List of regions in the human brain

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The Brodmann areas of a human brain Neuropsychology

Topics

* Brain regions
* Clinical neuropsychology
* Cognitive neuropsychology
* Cognitive neuroscience
* Dementia
* Human brain
* Neuroanatomy
* Neurophysiology
* Neuropsychological assessment
* Neuropsychological rehabilitation
* Traumatic brain injury

Brain functions

* Arousal
* Attention
* Consciousness
* Decision making
* Executive functions
* Natural language
* Learning
* Memory
* Motor coordination
* Perception
* Planning
* Problem solving
* Thought

People

* Alan Baddeley
* Arthur L. Benton
* David Bohm
* Antonio Damasio
* Phineas Gage
* Norman Geschwind
* Elkhonon Goldberg
* Patricia Goldman-Rakic
* Donald O. Hebb
* Kenneth Heilman
* Eric Kandel
* Edith Kaplan
* Muriel Lezak
* Benjamin Libet
* Rodolfo Llinás
* Alexander Luria
* Brenda Milner
* Karl H. Pribram
* Pasko Rakic
* Oliver Sacks
* Mark Rosenzweig
* Roger W. Sperry
* Hans-Lukas Teuber
* Henry Molaison ("H.M.", patient)
* K.C. (patient)

Tests

* Benton Visual Retention Test
* Continuous Performance Task
* Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
* Hayling and Brixton tests
* Lexical Decision Task
* Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery
* Mini–mental state examination
* Rey–Osterrieth complex figure
* Stroop Test
* Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
* Wechsler Memory Scale
* Wisconsin Card Sorting Task

* Psychology portal
* Philosophy portal
* Medicine portal

* v
* t
* e

Most famous parts of the brain highlighted in different colours

The human brain anatomical regions are ordered following standard neuroanatomy hierarchies. Functional, connective, and developmental regions are listed in parentheses where appropriate.

## Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

[edit]

Main article: Hindbrain

Embryonic vertebrate subdivisions of the developing human brain hindbrain or rhombencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

### Myelencephalon

[edit]

* Medulla oblongata
* Medullary pyramids
* Arcuate nucleus
* Olivary body
* Inferior olivary nucleus
* Rostral ventrolateral medulla
* Caudal ventrolateral medulla
* Solitary nucleus (Nucleus of the solitary tract)
* Respiratory center-Respiratory groups
* Dorsal respiratory group
* Ventral respiratory group or Apneustic centre
* Pre-Bötzinger complex
* Botzinger complex
* Retrotrapezoid nucleus
* Nucleus retrofacialis
* Nucleus retroambiguus
* Nucleus para-ambiguus
* Paramedian reticular nucleus
* Gigantocellular reticular nucleus
* Parafacial zone
* Cuneate nucleus
* Gracile nucleus
* Perihypoglossal nuclei
* Intercalated nucleus
* Prepositus nucleus
* Sublingual nucleus
* Area postrema
* Medullary cranial nerve nuclei
* Inferior salivatory nucleus
* Nucleus ambiguus
* Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
* Hypoglossal nucleus
* Chemoreceptor trigger zone

### Metencephalon

[edit]

#### Pons

[edit]

* Pontine nuclei
* Pontine cranial nerve nuclei
* Chief or pontine nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus (V)
* Motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V)
* Abducens nucleus (VI)
* Facial nerve nucleus (VII)
* Vestibulocochlear nuclei (vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei) (VIII)
* Superior salivatory nucleus
* Pontine tegmentum
* Pontine micturition center (Barrington's nucleus)
* Locus coeruleus
* Pedunculopontine nucleus
* Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
* Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus
* Nucleus incertus
* Parabrachial area
* Medial parabrachial nucleus
* Lateral parabrachial nucleus
* Subparabrachial nucleus (Kölliker-Fuse nucleus)
* Pontine respiratory group
* Superior olivary complex
* Medial superior olive
* Lateral superior olive
* Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body
* Paramedian pontine reticular formation
* Parvocellular reticular nucleus
* Caudal pontine reticular nucleus
* Cerebellar peduncles
* Superior cerebellar peduncle
* Middle cerebellar peduncle
* Inferior cerebellar peduncle

#### Fourth ventricle

[edit]

#### Cerebellum

[edit]

* Cerebellar vermis
* Cerebellar hemispheres
* Anterior lobe
* Posterior lobe
* Flocculonodular lobe
* Cerebellar nuclei
* Fastigial nucleus
* Interposed nucleus
* Globose nucleus
* Emboliform nucleus
* Dentate nucleus

## Midbrain (mesencephalon)

[edit]

Cross-section of the midbrain.

