List of proxy wars

This article appears to be slanted towards recent events. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events. (October 2022)

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* Late modern
* Industrial warfare
* Fourth-gen warfare
* AI warfare

Military

* Organization
* Command and control
* Defense ministry
* Reserves
* Ranks

* * *

* Branches:
* Army
* Navy
* Air force
* Marines
* Coast guard
* Border guard
* Special forces
* Cyber force
* Space force

* * *

* Specialties:
* Staff
* Engineers
* Intel
* Recon
* Medical
* Police
* Diving
* Pilot

* * *

* Land units:
* Infantry
* Armor
* Cavalry
* Artillery
* Special forces
* Signal corps

* * *

* Naval units:
* Warships
* Submarines
* Aircraft carriers
* Landing craft
* Auxiliary ships

* * *

* Air units:
* Fighters
* Bombers
* Command
* Close air support
* Electronic-warfare
* Reconnaissance

* * *

* Combat systems:
* Fire-control system
* Fire-control radar
* Director (military)
* Combat information center
* Sonar
* Radar

* * *

* Historical:
* Ship gun fire-control
* Gun data computer
* Torpedo data computer

* * *

* Development:
* Basic training
* Military manoeuvrers
* Combat training

Battlespace

* Aerospace
* Aerial
* Airborne
* Space

* * *

* Land
* Cold-region
* Desert
* Fortification
* Jungle
* Mountain
* Urban
* Subterranean
* Tunnel

* * *

* Sea
* Amphibious
* Blue
* Brown
* Green
* Surface
* Underwater
* Seabed

* * *

* Cyber
* Information

Weapons

* Air defence
* Armor
* Artillery
* Barrage
* Biological
* Camouflage
* Cavalry
* Horses
* Air cavalry
* Chemical
* Combined arms
* Conventional
* Cyber
* Denial
* Disinformation
* Drone / Robot
* Electromagnetic
* Firearms
* Infantry
* Loitering
* Missile
* Music
* Nuclear
* Psychological
* Radiological
* Submarine
* Unconventional

Tactics

List of military tactics

* Aerial
* Airlift
* Air assault
* Airbridge
* Airdrop
* Anti-aircraft
* Anti-sub
* Anti-tank
* Battle
* Cavalry
* Charge
* CQC
* Counterattack
* Counterinsurgency
* Convoy
* Defeat in detail
* Foxhole
* Drone
* Envelopment
* Formation
* Guerrilla
* Naval
* Rapid dominance
* Encirclement
* Investment
* Siege
* Swarm
* Screen
* Tactical objective
* Target saturation
* Trench
* Withdrawal

Operational

* Military operation
* Special
* Operations research
* Blitzkrieg
* Expeditionary
* Deep operation
* Maneuver
* Operational manoeuvre group
* Raid
* Covert
* Stay-behind

Strategy

List of military strategies and concepts

* Military campaign
* Anti-access
* Attrition
* Commerce raiding
* Counter-offensive
* Culminating
* Defence in depth
* Fabian
* Empty fort
* Mosaic
* Deception
* Defensive
* Depth
* Goal
* Nuclear
* Naval
* Offensive
* Scorched earth

Grand strategy

* Asymmetric
* Blockade
* Broken-backed
* Class
* Cold war
* Colonial
* Conquest
* Containment
* Divide and conquer
* Economic
* Endemic
* Fleet in being
* Irregular
* Liberation
* Limited
* Network-centric
* New generation
* Perpetual
* Political
* Princely
* Proxy
* Religious
* Resource
* Strategic
* Succession
* Technology
* Theater
* Total war
* World war

Administrative

* Branch
* Policy
* Staff
* Training
* Service
* Sociology

Organization

* Area of responsibility
* Chain of command
* Command and control
* Doctrine
* Order of battle
* Principles of war
* Economy of force
* Medicine
* Engineers
* Intelligence
* Ranks
* Technology and equipment

Personnel

* Recruitment
* Conscription
* Draft evasion
* Mobilization
* Training
* Specialism
* Soldier
* Morale
* Volunteer
* Women
* Children
* Transgender
* Harassment
* Conscientious objector
* Conscription and sexism
* Counter-recruitment

Logistics

* History
* War economy
* Arms industry
* Materiel
* Supply-chain management
* Military–industrial complex
* Base
* MOB
* FOB
* Outpost

Science

* Power projection
* Loss-of-strength gradient
* Lanchester's laws
* Force multiplication
* Morale

Law

* Belligerent
* Occupation
* Armistice
* Ceasefire
* Court-martial
* Desertion
* Geneva Conventions
* Geneva Protocol
* Islamic rules
* Justice
* Lawful / Unlawful combatant
* Perfidy
* Regular / Irregular
* Jewish laws on war
* Right of conquest
* Right of self-defence
* Rules of engagement
* Self-determination
* Martial law
* War crime
* War and genocide
* War treason

Theory

* Air supremacy
* Appeasement
* Command of the sea
* Deterrence theory
* Full-spectrum dominance
* Overmatch
* Just war theory
* Principles of war
* Philosophy of war
* Security dilemma
* Tripwire force
* Wargaming
* Simulation
* Exercises
* Combat effectiveness
* Center of gravity

Non-warfare

* Arms control
* Counter-insurgency
* Deterrence
* Disaster response
* Grey-zone
* Gunboat diplomacy
* Humanitarian aid
* Law enforcement
* Low-intensity conflict
* Military engineering
* Peacekeeping
* Peacebuilding
* Peace through strength
* Show of force

Culture

* Awards and decorations
* Battle cry
* Warrior
* War film
* Military science fiction
* War novel
* Anti-war movement
* Foot drill
* War song
* Uniform
* Wargame
* Militarization / Militarism
* Antimilitarism
* Camp follower

Books

* Seven Military Classics
* The Art of War
* De re militari
* Strategemata

Related

* Women in war
* War resister
* War studies
* Horses in warfare
* Wartime sexual violence
* Fifth column
* Mercenary
* Pacifism
* Privateer
* Private military company
* Soldiers are murderers

Lists

* Battles
* Military occupations
* Military terms
* Operations
* Sieges
* War crimes
* Wars
* Weapons
* Writers

* v
* t
* e

A proxy war is defined as "a war fought between groups of smaller countries that each represent the interests of other larger powers, and may have help and support from these".

## Pre-World War I proxy wars

[edit]

War  | Dates  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Result

|
|
|
|

Sicilian Expedition | 415–413 BC  |

Delian League (led by Athens)
Segesta
Etruscans[1][2]

Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta)
Corinth
Syracuse

| Spartan-Syracusan victory
Egyptian–Ottoman War | 1839–1841  |

Egypt
Allies:
France
Spain

Ottoman Empire
Allies:
United Kingdom
Austria
Russia
Prussia

| Ottoman victory[3]

* Egyptian retrocession of Syria, Crete, and the Hejaz to the Ottoman Empire

Uruguayan Civil War | 1839–1851  |

* Colorados

* Gobierno de la Defensa (since 1843)

* Unitarians
* Empire of Brazil (since 1851)
* Entre Ríos (from 1851)
* Corrientes (from 1851)
* France
* United Kingdom
* Riograndense Republic (1839–1845)
* Italian Redshirts

Blancos

* Gobierno del Cerrito (since 1843)

* Federalists
* Lavallejistas
* Argentine Confederation
* Entre Ríos (until 1851)

| Colorado victory
First Samoan Civil War | 1886–1894  |

1887–1889
Supporters of Tupua Tamasese
German Empire

* * *

1893–1894
Supporters of M. Laupepa
Supported by:
German Empire
British Empire
United States

1887–1889
Supporters of Mata'afa
Supported by:
United States

* * *

1893–1894
Supporters of Mata'afa (1893)
Supporters of Tamasese Lealofi (1894)

| Stalemate

* Malietoa Laupepa restored to power in 1889
* Berlin General Act creates new government structure
* Challenges to Laupepa's authority in 1893–1894 defeated

Second Samoan Civil War | 1898–1899  |

Mataafans
Supported by:
Germany

|  Allies:

* Samoa
United States
* United Kingdom

| Compromise;

* Tripartite Convention
* Partitioning of the Samoan archipelago
* United States acquires American Samoa
* Germany acquires German Samoa
* Britain withdraws claim in exchange for concessions in the Solomon Islands
* Mata'afa Iosefo becomes paramount chief of Samoa

Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903 | 1902–1903  |

* United Kingdom
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Supported by:
* Spain
* Mexico
* Belgium
* Netherlands
* Denmark

* Venezuela
* Supported by:
* United States
* Argentina

| Compromise:

* Venezuelan debt dispute resolved
* European fleet withdraws

Somaliland campaign | 1896–1922  |

Dervish movement
Supported by:

* Ottoman Empire
* Ethiopia (1915–1916)

[4][5]
German Empire[6] |

* British Empire
* Italy
* Ethiopian Empire (1900–1904)

and (1914–1915)  | Dervish movement defeat
Mexican Revolution | 1910–1920  |

Pro-government:

1910–1911:

* Porfiriato
* Federales
* Porfiristas

* * *

1911–1913:

* Maderistas
* Federales

* * *

1913–1914:

* Huertistas
* Federales

* * *

1914–1915:

* Conventionists
* Villistas
* Zapatistas

* * *

1915–1920:

* Carrancistas

Supported by:

* United States (1910–1913)
* Germany (c. 1913–1918)

Anti-government:

1910–1911:

* Maderistas
* Orozquistas
* Magonistas
* Zapatistas

* * *

1911–1913:

* Reyistas
* Felicistas
* Orozquistas
* Magonistas
* Zapatistas

* * *

1913–1914:

* Constitutionalists
* Carrancistas
* Villistas
* Zapatistas

* * *

1914–1915:

* Carrancistas

* * *

1915–1920

* Villistas
* Zapatistas
* Felicistas
* Forces led by Aureliano Blanquet
* Forces led by Álvaro Obregón

Supported by:

* United States (1913–1918)
* United Kingdom (1916–1918)

| Revolutionary victory

Full results

* Porfirio Díaz ousted from power and exiled to France, May 1911.
* Francisco I. Madero elected president of Mexico, 1911, assassinated February 1913.
* Victoriano Huerta overthrows Madero and assumes the presidency 1913–1914.
* Venustiano Carranza creates an alliance of northerners under the Constitutionalist banner 1913.
* Convention of Aguascalientes between revolutionary leaders, 1914.
* Carranza's Constitutionalist Army under General Álvaro Obregón defeats Pancho Villa at the Battle of Celaya, 1915.
* Carranza consolidates his position as president of Mexico, 1915.
* Mexican Constitution of 1917 enacted.
* Rebellion against Carranza government by Sonoran generals Obregón, Plutarco Elías Calles, and Adolfo de la Huerta in the Plan of Agua Prieta, 1920.
* Interim Presidency of De la Huerta, 1920. Pancho Villa amnestied.
* Successive assassinations of revolutionary leaders Madero (1913), Zapata (1919), Venustiano Carranza (1920), Pancho Villa (1923), Álvaro Obregón (1928).
* Laborist Party victories in the 1920 and 1924 elections.[7][8]
* Eventual formation of the National Revolutionary Party (1929) and consolidation of the post-revolutionary regime.

