 14 March 2025. There are currently six living former prime ministers. The most recent former prime minister to die was Brian Mulroney, on 29 February 2024.

## Model

[edit]

The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on the sovereign's behalf by the governor general. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was modelled after that which existed in the United Kingdom at the time of Confederation. John A. Macdonald was commissioned by the Viscount Monck on 24 May 1867 to form the first government of the Canadian Confederation. On 1 July 1867, the first ministry assumed office.[2]

## Term

[edit]

When the prime minister begins their term is determined by the date that they are sworn in as prime minister or, if they do not take an oath as prime minister, the date they were sworn into another portfolio, as an oath of office as prime minister is not required.[3] However, since 1957, all incoming prime ministers have sworn an oath as prime minister.[3] Before 1920, prime ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation.[3] Since 1920, the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed.[3] The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day".[3] Thus, although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before. Some sources, including the Parliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917.[4] Two prime ministers have died in office: John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891) and John Thompson (1892–1894), both of natural causes. All others have resigned, either after losing an election or upon retirement.

## Prime ministers

[edit]

Further information: Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada and List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office

Canadian custom is to count by the individuals who were prime minister, not by terms.[5] Since Confederation, 24 prime ministers have been called upon by the governor general to form 30 Canadian ministries.[5]

Abbreviation key: | No.: Incumbent number, Min.: Ministry, Refs: References

|

Colour key: |

Liberal Party of Canada

Historical Conservative parties (including Liberal-Conservative, Conservative (Historical), Unionist, National Liberal and Conservative, Progressive Conservative)

Conservative Party of Canada

Provinces key: | AB: Alberta, BC: British Columbia, MB: Manitoba, NS: Nova Scotia,
ON: Ontario, QC: Quebec, SK: Saskatchewan
No.  | Portrait  | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term of office  | Electoral mandates (Assembly)  | Political party  | Riding  | Cabinet  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

(1 of 2) |  | John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891) | 1 July
1867  | 5 November
1873  | Title created (caretaker government)⁠

* * *

1867 election (1st Parl.)⁠

* * *

1872 election (2nd Parl.)

|  | Liberal–Conservative | MP for Kingston, ON | 1st | [2][6]
Minister of Justice; Integration of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory into Canada; Manitoba Act; Red River Rebellion; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join Confederation; Creation of the North-West Mounted Police; Resigned over Pacific Scandal.
2  |  | Alexander Mackenzie
(1822–1892) | 7 November
1873  | 8 October
1878  | Appointment (2nd Parl.)⁠

* * *

1874 election (3rd Parl.)

|  | Liberal
(Ldr. 1873) | MP for Lambton, ON | 2nd | [7][8]
Appointed as a result of the Pacific Scandal; Creation of the Supreme Court; Passage of the Indian Act; Establishment of the Royal Military College; Creation of the office of the Auditor General.
(1)
(2 of 2) |  | John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891) | 17 October
1878  | 6 June
1891  | 1878 election (4th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1882 election (5th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1887 election (6th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1891 election (7th Parl.)

|  | Liberal–Conservative | MP for Victoria, BC
(1878–1882)

* * *

MP for Carleton, ON
(1882–1887)

* * *

MP for Kingston, ON
(1887–1891)

| 3rd | [9][10]
National Policy; Railway to the Pacific; North-West Rebellion; Hanging of Louis Riel; Imposed Peasant Farm Policy; Died in office (stroke).
3  |  | John Abbott
(1821–1893) | 16 June
1891  | 24 November
1892  | Appointment (7th Parl.)  |  | Liberal–Conservative | Senator for Inkerman, Quebec  | 4th | [11][12]
First prime minister born in what would become Canada; first of only two prime ministers to serve while in the Senate; Minister without Portfolio; succeeded on Macdonald's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson; in ill health; retired.
4  |  | John Sparrow David Thompson
(1845–1894) | 5 December
1892  | 12 December
1894  | Appointment (7th Parl.)  |  | Liberal–Conservative | MP for Antigonish, NS | 5th | [13][14]
Minister of Justice; first Catholic prime minister; Manitoba Schools Question; died in office (heart attack).
5  |  | Mackenzie Bowell
(1823–1917) | 21 December
1894  | 27 April
1896  | Appointment (7th Parl.)  |  | Conservative | Senator for Ontario  | 6th | [15][16]
Minister of Customs; Minister of Militia and Defence; Manitoba Schools Question; last prime minister to serve while in the Senate and last prime minister not to be born in Canada or pre-Canada until Turner.
6  |  | Charles Tupper
(1821–1915) | 1 May
1896  | 8 July
1896  | Appointment (caretaker government)  |  | Conservative | Did not hold a seat in legislature  | 7th | [17][18]
Minister of Customs, Minister of Railways and Canals; Oldest Canadian PM to take office. Longest life of any Canadian prime minister (as of 2025), at 94 years, four months. Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry, but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question. Only served as prime minister while Parliament was dissolved for the 1896 election, and therefore never sat in parliament as prime minister; he was MP for Cape Breton, NS immediately before and after the election.
7  |  | Wilfrid Laurier
(1841–1919) | 11 July
1896  | 6 October
1911  | 1896 election (8th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1900 election (9th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1904 election (10th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1908 election (11th Parl.)