* Tectum
* Corpora quadrigemina
* Inferior colliculi
* Superior colliculi
* Pretectum
* Tegmentum
* Periaqueductal gray
* Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
* Midbrain reticular formation
* Dorsal raphe nucleus
* Red nucleus
* Ventral tegmental area
* Parabrachial pigmented nucleus
* Paranigral nucleus
* Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
* Caudal linear nucleus
* Rostral linear nucleus of the raphe
* Interfascicular nucleus
* Substantia nigra
* Pars compacta
* Pars reticulata
* Interpeduncular nucleus
* Cerebral peduncle
* Crus cerebri
* Mesencephalic cranial nerve nuclei
* Oculomotor nucleus (III)
* Edinger-Westphal nucleus
* Trochlear nucleus (IV)
* Mesencephalic duct (cerebral aqueduct, aqueduct of Sylvius)

## Forebrain (prosencephalon)

[edit]

### Diencephalon

[edit]

Diencephalon

#### Epithalamus

[edit]

* Pineal body (pineal gland)
* Habenular nuclei
* Stria medullaris
* Taenia thalami

#### Third ventricle

[edit]

* Subcommissural organ
* Circumventricular organs (also Fourth ventricle)

#### Thalamus

[edit]

See also: List of thalamic nuclei

* Anterior nuclear group
* Anteroventral nucleus (a.k.a. ventral anterior nucleus)
* Anterodorsal nucleus
* Anteromedial nucleus
* Medial nuclear group
* Medial dorsal nucleus
* Midline nuclear group
* Paratenial nucleus
* Reuniens nucleus
* Rhomboidal nucleus
* Intralaminar nuclear group
* Centromedian nucleus
* Parafascicular nucleus
* Paracentral nucleus
* Central lateral nucleus
* Lateral nuclear group
* Lateral dorsal nucleus
* Lateral posterior nucleus
* Pulvinar
* Ventral nuclear group
* Ventral anterior nucleus
* Ventral lateral nucleus
* Ventral posterior nucleus
* Ventral posterior lateral nucleus
* Ventral posterior medial nucleus
* Metathalamus
* Medial geniculate body
* Lateral geniculate body
* Thalamic reticular nucleus

#### Hypothalamus (limbic system) (HPA axis)

[edit]

* Anterior
* Medial area
* Parts of preoptic area
* Medial preoptic nucleus
* INAH 1
* INAH 2
* INAH 3
* INAH 4
* Median preoptic nucleus
* Suprachiasmatic nucleus
* Paraventricular nucleus
* Supraoptic nucleus (mainly)
* Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
* Lateral area
* Parts of preoptic area
* Lateral preoptic nucleus
* Anterior part of Lateral nucleus
* Part of supraoptic nucleus
* Other nuclei of preoptic area
* Median preoptic nucleus
* Periventricular preoptic nucleus
* Tuberal
* Medial area
* Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
* Ventromedial nucleus
* Arcuate nucleus
* Lateral area
* Tuberal part of Lateral nucleus
* Lateral tuberal nuclei
* Posterior
* Medial area
* Mammillary nuclei (part of mammillary bodies)
* Posterior nucleus
* Lateral area
* Posterior part of Lateral nucleus
* Surface
* Median eminence
* Mammillary bodies
* Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
* Optic chiasm
* Subfornical organ
* Periventricular nucleus
* Tuber cinereum
* Tuberal nucleus
* Tuberomammillary nucleus
* Tuberal region
* Mammillary nucleus

#### Subthalamus (HPA axis)

[edit]

* Subthalamic nucleus
* Zona incerta

#### Pituitary gland (HPA axis)

[edit]