Mexican Border War | 1910–1919  |

Mex ico

* Villistas
* Constitutionalistas
* Carrancistas
* Maderistas
* Seditionistas

Supported by:
Germany

United States

| Status quo ante bellum[9]

* Seditionist insurgency suppressed
* Permanent border wall established along the border of Nogales, Sonora, and Arizona, after the American victory in the Battle of Ambos Nogales[10]
* American troops fail to capture Pancho Villa and withdraw from Chihuahua[11][12][13]

## Inter-war period proxy wars

[edit]

War  | Dates  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Result

|
|
|
|

Finnish Civil War | 1918  |

* Finnish Whites
* German Empire[14]
* Foreign volunteers:
* Swedish Brigade
* Estonian volunteers
* Polish Legion
* White Army

* Finnish Reds
* Soviet Russia

| Finnish Whites victory

* Establishment of the Kingdom of Finland
* German hegemony until November 1918
* Division in Finnish society
* Collapse of the Finnish Reds
* Dissolution of the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic

Revolutions and interventions in Hungary | 1918–1920  |  Czechoslovakia
Romania
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Republic of Prekmurje
Hutsul Republic

* * *

Kingdom of Hungary

* * *

France |  Hungarian Republic

* * *

Hungarian SR
Slovak SR |

Little Entente victory

* Collapse of the Hungarian Soviet Republic
* Romanian occupation of most of Hungary
* Treaty of Trianon
* Miklós Horthy takes power as Regent of Hungary

Turkish War of Independence | 1919–1923  |  Allied powers:
Greece

France
(until 1921)

* French West Africa[15]
* Armenian Legion
* Algeria[15]
* Morocco[15]
* Tunisia[15]

United Kingdom

* India[16][17][18]

Armenia
(in 1920)

* * *

Istanbul Government[e]
(in 1920)

* Other pro-Istanbul rebels

* * *

Georgia
(in 1921)

* * *

Separatists:

* Pontic Greek rebels
* Kurdish rebels
* Assyrian rebels
* Green Army
(1920–1921)

Turkish Nationalists:
Ankara Government
(1919–1920; 1920–1923)

Also:

* Azerbaijan
(1918–1920)
* Aras Republic
(1918–1919)
* Iğdır National Republic
(1918–1920)
* Provisional Kars Government
(1918–1919)
* Green Army
(1919–1920)
* Oltu Council Government
(1919–1920)
* Kurdistan[19]
(1919; 1921–1923)

| Turkish victory[20][21]

* Establishment of the Republic of Turkey

Chinese Civil War | 1927–1936, 1945–1949  |

1927–1936
Republic of China

* Kuomintang
* National Revolutionary Army

* * *

1945–1949

Republic of China

* Kuomintang
* Republic of China Armed Forces

1927–1936
Chinese Soviet Republic (from 1931)
Jiangxi Soviet (1931–1934)

* Chinese Communist Party
* Chinese Red Army

* * *

1945–1949

Yan'an Soviet
People's Republic of China (1949)

* Chinese Communist Party
* People's Liberation Army

Communist victory

* Communist control of mainland China
* Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
* Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan

Chaco War | 1932–1935  |

Bolivia

Paraguay

Paraguayan victory[22]

* Most of the disputed area awarded to Paraguay[23]

Spanish Civil War | 1936–1939  |

Nationalists

* FET y de las JONS[a]
* FE de las JONS[b]
* Requetés/CT[b]
* CEDA[b]
* Spanish Renovation[b]
* Army of Africa
* Viriatos
* Foreign volunteers

Italy
Germany

Republicans

* People's Army
* Popular Front
* UGT
* CNT-FAI
* POUM[c]
* Generalitat de Catalunya
* Euzko Gudarostea[d]
* International Brigades
* Foreign volunteers

Soviet Union

* Nationalist victory

* End of the Second Spanish Republic
* Establishment of the Spanish State under the rule of Francisco Franco
* Post-war Francoist mass killings and repression
* Spanish Maquis continue irregular warfare sporadically until 1965

## Cold War proxy wars

[edit]

Main article: List of conflicts related to the Cold War

War  | Dates  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Result

|
|
|
|

Chinese Civil War | 1945–1949  |

1945–1949

Yan'an Soviet
People's Republic of China (1949)

* Chinese Communist Party
* People's Liberation Army

1945–1949

Republic of China

* Kuomintang
* Republic of China Armed Forces

United States

Communist victory

* Communist control of mainland China
* Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
* Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan

Iran crisis of 1946 | 1945–1946  |

Azerbaijan People's Government
Republic of Mahabad
Tudeh Military Network[24]
Supported by:
Soviet Union

Iran
Supported by:
United Kingdom
United States

| Iranian victory

* Dissolution of the Azerbaijan People's Government and the Republic of Mahabad

Greek Civil War | 1946–1949  |

Provisional Democratic Government (from 1947)

* Democratic Army (from December 1946)
* Communist Party of Greece and allies
* Ex-EAM members and other communist guerrillas' local groups (March–December 1946)
* People's Civil Guard

Supported by:
Yugoslavia (1946–1948)
Bulgaria
Albania
Soviet Union (limited)

Kingdom of Greece

* Hellenic Army
* Royal Hellenic Air Force (minor participation)
* Royal Hellenic Navy (limited participation in support)
* Royal Gendarmerie
* MAY (1946–1948)
* TEA (1948–1949)

Supported by:
United Kingdom (1944–1947)
United States (1946–1949)

| Kingdom of Greece victory
First Indochina War | 1946–1954  |

Democratic Republic of Vietnam

* Việt Minh

French Union

* France
* French Indochina
* State of Vietnam
* Kingdom of Cambodia
* Kingdom of Laos

United States (1953–54)

* CIA

| DR Vietnamese victory[25][26][27][28]

* Division of Vietnam between North Vietnam and South Vietnam in 1954
* Independence of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

Paraguayan Civil War | 1947  |

Liberal Party
Febrerista Revolutionary Concentration
Paraguayan Communist Party

Paraguayan Government
Military of Paraguay
Colorado militias Supported by:

* Argentina
* United States

| Government/Military and Colorado Party victory

* All other political parties outlawed; Paraguay becomes a one-party state

Malayan Emergency | 1948–1960  |  Communist forces:

* Malayan Communist Party

* Malayan National Liberation Army

British Commonwealth forces:
United Kingdom

* Federation of Malaya
* Singapore
* Malacca
(until 1957)
* Penang
(until 1957)
* Kenya
* Southern Rhodesia
(until 1953)
* Rhodesia and Nyasaland
(from 1953)
* Fiji

Australia
New Zealand
Supported by:
Thailand
(Thai–Malaysian border)

| Commonwealth victory

* Independence of Malaya from the United Kingdom on 31 August 1957
* Malaya became an independent member of the British Commonwealth[29][30]
* CPM retreats to the Malayan-Thai border
* Insurgency continues (1968–1989)
* Conflict resolved through the Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)

Korean War | 1950–1953  |

* North Korea
* China
* Soviet Union
(air support only)

* South Korea
* United Nations[e]

* United States
* ... see other countries

| Inconclusive

* Korean Demilitarized Zone established
* North Korea gains the city of Kaesong, but loses a net total of 3,900 km2 (1,506 sq mi), including the city of Sokcho, to South Korea[32]

Mau Mau Uprising | 1952–1960  |

Mau Mau rebels[f]

* Kenya Land and Freedom Army

* * *

Maasai Bands (from 1954)[34]

United Kingdom

* Kenya
* Uganda
* Southern Rhodesia

| British victory
Second Indochina War (Vietnam War)  | 1955–1975  |

* North Vietnam
* Viet Cong and PRG
* Pathet Lao
* Khmer Rouge
* GRUNK (from 1970)
* China (1965–1969)
* Soviet Union
* North Korea

* South Vietnam
* United States
* South Korea
* Australia
* New Zealand
* Laos
* Cambodia (1967–1970)
* Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
* Thailand
* Philippines
* Taiwan
* Spain[35]

| North Vietnamese victory

* Reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976

First Taiwan Strait Crisis | 1954–1955  |

People's Republic of China

Republic of China
United States

| Ceasefire; major escalation avoided

* The PRC takes control of the Yijiangshan and Dachen Islands
* The ROC and US navies evacuate military personnel and civilians from the Dachen Islands
* Formosa Resolution of 1955 and Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty between the ROC and US

First Sudanese Civil War | 1955–1972  |

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
(1955–1956)
Republic of the Sudan
(1956–1969)
Democratic Republic of the Sudan
(1969–1972)
Combat support:
Uganda
(Joint operations on Ugandan territory, 1965–1969)[36]
Libyan Arab Republic
(From 1969 and combat involvement at least in 1970)[37]
Non-combat support:
United Arab Republic[37][38]
Soviet Union[39][38]
United Kingdom[38][40]
China[38][40]
Yugoslavia[38][40]
East Germany[38][40]
Czechoslovakia[40]
Saudi Arabia[40]
Kingdom of Libya (until 1969)[40]
Algeria[40]
United States[41]
West Germany[41]

SDF mutineers, bandits, and unaffiliated separatist militias
ALF (1965–1970)
Anyanya (from 1963)[42]
Israel (from 1969)[43][44][45]
Supported by:
Ethiopia[46][47]
Uganda (from about 1970)[46][44]
Congo-Léopoldville[48]
Kenya[46]
France[49]

| Stalemate[50]
Suez Crisis | 1956  |

Egypt

Israel
United Kingdom
France

| Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip until March 1957
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis | 1958  |

People's Republic of China

Republic of China
United States

| Status quo ante bellum

* Successful military defence of Kinmen by the ROC

1958 Lebanon crisis | 1958  |

Lebanese Opposition:

* INM
* LCP
* PSP

* * *

Supported by:

* United Arab Republic

Government

* Lebanese Armed Forces
* Kataeb Party
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* ARF

* * *

Supported by:

* United States

| Inconclusive

* Reconciliation Government formed

1959 Tibetan uprising | 1959  |

People's Republic of China

* People's Liberation Army

Tibetan and Khampa protesters and guerrillas

* Remnants of the Tibetan Army

* * *

Simultaneous rebellion in Kham and Amdo:

* Chushi Gangdruk
* Supported by:
* Republic of China
* United States (CIA)
* India (diplomatic)

| Uprising suppressed

* Abolition of the Kashag
* Tibetan diaspora
* Flight of the 14th Dalai Lama to India

Central American crisis | 1960–1996[51] | EGP[51]
FAR[51]
ORPA
PGT[51]
URNG[51]
FSLN

* EPS

FMLN (CRM)
Nicaragua[52] (1979–90)

* * *

Supported by
Soviet Union[53]
Cuba[54]
Mexico[55]
Libya[56][57]
Romania (before 1989)
Zapatista Army of National Liberation
Sweden[58][59]
Costa Rica
Bulgaria[60]
China[61]

|  Guatemala[51]
ESA[51]
White Hand[51]
and other paramilitary groups[51]

Somoza government

* National Guard

Contras (1981–90)
Salvadoran military government

* * *

Supported by
United States[51][62]
Saudi Arabia
Honduras
Chile
Argentina
Panama
Israel[63]
Taiwan[64] |
Congo Crisis | 1960–1965  |

1960–1963:

