List of private spaceflight companies

This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2020)

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Private spaceflight companies include non-governmental or privately-owned entities focused on developing and/or offering equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human. This list includes both inactive and active entities.

List of abbreviations used in this article

LEO: Low Earth orbit
GTO: Geostationary transfer orbit
HCO: Heliocentric orbit
VTOL: Vertical take-off and landing
SSTO: Single-stage-to-orbit
TSTO: Two-stage-to-orbit
SSTSO: Single-stage-to-sub-orbit

## Commercial astronauts

[edit]

* Association of Spaceflight Professionals[1][2] — Astronaut training, applied research and development, payload testing and integration, mission planning and operations support (Christopher Altman, Soyeon Yi)[1][3]

## Manufacturers of space vehicles

[edit]

Main article: List of spacecraft manufacturers

### Cargo transport vehicles

[edit]

See also: Comparison of space station cargo vehicles

Company name  | Spacecraft  | Launch system  | Length (m)  | Dry mass (kg)  | Launch mass (kg)  | Payload (kg)  | Payload volume (m3)  | Return payload (kg)  | Diameter (m)  | Generated power (W)  | Automated docking  | Status

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SpaceX | Dragon | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 6.1 | 4,200[4] | 10,200 | 6,000[5] pressurized or unpressurized, in any mixture[6] | 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized), or 34 (unpressurized with extended trunk)[7] | 3,000 capsule return[8] | 3.7 | 2,000[9] | No  | Retired (21/22)
Dragon 2 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 8.1 | 6,400 |  | 6,000[5] | 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized)  | 3,000[5] | 3.7 |  | Yes  | Operational (10/10)
Orbital | Cygnus (standard) | Antares 110 | 5.14 | 1,500[10] |  | 2,000[10] | 18.9[10] | None  | 3.07 | 3,500[11] | No  | Retired (3/4)
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Cygnus (enhanced) | Antares 230
Atlas V 401
Falcon 9 Block 5 | 6.34 | 1,800[12] |  | 3,500[12] | 27[12] | None  | 3.07 |  | No  | Operational (16/16)
Sierra Space | Dream Chaser Cargo System | Atlas V
Vulcan[13] | 16.8[14] |  |  | 5,000 pressurized, 500 unpressurized[15] |  | 1,750[15] |  |  | Yes  | Development
Planned: 2025

### Crew transport vehicles

[edit]

See also: Comparison of crewed space vehicles

#### Orbital

[edit]

Company name  | Spacecraft  | Range  | Launch
system  | Crew
size  | Length (m)  | Diameter (m)  | Launch mass (kg)  | Power
system  | First
spaceflight*  | Status

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Blue Origin | Biconic Space Vehicle  | LEO | New Glenn |  |  |  |  |  | Planned date not known  | Development
Boeing | CST-100 Starliner | LEO | Multiple, initially Atlas V | 7[16] | 5.03[17] | 4.56[17] | 13,000  | Solar panels  | Crewed: 5 June 2024
(Uncrewed: 20 December 2019)  | Operational
Sierra Space | Dream Chaser Space System | LEO | Multiple, initially Vulcan Centaur | 7[18] | 9[19] |  | 11,300[20] |  | 2026[21] | Development
SpaceX | Dragon 2 | LEO | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 7[note 1] | 8.1[22] | 3.7[23] | up to 6,000  | Solar  | Crewed: May 30, 2020
(Uncrewed: 2 March 2019)  | Operational (18/18)
Starship | Mars[24][note 2] | Super Heavy |  | 50[24] | 9[24][note 3] | 1,335,000[24] | Solar panels  | Planned: First Crewed date not known (First Uncrewed: 20 April 2023)  | Testing

(1/3)

* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

1. ^ Number of seats will be 4 for crew member rotations for the ISS
2. ^ Although designed to be capable of flying to anywhere in the Solar System[citation needed], this vehicle's intended maximum range (after refueling in LEO) is Mars
3. ^ Plus fins/legs

#### Suborbital

[edit]

See also: Ansari X Prize § Contestants

Company name  | Spacecraft  | Range  | Launch
system  | Crew
size  | Length (m)  | Diameter (m)  | Launch mass (kg)  | First
spaceflight*  | Status