|  | Liberal
(Ldr. 1887) | MP for Quebec East, QC | 8th | [19][20]
Manitoba Schools Question; Boer War; Alberta and Saskatchewan created; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy; Reciprocity with the US; Department of External Affairs established; first French Canadian prime minister.
8  |  | Robert Borden
(1854–1937) | 10 October
1911  | 10 July
1920  | 1911 election (12th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1917 election (13th Parl.)

|  | Government (Unionist)
(Ldr. 1901) | MP for Halifax, NS
(1911–1917)

* * *

MP for Kings, NS
(1917–1920)

| 9th
(1911–17)
10th
(1917–20) | [20][21][22]
First World War; Military Service Act; Conscription Crisis of 1917; Union government; National Research Council; Introduction of income tax; Nickle Resolution; Women's suffrage; Suppression of Winnipeg General Strike; Canada sits at the Paris Peace Conference, signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins the League of Nations; last Canadian Prime Minister to be knighted.

(1 of 2) |  | Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960) | 10 July
1920  | 29 December
1921  | Appointment (13th Parl.)  |  | Conservative
(Ldr. 1920) | MP for Portage la Prairie, MB | 11th | [23][24]
Solicitor General of Canada, Minister of Mines, Secretary of State for Canada, Minister of the Interior, Superintendent Indian Affairs; Grand Trunk Railway placed under control of Canadian National Railways.

(1 of 3) |  | William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950) | 29 December
1921  | 28 June
1926  | 1921 election (14th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1925 election (15th Parl.)

|  | Liberal
(Ldr. 1919) | MP for York North, ON
(1921–1925)

* * *

MP for Prince Albert, SK
(1925–1926)

| 12th | [LS] [25][26]
Minister of Labour; Chanak Crisis; lower tariffs; reinstated Crowsnest Pass Agreement; 1923 Imperial Conference; Halibut Treaty; Continued after 1925 with third party Progressive support until resigning after his request for an election was refused by Governor General Lord Byng.
(9)
(2 of 2) |  | Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960) | 29 June
1926  | 25 September
1926  | Appointment (15th Parl.)  |  | Conservative
(Ldr. 1920) | MP for Portage la Prairie, MB | 13th | [23][27]
Appointed as a result of the King–Byng Affair. Circumvented required ministerial by-elections by appointing "acting ministers" and subsequently defeated on a motion of no confidence.
(10)
(2 of 3) |  | William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950) | 25 September
1926  | 7 August
1930  | 1926 election (16th Parl.)  |  | Liberal
(Ldr. 1919) | MP for Prince Albert, SK | 14th | [25][28]
Balfour Declaration; Introduction of old age pensions; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries (USA, France, Japan); Great Depression.
11  |  | R. B. Bennett
(1870–1947) | 7 August
1930  | 23 October
1935  | 1930 election (17th Parl.)  |  | Conservative
(Ldr. 1927) | MP for Calgary West, AB  | 15th | [29][30]
Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Great Depression; Imperial Preference; Statute of Westminster; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission; Canadian Wheat Board; Creation of the Bank of Canada.
(10)
(3 of 3) |  | William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950) | 23 October
1935  | 15 November
1948  | 1935 election (18th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1940 election (19th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1945 election (20th Parl.)

|  | Liberal
(Ldr. 1919) | MP for Prince Albert, SK
(1935–1945)