* Republic of the Congo

Supported by:

* Soviet Union (1960)
* ONUC[g]

* * *

1963–1965:

* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* United States
* Belgium

Supported by:

* ONUC (1964)

|  1960–1963:

* Katanga
* South Kasai

Supported by:

* Belgium[h]

* * *

1960–1962:

* Free Republic of the Congo

Supported by:

* Soviet Union

* * *

1963–1965:

* Kwilu and Simba rebels

Supported by:

* Soviet Union
* China
* Cuba

| The Congo established as an independent unitary state under the authoritarian presidency of Mobutu Sese Seko.
Portuguese Colonial War | 1961–1974  |

* Portugal
* UNITA (after 1972)

Material support:

* Rhodesia
* Israel[69]
* South Africa[70][71]
* Francoist Spain[72]
* United States (after 1972)[73]

|  Angola:

* MPLA
* UNITA (until 1972)
* FNLA
* FLEC

Guinea:

* PAIGC
* FLING

Mozambique:

* FRELIMO

Material support:

* Soviet Union[74]
* China[75][76][77]
* Cuba[78][79]
* East Germany[80]
* Zaire[81]
* Brazil[82]

* Carnation Revolution
* Military stalemate[83]
* Rebel political victory[84]
* Alvor Agreement
* Lusaka Accord
* Portuguese overseas territories in Africa become independent[85]

First Iraqi–Kurdish War | 1961–1970  |  Before 1968:
Iraq
Syria (1963)
Supported by:
United States (from 1963)[86][87]
Egypt (1965)[88]

* * *

After 1968:
Ba'athist Iraq |

KDP
Supported by:
Iran[89]
Israel[89]
United States (alleged)[89]

| Military stalemate[90]

* Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement
* Arabization program continued
* Second Iraqi–Kurdish War in 1974

Eritrean War of Independence | 1961–1991  |  ELF (1961–1981)

Supported by:

* Sudan[91]
* Libya[92][93]
* China (until 1972)[94][95]
* Cuba (until 1975)[92][96]
* Syria[97][98]
* Iraq[99][100]
* Saudi Arabia[101]
* Somalia[102][103]

* * *

EPLF (since 1973)
TPLF (since 1975)

Supported by:

* Libya[105][106]
* Sudan[107]
* Somalia[102]
* Syria[97][98]
* Iraq[107]
* Kuwait[108]
* United Arab Emirates[108]

| 1961–1974
Ethiopian Empire

Supported by:

* United States[109]
* Israel[110][111]

* * *

1974–1991
Derg (1974–1987)
PDR Ethiopia (1987–1991)

Supported by:

* Soviet Union[115] (1974–1990)
* Cuba (1974–1990)
* South Yemen (1974–1990)
* Israel[110]
* North Korea[116]

| EPLF victory[117]

* Eritrean insurgency begins in 1961
* ELF defeated by EPLF and TPLF during the Eritrean Civil Wars
* Fall of the Derg regime
* Eritrea gains de facto independence from Ethiopia in 1991 under EPLF rule, and de jure independence after the referendum held in 1993 under UN auspices
* Independence of Eritrea
* Ethiopia becomes a landlocked country.

North Yemen Civil War | 1962–1970  |

Yemen Arab Republic
Egypt[118]

|  Kingdom of Yemen
Saudi Arabia[118] | Republican victory
Dhofar Rebellion | 1963–1976  |

DLF (1963–1968)
PFLOAG (1968–1974)
NDFLOAG (1969–1971)
PFLO (1974–1976)

* * *

Support:
South Yemen
Soviet Union
China
Cuba
North Korea
Iraq

Oman
Iran
United Kingdom
Jordan

* * *

Support:
United Arab Emirates (Financial aid)
Saudi Arabia (Financial aid)

Omani government victory[119]

Sarawak Communist Insurgency | 1962–1990  |

Communist forces:
North Kalimantan Communist Party[120]

* Sarawak People's Guerrilla Force (SPGF)[121]
* North Kalimantan People's Army (NKPA)[121]

* * *

Indonesia (1962–65) (military aid)
Other support:
Brunei People's Party

* North Kalimantan National Army (NKNA)

Malayan Communist Party

* Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA)

Supported by:
China[121]
North Vietnam (until 1975)
North Korea[122][123]

Anti-communist forces:
United Kingdom[124]

* Sarawak (until 1963)

Malaysia

* Sarawak (after 1963)

Supported by:
Australia
Brunei
New Zealand
United States

* * *

Indonesia (after 1965) (Indo-Malay border)

* Peace Declaration of Sri Aman in 1973[125][126]
* Dissolution of the Sarawak Communist Organisation/North Kalimantan Communist Party (SCO/NKCP).

Aden Emergency | 1963–1967  |

FLOSY
Supported by:
United Arab Republic

United Kingdom

* Federation of South Arabia
* Protectorate of South Arabia

* * *

NLF

| Yemeni NLF victory

* British withdrawal
* Independence of South Yemen

Rhodesian Bush War | 1964–1979  |

* ZANU (ZANLA)[127]

* * *

* ZAPU (ZIPRA)

* * *

* Mozambique
* ANC (MK)
* Zambia[128]

* Rhodesia
(1964–1979)
* Zimbabwe Rhodesia
(1979)
* Portugal
(1964–1974)[i]
* South Africa
(from 1967)[129]

Lancaster House Agreement

* Rhodesia disestablished; Zimbabwe gains internationally recognised independence in its place.

Dominican Civil War | 1965  |

Constitutionalist faction

* Dominican Revolutionary Party
* Social Christian Revolutionary Party
* June 14th Revolutionary Movement [es]

|  Loyalist faction
United States

IAPF

* Brazil
* Paraguay
* Nicaragua
* Costa Rica
* El Salvador
* Honduras[130]

Loyalist victory

* Ceasefire declared
* Formation of the provisional government for new elections
* Deposition of Juan Bosch of the presidency ratified
* Organization of presidential elections in 1966 under international supervision
* Election of Joaquín Balaguer as the new president
* Establishment of the Fourth Dominican Republic on July 1, 1966

Chadian Civil War | 1965–1979  |

FROLINAT (from 1966)

* First Liberation Army (until 1975)
* Second Liberation Army (1968–76)
* Third Liberation Army (from 1968)
* Various splinter factions

FLT (until 1975)
Volcan Army (from 1970)
FAP (from 1976)
FAN (1976–78, 1979)[131]
Tribal and peasant rebels
Libya (1969–72, from 1975)
Supported by:
Algeria[132]
Kingdom of Libya (non-combat, until 1969)[133]

|  Chad

* Chadian Armed Forces
* FROLINAT's First Liberation Army (c. 1975)[134]
* FAN (1978–79)[131]

France
Supported by:
Egypt
Israel

Rebel victory

* Overthrow and death of François Tombalbaye in 1975
* Overthrow of Félix Malloum in 1979
* Signing of Lagos Accord and installation of Transitional Government of National Unity

Communist insurgency in Thailand | 1965–1983  |

* Communist Party of Thailand
* Malayan Communist Party[135]
* Pathet Lao
* Khmer Rouge (until 1978)

Thailand

* Royal Thai Armed Forces
* Royal Thai Police
* Volunteer Defense Corps
* Thahan Phran
* Internal Security Operations Command
* Village Scouts
* Nawaphon
* Red Gaurs

Republic of China (until August 1967)

* Republic of China Army 49th Division

Malaysia[136][137]
United States
KPNLF
Khmer Rouge (after 1978)

Thai government victory

* Amnesty declared on 23 April 1980 by the Thai government
* Order 66/2523 signed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda
* Communist insurgency declines and ends in 1983

Bolivian Campaign | 1966–1967  |

ELN
Cuba

Bolivia
United States

Bolivian government victory

* Che Guevara executed

Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969) | 1966–1969  |

North Korea

* South Korea
* United States

South Korean victory

* Status quo ante bellum

South African Border War | 1966–1990  |

* SWAPO (PLAN)
* MPLA (FAPLA)[138]
* Cuba
* SWANU[139]
* ANC (MK)
* Zambia[140]

Military advisers and pilots:

* Soviet Union[141]
* East Germany[142]

South Africa

* TGNU (1985–1989)[143]

* * *

* Portugal (until 1974)[144]
* UNITA (from 1975)[145]
* FNLA (1975)[138]

| Military stalemate[146]

* Angolan Tripartite Accord, leading to:
* Withdrawal of South African forces from Namibia; withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola
* 1989 Namibian parliamentary elections
* SWAPO government assuming power in Namibia
* South West Africa gains independence from South Africa as the Republic of Namibia

Nigerian Civil War | 1967–1970  |

* Nigeria
* Egypt[j]
* Supported by:
* United Kingdom[147]
* Soviet Union[148]
* Ethiopia[149]

* Biafra
* Supported by:
* China[150][151]
* Tanzania[152][153][154]
* Zambia
* Gabon
* Côte d'Ivoire
* Covert support:
* France[155][156]
* Portugal
* Israel
* South Africa
* Rhodesia

Nigerian victory

* Dissolution of the Republic of Biafra

Years of Lead | 1968–1988  |

Far-left terrorists:

* Red Brigades[N 1]
* Front Line[N 2]
* October 22 Group[N 3]
* PAC[N 4]
* Continuous Struggle[N 5]
* Workers' Power[N 6]
* Workers' Autonomy[N 7]

Supported by:

* RAF[157]
* Sigurimi (alleged)
* PLO (alleged)
* KGB (alleged)[158]
* Stasi (alleged)
* Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya (alleged)[159]
* UDBA (alleged)

Italian government

* SISMI
* SISDE
* Armed Forces
* Carabinieri
* State Police

Supported by:

* Gladio
* CIA[160]

* * *

Far-right terrorists:

* New Order[N 8]
* National Vanguard[N 9]
* Black Order[161]
* NAR[N 10]
* Third Position[N 11]

Supported by:

* Propaganda Due[162][163]
* SISMI (factions)[164]
* CIA[165][166][167]
* Greek Junta[168][169]
* Magliana Gang[170]
* Sicilian Mafia (alleged)

| Government victory

* Most militant and terrorist groups disbanded

Communist insurgency in Malaysia | 1968–1989  | Communist forces:
Malayan Communist Party[171]

* Malayan National Liberation Army[171]

* Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction (1970–1983)
* Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist–Leninist (1974–1983)
* Malaysian Communist Party (1983–1987)
* North Kalimantan Communist Party
* Communist Party of Thailand (until 1983)[172]
* Supported by:
* China (until 1976)[173][174]
Soviet Union[173]
* Indonesia (1962–1965)

* Anti-communist forces:
* Malaysia[175]
* Singapore[176]
* Thailand[177][137]
* Supported by:
* United Kingdom[178]
* New Zealand[178]
* Indonesia (from 1965)

Malaysian government victory

* Peace agreement reached
* Communists agree to a ceasefire
* Peace Agreement of Hat Yai signed between the communists and the governments of Malaysia and Thailand
* Dissolution of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP)[179][180]
* Insurgency continues in Sarawak until 1990

Operation Condor | 1975–1983  |

Political dissidents (including socialists, anarchists and communists)
Intelligence agencies of participating countries