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Scaled Composites | SpaceShipOne | 100 km (62 mi)  | White Knight | 1 | 8.53  | 8.05  | 3,600  | 21 June 2004  | Retired (3/3)[note 1]
Blue Origin | New Shepard Crew Capsule | 114 km (71 mi) (capsule, using the launch escape system motor)  | New Shepard | 6 |  | 3.6  |  | Crewed: July 20, 2021

(Uncrewed: April 29, 2015)

| Operational (23/24)
The Spaceship Company | SpaceShipTwo | 110 km (68 mi)  | White Knight Two | 8 (2 Pilots, 6 Passengers)  | 18.3  | 8.3  | 9,740  | 13 December 2018  | Testing (10/11)[note 2]
Copenhagen Suborbitals[note 3] | Tycho Deep Space | 105 km (65 mi)
| Spica | 1 | 13  | 0.955  | 4,000  | Planned date not known  | Development
PD AeroSpace | (Unknown)  | 110 km (68 mi)[25] | (Unknown)  | 8 (6 passengers, 2 pilots)  | 14.8[26] |  | >6,000  | Planned date not known  | Development
World View | Explorer Capsule  | 30 km (19 mi)  | Stratospheric Balloon  | 10 (8 passengers, 1 pilot, 1 concierge)  |  | 5.5  | 4,500  | Planned 2024  | Development

* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

1. ^ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
2. ^ Does not include powered flights not intended to reach space
3. ^ Denmark's amateur human space program.

### Launch vehicle manufacturers

[edit]

Further information: List of orbital launch systems

Company name  | Launcher
name  | Launcher
type  | No. of
stages  | Maximum
reach  | Launcher
status  | Maiden
flight  | Ref