* * *

MP for Glengarry, ON
(1945–1948)

| 16th | [LS][25][31]
Creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; National Film Board of Canada; Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada; Second World War; Japanese Canadian internment; Conscription Crisis of 1944; Canada's entry into the United Nations; Trans-Canada Airlines; Gouzenko Affair. First and to date only prime minister to serve three non-consecutive terms.
12  |  | Louis St. Laurent
(1882–1973) | 15 November
1948  | 21 June
1957  | Appointment (20th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1949 election (21st Parl.)⁠

* * *

1953 election (22nd Parl.)

|  | Liberal
(Ldr. 1948) | MP for Quebec East, QC | 17th | [32][33]
Minister of Justice, Secretary of State for External Affairs; Dominion of Newfoundland joins Confederation; right of appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended; Canada's entrance into NATO; Suez Crisis; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force; London Declaration; Newfoundland Act; Equalization; Trans-Canada Highway; St. Lawrence Seaway; Trans-Canada Pipeline; Pipeline Debate.
13  |  | John Diefenbaker
(1895–1979) | 21 June
1957  | 22 April
1963  | 1957 election (23rd Parl.)⁠

* * *

1958 election (24th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1962 election (25th Parl.)

|  | Progressive Conservative
(Ldr. 1956) | MP for Prince Albert, SK | 18th | [34][35]
Avro Arrow cancellation; Coyne Affair; Cuban Missile Crisis; NORAD; Establishment of Board of Broadcast Governors; Canadian Bill of Rights; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960; Alouette 1 satellite programme.
14  |  | Lester B. Pearson
(1897–1972) | 22 April
1963  | 20 April
1968  | 1963 election (26th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1965 election (27th Parl.)

|  | Liberal
(Ldr. 1958) | MP for Algoma East, ON  | 19th | [36][37]
Secretary of State for External Affairs; Bomarc missile program; Creation of a national system of universal healthcare; Canada Pension Plan; Canada Student Loans; Creation of a new Canadian flag; Auto Pact; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism; Unification of the Armed Forces; Canadian Centennial Celebrations.

(1 of 2) |  | Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000) | 20 April
1968  | 4 June
1979  | Appointment (27th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1968 election (28th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1972 election (29th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1974 election (30th Parl.)

|  | Liberal
(Ldr. 1968) | MP for Mount Royal, QC | 20th | [IA][38]
Minister of Justice; "Trudeaumania"; "Just Society"; decriminalizing homosexuality and legalizing abortion; October Crisis and use of the War Measures Act; Official Languages Act; Establishment of relations with Communist China; Victoria Charter; Creation of Petro-Canada; Membership in the G7; Metrication of Canada; National Housing Act amendments; inflation and eventual state intervention; Creation of Via Rail.
16  |  | Joe Clark
(b. 1939) | 4 June
1979  | 3 March
1980  | 1979 election (31st Parl.)  |  | Progressive Conservative
(Ldr. 1976) | MP for Yellowhead, AB | 21st | [IA][39]
Youngest Canadian PM; Freedom of Information Act; Canadian Caper; defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget. First prime minister born in Western Canada.
(15)
(2 of 2) |  | Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000) | 3 March
1980  | 30 June
1984  | 1980 election (32nd Parl.)  |  | Liberal
(Ldr. 1968) | MP for Mount Royal, QC | 22nd | [IA][38]
1980 Quebec referendum; Access to Information Act; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution; Montreal Protocol; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; National Energy Program; Canada Health Act; Western alienation.
17  |  | John Turner
(1929–2020) | 30 June
1984  | 17 September
1984  | Appointment (32nd Parl.)  |  | Liberal
(Ldr. 1984) | Did not hold a seat in legislature  | 23rd | [IA][40]
Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Trudeau Patronage Appointments. Never sat in parliament as prime minister. First prime minister since Bowell not to have been born in Canada.
18  |  | Brian Mulroney
(1939–2024) | 17 September
1984  | 25 June
1993  | 1984 election (33rd Parl.)⁠

* * *

1988 election (34th Parl.)

|  | Progressive Conservative
(Ldr. 1983) | MP for Manicouagan, QC
(1984–1988)