* Neurohypophysis
* Pars intermedia (Intermediate Lobe)
* Adenohypophysis

### Telencephalon (cerebrum) Cerebral hemispheres

[edit]

red: frontal lobe

orange: parietal lobe

yellow: occipital lobe

green: temporal lobe

blue: cerebellum

black: brainstem

#### White matter

[edit]

* Centrum semiovale
* Corona radiata
* Internal capsule
* External capsule
* Extreme capsule

#### Subcortical

[edit]

* Hippocampus (Medial Temporal Lobe)
* Dentate gyrus
* Cornu ammonis (CA fields)
* Cornu ammonis area 1 (CA1)
* Cornu ammonis area 2 (CA2)
* Cornu ammonis area 3 (CA3)
* Cornu ammonis area 4 (CA4)
* Amygdala (limbic system) (limbic lobe)
* Central nucleus (autonomic nervous system)
* Medial nucleus (accessory olfactory system)
* Cortical and basomedial nuclei (main olfactory system)
* Lateral and basolateral nuclei (frontotemporal cortical system)
* Extended amygdala
* Stria terminalis
* Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
* Claustrum
* Basal ganglia
* Striatum
* Dorsal striatum (a.k.a. neostriatum)
* Putamen
* Caudate nucleus
* Ventral striatum
* Nucleus accumbens
* Olfactory tubercle
* Globus pallidus (forms nucleus lentiformis with putamen)
* Ventral pallidum
* Subthalamic nucleus
* Basal forebrain
* Anterior perforated substance
* Substantia innominata
* Nucleus basalis
* Diagonal band of Broca
* Septal nuclei
* Medial septal nuclei
* Lamina terminalis
* Vascular organ of lamina terminalis

#### Rhinencephalon (paleocortex)

[edit]

* Olfactory bulb
* Olfactory tract
* Anterior olfactory nucleus
* Piriform cortex
* Anterior commissure
* Uncus
* Periamygdaloid cortex

#### Cerebral cortex (neocortex)

[edit]

* Frontal lobe
* Cortex
* Primary motor cortex (Precentral gyrus, M1)
* Premotor cortex
* Supplementary motor cortex
* Prefrontal cortex
* Orbitofrontal cortex
* Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
* Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
* Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
* Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
* Gyri
* Superior frontal gyrus
* Middle frontal gyrus
* Inferior frontal gyrus
* Brodmann areas: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 24, 25, 32, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47
* Parietal lobe
* Cortex
* Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
* Secondary somatosensory cortex (S2)
* Posterior parietal cortex
* Gyri
* Postcentral gyrus (Primary somesthetic area)
* Other
* Precuneus
* Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3 (Primary somesthetic area); 5, 7, 23, 26, 29, 31, 39, 40
* Occipital lobe
* Cortex
* Primary visual cortex (V1)
* V2
* V3
* V4
*     * Gyri
* Lateral occipital gyrus
* Other
* Cuneus
* Brodmann areas 17 (V1, primary visual cortex); 18, 19
* Temporal lobe
* Cortex
* Primary auditory cortex (A1)
* Secondary auditory cortex (A2)
* Inferior temporal cortex
* V5/MT
* Posterior inferior temporal cortex
* Gyri
* Superior temporal gyrus
* Middle temporal gyrus
* Inferior temporal gyrus
* Entorhinal cortex
* Perirhinal cortex
* Parahippocampal gyrus
* Fusiform gyrus
* Brodmann areas: 20, 21, 22, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42
* Other
* Medial superior temporal area (MST)
* Insular cortex
* Cingulate cortex
* Anterior cingulate
* Posterior cingulate
* Retrosplenial cortex
* Indusium griseum
* Subgenual area 25
* Brodmann areas 23, 24; 26, 29, 30 (retrosplenial areas); 31, 32

## Neural pathways

[edit]