* Members:
* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Ecuador
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Uruguay
* Intelligence agencies of participating countries
* Supported:
* United States[181][182][183][184]
* France (alleged, denied)
* Venezuela (alleged)
* Colombia (alleged)

Concluded after the fall of the Argentinean military junta in 1983

Al-Wadiah War | 1969  |

South Yemen

Saudi Arabia
Supported by:
Pakistan (air support)

Saudi victory

* al-Wadiah and Sharurah captured by Saudi forces

Bangladesh Liberation War | 1971  |

Pakistan

Bangladesh
India (3–16 Dec.)

|  Bangladeshi-Indian victory[185][186][187]

* Surrender of Pakistani forces
* Independence of Bangladesh
* East Pakistan secedes from Pakistan as the People's Republic of Bangladesh

Yemenite War of 1972 | 1972  |

South Yemen
Cuba

North Yemen

Status quo ante bellum

Angolan Civil War | 1975–2002  |

People's Republic of Angola/Republic of Angola

* MPLA

Cuba (1975–1989)
SWAPO (1975–1989)[188]
ANC (1975–1989)[189][188]
Executive Outcomes (1993–1995)[190]
FLNC (1975–2001)[191][192]
Namibia (2001–2002)[note 1]

Military advisers and pilots:

* Soviet Union
(1975–1989)[194][195]
* East Germany
(1975–1989)[196][197]
* North Korea
(1980s)[note 2]

Democratic People's Republic of Angola

* UNITA
* FNLA (1975–1976)

FNLA (1976–1978)[192]
South Africa (1975–1989)[198]
Zaire (1975)[201][192]

* * *

FLEC

MPLA victory

* Withdrawal of all foreign forces in 1989.
* Transition towards a multiparty political system in 1991/92.
* Dissolution of the armed forces of the FNLA.
* Participation of UNITA and FNLA, as political parties, in the new political system, from 1991/92 onwards.
* Jonas Savimbi, leader of UNITA, killed in 2002; UNITA abandoned armed struggle and participated in electoral politics.
* Resistance of FLEC continued to this day

Ethiopian Civil War | 1974–1991  |

Derg (1974–1987)
PDR Ethiopia
Supported by:
Soviet Union[202][203][204] (1974–1990)
Cuba (1974–1990)
South Yemen (1974–1990)
Somali anti-Barre groups:

* USC
* SSDF
* SPM
* SNM

EPRDF

* TPLF
* EPDM
* OPDO

EPRP
MEISON (from 1977)
EDU
OLF
WSLF
ALF
Eritrean separatists:

* ELF (until 1981)
* EPLF

Somali nationalists:

* WSLF
* ONLF[205]
Supported by:
* United States[206]
* Somalia (1978–1991)[207]
* China (from 1978)[208]
* Romania (1978–1989)

EPLF/TPLF rebel victory

* Fall of the Ethiopian Empire and subsequent implementation of military rule
* Creation, then collapse, of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia by the Derg
* Installation of the TPLF-led transitional government which would later become the EPRDF government in Ethiopia
* Installation of the EPLF-established PFDJ government in Eritrea after independence from Ethiopia
* Independence of Eritrea; Ethiopia becomes a landlocked country.

Lebanese Civil War | 1975–1990[Note 1]
(15 years and 6 months)  |  Lebanese National Movement (1975–1982)

Jammoul (1982–1990)

* Al-Mourabitoun
* Progressive Socialist Party (PSP)
* Lebanese Communist Party (LCP)
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon (SSNP)
* Communist Action Organization in Lebanon (OCAL)
* Lebanese Movement in Support of Fatah (LMSF)
* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region
* Revolutionary Communist Group
* Sixth of February Movement
* Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party (SALVP)
Popular Nasserist Organization (PNO)
Lebanese Arab Army (LAA)
Other minor organizations

PLO (1975–1983)
ASALA

* * *

Hezbollah (1985–1990)
Iran (from 1980, mainly IRGC and Army paramilitary units)

* * *

Islamic Unification Movement (from 1982)

Lebanese Front

* Kataeb Party
* Lebanese Forces
* Marada Brigades (until 1978)
Guardians of the Cedars
Al-Tanzim
Lebanese Youth Movement (MKG)
Tyous Team of Commandos
Zahliote Group
Shuraya Party
Vanguard of the Maani Army (MDJ)
(Other minor organizations)

Army of Free Lebanon (until 1977)
SLA (from 1976)
Israel (from 1978)

* * *

Tigers Militia (until 1980)

* * *

Syria (1976, 1983–1991)
Amal Movement
PNSF
Marada Brigades (left LF in 1978; aligned with Syria)

* * *

Lebanese Armed Forces

* * *

UNIFIL (from 1978)
Multinational Force in Lebanon (1982–1984)

* United States
* UK
* France
* Italy

* * *

Arab Deterrent Force (1976–1982)[209]

List

* Saudi Arabia
(1976–1979)
* Sudan
(1976–1979)
* UAE
(1976–1979)
* Libya
(1976 only)
* South Yemen
(1976–1977)

* Taif Agreement
* Christian-to-Muslim representation in Parliament of Lebanon adjusted from ratio of 55:45 to 50:50[210]
* Political powers of Muslim-reserved position of Prime Minister strengthened over Christian-reserved position of President
* Disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias, excluding Iran-backed Hezbollah[211]
* Continued hostilities between Lebanon and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), and PLO expulsion to Tunis, Tunisia in 1982.
* Expulsion of Palestinian militias from Lebanon after the Battle of Sidon in 1991
* Collapse of the Israel-backed State of Free Lebanon in 1984 and of Israel's South Lebanon security belt administration in 2000
* Continued fighting between Israel and Hezbollah in the Shebaa Farms conflict, eventually leading to the 2006 Lebanon War
* Dominance of Hezbollah armed strength across Lebanon since 1990
* Syria occupies northern/eastern Lebanon until 30 April 2005
* Israel occupies southern Lebanon until 25 May 2000

Indonesian occupation of East Timor | 1975–2002  |

* Democratic Republic of East Timor (Until 1976)
* East Timorese Resistance Groups
* Fretilin (Falintil)
* CNRM[k]
* UDT[l]

* Indonesia
* Timor Timur
* Pro-Indonesian East Timorese factions
* UDT[212][m]
* APODETI
* KOTA[n]
* Trabalhista[o]

* 1999 East Timorese crisis
* Indonesia retains a strong influence in East Timor
* East Timor gains independence after an independence referendum votes to become an independent sovereign state

Shaba I | 1977  |

Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)
Supported by:
Angola
Cuba
Soviet Union

* Zaire
* Morocco
* Egypt
* France
* Belgium

Supported by:

* United States
* Saudi Arabia
* Sudan[213]
* Nigeria[214][215]

Zairian victory

* FNLC expelled from Shaba

Ogaden War | 1977–1978  |

* Ethiopia
* Cuba
* Soviet Union[216]
* South Yemen[217]

* Somalia
* WSLF

Ethiopian victory

* Somalia breaks all ties with the Soviet Bloc and the Second World (except China and Romania).[218]
* Beginning of the Somali Rebellion

Cambodian-Vietnamese War | 1978–1989  |

Vietnam
FUNSK (from 1978)

* * *

Post-invasion:
Until April 1989:
Vietnam
People's Republic of Kampuchea
Cuba (reconstruction experts)
From April 1989:
State of Cambodia

Democratic Kampuchea (1977–1982)
Thailand (border clashes)

* * *

Post-invasion:
Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982–1990)

* Khmer Rouge
* KPNLF
* FUNCINPEC

Thailand (border clashes)[219]

* 1991 Paris Peace Accords[220][221]

* Vietnam's overthrow of Democratic Kampuchea in early 1979
* End of the Cambodian genocide
* Establishment, then disestablishment, of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
* Vietnamese occupation in Cambodia
* Chinese invasion of Vietnam and continued border skirmishes
* Start of CGDK insurgency and Thai border skirmishes
* Establishment of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea in 1982
* Vietnamese withdrawal from Cambodia in 1989[222]
* UN-led transition in Cambodia

Mozambican Civil War | 1977–1992  |

Mozambique (People's Republic until 1990)

* FRELIMO
* UNAMO (1988–1992)[223]

ZANU (until 1979)
Zimbabwe (from 1980)
Soviet Union
Tanzania
Malawi (from 1987)[224]

RENAMO
PRM (merged with RENAMO in 1982)
UNAMO (1987–1988)[223]
COREMO[225]
UNIPOMO[226]
FUMO[226]
Rhodesia (until 1979)[227]

* Ex-Flechas[226]

South Africa (from 1978)[228]

Stalemate

Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict | 1977–1997  |

* Bangladesh

* Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti

Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord

Shaba II | 1978  |

FNLC

* Zaire
* France
* Belgium
* Morocco
* United States

Zairian victory; mutual end of support for other nations' rebel groups

Uganda–Tanzania War | 1978–1979  |  Tanzania
Uganda National Liberation Front

* Kikosi Maalum
* Front for National Salvation
* Save Uganda Movement
* Others

Mozambique
Supported by:
Zambia
Angola
Ethiopia
Algeria |

Uganda
Libya
Palestine Liberation Organization
Supported by:
Pakistan
Saudi Arabia

Tanzanian victory

* Collapse of the Second Republic of Uganda

NDF Rebellion | 1978–1982  |

NDF
Supported by:
South Yemen
Libya

North Yemen
Islamic Front
Supported by:
Republic of China
United States

Government victory

Chadian–Libyan War | 1978–1987  |

Libya

* Islamic Legion[229]

Pro-Libyan Chadian factions

* FROLINAT
* GUNT (1979–1986)
* Codos (1983–1986)
* FAP (1978–1986)

Pro-Libyan Palestinian and Lebanese groups[230]

* PLO (1987)[231][232]
* Abu Nidal Organization[230]

Supported by:

* Algeria[233]
* East Germany
* Soviet Union

Anti-Libyan Chadian factions

* FAT (1978–1979)
* FAN (1978–1983)
* FANT (1983–1987)
* GUNT (1986–1987)

France
Inter-African Force

* Zaire
* Nigeria
* Senegal

NFSL

Supported by:

* DR Sudan (1978–1985)[234]
* Sudan (1985–1987)[234]
* Egypt (1977-1981)[234]
* Israel[235]
* Iraq[236]
* Algeria (pre-reapproachment)[233]
* United States[237]

Chadian and French victory

* Chad regains control of the Aouzou Strip.

Yemenite War of 1979 | 1979  |

South Yemen

North Yemen

South Yemeni victory

Soviet–Afghan War | 1979–1989  |

Soviet Union
Afghanistan

Afghan mujahideen

Afghan mujahideen victory[238]

Sino-Vietnamese War | 1979  |

Vietnam

* * *

Supported by:
Soviet Union
Laos

China

Status quo ante bellum or ceasefire

Ethiopian–Somali Border War | 1982-1983  |

Ethiopia
SSDF

Somalia

Stalemate[239][240]

* Ethiopian invasion repulsed[241][242]
* Stalemate at border towns of Galdogob and Balanbale
* Upsurge in domestic support for Somali President Siad Barre
* United States delivers emergency military aid to Somalia[243]
* Ethiopian army and SSDF temporarily occupy the border towns of Galdogob and Balanbale[244]

Sri Lankan Civil War | 1983–2009  |

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
Other Tamil militant groups

Sri Lanka
India (1987–1990)

Sri Lankan government victory

* Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam militarily defeated
* Sri Lankan government reestablishes control over entire island
* Collapse of the Tamil Eelam de facto Quasi-state
* Tamil National Alliance drops its demand for a separate Tamil state
* Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam established
* Government regains total control of former LTTE-controlled areas in the North and East of the country

Thai–Laotian Border War | 1987–1988  |

Laos
Vietnam
Soviet Union

Thailand
United States
Australia

* Thai forces claimed to have secured 70% of ground around Hill 1428, while Lao forces still held high ground.
* Return to status quo ante bellum.