* * *

MP for Charlevoix, QC
(1988–1993)

| 24th | [IA][41]
Cancellation of the National Energy Program; Meech Lake Accord; Petro-Canada privatization; Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax; Charlottetown Accord; Sanctions against South Africa; Acid Rain treaty; Gulf War; Oka Crisis; Emergencies Act; Environmental Protection Act; Privatization of Air Canada, North American Free Trade Agreement; Nunavut Land Claims Agreement; Airbus affair.
19  |  | Kim Campbell
(b. 1947) | 25 June
1993  | 4 November
1993  | Appointment (34th Parl.)  |  | Progressive Conservative
(Ldr. 1993) | MP for Vancouver Centre, BC | 25th | [IA][42]
Minister of Justice, Minister of Veterans Affairs, Minister of National Defence, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs; only female prime minister of Canada. Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election.
20 |  | Jean Chrétien
(b. 1934) | 4 November
1993  | 12 December
2003  | 1993 election (35th Parl.)⁠

* * *

1997 election (36th Parl.)⁠

* * *

2000 election (37th Parl.)

|  | Liberal
(Ldr. 1990) | MP for Saint-Maurice, QC | 26th | [IA][43]
Minister of Finance, Minister of Indian Affairs, Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, Minister of Justice and Energy Minister, President of the Treasury Board, Minister of National Revenue, Deputy Prime Minister of Canada; Privatization of Canadian National Railway, Red Book; Harmonized Sales Tax; 1995 Quebec referendum; Clarity Act; Assassination attempt; Kosovo War; 1997 Red River flood; Social Union Framework Agreement; Creation of Nunavut Territory; Youth Criminal Justice Act; Operation Yellow Ribbon; Invasion of Afghanistan; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq; Sponsorship scandal; Kyoto Protocol; Gomery Inquiry.
21 |  | Paul Martin
(b. 1938) | 12 December
2003  | 6 February
2006  | Appointment (37th Parl.)⁠

* * *

2004 election (38th Parl.)

|  | Liberal
(Ldr. 2003) | MP for LaSalle—Émard, QC | 27th | [IA][44]
Only son of Paul Martin Sr., a prominent politician; served as Minister of Finance; Minority government. Civil Marriage Act; Kelowna Accord; Sponsorship scandal; Gomery inquiry; G20; Atlantic Accord
22 |  | Stephen Harper
(b. 1959) | 6 February
2006  | 4 November
2015  | 2006 election (39th Parl.)⁠

* * *

2008 election (40th Parl.)⁠

* * *

2011 election (41st Parl.)

|  | Conservative
(Ldr. 2004) | MP for Calgary Southwest, AB | 28th | [IA][45]
Accountability Act; Softwood Lumber Agreement; Afghanistan Mission; 2006 Ontario terrorism plot; Québécois nation motion; 2008 financial crisis; Coalition crisis; Economic Action Plan; Afghan detainee issue; Parliamentary contempt; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol; Repeal of the Long-Gun Registry; Senate expenses scandal; 2014 Parliament Hill shootings; Anti-terrorism Act, 2015.
23 |  | Justin Trudeau
(b. 1971) | 4 November
2015  | 14 March
2025  | 2015 election (42nd Parl.)⁠

* * *

2019 election (43rd Parl.)⁠

* * *

2021 election (44th Parl.)

|  | Liberal
(Ldr. 2013) | MP for Papineau, QC | 29th | [46]
Eldest son of Pierre Trudeau, the 15th prime minister; served as Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth; brought Liberals from 3rd place to majority government; resettling of Syrian refugees; Paris Agreement; Canada–Europe Trade Agreement; Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement; legalization of cannabis; Carbon pricing in Canada; Aga Khan affair; United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement; Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou; Negotiated Release of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig; SNC-Lavalin affair; COVID-19 pandemic; use of the Emergencies Act; WE Charity scandal; weapon shipment for defence of Ukraine; confidence and supply agreement with NDP; diplomatic dispute with India; Canada Child Benefit; $10 a day childcare; Yaroslav Hunka scandal; Canadian Dental Care Plan; Pharmacare; 2024–2025 Canadian political crisis; 2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico.
24 |  | Mark Carney
(b. 1965) | 14 March
2025  | incumbent | Appointment (44th Parl.)⁠

* * *

2025 election (45th Parl.)

|  | Liberal
(Ldr. 2025) | MP for Nepean, ON | 30th | [48]
First prime minister born in any of the territories; first prime minister to have never served in prior elected office; first Governor of the Bank of Canada to serve as prime minister and first to hold a high position in another country (Governor of the Bank of England); 2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico[47]

LSParty won the election, but prime minister lost own seat
IAThe Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day." Under the Act, prime ministers' tenures are therefore credited as having concluded at the end of their last full day in office, although their resignation was received by the governor general on the following day. This provision applies to P. Trudeau in 1979[49] and 1984,[50] Clark,[51] Turner,[52] Mulroney,[53] Campbell,[54] Chrétien,[55] Martin,[55] Harper,[55] and J. Trudeau.