* Superior longitudinal fasciculus
* Arcuate fasciculus
* Uncinate fasciculus
* Perforant pathway
* Thalamocortical radiations
* Corpus callosum
* Anterior commissure
* Amygdalofugal pathway
* Interthalamic adhesion
* Posterior commissure
* Habenular commissure
* Fornix
* Mammillotegmental fasciculus
* Incertohypothalamic pathway
* Cerebral peduncle
* Medial forebrain bundle
* Medial longitudinal fasciculus
* Myoclonic triangle
* Solitary tract
* Major dopaminergic pathways from dopaminergic cell groups
* Mesocortical pathway
* Mesolimbic pathway
* Nigrostriatal pathway
* Tuberoinfundibular pathway
* Serotonergic pathways
* Raphe Nuclei
* Norepinephrine Pathways
* Locus coeruleus and other noradrenergic cell groups
* Epinephrine pathways from adrenergic cell groups
* Glutamate and acetylcholine pathways from mesopontine nuclei

### Motor systems / Descending fibers

[edit]

* Extrapyramidal system
* Pyramidal tract
* Corticospinal tract or Cerebrospinal fibers
* Lateral corticospinal tract
* Anterior corticospinal tract
* Corticopontine fibers
* Frontopontine fibers
* Temporopontine fibers
* Corticobulbar tract
* Corticomesencephalic tract
* Tectospinal tract
* Interstitiospinal tract
* Rubrospinal tract
* Rubro-olivary tract
* Olivocerebellar tract
* Olivospinal tract
* Vestibulospinal tract
* Lateral vestibulospinal tract
* Medial vestibulospinal tract
* Reticulospinal tract
* Lateral raphespinal tract
* Alpha system
* Gamma system

### Somatosensory system

[edit]

* Dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway
* Gracile fasciculus
* Cuneate fasciculus
* Medial lemniscus
* Spinothalamic tract
* Lateral spinothalamic tract
* Anterior spinothalamic tract
* Spinomesencephalic tract
* Spinocerebellar tract
* Spino-olivary tract
* Spinoreticular tract

### Visual system

[edit]

* Optic tract
* Optic radiation
* Retinohypothalamic tract

### Auditory system

[edit]

* Medullary striae of fourth ventricle
* Trapezoid body
* Lateral lemniscus

### Nerves

[edit]

* Brain stem
* Cranial nerves
* Terminal (0)
* Olfactory (I)
* Optic (II)
* Oculomotor (III)
* Trochlear (IV)
* Trigeminal (V)
* Abducens (VI)
* Facial (VII)
* Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
* Glossopharyngeal (IX)
* Vagus (X)
* Accessory (XI)
* Hypoglossal (XII)

## Neuro endocrine systems

[edit]

* Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones
* HPA axis
* HPG axis
* HPT axis
* GHRH \- GH
* Hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system

## Neuro vascular systems

[edit]

* Middle cerebral artery
* Posterior cerebral artery
* Anterior cerebral artery
* Vertebral artery
* Basilar artery
* Circle of Willis (arterial system)
* Blood–brain barrier
* Glymphatic system
* Venous systems
* Circumventricular organs

## Neurotransmitter pathways

[edit]

See also: Neuromodulation

* Noradrenaline system
* Dopamine system
* Serotonin system
* Cholinergic system
* GABA
* Neuropeptides
* Opioid peptides
* Endorphins
* Enkephalins
* Dynorphins
* Oxytocin
* Substance P

## Dural meningeal system

[edit]

* Cerebrospinal Fluid
* Brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
* Meningeal coverings
* Dura mater
* Arachnoid mater
* Pia mater
* Epidural space
* Subdural space
* Subarachnoid space
* Arachnoid septum
* Superior cistern
* Cistern of lamina terminalis
* Chiasmatic cistern
* Interpeduncular cistern
* Pontine cistern
* Cisterna magna
* Spinal subarachnoid space
* Ventricular system
* Lateral ventricles
* Angular bundle
* Anterior horn
* Body of lateral ventricle
* Inferior horn
* Posterior horn
* Calcar avis
* Subventricular zone
* Third ventricle
* Fourth ventricle
* Foramina
* Interventricular Foramina
* Cerebral Aqueduct
* Foramina of Luschka
* Foramen of Magendie

## Limbic system

[edit]