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ABL Space Systems | RS1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Retired (0/1)  | 10 January 2023  | [27]
Agnikul Cosmos | Agnibaan | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  |
Alpha Impulsion | Grenat  | Light rocket  | 1  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [28]
ARCA Space | Haas 2b | Suborbital crewed rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  | [29]
Haas 2CA | Light rocket  | 1  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [30]
Super Haas | Medium rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Proposed  | Unknown  | [31]
EcoRocket Demonstrator  | Reusable light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | 2022 (planned)  | [32]
EcoRocket Heavy  | Heavy rocket  | 3  | Deep space  | Proposed  | Unknown  | [32]
Australian Space Research Institute | AUSROC Nano | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [33]
Astra Space | Astra Rocket 1  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Retired (0/1)  | 2018  | [34][35][36]
Astra Rocket 2  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Retired (0/1)  | 2018  | [37]
Astra Rocket 3  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Retired (2/5)  | 2020  | [38][39]
Astra Rocket 4  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  | [40][41]
SALVO  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [42][43][44]
Bellatrix Aerospace | Chetak  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  |
Blue Origin | New Shepard | Reusable suborbital rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (22/23)  | 2015  |
New Glenn | Reusable heavy rocket  | 2 or 3  | GTO  | Operational (1/1)  | 2025  | [45][46][47]
New Armstrong | Reusable super-heavy rocket  | 3  | HCO  | Proposed  | ~2030 (proposed)  |
BluShift Aerospace | Stardust  | Reusable sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 2020  |
Starless Rogue  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  |
Brown Dwarf  | Sounding rocket  | 2 or 3  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  |
Red Dwarf  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Q2 2024 (planned)  |
Borneo SubOrbitals | TBA | Sounding rocket  | 2 or 3  | Suborbital  | Development  | 2022 (planned)  | [48][49][50]
Canadian Arrow | Canadian Arrow | Suborbital crewed rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  | [51]
CubeCab  | Cab-3A  | Light rocket  | 3 + airplane  | LEO  | Proposed  | Unknown  | [52][53]
Datiotec Aeroespacial / INMEU A.C.  | JFCR.2000-Pollux  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  | [54][55]
Dawn Aerospace | Mk-II Aurora | Light Rocket  |  | Suborbital  | Test flights (3/3)  | 2023  | [56]
Evolution Space | Gold Chain Cowboy  | Sounding Rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | 2023  | [57][58]
Exos Aerospace | SARGE  | Reusable sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (3/4)  | 2018  | [59][60]
Equatorial Space Systems | Volans  | Light Rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [61]
Dorado  | Sounding Rocket  | 1 or 2  | Suborbital  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  | [62]
LAD  | Sounding Rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Retired (1/1)  | 2020  | [63]
Firefly Aerospace | Firefly Alpha | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Operational (4/5)  | 2021  | [64]
Firefly MLV | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  | [65]
Galactic Energy | Ceres-1 | Light Rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Operational (13/14)  | 2020  | [66]
General Astronautics  | Urania  | Medium rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [67][68]
Gilmour Space Technologies | RASTA  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Retired (1/1)  | 2016  | [69]
Eris | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | April 2023 (Planned)  | [69]
Generation Orbit | X-60A (GOLauncher 1)  | Air-launched sounding rocket  | 1 + airplane  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  | [70][71]
GOLauncher 2  | Air-launch-to-orbit  | 2 + airplane  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  |
Independence-X Aerospace | DNLV (Dedicated Nano Launch Vehicle)  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  | [72][73]
Interorbital Systems | NEPTUNE N series  | Light rocket  | 3–4  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [74][75]
NEPTUNE N36  | Light rocket  | 4  | TLI | Proposed  | Unknown  | [74][75]
Neptune TSAAHTO  | Medium rocket  | 2½  | TLI | Proposed  | Unknown  | [74]
Interstellar Technologies | Momo  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (3/7)  | 2017  | [76][77]
Isar Aerospace | Spectrum | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Testing (0/1)  | 2025  | [78]
Launcher  | Light  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [79]
Leaf Space  | Primo  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Proposed  | Unknown  | [80][81]
Lesath International  | Telson  | Reusable Light Rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2029 (Planned)  |
Lesath International  | Scorpion  | Reusable Medium Rocket  | 2  | TMI  | Proposed  | Unknown  |
Lin Industrial  | Taymyr  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [82][83]
Lockheed Martin | VentureStar | Reusable spaceplane | 1  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [84]
Athena | Medium rocket  | 2 or 3  | TLI | Retired (5/7)  | 1995  |
Mishaal Aerospace  | M-SV  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  | [85][86][87]
M-OV  | Light rocket  | 1 + 6 Boosters  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [85][86][88]
M-LV  | Light rocket  | 1 + 8 boosters  | TLI | Development  | Unknown  | [85][86][89]
OneSpace | OS-X  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Operational (2/2)  | 2018  | [90]
OS-M1  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Operational (0/1)  | 2019  | [91]
OS-M2  | Light rocket  | 3 + 2 boosters  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [92]
OS-M4  | Light rocket  | 3 + 4 boosters  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [93]
Orbex | Prime  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  | [94]
OrbitX | Haribon SLS-1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023–2024 (planned)  |