## Timeline

[edit]

### Lifespan timeline

[edit]

## See also

[edit]

* Canada portal
* Politics portal

* Fathers of Confederation
* Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada
* Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)
* List of Canadian federal parliaments
* List of Canadian monarchs
* List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office
* List of prime ministers of Canada by religious affiliation
* List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria
* List of prime ministers of Edward VII
* List of prime ministers of George V
* List of prime ministers of Edward VIII
* List of prime ministers of George VI
* List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II
* List of prime ministers of Charles III
* List of joint premiers of the Province of Canada
* Spouse of the prime minister of Canada

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Forsey, Eugene (2005), How Canadians Govern Themselves (PDF) (6 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 38, ISBN 0-662-39689-8, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2009, retrieved 24 March 2011
2. ^ a b "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
3. ^ a b c d e "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation: Life of a Ministry". Government of Canada Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
4. ^ "Prime Ministers of Canada: Gallery". Parliament of Canada. 15 January 2007. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
5. ^ a b "Prime Ministers of Canada". Library of the Canadian Parliament. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
6. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
7. ^ "Profile – Mackenzie, Alexander". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
8. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
9. ^ "Profile – Macdonald, John Alexander". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
10. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
11. ^ "Profile – Abbott, John Joseph Caldwell". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
12. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
13. ^ "Profile – Thompson, John Sparrow David". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 23 December 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
14. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
15. ^ "Profile – Bowell, Mackenzie". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 25 January 2025. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
16. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
17. ^ "Profile – Tupper, Charles". Parliament of Canada. 30 October 1915. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
18. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
19. ^ "Profile – Laurier, Wilfrid". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
20. ^ a b "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
21. ^ "Profile – Borden, Robert Laird". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
22. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
23. ^ a b "Profile – Meighen, Arthur". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 25 January 2025. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
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25. ^ a b c "Profile – King, William Lyon Mackenzie". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 22 December 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
26. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
27. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
28. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
29. ^ "Profile – Bennett, Richard Bedford". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
30. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
31. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
32. ^ "Profile – St-Laurent, Louis Stephen". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
33. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
34. ^ "Profile – Diefenbaker, John George". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
35. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
36. ^ "Profile – Pearson, Lester Bowles". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
37. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
38. ^ a b "Profile – Trudeau, Pierre Elliott". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
39. ^ "Profile – Clark, Charles Joseph". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
40. ^ "Profile – Turner, John Napier". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
41. ^ "Profile – Mulroney, Martin Brian". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 16 December 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
42. ^ "Profile – Campbell, A. Kim". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
43. ^ "Profile – Chrétien, Joseph Jacques Jean". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 7 February 2025. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
44. ^ "Profile – Martin, Paul Edgar Philippe". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
45. ^ "Profile – Harper, Stephen Joseph". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 4 March 2025. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
46. ^ "Profile – Trudeau, Justin". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
47. ^ Murphy, Jessica (9 March 2025). "Canada's next PM Mark Carney vows to win trade war with Trump". BBC News. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
48. ^ "Profile – Carney, Mark". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
49. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
50. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
51. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
52. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
53. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
54. ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
55. ^ a b c "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.

## Further reading

[edit]

Main article: List of books about prime ministers of Canada

* Brodie, I. (2018). At the Centre of Government: The Prime Minister and the Limits on Political Power. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-5378-1.
* Coucill, I. (2005). Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation. Pembroke Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55138-185-5.
* Dutil, P. (2017). Prime Ministerial Power in Canada: Its Origins under Macdonald, Laurier, and Borden. The C.D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-3476-6.
* Donaldson, G. (1994). The Prime Ministers of Canada. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 978-0-385-25454-0.
* English, J.R.; Dutil, P. (2023). Statesmen, Strategists and Diplomats: Canada's Prime Ministers and the Making of Foreign Policy. The C. D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History Series. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-6855-6.
* Schlee, Gary (2018). Unknown and unforgettable : a guide to Canada's Prime Ministers. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ISBN 978-1-7753780-0-6. OCLC 1108336247.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Stewart, J.D.M. (2018). Being Prime Minister. Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-4597-3849-2.

## External links

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* Prime Minister's Official Site – Government of Canada
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