The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the midbrain.[1] The classification of structures as part of the limbic system is historical and originates from the position of the structures at the boundary between two functionally distinct components (hence, the name limbus, meaning border) and the structures' shared roles in emotional processes (see limbic system for more details). Hence, there is overlap of structures in the limbic system and in other classifications of brain structures. The following areas have been considered part of the limbic system.[2][3]

* Cortical areas:
* Limbic lobe
* Orbitofrontal cortex: a region in the frontal lobe involved in the process of decision-making
* Piriform cortex: part of the olfactory system
* Entorhinal cortex: related to memory and associative components
* Hippocampus and associated structures: play a central role in the consolidation of new memories
* Fornix: a white matter structure connecting the hippocampus with other brain structures, particularly the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei
* Subcortical areas:
* Septal nuclei: a set of structures that lie in front of the lamina terminalis, considered a pleasure zone
* Amygdala: located deep within the temporal lobes and related with a number of emotional processes
* Nucleus accumbens: involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction
* Diencephalic structures:
* Hypothalamus: a center for the limbic system, connected with the frontal lobes, septal nuclei, and the brain stem reticular formation via the medial forebrain bundle, with the hippocampus via the fornix, and with the thalamus via the mammillothalamic fasciculus; regulates many autonomic processes
* Mammillary bodies: part of the hypothalamus that receives signals from the hippocampus via the fornix and projects them to the thalamus
* Anterior nuclei of thalamus: receive input from the mammillary bodies and involved in memory processing

Other areas that have been included in the limbic system include the:

* Stria medullaris
* Central gray and dorsal and ventral nuclei of Gudden

## Related topics

[edit]

* Human brain
* Spinal cord
* Outline of the human nervous system
* List of nerves of the human body

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Schacter, Daniel L. 2012. Psychology.sec. 3.20
2. ^ Swenson, Rand. "Chapter 9 - Limbic System". Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2015.:
3. ^ Rajmohan V, Mohandas E (2007). "The limbic system". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (2): 132–139. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.33264. PMC 2917081. PMID 20711399.

## External links

[edit]

* Brain at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (view tree for regions of the brain)
* BrainMaps.org
* BrainInfo (University of Washington)
* "Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works". Johns Hopkins Medicine. 14 July 2021.
* "Brain Map". Queensland Health. 12 July 2022.

* v
* t
* e

Spinal cord

General features|

* Cervical enlargement
* Lumbar enlargement
* Conus medullaris
* Filum terminale
* Cauda equina
* Meninges
* Central canal
* Terminal ventricle

Grey columns|

| Posterior grey column|

* Marginal nucleus
* Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
* Nucleus proprius
* Rexed lamina V
* Rexed lamina VI

|

Lateral grey column|

* Intermediolateral nucleus
* Posterior thoracic nucleus

Anterior grey column|

* Interneuron
* Alpha motor neuron
* Onuf's nucleus
* Gamma motor neuron

Other|

* Rexed laminae
* Central gelatinous substance
* Gray commissure

White matter|

| Sensory|

| Posterior|

* Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
* Gracile
* Cuneate

|

Lateral|

* Spinocerebellar
* dorsal
* ventral
* Spinothalamic
* lateral
* anterior
* Posterolateral
* Spinotectal

Anterior|

* Spinoreticular tract
* Spino-olivary tract

Motor|

| Lateral|

* Corticospinal
* Lateral
* Extrapyramidal
* Rubrospinal
* Raphespinal
* Reticulospinal
* Hypothalamospinal

|

Anterior|

* Corticospinal
* Anterior
* Extrapyramidal
* Vestibulospinal
* Reticulospinal
* Tectospinal
* Raphespinal
* Olivospinal

Both|

* Anterior white commissure

External features|

* Ventral
* Anterior median fissure
* Anterolateral sulcus
* Dorsal
* Posterior median sulcus
* Posterolateral sulcus

* v
* t
* e

Anatomy of the medulla

Grey matter|

| Cranial nuclei|

| afferent:|

* Solitary nucleus
* tract
* Dorsal respiratory group
* Gustatory nucleus
* Vestibular nuclei
* Lateral
* Medial
* Inferior

|

efferent:|

* Hypoglossal nucleus
* Nucleus ambiguus
* Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
* Inferior salivatory nucleus