Outerstellar Space  | Crocoship  | Medium rocket  | 1  | LEO  | Development  | 2040 (planned)  | [95]
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Antares | Medium rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Operational (17/18)  | 2013  | [96]
Minotaur-C, formerly Taurus | Light rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Operational (7/10)  | 1994  | [97][98][99]
Pegasus | Air-launch-to-orbit  | 3-4 + airplane  | HEO | Operational (40/45)  | 1990  |
Omega | Medium rocket  | 3 + 0-6 boosters  | GEO  | Cancelled  | (Was planned for 2021)  | [100]
Orbital Transport & Raketen AG | OTRAG | Medium rocket  | variable  | LEO (designed)
Suborbital (achieved)  | Retired (15/18)  | 1977  | [101]
Perigee Aerospace | Blue Whale 1 | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2025  | [102][103]
PLD Space | Miura 1 | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 6 October 2023  | [104][105][106][107][108]
Miura 5 | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | 2024 (planned)  | [107]
Relativity Space | Terran 1 | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Retired (0/1)  | 23 March 2023  | [109][110]
Terran R | Reusable heavy rocket  | 2  | Deep space  | Development  | 2024 (planned)  | [111]
Rocket Crafters  | Intrepid-1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [112][113]
Rocket Lab | Ātea-1 | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Retired (1/1)  | 2009  | [114][115]
Ātea-2 | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  | [116]
Electron | Reusable light rocket  | 2  | TLI  | Operational (34/37)  | 2017  | [117]
Neutron | Reusable medium rocket  | 2  | GTO  | Development  | 2024 (planned)  | [118][119]
RocketStar  | Star-Lord  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [120]
Rocket Factory Augsburg | RFA One | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  | [121][122][78]
Skyroot Aerospace | Vikram S | Sounding rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Operational  | 2022 November 18  | [123]
Vikram-II  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  |
Vikram-III  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  |
Skyrora | Skyrora 1 | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  | [124][125][126]
Skylark Micro  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 2021  | [127]
Skylark L  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | 2022 (planned)  | [128][129]
Skyrora XL | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  | [130][131][132][133]
SpaceForest  | Bigos  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (5/5)  | 2015  | [134]
Candle-2  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 2016  | [135][136][137]
Perun  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 2020[138] | [139]
SIR (Suborbital Inexpensive Rocket)  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | 2022 (planned)  | [134][140]
Space Services Inc. | Percheron | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  | [141]
Conestoga 1620 | Medium rocket  | 4  | LEO (designed)
Suborbital (achieved)  | Retired (0/1)  | 1995  | [141]
SpaceLS  | Prometheus-1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [142][143]
Space Pioneer | Tiansuo-1  | Vertical landing test stage  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  | [144]
Tianlong-1 | Light rocket  |  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [144]
SpaceX | Falcon 1 | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Retired (2/5)  | 2006  | [145]
Falcon 1e | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [145]
Falcon 5 | Medium rocket  | 2  | GTO  | Cancelled  | —  | [146]
Falcon 9 v1.0 | Medium rocket  | 2  | GTO (designed)
LEO (achieved)  | Retired (5/5)  | 2010  | [147]
Falcon 9 v1.1 | Medium rocket  | 2  | HCO | Retired (14/15)  | 2013  | [147]
Falcon 9 Full Thrust
Block 1-4  | Reusable medium rocket /
Heavy rocket (expendable)  | 2  | TMI[148] | Retired (36/36)  | 2015  | [147]
Falcon 9 Block 5 | Reusable medium rocket /
Heavy rocket (expendable)  | 2  | TMI[148] | Operational (452/453)  | 2018  | [149][150]
Falcon Heavy | Reusable heavy rocket /
Super-heavy rocket (expendable)  | 2 + 2 boosters  | Deep space (Pluto)[151] | Operational (11/11)  | 2018  | [147][152]
Starship Super-Heavy | Reusable super-heavy rocket  | 2  | Deep space  | Testing (4/9)  | 2023  |
Stoke Space | Nova  | Reusable light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [153]
Success Rockets | Nebo 1 | Ultralight rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | December 2021  | [154]
Stalker | Ultralight rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2024  | [155]
United Launch Alliance | Atlas V | Medium rocket  | 2 + 0-5 boosters  | TMI | Operational (98/99)  | 2002  | [156]
Delta II 6000  | Medium rocket  | 2-3 + 9 boosters  | GTO  | Retired (17/17)  | 1989  | [157]
Delta II 7000  | Light rocket  | 2-3 + 3, 4 or 9 boosters  | GTO  | Retired (130/132)  | 1990  | [157]
Delta II 7000H  | Medium rocket  | 2-3 + 9 boosters  | TMI | Retired (6/6)  | 2003  | [157]
Delta IV | Medium rocket  | 2 + 0, 2 or 4 boosters  | GTO  | Retired (29/29)  | 2003  | [158]
Delta IV Heavy | Heavy rocket  | 2 + 2 boosters  | GTO  | Retired (14/15)  | 2004  | [159]
Vulcan | Heavy rocket  | 2 + 0-6 boosters  | GTO  | Operational (1/1)  | 2024  | [160][161]
UP Aerospace | Skyloft/Skyloft XL  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (18/19)  | 2006  |
Spyder  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023  |
Vector Launch | Vector-R | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (2 prototype launches in 2017)  |
Vector-RE1 | Light rocket  | 2 or 3  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  |
Vector-H | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  |
Vector-HE1 | Light rocket  | 2 or 3  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  |
Virgin Orbit | LauncherOne | Air-launch-to-orbit  | 2 + airplane  | LEO  | Retired (4/6)  | 2020 (First successful attempt Jan 2021)  | [162]
X-Bow Systems  | Bolt  | Light rocket  | 1  | LEO  | Development  | July 2022  | [163][164]
Zero2infinity | Bloostar | Rockoon system (high-altitude balloon and space launcher)  | 3 + high-altitude balloon  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [165]