Afghan Civil War | 1989–1992  |

Republic of Afghanistan
Supported by:

* Soviet Union (until 1991)
* India

* Commonwealth of Independent States (from 1991)[245]
* Tajikistan
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan
* Russia (until January 1992)

* Afghan Interim Government[246]
* Jamiat-e Islami
* Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (until July 1989)[246]
* National Islamic Front of Afghanistan
* Ittehad-e Islami
* Hezb-i Islami Khalis
* Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami[247]

* * *

Independent Factions:

* Khalq (1990)[248]
* Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (from July 1989)[246]
Junbish-i Milli (from 1992)

* * *

Foreign Mujahideen:

* Al Qaeda[249]
* Maktab al-Khidamat

* * *

Various factions also fought among each other
Supported by:
Pakistan

United States

Saudi Arabia

United Kingdom

China

Germany

Iran |

* Afghan Interim Government victory

* Dissolution of the Homeland Party Government
* The Peshawar Accord leads to the creation of the Islamic State of Afghanistan on 28 April 1992
* Continued civil war among Mujahideen forces

## Modern proxy wars

[edit]

War  | Dates  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Result

|
|
|
|

Angolan Civil War | 1975–2002  |

Democratic People's Republic of Angola

* UNITA
* FNLA (1975–1976)

FNLA (1976–1978)[192]
South Africa (1975–1989)
Zaire (1975)[201][192]

* * *

FLEC

People's Republic of Angola/Republic of Angola

* MPLA

Cuba (1975–1989)
SWAPO (1975–1989)[188]
ANC (1975–1989)[189][188]
Executive Outcomes (1993–1995)[190]
FLNC (1975–2001)[191][192]
Namibia (2001–2002)

Military advisers and pilots:

* Soviet Union
(1975–1989)[194][195]
* East Germany
(1975–1989)[196][197]
* North Korea
(1980s)

MPLA victory

* Withdrawal of all foreign forces in 1989.
* Transition towards a multiparty political system in 1991/92.
* Dissolution of the armed forces of the FNLA.
* Participation of UNITA and FNLA, as political parties, in the new political system, from 1991/92 onwards.
* Jonas Savimbi, leader of UNITA, killed in 2002; UNITA abandoned armed struggle and participated in electoral politics.
* Resistance of FLEC continued to this day

Indonesian occupation of East Timor | 1975–2002  |

* Indonesia
* Timor Timur
* Pro-Indonesian East Timorese factions
* UDT[212]
* APODETI
* KOTA
* Trabalhista

* Democratic Republic of East Timor (Until 1976)
* East Timorese Resistance Groups
* Fretilin (Falintil)
* CNRM
* UDT

* 1999 East Timorese crisis
* Indonesia retains a strong influence in East Timor
* East Timor gains independence after an independence referendum votes to become an independent sovereign state

Insurgency in Laos | 1975–Present  |

Lao PDR

* Lao People's Revolutionary Party

Supported by:
Vietnam

* Vietnam People's Army (alleged direct involvement and intervention)

* * *

Soviet Union (until 1989)

* Lao Resistance Movement[250]
* Hmong insurgents
* Supported by:
* Thailand (until 1990)
* United States (until 1990)
* Neo Hom (1981–2007)[251][252]

* * *

Royalists:

* Lao National Liberation Front
* Royal Lao Democratic Government (1982)

Supported by:
Royal Lao Government in Exile
China (until 1988)[253]
Khmer Rouge (until 1999)

* Democratic Kampuchea (until 1979)
* Party of Democratic Kampuchea (1981–1990)

* * *

Rightists:

* United Front for the Liberation of Laos

* Supported by:
* Thailand (early to mid–1980s)

Lao People's Democratic Republic victory, crackdown of Human Rights in Laos

Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict | 1977–1997  |

* Bangladesh

* Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti

Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict | 1988–2025  |

Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh; until 2023)[p][q]
Armenia[r]
Military support
Foreign fighters[broken anchor]
Arms suppliers[broken anchor]
Diplomatic support[broken anchor]

Azerbaijan (from 1991)
Soviet Union (until 1991)[s]

* Azerbaijan SSR

Turkey (2020) (alleged by Armenia)[258][259][260]
Foreign fighters[broken anchor]
Arms suppliers[broken anchor]
Diplomatic support[broken anchor]
Supported by:
Turkey (2020)

* Guerrilla warfare: 1988–1991[261]
* First Nagorno-Karabakh War: 1992–1994[262][263]
* Low-intensity conflict: 1994–2020[264][265]
* Second Nagorno-Karabakh War: 2020[266][267]
* Low-intensity conflict: 2020–2023[268]
* Azerbaijani offensive: 2023[269]
* Armenian victory: 1994[270]
* Political stalemate[271] and cold war: 1994–2020[272][273][274]
* Arms race[275] and militarization[276][277]
* Azerbaijani victory: 2020[278]
* Border crisis: 2021–present[279][280][281][282]
* Blockade of Artsakh: 2022–2023
* Azerbaijani victory: 2023[283]
* Disbandment of the Artsakh Defence Army: 2023[284]
* Negotiations started between Artsakh and Azerbaijan on 21 September 2023[285]
* Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians (2023)
* Artsakh dissolved on 1 January 2024
* Continued Armenian-Azerbaijani border crisis
* Armenia returned four villages captured during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War to Azerbaijan on 24 May 2024.[286]
* Azerbaijan gained control over all of Nagorno-Karabakh[287][288][289]

Afghan Civil War | 1989–1992  |

Republic of Afghanistan
Supported by:

* Soviet Union (until 1991)
* India

* Commonwealth of Independent States (from 1991)[245]
* Tajikistan
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan
* Russia (until January 1992)

* Afghan Interim Government[246]
* Jamiat-e Islami
* Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (until July 1989)[246]
* National Islamic Front of Afghanistan
* Ittehad-e Islami
* Hezb-i Islami Khalis
* Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami[247]

* * *

Independent Factions:

* Khalq (1990)[248]
* Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (from July 1989)[246]
Junbish-i Milli (from 1992)

* * *

Foreign Mujahideen:

* Al Qaeda[249]
* Maktab al-Khidamat

* * *

Various factions also fought among each other
Supported by:
Pakistan

United States

Saudi Arabia

United Kingdom

China

Germany

Iran |

* Afghan Interim Government victory

* Dissolution of the Homeland Party Government
* The Peshawar Accord leads to the creation of the Islamic State of Afghanistan on 28 April 1992
* Continued civil war among Mujahideen forces

Transnistria War | 1990–1992  |  / Moldova[t]

Supported by:

Romania |

* Transnistria
* Russia[290][291]
* Supported by:
* Ukraine[292]

Russian–Transnistrian victory

* Transnistria is a de facto independent state, but remains internationally recognized as part of Moldova

Georgian Civil War | 1991–1993  |

Pro-Gamsakhurdia forces

* 22 December 1991 – 6 January 1992
Government of Georgia
* National Guard of Georgia

* * *

6 January 1992 – March 1992
National Disobedience Committee[293][294]

* * *

March 1992 – September 1993
Gamsakhurdia's government-in-exile

* Partisans
* Units of the National Guard

* * *

2 September 1993 – 6 November 1993
Zugdidi-based government

* * *

6 November 1993 – 31 December 1993
Partisans

Supported by:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria

Pro-Shevardnadze forces

* 22 December 1991 – 6 January 1992
Rebel factions of the National Guard
Mkhedrioni
Tetri Artsivi
Merab Kostava Society
Union of Afghans[u][295]

* * *

* 2 January 1992 – 10 March 1992
Military Council[293]
* Interim Government

* * *

* 10 March 1992 – October 1992
State Council
* Interim Government

* * *

* October 1992 – 31 December 1993
Government of Georgia
* Georgian Armed Forces
* Internal Troops of Georgia
* National Guard of Georgia

Supported by:
Russia

Pro-Shevardnadzist victory

* Exile and death of the first President of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia
* Georgia joins the Commonwealth of Independent States

Yugoslav Wars | 1991–2001  |  Slovenia
Bosnia
NATO
Supported by:
Turkey[296]
Pakistan
Iran[297]
Saudi Arabia[296]

* * *

Croatia
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
Supported by:
Albania

* * *

National Liberation Army

|  SFR Yugoslavia (before 1992)
FR Yugoslavia (from 1992)
Republika Srpska
AP Western Bosnia
Republic of Serbian Krajina
Supported by:
Russia[298][299]
Greece[300]

* * *

Republic of Macedonia
Supported by:
Ukraine[301][302][303](main arms supply)
Bulgaria
FR Yugoslavia

| Breakup of Yugoslavia and the formation of independent successor states
Tajikistani Civil War | 1992–1997  |

* United Tajik Opposition
* Islamic Renaissance Party
* Tajik Democratic Party
* Party of People's Unity
* Rastokhez Popular Movement
* Lali Badakhshan

Afghanistan (until 1996)

*     * Jamiat-e Islami (until 1996)[304]

Supported by:

* al-Qaeda[305]
* Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
* Taliban
* Iran (alleged, denied by Iran)[306][307][308][309]

* / Tajikistan
* Popular Front of Tajikistan[310]
* Communist Party of Tajikistan
* Socialist Party of Tajikistan

/ Russia
Uzbekistan
/ Kazakhstan
/ Kyrgyzstan
Supported by:
Belarus[311] (weapons supplies)
UNMOT

*     * Austria
* Bangladesh
* Bulgaria
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Ghana
* Hungary
* Indonesia
* Jordan
* Nepal
* Nigeria
* Poland
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* Uruguay

Armistice

Second Afar insurgency | 1995–2018  |

* ARDUF
* RSADO

* Ethiopia
* Eritrea

* Eritrean–Ethiopian War ended on 18 June 2000
* Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict ended on 8 July 2018[312]

First Congo War | 1996–1997  |

Zaire

* FAZ
* White Legion

Sudan[313]
Chad[314]
Ex-FAR/ALiR
Interahamwe
CNDD-FDD[315]
UNITA[316]
ADF[317]
FLNC[318]
Supported by:
France
Central African Republic
China[319]
Israel[319]
Kuwait (denied)[319]

* * *

Mai-Mai[v]

AFDL
Rwanda
Uganda[323]
Burundi[324]
Angola[324]
SPLA[313]
Eritrea[325]
Supported by:
South Africa[326]
Zambia[327]
Zimbabwe[326]
Ethiopia[328]
Tanzania
United States (covertly)[329]

* * *

Mai-Mai[v]