### Landers, rovers and orbiters

[edit]

See also: Google Lunar X Prize § Competitors

Company name  | Craft name  | Craft type  | Craft status  | Ref

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ARCASPACE | ELE (European Lunar Explorer)  | lunar orbiter  | Development  | [166]
Astrobotic Technology | Red Rover  | lunar rover  | Development  | [167]
Griffin (previously Artemis Lander)  | lunar lander  | Development  | [168]
Peregrine Lander  | lunar lander  | Retired  | [169][170]
Blue Origin | Blue Moon | lunar lander  | Development  |
Integrated Lander Vehicle | crewed lunar lander  | Development  |
Dynetics | Dynetics HLS | lunar lander  | Development  |
Euroluna | ROMIT  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  | [171]
Firefly Aerospace | Blue Ghost | lunar lander  | Operational  |
Elytra  | orbital vehicle  | Development  |
Golden Spike Company
(defunct)  | unnamed | crewed lunar lander  | Cancelled  | [172]
Hakuto | Sorato  | lunar rover  | Development  | [173][174]
Tetris  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  | [175]
Independence-X Aerospace | SQUALL (Scientific Quest Unmanned Autonomous Lunar Lander)  | lunar lander  | Cancelled  | [176]
Interorbital Systems | RIPPER (Robotic InterPlanetary Prospector Excavator Retriever)  | lunar lander  | Development  | [177]
Intuitive Machines | Nova-C lander, and Universal Reentry Vehicle (URV)[178] | lunar lander; reusable orbital vehicle  | Operational  | [179]
Lunar Mission One | unnamed | lunar lander  | Proposed (2014)  | [180]
Lunar Outpost | MAPP rover  | lunar rover  | Testing  | [181]
Masten Space Systems | XEUS | lunar lander  | Negotiating  | [168]
Masten Space Systems | XL-1 | lunar lander  | Development  | [182]
Moon Express | MX-1 | lunar lander  | Testing  | [168][183]
Odyssey Moon | MoonOne (M-1)  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  | [184]
Omega Envoy  | Sagan  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  | [185]
OrbitBeyond | Z-01 | lunar landers and rovers  | Proposed (2018)  | [186][187]
PTScientists | Audi Lunar quattro  | lunar rover  | Testing  | [188]
PTScientists | ALINA (Autonomous Landing and Navigation Module)  | lunar lander  | Development  | [189]
Puli Space Technologies | Puli | lunar rover  | Fundraising  | [190]
Roscosmos | Luna 25  | lunar lander  | Crashed  | [191]
SpaceX | Starship | crewed mars lander  | Development  |
Starship HLS | crewed lunar lander  | Development  |
Team FREDNET | Picorover  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  | [192]
Team Italia  | AMALIA (Ascensio Machinae Ad Lunam Italica Arte)  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  | [193]
Team Indus | HHK-1  | lunar lander  | Development  |
Team Indus | ECA  | lunar rover  | Development  |
TransOrbital | TrailBlazer  | lunar orbiter  | Cancelled  | [194]
Team Plan B  | Plan B  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  |
Spacebit  | Asagumo  | lunar rover  | Testing  | [195][196]
Space IL | Beresheet  | lunar lander  | Crashed upon landing  |
Space Explration Corp  | Defiant  | lunar lander  | Cancelled  | [197]
Synergy Moon | Tesla  | lunar rover  | Development  | [198]

### Research craft and tech demonstrators

[edit]

Further information: List of sounding rockets

Company name  | Craft name  | Craft purpose  | Craft status  | Ref

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TesArc Space | TesAris Satellite Constellation  | Testing satellite-based signal detection for defense, security, aviation monitoring, and asset tracking.  | Development  | "Announcing the Launch of TesArc Space Inc. in Houston, Texas". TesArc Space. Retrieved 2025-04-04.
ARCA | Demonstrator 2b | demonstrate reusable monopropellant engine  | Retired  |
Armadillo Aerospace | Quad | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired  |
ASRI | AUSROC I  | systems Testing  | Retired  |
AUSROC II  | payload to 10 km  | Retired  |
AUSROC 2.5  | systems Testing  | Testing  |
AUSROC III  | payload of 150 kg to 500 km  | Development  |
Blue Origin | Goddard | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired  |
Deep Blue Aerospace | Nebula-1  | demonstrate VTOL  | Development  | [199]
Evolution Space | Gold Chain Cowboy  | systems testing, payload to 124 km  | Development  | [200]
Interorbital Systems | Neutrino  | systems Testing  | Operational  |
Tachyon  | systems Testing  | Operational  | [201]
Lockheed Martin | X-33 | demonstrate SSTO  | Cancelled  |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1 | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired  |
XA-0.1B | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 1  | Operational  |
XA-0.1E | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 2, commercial precursor flights  | Retired (12 flights)  |
XA-0.1E2 | commercial flights  | Destroyed (115 flights)  |
XA-0.1E4 | commercial flights  | Retired (75 flights)  |
XA-0.1E5 | commercial flights  | Operational  |
XL-1T | terrestrial test bed for the XL-1 lunar lander  | Development  |
Xeus | commercial flights  | Cancelled  |
McDonnell Douglas | DC-X | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (11 test flights)  |
Origin Space | Yang Wang-1  | space mineral resources developer  | Development  | [202]
Rotary Rocket | Roton ATV  | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (3 test flights)  |
Space Services Inc. | Conestoga I | systems Testing  | Retired (1 test)  | [141]
SpaceX | Grasshopper | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (8 tests)  | [203]
F9R Dev1 | refine VTOL (low altitude)  | Destroyed (5 flights)  | [204]
F9R Dev2 | refine VTOL (high altitude)  | Cancelled  |
Starhopper | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (4 test flights)  |
Starship prototypes | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (7 test flight)  |
Swedish Space Corp. | Maxus | payload to 700 km  | Operational  |
Maser | payload to 300 km  | Operational  |
UP Aerospace | SpaceLoft XL | payload to 140 km  | Operational  | [205]
World View Enterprises | Stratollite  | payload up to 30 km and 300 kg  | Operational  | [206][207]
zero2infinity | nanobloon 1.0  | payload to 32 km  | Operational  | [208]
nanobloon 2.0  | payload to 33 km  | Operational  |
microbloon 1.0  | payload to 24 km  | Operational  |
microbloon 2.0  | payload to 31 km  | Operational  |
microbloon 3.0  | payload to 27 km  | Operational  |

## Propulsion manufacturers

[edit]

Company name  | Engine  | Engine type  | Applications  | Status  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|

Accion Systems Inc.  | MAX-1, TILE  | electrospray ion | small satellite/CubeSat | Development  | [209][210]
Ad Astra Rocket Company | VASIMR | plasma propulsion | space tug/orbital transfer vehicle | Development  | [211]
ARCA | Executor | LOX/RP-1 | IAR 111, Haas 2, Haas 2b, Super Haas | Development  |
ArianeGroup | Vulcain | LH2/LOX | Ariane 5/Ariane 6 Main stage  | Operational  |
Blue Origin | BE-3 | LH2/LOX | New Shepard | Operational  |
BE-4 | LOX/CH
4 | Vulcan, New Glenn | Operational  |
CU Aerospace  | PUC  | microcavity discharge | small satellite/CubeSat | Development  | [212][213]
CHIPS  | resistojet | small satellite/CubeSat | Development  | [213][214]
PPT-11  | pulsed plasma | small satellite/CubeSat | Development  | [215][216]
Exo Terra Resource  | Halo  | Hall effect | small satellite/CubeSat | Development  | [217]
Firefly Aerospace | Reaver  | LOX/RP-1 | Firefly Alpha first stage  | Operational  |
Miranda  | LOX/RP-1 | Firefly MLV first stage  | Development  | [65]
Reaction Engines Ltd. | SABRE | hybrid air-breathing/chemical  | Skylon | Development  | [218]
Rocket Lab | Rutherford  | LOX/RP-1 | Electron first stage  | Operational  |
Rutherford Vacuum  | LOX/RP-1 | Electron second stage  | Operational  |
Archimedes  | LOX/CH
4 | Neutron first stage  | Development  | [219]
Sierra Space | VR35K-A  | LH2/LOX | Upper Stage  | Development  | [220]
SpaceDev | RocketMotorOne | hybrid | SpaceShipOne | Retired  | [221]
SpaceX | Kestrel | LOX/RP-1 | Falcon 1 second stage  | Retired  |
Merlin | LOX/RP-1 | Falcon 1, Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy first stage/boosters  | Operational  | [222][223][151]
Merlin Vacuum | LOX/RP-1 | Falcon 9 second stage, Falcon Heavy second stage  | Operational  | [223][151]
Raptor | LOX/CH
4 | SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure, Starship, Starship HLS | Operational  | [224]
Virgin Galactic | RocketMotorTwo | hybrid | SpaceShipTwo | Operational
Ursa Major Technologies  | Hadley  | Jet-A/LOX | Hypersonics, Boost Stage, Upper Stage  | Development  | [225][226]