AFDL victory

* Overthrow of the Mobutu regime
* Zaire renamed back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Installation of Laurent-Désiré Kabila as president
* Beginning of Second Congo War

Nepalese Civil War | 1996–2006  |

Kingdom of Nepal

* Nepalese Armed Forces
* Royal Nepali Army
* Nepal Police
* Armed Police Force

Supported by:
India[330]
Pakistan[331][332]
Belgium[333]
China[334]
United Kingdom[335]
France[335]
United States[335]

Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)

* People's Liberation Army, Nepal

Supported by:
Communist Party of India (Maoist)
Ceylon Communist Party (Maoist)[336]

Comprehensive Peace Accord
Abolition of Nepalese monarchy[337]

Second Republic of the Congo Civil War | 1997–1999  |

Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo (to October 1997)
Cocoye Militia
Ninja Militia
Nsiloulou Militia
Supported by:
Jonas Savimbi
FLEC[338]
Supported by:
Democratic Republic of the Congo

Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo (from October 1997)
Cobra Militia
Rwandan Hutu Militia
Angola[339]
Chad

Nguesso loyalist victory

* Denis Sassou Nguesso returns to power

Guinea-Bissau Civil War | 1998–1999  |

Guinea-Bissau
Senegal[340]
Guinea[341]
Supported by:
France[342]
Portugal[343]

Military rebels
MFDC[344]
Supported by:
United States[342][345]

Ousting of President João Bernardo Vieira

First Ivorian Civil War | 2002–2007  |

France
UNOCI

Ivory Coast
COJEP
Supported by:
Belarus

* * *

FNCI
Alleged support:
Burkina Faso
Liberia

War agreement, followed by renewed conflict

War in Darfur | 2003–2020  |

SRF[w]
(2006–2020)

* JEM (2003–2020)
* SLA (some factions) (2003–2020)
* LJM (2010–11)[x]

SLA (some factions)
SARC (2014–2020)
SLFA (2017–2020)[347]

* SLA-Unity
* SLMJ
* JEM (Jali)

Supported by:
South Sudan[348]
Chad (2005–2010)[349]
Eritrea (until 2008)[350]
Libya (until 2011)[351]
Uganda (until 2015)[352]

Sudan

* SAF
* Janjaweed
* RSF

Chadian rebel groups[353]
Anti-Gaddafi forces (2011)[354]
Supported by:
Libya (2011–2020)[355]
China[356]
Iran (until 2016)[357]
Russia[358]
Belarus[359]
Syria (2000s, alleged)[360]

* * *

UNAMID (2007–2020)

Stalemate

Iraqi insurgency | 2011–2013  |

Iraqi Government

* Security forces
* Private security contractors

Iraqi Kurdistan

* Peshmerga
* Asayish
* CTG Kurdistan
* Parastin u Zanyari

Sons of Iraq
Supported by:
United States

Islamic State of Iraq (ISIL since April 2013)
Islamic Army in Iraq
Naqshbandi Army
Other Sunni insurgents

Escalation of the insurgency, beginning of the War in Iraq (2013–2017)

* Significant increase in violence since the U.S. withdrawal, with an increasing number of insurgent large-scale attacks and assaults
* Resurgence of ISI,[361] later transforming to ISIL

First Libyan Civil War | 2011–2011  |

Anti-Gaddafi forces

Qatar

* * *

NATO

* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* Denmark
* France
* Greece
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Norway[362]
* Poland (only humanitarian and medical aid)[363]
* Romania
* Spain
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

Other countries

* Jordan[364]
* Sweden
* United Arab Emirates[365]

* * *

Minor border clashes:
Tunisia

* Tunisian Army
* Tunisian Police

Supported by:
Egypt[366][367]

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Libyan opposition/NATO victory

* Complete overthrow and collapse of the Gaddafi regime.
* Killing of Muammar Gaddafi and end of his rule over Libya on 20 October 2011
* Start and continuation of the Libyan Crisis
* Assumption of interim control by National Transitional Council (NTC); remained in power until August 8, 2012
* UN authorisation of NATO led military intervention
* Diplomatic recognition of NTC as sole governing authority for Libya by 105 countries, UN, EU, AL and AU
* Factional violence in the aftermath of the war leading to another civil war between 2014–2020.

Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon | 2011–2017  |

Lebanon

* Lebanese Armed Forces
* Internal Security Forces

Support:

* Australia[368]
* Canada[369]
* China[370]
* Cyprus[371]
* Czech Republic[372]
* Egypt[373]
* France[374]
* Germany[375]
* Iran[376]
* Italy[377]
* Jordan[378]
* Netherlands[379]
* Russia[380]
* Saudi Arabia[374]
* South Korea[381]
* Spain[382]
* Turkey[383]
* United Kingdom[384][385]
* United States[374]

* * *

Pro-Assad militant groups:

* Hezbollah
* Lebanese Resistance Brigades[386]
* PFLP-GC[387]
* Amal Movement[388]
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party[389]
* DFLP[390]
* Popular Nasserist Organization[391]
* As-Sa'iqa[392]
* Fatah al-Intifada[393]
* Arab Democratic Party (until 2014)[394]
* Armenian Revolutionary Federation[395]
* Arab Movement Party[396]

Support:

* Ba'athist Syria[397]
* Iran[398]
* Russia[399]

* * *

Other militias:

* Lebanese Communist Party[400]
* Fatah[401][402]

Syrian rebel forces:

* Free Syrian Army[403]
* Saraya Ahl al-Sham [404]
* Islamic Front (until 2015)[405]
* Jaysh al-Islam[406]
* Future Movement[386]

Support:

* Saudi Arabia[407]

* * *

Al-Qaeda and allies:

* Al-Nusra Front[a][408]
* Fatah al-Islam[409]
* Ghuraba al-Sham (until 2013)
* Jund al-Sham[410]
* Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham [411]
* Abdullah Azzam Brigades[412][413]
* Osbat al-Ansar[414]
* Sunni Resistance Committees[415]
* Muslim Youth[416]

* * *

Islamic State [417]
(from 2013)

* Military of ISIL
* Free Sunnis of Baalbek Brigade[418]

Lebanese victory

* The Lebanese Army and Hezbollah expelled IS militants as well as fighters of Al-Qaeda and its allies from Lebanon entirely in 2017 and reestablished control across all Lebanese territory.[417][419]

Second Libyan Civil War | 2014–2020  |

House of Representatives (Tobruk-based)[420][421]

* Libyan National Army[422][423]
* Libyan Air Force
(LNA–aligned)
* Libyan Navy
(LNA–aligned)

Others:

* Zintan brigades[424]
* JEM[425] (from 2016)
* SLM/A-Minnawi[426][427]
* Gaddafi loyalists[428]
* Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya
* Warshefana militias
[424][429][430]

Wagner Group
(from 2018)
[431][432][433][434][435]
Egypt[436][437][438]
United Arab Emirates[436][439][440][441]
RSF[442] (from 2019)
Ba'athist Syria
(2020)[443][444][445]
Hezbollah (allegedly)[446][447]
Israel
(allegedly, denied by LNA)[448][449][450][451][452]
Iran[453]

Support:

* Russia[454][455]
* France[456][457][458][459]
* Saudi Arabia[460]
* Chad[461]
* Jordan[462][463][430]
* Belarus[464][465]
* Greece[466][467]
* Cyprus[468]
* United States[469][470]
* United Kingdom[471]

Government of National Accord (Tripoli-based) (from 2016)

* Libyan Ground Forces
* Libyan Air Force
(GNA–aligned)
* Libyan Navy[472]
(GNA–aligned)

Others:

* Presidential Guard[473]
* Misrata Brigades[474]
* Sabratha Revolutionary Brigades[475]
* Petroleum Facilities Guard[476]
* Tripoli Protection Force (from 2018)
* Misratan Third Force[477]
* Tuareg militias of Ghat[478]
* Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya[478]
* Chadian rebels (FACT,[479] CCMSR,[479] URF[480] and UFDD[480])

Turkey (2020)[481][482][483]
Syrian National Army (from 2019)[484]
Popular Resistance Committees[485][486]
Hamas (LNA claim, denied by Hamas)[487]

Support:

* Qatar[488]
* Sudan[489] (until 2019)
* Pakistan[490][491]
* Iran[492]
* Morocco[493]
* Malta[494]
* Italy[495][496]
* European Union[497] (except Greece, Cyprus and France)
* United Kingdom[498]
* United States (until 2019) [499][500]
* Ukraine[501]
* Algeria[502]
* United Nations

* * *

National Salvation Government
(2014–2017)[503][504]

* Libya Dawn Coalition
* Libya Shield Force[505]
* LROR[505]
* Libyan National Guard[506][507][508]

Support:

* Sudan (2014–16)[509][489]
* Turkey (2014–16)[510][511]
* Qatar (2014–16)[510][488]
* Iran[512] (allegedly)
* Ukraine[501]

* * *

Islamic State
(from 2014)[513]

* Wilayat Barqa[514][515]
* Wilayat Tarabulus[516]
* Wilayat Fezzan[516]

Support:

* AQIM (2014–2015;[517][518] alleged in 2016[519])

* * *

Al-Qaeda

* Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb[520]

Shura Council of
Benghazi Revolutionaries
(2014–2017)[521][522]

SCBR
militia:

* Ansar al-Sharia
(2014–2017)[523]
* Libya Shield 1
(2014–16)
* Rafallah al-Sahati Brigade
* February 17th Martyrs Brigade

Others:

* Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna (until 2018)[524]
* Al-Mourabitoun (2015-2018)[525]
* Benghazi Defense Brigades (2016)[526][527]
* Ajdabiya Revolutionaries Shura Council (2015–16)[528]
* Derna Protection Force (2018-2019)

Ceasefire

* Permanent ceasefire ratified on 23 October 2020
* LNA failed to conquer Tripoli
* Government of National Unity formed on 10 March 2021
* Continued Libyan Crisis

## Ongoing proxy wars

[edit]

Further information: List of ongoing armed conflicts

War  | Dates  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2

|
|
|

Xinjiang conflict | 1933–present  |

East Turkestan independence movement

* * *

* Turkistan Islamic Party
* (1997–present)

* East Turkestan Liberation Organization
* (2000–2003)

East Turkistan Education and Solidarity Association[529](denied by ETESA[530][531])

* * *

* East Turkestan People's Revolutionary Party
* (1968–1989)
* United Revolutionary Front of East Turkestan
* (1968–2004)
* Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949)
* Various small groups[532]

* * *

First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934)

People's Republic of China (from 1949)

Chinese Communist Party
People's Police
People's Armed Police
People's Liberation Army
Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps

* * *

Republic of China (until 1950s)

Kuomintang
National Revolutionary Army (1931–1947)
Republic of China Army (1947–1950s)
Ma clique (1931–1949)
Xinjiang (1912–1933; 1944–1949)

* * *

Xinjiang (1933–1944)

People's Anti-Imperialist Association
Israeli-Palestinian conflict | Late 19th / early 20th century–present  |

Palestinians:
Pre–1948:

* Muslim-Christian Associations
* Palestine Arab Congress
* Arab Higher Committee

1948–present:
1948:

* Arab Higher Committee
* All-Palestine Protectorate
* Army of the Holy War

1949–1956:

* Palestinian fedayeen[y]

1964–2005:

* PLO (1964–2005)[z]
* UNLU (1987–1993)[aa]
* Palestinian Authority (1994–2005)[ab]

2007–present:

* Hamas government
* Palestinian Joint Operations Room (2018–present)[ac]

Israel and Zionist predecessors:
Pre–1948:
Yishuv

* Bar-Giora
* Hashomer
* Haganah
* Irgun
* Lehi

1948–present:
State of Israel

* Israel Defense Forces
* Israeli settlers (since 1967)

Balochistan conflict | 1948–present  |

Baloch separatist groups

* * *

Sectarian groups

Pakistan
Iran

Internal conflict in Myanmar | 1948–present  |

* Union of Burma (1948–1962)
* Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (1962–1988)
* Union of Myanmar (1988–2011)
* Myanmar (since 2011)
* SAC (since 2021)

* National Unity Government (since 2021)
* People's Defence Force

* * *

Ethnic armed organisations[ad]

Papua conflict | 1962–present  |  Indonesia

* * *

Papua New Guinea[535][536] |

Free Papua Movement

Insurgency in Northeast India | 1954–present  |

Separatist groups:

* UNLFW
* National Democratic Front of Boroland (1986–2020)
* National Socialist Council of Nagaland
* United Liberation Front of Asom
* Kamtapur Liberation Organisation
* CorCom
* United National Liberation Front (1964–2023)
* People's Liberation Army of Manipur
* Kangleipak Communist Party
* People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak
* Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup
* Maoist Communist Party of Manipur
* Zomi Revolutionary Army (1997–2005)
* Kuki National Army
* Tani Army
* National Liberation Front of Tripura (1989–2024)
* All Tripura Tiger Force (1990–2024)
* Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front (2004–21)
* Bodo Liberation Tigers Force (1996-03)

Other:

*     * Garo National Liberation Army (2009–18)
* Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (2000–10)
* People's Democratic Council of Karbi Longri (2016–21)
* Adivasi Cobra Force (1996–2012)
* Mizo National Front (1954–86)
* Tripura National Volunteers (1978–88)
* Dima Halam Daogah (2009–13)
* United People's Democratic Solidarity (1999–2014)

Supported by:

* China (claimed by India)[537]
* Myanmar (until 2018)[538]
* Bhutan (until 2003)[539]
* CPI (Maoist)[540]

* * *

Jihadist groups:

* MULT Assam (1996–2016)
* AQIS (2016–present)[541]

India

* Indian Armed Forces
* Central Reserve Police Force
* Border Security Force
* SULFA[542][543]

Supported by:

* Bhutan (from 2003)[544]
* Bangladesh (from 1971)[545]
* Myanmar (from 2018)[546]

Naxalite–Maoist insurgency | 1967–present  |

* India[547]
* Indian Armed Forces
* Central Reserve Police Force
* Border Security Force
* State Armed Police Forces
* District Reserve Guard

* * *

Militias: (until 2011)[548]

* Tritiya Prastuti Committee
* Salwa Judum
* Sunlight Sena
* Kuer Sena[549]
* Ranvir Sena[550][551]
* Bhumi Sena
* Lorik Sena

* Naxalites
* CPI (Maoist)
* PLGA
* JJP[552]
* PLFI
* RCC
(2006–2019)[553]
* OMP (2002–2015)[554]
* CPI(ML) Liberation (1974–1992)
* Lal Sena
* CPI(ML) Janashakti (1992–2013)
* CPUSI (1997–2005)[555]
* CPI(ML) ND
* CPI(ML) MM (until 2012)
* ABNES (until 2002)
* TNLA[556]
(until 2005)[557]

Supported by:

*     * ULFA[558]
* NSCN[558]
* PLA-MP
* MCPM
* KCP
* Declared support:
* International Communist League[559]
* CPN (Maoist)
* CPN (2014)[560]
* NPA[561]
* PBSP[562] (until 2021)
* PBCP[563] (until 2021)
* CIC (until 1977)
* CCP (Maoist) (until 1976)[564]

Civil conflict in the Philippines | 1969–present  |

* Communists
* Communist Party
* New People's Army
* ...full list

* * *

* Jihadist groups
* Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters

* Philippines
* Armed Forces
* National Police

Cabinda War | 1975–present  |

FLEC

* FLEC-FAC
* Communist Committee of Cabinda
* Republic of Cabinda (1975–1976, 1999)

Zaire (1975)[citation needed]

Angola
Cuba (until 1991)

* * *

Democratic People's Republic of Angola (1991)

* UNITA (joint operations, 1991)

Military advisers and pilots:

* East Germany (until 1989)[565]
* Soviet Union (until 1989)[565][566]

Civil conflict in Turkey | 1976–present  | TAK
TKP/ML-TİKKO
MKP-HKO-PHG
Maoist Party
Maoist Party Centre
THKO
Devrimci Yol
DHKP-C

* * *

Supported by:
Soviet Union[567][568]
China[569]
ASALA[570] (1970s–1988)
Syria[567][571][572]
Greece[573][574]
Cyprus[567]
Iran[567][575][576]
Iraq (until 2003)[577]
Libya (until 2011)[578] |  Turkey

* * *

Supported by:
Turkic Council[570]
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict | 1979–present  |

Saudi Arabia

Proxies:

* FSA (until 2017)[579][580]
* Syria (since 2024)
* KDPI[581][582]
* Jaish ul-Adl[583]
* PJAK[584]
* Komala[584]
* LNA[585][586][587]
* ANR[588]
* ASMLA[589]
* PNA[590]
* PAK[591]
* Yemen[592]
* JRTN (from 2006)[593][594][595]
* LF[596][597]
* MEK[598]
* Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan[599][600][601]

Iran

Proxies:[623]

* Hezbollah Al-Hejaz[602]
* OIRAP[603](1979–1988)[604]
* Liwa Fatemiyoun[605]
* Houthis[606]
* Syria (until 2024)[607][580]
* Popular Mobilization Forces[608][609][610]
* Al-Ashtar Brigades[611]
* Al-Mukhtar Brigades[612]
* Hezbollah[613][614]
* Hamas[615][616]
* Hüseynçilər[617]
* Muslim Brotherhood[618][619]
* Liwa Zainebiyoun[620][601]
* IMN[621]
* Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan[622]

Internal conflict in Peru | 1980–present  |

* Shining Path (PCP-SL)
* CBMR (since 2001)
* CRH (2004–2012)
* FARC dissidents

Supported by:

* FUDEPP (since 2014)
* Hezbollah (since 2016)
* ICL (since 2022)
* Libya (until 2011)[624]
* ANO (1988)
* FARC-EP (until 2016)
* MOVADEF (2009–2024)
* RIM (1984–2012)

* * *

MPCP[note 3]

Supported by:

* China (self-claim)[626]
* ASPRET (until 2022)

* * *

Ethnocacerists

Supported by:

* ASPRET (2011–2022)
* Hezbollah
* MPCP (until 2022)

* * *

* FAR-EPT[note 4]
* MRTA (1982–1997)

Supported by:

* Cuba[628] (denied)
* Libya[628]
* Soviet Union[628]
* FMLN[629]
* M-19[630]
* FSLN[631][628]

Government of Peru

Supported by:

* Rondas campesinas[note 5]
* ASPRET (since 2023)
* International support:
* China
* Colombia[634]
* Cuba
* Japan
* North Korea[635]
* Russia[636][637]
* Soviet Union[636]
* Spain[638]
* United States[639][640]

Abkhaz–Georgian conflict | 1989–present  |

Georgian SSR (before 1990)
/  Georgia (after 1990)

* Zviadists(1991–1998)

Supported by:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (2001)
UNA-UNSO (1992–1993)[641]
White Legion (1992–1998)
Mkhedrioni (1991–1998)
Forest Brotherhood (1992–1998)

Abkhaz ASSR (before 1992)
Abkhazia (after 1992) Supported by:
CMPC (1992–1993)
/  Russia

* Kuban Cossacks
* Don Cossacks

South Ossetia

Georgian–Ossetian conflict | 1989–present  |

Georgian SSR (before 1990)
Georgia (after 1990)

South Ossetia
Russia

Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir | 1989–present  |

* India
* Indian Armed Forces
* Indian Army
* Central Armed Police Force
* Jammu and Kashmir Police

* Political Parties:
* APHC
* JIJK
* Armed groups:
* JKLF (until 1992)
* Lashkar-e-Taiba
* JeM
* MJC
* Hizbul Mujahideen
* PAFF
* TRF
* DeM[642] (until 2018)
* HUM (until 2001)
* HuJI
* Al-Badr (until 2022)
* Al-Umar-Mujahideen (until 2006)
* Other separatist movements & insurgent militant groups[643][644][645]

* AQIS[646]
* Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind
(until 2022)

Supported by:

* Pakistan
* Al-Qaeda[647]
* D-Company[648]

* * *

* Islamic State
* IS Hind[649]
* ISJK[650]
(until 2019)

Allied Democratic Forces insurgency | 1996–present  |

Uganda
DR Congo

* Armed Forces (FARDC)

MONUSCO

* Force Intervention Brigade

ADF (1996–2015)

* NALU

* * *

ISIL[651]

* IS-CAP[652]
* ADF-Baluku

ADF-Mukulu

* NALU

RCD/K-ML

* APC[653]

Mai-Mai Kyandenga (2020–present)
Supported by: FARDC elements[653]
LRA
Al-Shabaab[651] (disputed)[654]
Various Jihadi groups (Ugandan and MONUSCO claim)[654]
Sudan (1990s; currently unknown)

Syrian civil war[655][656] | 2011[ae]–present[af] |  Syrian opposition

* * *

Supported by:
Saudi Arabia
Qatar[665]
United States[665]
Turkey
Libya
European Union
Australia
Egypt (2011–2013)
France
United Kingdom
Jordan
Italy
Netherlands
Canada
Germany |  Syria
Supported by:
Armenia[666]
Iran[665]
Russia[667][668][669]
Iraq
Pakistan[670][671]
China[672][673]
North Korea[674][675][676]
Cuba[677]
Venezuela[678][679][680][681]
Algeria[682]
Belarus[683]
Angola[684]
Egypt (from 2015)[685][686]
United Arab Emirates

* * *

Rojava

* * *

Supported by:
United States
France
United Kingdom
Iraqi Kurdistan[687]
CJTF-OIR
Yemeni Crisis
(part of Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy conflicts) | 2011–present  |  Yemen (Hadi government)
Saudi-led coalition

* * *

Supported by:
Somalia[688]
United States[689]
Eritrea[690]
United Kingdom[691][692]
France[693][694][695]
Pakistan
Canada[696]
Italy[citation needed]
Turkey[697]
Germany[698][699][700][701] |  Yemen (Supreme Political Council)

* * *

Supported by:
Iran[702]
Iraq
North Korea[703]
Russia[704]
Syria[705]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Irritated by UNITA cross-border raids, the Namibian Defence Force retaliated by sending units into southern Angola and destroying a UNITA training camp at Licua in late January 2001.[193] The Namibian troops were not withdrawn from Angola until May 2002.[193]
2. ^ The North Korean Military Mission in Angola had about 1,500 personnel attached to FAPLA in 1986, most likely advisers, although their exact duties are uncertain.[198] Their presence in Angola may have been indirectly subsidised by the Soviet Union.[199] Up to 3,000 North Korean military personnel served in Angola throughout the 1980s.[200]
3. ^ Until 2018, the Militarized Communist Party of Peru (MPCP) was unofficially referred to as the "Shining Path remnants" (Remanentes de Sendero Luminoso) or as the "Shining Path in the VRAEM" (Sendero Luminoso en el VRAEM). The Peruvian government continues to refer to the MPCP as the direct successor to the Shining Path.[625]
4. ^ The Revolutionary Armed Forces – Tupacamarist People's Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias – Ejército Popular Tupacamarista) was established in 2015 by Julio César Vásquez Vásquez, a former member of the MRTA.[627]
5. ^ These autonomous units have been organised by the Armed Forces since 1982, taking the name of "Self-Defence Committees" (CAD) since 1991.[632] Since its establishment in 2006, most rondas have been organised under the Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru (CUNARC-P).[633]

1. ^ The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
2. ^ a b c d 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS
3. ^ The POUM fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until 16 June 1937, when the POUM was illegalized and suppressed by the Popular Front Republican government led by Prime Minister Juan Negrín, with the government suppression of the POUM supported by Joseph Stalin, the Comintern and the PCE.
4. ^ The Euzko Gudarostea fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until it surrendered to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie in the Santoña Agreement on 24 August 1937.
5. ^ On 9 July 1951 troop constituents were: US: 70.4%; ROK: 23.3%; other UNC: 6.3%.[31]
6. ^ The name Kenya Land and Freedom Army is sometimes heard in connection with Mau Mau. KLFA was the name that Dedan Kimathi used for a coordinating body which he tried to set up for Mau Mau. It was also the name of another militant group that sprang up briefly in the spring of 1960; the group was broken up during a brief operation from 26 March to 30 April.[33]
7. ^ ONUC, the United Nations Operation in the Congo, included troops from Ghana, Tunisia, Morocco, Ethiopia, Ireland, Guinea, Sweden, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Canada, India, Indonesia and the United Arab Republic among others.[65]
8. ^ The secession of Katanga and South Kasai was also supported by South Africa, France, Portuguese Angola and the neighbouring Central African Federation.[66][67] However, neither was ever officially recognised by any state.[68]
9. ^ Portuguese forces assisted the Rhodesians in cross-border operations into Portuguese Mozambique. See Operation Flotilla and Operation Birch.
10. ^ Close air support
11. ^ later CNRT
12. ^ from 1986
13. ^ until 1986
14. ^ until 1998
15. ^ until 1986
16. ^ Formal dissolution on 1 January 2024
17. ^ Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) until 1991.
18. ^ Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Armenia) until 1990 (renamed Republic of Armenia)/1991 (declared independence).
19. ^ "Throughout the Soviet period, Moscow supported the Azerbaijani authorities against Armenian secessionists. "Until the dissolution of the USSR, the Soviet authorities sided, in general, with Azerbaijan. [...] Soviet troops sent to the conflict area [...] on numerous occasions, took the side of the Azerbaijani forces to 'punish' the Armenians for raising the NK issue." "Soviet troops have been in Nagorno-Karabakh for 2 1/2 years [...] The troops support armed Azerbaijani militias who have imposed a blockade of the region..."[254] Soviet troops directly intervened during Operation Ring in April–May 1991 on the Azerbaijani side.[255][256] It was essentially a "combined Soviet-Azerbaijan operation."[257]
20. ^ Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova until 23 May 1991. Constituent republic of the Soviet Union until 27 August 1991.
21. ^ Georgians who fought for the Soviet army in Afghanistan
22. ^ a b Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees.[320] As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL.[321] Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and the AFDL.[322]
23. ^ Known as the National Redemption Front prior to 2011.
24. ^ Signed the Doha Darfur Peace Agreement in 2011.[346]
25. ^ The 1949–1956 Palestinian fedayeen insurgency culminated in the 1956 Suez Crisis.
26. ^ The Palestinian Authority was created by and is ultimately accountable to the PLO (see Palestinian Authority#Government and politics). Under the administration of Mahmoud Abbas (2005–present), the PA has coordinated security with Israel and worked to suppress anti-Israel militants.[533]
27. ^ During the First Intifada.
28. ^ Under the administration of Mahmoud Abbas (2005–present), the PA has coordinated security with Israel and worked to suppress anti-Israel militants.[533]
29. ^ Consists of the armed wings of Hamas and allied Palestinian militant organizations.
30. ^ The government of Myanmar refers to all insurgent groups as "ethnic armed organisations", including groups like the All Burma Students' Democratic Front and Communist Party of Burma, which do not fight for a specific ethnic group's interests.[534]
31. ^ Large-scale demonstrations in Syria began in 15 March 2011 and were subsequently suppressed by force by the Assad regime,[657] it eventually led to an all-out civil war.[658][659] In July 2011, defectors from Assad's regime formed an organized militia called the Free Syrian Army to protect protesters and strike back at Assad.[658] The International Committee of the Red Cross said the violence in Syria had become so widespread that it was in a state of civil war in July 2012.[660]
32. ^ With the Ba'athist regime prevailing, the hostilities were mostly put on hold between 6 March 2020 and 27 November 2024, when the Syrian opposition launched a campaign of quick successful military offensives in Northwestern Syria, toppling the Assad regime on 8 December. Further fate of the ongoing conflict remains uncertain.[661][662][663][664]

1. ^ Disbanded by police.
2. ^ Disbanded by members due to increasing police pressure. Most already joined the Red Brigades; others focused on politics.
3. ^ Dismantled by police. Members merged into the Red Brigades and Partisan Action Groups.
4. ^ Dismantled by police.
5. ^ Disbanded due to internal feuds. Some members merged into the Red Brigades whilst others formed Prima Linea.
6. ^ Disbanded due to internal disagreements. Some members merged into the group Autonomous Worker.
7. ^ Dissolved due to police pressure and members merging into the PAC, Red Brigades, and Prima Linea. Those imprisoned often associated with NAP.
8. ^ Banned, some joined Ordine Nero.
9. ^ Banned. Its members joined Ordine Nero.
10. ^ Dismantled.
11. ^ Dissolved by police. Used by NAR as a cover name later on.

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* "The Soviet War in Afghanistan: History and Harbinger of Future War?". ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2025-03-18. "According to General Nawroz, the Afghan-Soviet War was a rare confrontation in history as it helped trigger the collapse of the greatest empire of modern times. Lessons learned from this conflict were gathered by both sides. Whatever else these lessons may show, the most fundamental of them is that no army, however sophisticated, well trained, materially rich, numerically overwhelming and ruthless, can succeed on the battlefield if it is not psychologically fit and motivated for the fight."
* Gvosdev, Nikolas K. (2009-12-10). "The Soviet Victory That Never Was | Foreign Affairs". www.foreignaffairs.com. Retrieved 2025-03-18. "Today, the victory of the anti-Soviet mujahideen seems preordained as part of the West's ultimate triumph in the Cold War."
* Khan, Arshad (2003). Islam, Muslims, and America: Understanding the Basis of Their Conflict. Algora Publishing. p. 37\. ISBN 978-0875862439. "After a decade of war, the Soviet army was forced to withdraw in 1989. The mujahideen's victory against a superpower was a great morale booster for Muslims throughout the world."
* Trenin, Dmitri V.; Malashenko, Alexey (2010). Russia's Restless Frontier: The Chechnya Factor in Post-Soviet Russia. Carnegie Endowment. p. 7\. ISBN 978-0870032943. "The war in Afghanistan brought about a deep crisis in Moscow's Middle Eastern policy. Having failed to suppress militarily the armed opposition supported from abroad, the Soviet Union was forced to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1989. The political and military defeat of the Soviet Union, which had failed to protect a client regime in a neighboring country for the first time since 1945, accelerated the erosion and, ultimately, the disintegration of the Soviet presence in the region from Damascus to Aden."
* Pedraja, René De La (2018). The Russian Military Resurgence: Post-Soviet Decline and Rebuilding, 1992–2018. McFarland. p. 36\. ISBN 978-1476634494. "But the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan on 15 February 1989, although a military defeat, did not mean the overthrown of the local socialist government. Against all predictions of its demise, the regime of Mohamed Najibullah survived the departure of Soviet troops. Only after the new Russian Federation withdrew its assistance in 1992 was the unfortunate Najibullah overthrown and murdered."
* Plügge, Matthias (2023). Traces of Terrorism. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 340\. ISBN 978-3756842643. "For the Muslims, the Afghan Mujahideen victory over the Red army was, with probably a few exceptions, a military victory for the Islam – the first one for some centuries."
* Zehr, Nahed Artoul (2017). The War Against Al-Qaeda: Religion, Policy, and Counter-narratives. Georgetown University Press. p. 95\. ISBN 978-1626164284. "He turned his attention directly toward continuing the jihad that had been initiated in Afghanistan. The mujahideen's victory over the Soviets was a major boost to the development of the al-Qaeda phenomenon, as figures such as bin Laden viewed their victory as one of Muslims against non-Muslim forces. For bin Laden, the mujahideen—a vanguard army of true Muslims fighting for the construction of a legitimate Islamic State—had prevailed against a much stronger non-Muslim power presaged the Islamic revolution. Motivated by the mujahideen's success, bin Laden believed that the Muslim-wide revolution could start, and Afghanistan would be the base from which the Muslim-wide revolution could start, and Afghanistan would be the base from which this new war could be waged."
* Shahrani, M. Nazif (2012). The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan: Adaptation to Closed Frontiers and War. University of Washington Press. p. xx. ISBN 978-0295803784. "The United States reportedly invested some three billion dollars in the anti-Soviet war in Afghanistan. Then, after the Soviet defeat and withdrawal in 1989, the United States simply abandoned Afghanistan by walking away."
* Insurgency and Counter Insurgency: A Dangerous War of Nerves: A Dangerous War of Nerves. KW Publishers Pvt Ltd. 2013. p. 1993\. ISBN 978-9385714733. "Al Qaeda was formed in Afghanistan after the Soviet defeat in 1989 by the various Mujahideen groups who were emboldened by their victory over a superpower and, hence, sought to carry their war to other arenas."
* Ramakrishna, Kumar (2014). Islamist Terrorism and Militancy in Indonesia: The Power of the Manichean Mindset. Springer. p. 166\. ISBN 978-9812871947. "After the Soviet defeat and withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989, Azzam argued that the Islamic victory was in fact "the prelude to the liberation of Palestine" and other "lost" territories."
* Jalali, Ali Ahmad (2017). A Military History of Afghanistan: From the Great Game to the Global War on Terror. University Press of Kansas. p. 376\. ISBN 978-0700624072. "The war was fought in four different strategic phrases: the Soviet offensive operation in support of the regime change; a symmetrical expansion of the war leading to a strategic stalemate following the failure of the Soviet forces to win militarily; the Soviets' combined political-military struggle aimed at a political solution in support of a responsible exit strategy; the Soviet military defeat and its withdrawal from Afghanistan."
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## Explanatory notes

[edit]

1. ^ The last battle took place from 2–6 July 1991 between the Lebanese government and the Palestine Liberation Organization due to the latter's refusal to accept the Taif Agreement.

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