## Satellite launchers

[edit]

Company  | Launch vehicles  | Notes  | Refs

|
|
|

Arianespace | Ariane, Vega  | Minority owned by some EU states  |
Astra Space | Rocket 3, Rocket 4  | Rocket 3 retired in August 2022  | [41]
Firefly Aerospace | Firefly Alpha, Firefly MLV  |  |
IHI Corporation | Epsilon  | Some R&D by JAXA  |
Lesath International  | Telson, Scorpion  |  |
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries | H-IIA  | R&D done by JAXA.  | [227]
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Antares, Minotaur  | Own launchers, funded by NASA  |
Rocket Lab | Neutron, Electron  |  |
SpaceX | Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy  |  |
Sea Launch | Zenit  | Owned by S7 Airlines  |
United Launch Alliance | Atlas V, Vulcan Centaur  | 50% owned by Lockheed Martin, 50% Boeing  |
Vaya Space  | Dauntless  |  | [228]

## Space-based economy

[edit]

Further information: Space-based economy

### Space manufacturing

[edit]

Company name  | Products  | Manufacturing craft  | Status  | Ref

|
|
|
|

Shackleton Energy Company | propellant, space infrastructure, propellant depot | Unknown  | Defunct (2020)  | [229]
Made In Space | 3D printing in ISS, in-space antenna systems, fiber optics  | Unknown  | Operational (2018)  | [230]
Varda Space Industries | building products in space and bringing them back to earth (ex: ZBLAN, 3d printed organs)  | Unknown  | Operational (2021)  | [231]
Deep Space Industries | propellant, communications platforms, space solar power satellites | MicroGravity Foundry  | Defunct (2020)  | [232]
Cosmic Shielding Corporation  | Space Materials; Multifunctional polymers for spacecraft and habitat structural and shielding components  | Unknown  | Operational (2021)  | [233][234]

### Space mining

[edit]

Company name  | Body to be mined  | Mining craft  | Mining status  | Ref

|
|
|
|

AstroForge | Near-Earth asteroids  | Brokrr-1, Odin (formerly Brokkr-2)  | Development  | [235]
Deep Space Industries | Near-Earth asteroids  | Prospector-1, Harvestor 1  | Defunct (2019)  | [236][237]
ispace | Moon  | Hakuto-R  | Development  | [238][239]
Moon Express | Moon | MX-1, MX-2, MX-5, MX-9  | Development  | [240]
Planetary Resources | Near-Earth asteroids  | Arkyd Series 100, 200, 300  | Cancelled  | [241]
Shackleton Energy Company | Moon | TBD  | Defunct (2020)  | [229]

### Space stations

[edit]

Private Company name  | Space Craft name  | Space Craft type  | Internal
volume  | Passenger
capacity  | Craft status  | Orbit Around  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Vast | Haven-1 | Rigid module  | 45m3 | 4  | Development  | Earth  |
Axiom Space | Axiom Station | Rigid module  |  | 8[242][better source needed] | Development  | Earth  | [243]
Bigelow Aerospace | Genesis I subscale test spacecraft  | Inflatable module  | 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[244] | Uncrewed  | Derelict, on orbit[245] | Earth  | [244]
Genesis II subscale test spacecraft  | Inflatable module  | 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)  | Uncrewed  | Derelict, on orbit[245][246] | Earth  | [247][248]
Galaxy | Inflatable module  | 16.7 m3 (590 cu ft)[249][250] | Uncrewed  | Cancelled  | Earth  | [251]
Sundancer | Inflatable module  | 180 m3 (6,357 cu ft)  | 3  | Cancelled  | Earth  | [252]
BA 330 | Inflatable module  | 330 m3 (11,654 cu ft)  | 6  | Cancelled[253] | Earth  | [254][255][256]
BA 2100 | Inflatable module  | 2,100 m3 (74,161 cu ft)  | 16  | Cancelled[253] | Earth  | [257]
Space Complex Alpha | Inflatable space station  | 690 m3 (24,367 cu ft)  | 12  | Cancelled  | Earth  |
Excalibur Almaz | Almaz derivative | Rigid module  | 3  | Cancelled  | Earth  | [258][259][260]
Galactic Suite Ltd. | Galactic Suite | Rigid module  |  | 6  | Proposed (2007)  | Earth  | [261]
Orion Span | Aurora Space Station | Rigid module  | 160 m3 (5,650 cu ft)  | 6 (2 Crew, 4 Tourists)  | Proposed (2018)  | Earth  | [262][263]
Sierra Space | Large Inflatable Fabric Environment  | Inflatable module  | 300 m3 (10,594 cu ft)  | 4  | Testing  | Moon/Mars  | [264]
Blue Origin | Orbital Reef  | Rigid module  | 830 m3 (29,311 cu ft)  | TBA  | Development (2021)  | Earth  | [265]

## Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers

[edit]

Company  | Products  | Refs

|
|

Altius Space Machines | Rendezvous and capture technology for uncooperative satellites; magnetoshell aerocapture and aerobraking technology for CubeSats; lightweight robotic manipulators[when?] | [citation needed]
Andrews Space | Reusable space vehicles; HTHL spacecraft; magnetorquers[when?] | [citation needed]
Alén Space | NanoSats and CubeSats  | [266]
Astranis | MicroGEO Satellites  |
TESBL Aerospace Corporation  | In-space services; Solar Array Drive Actuators (SADA); microgravity payload integration, as of 2019[update] | [267]

[268]

Axelspace [ja] | CubeSats  | [269]
CesiumAstro  | Active phased array communications payloads that include RF inter-satellite links as of 2017.  | [270][271]
Craig Technologies  | Small satellite deployment services (up to 110 kg); microgravity payload integration[when?] | [272]
EADS Astrium Satellites | Spacecraft and ground segment elements  | [citation needed]
EADS Astrium Space Transportation | Launchers and orbital infrastructure  | [citation needed]
Innovative Solutions In Space | CubeSat manufacture and operation, as of 2018[update] | [273]
Made in Space | 3D printers for use in microgravityas of 2013[update] | [274]
Mynaric | Laser communication for satellites and aircraft  | [275]
Portal Space Systems | Satellite buses with a solar thermal propulsion system  | [276][277]
RUAG Space | Antenna Pointing Mechanisms; Solar Array Drive Assembly (SADA); satellite components; launchers and structures as of 2009[update] | [278][better source needed]
SpaceDev | Small spacecraft; propulsion products and services; space components, mechanisms and structures[when?] | [279]
SpaceQuest, Ltd. | Spacecraft and spacecraft components[when?] | [citation needed]
Xplore  | Satellite payload transport and hosting in Earth orbit and Beyond Earth orbit (BEO) destinations, including flight to asteroids, Venus, and Mars. Active as of 2020[update] | [280]
Cosmic Shielding Corporation  | Radiation Shielding materials for spacecraft and spacesuits; Space Weather Forecasting and Mitigation  | [233]
ADDMAN Engineering  | Metallurgy development and production of components including thrusters, injectors, cold plates, hot gas manifolds to space and hypersonic industry, especially refractory metals (Titatnium, Niobium) as of 2020

## Spaceliner companies

[edit]

Company name  | Contracts for  | Craft utilised  | Status  | Notes  | Refs

|
|
|
|
|

Axiom Space | SpaceX | Crew Dragon | Active  | SpaceX Axiom Space-1 launched in April 2022  | [281][282]
Benson Space Company | SpaceDev | Dream Chaser | Defunct  |  | [283]
MirCorp | none | Soyuz TM, Progress M1 and Mir | Defunct  | Mir deorbited  |
Space Adventures | \-  | Soyuz and the ISS | Active  | 9 tourists sent  | [284]
RocketShip Tours | XCOR | Lynx rocketplane | Defunct  |  |
Virgin Galactic | Scaled Composites | Spaceship Two, White Knight 2 | Active  | 7 Spaceship Two glide flights successfully completed  |

## See also

[edit]

* List of government space agencies
* List of spacecraft manufacturers including the "traditional space" companies
* NewSpace
* Private spaceflight
* Robert Truax
* Space industry

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[edit]

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