Dorsal|

* Gracile nucleus
* Cuneate nucleus
* Accessory cuneate nucleus

Ventral|

*     * Ventral respiratory group
* Arcuate nucleus of medulla
* Rostral ventromedial medulla
* Botzinger complex
* Pre-Bötzinger complex

White matter|

| Dorsal|

* Sensory
* Sensory decussation
* Medial lemniscus
* Juxtarestiform body
* Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
* Medial longitudinal fasciculus
* Motor
* Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
* Medial longitudinal fasciculus

|

Ventral|

* Descending tracts
* Olivocerebellar tract
* Rubro-olivary tract

Surface|

| Front|

* Pyramid
* Anterior median fissure
* Anterolateral sulcus
* Olive
* Inferior olivary nucleus

|

Back|

* Posterior median sulcus
* Posterolateral sulcus
* Area postrema
* Vagal trigone
* Hypoglossal trigone
* Medial eminence
* Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Grey|

* Reticular formation
* Gigantocellular
* Parvocellular
* Ventral
* Lateral
* Paramedian
* Raphe nuclei
* Obscurus
* Magnus
* Pallidus
* Perihypoglossal nuclei

* v
* t
* e

Anatomy of the pons

Dorsal/
(tegmentum)|

| Surface|

* Cerebellopontine angle
* Superior medullary velum
* Sulcus limitans
* Medial eminence
* Facial colliculus

|

White: Sensory|

* Trapezoid body
* Trigeminal lemniscus
* Dorsal trigeminal tract
* Ventral trigeminal tract
* Medial lemniscus
* Lateral lemniscus
* Central tegmental tract
* Medial longitudinal fasciculus
* Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers

White: Motor|

* Inferior cerebellar peduncle
* Vestibulocerebellar tract
* Medial longitudinal fasciculus
* Vestibulospinal tract
* Medial vestibulospinal tract
* Lateral vestibulospinal tract

Grey: Cranial nuclei|

| afferent:|

* GSA
* Trigeminal
* Principal
* Spinal
* Cochlear nucleus
* Dorsal
* Anterior
* Vestibular nuclei
* Superior

|

efferent:|

* SVE: Trigeminal motor nucleus
* Facial motor nucleus
* GSE: Abducens nucleus
* GVE: Superior salivary nucleus
* Inferior salivary nucleus

Grey: Other nuclei|

* Pedunculopontine nucleus
* Apneustic center
* Pneumotaxic center
* Parabrachial nuclei
* Subparabrachial nucleus
* Medial parabrachial nucleus
* Lateral parabrachial nucleus
* Superior olivary nucleus
* Locus coeruleus

Ventral/
(base)|

| Grey|

* Pontine nuclei

|

White: Motor/descending|

* Corticospinal tract
* Corticobulbar tract
* Corticopontine fibers
* MCP
* Pontocerebellar fibers

Surface|

* Basilar sulcus

Other grey: Raphe/
reticular|

* Reticular formation
* Caudal
* Oral
* Tegmental
* Paramedian
* Raphe nuclei
* Median

* v
* t
* e

Anatomy of the midbrain

Tectum
(Dorsal)|

| Corpora quadrigemina|

* Inferior colliculus
* Inferior brachium
* Superior colliculus
* Superior brachium

|

Grey matter|

* Pretectal area

White matter|

| Sensory / ascending|

* Spinotectal tract
* Central tegmental tract

|

Motor / descending|

* Tectospinal tract

CSF|

* Cerebral aqueduct

Peduncle
(Ventral)|

| Tegmentum|

| White matter|

| Sensory / ascending|

* Lemnisci
* Medial
* Lateral
* Ascending MLF
* Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
* Spinothalamic tract
* Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
* Dentatothalamic tract

|

Motor / descending|

* Rubrospinal tract
* Rubro-olivary tract
* Descending MLF

Grey matter|

| cranial nuclei|

* GSA
* Mesencephalic
* GSE
* Oculomotor nucleus
* Trochlear nucleus
* GVE
* Edinger–Westphal nucleus

|

Ventral tegmental area|

* Rostromedial tegmental nucleus

* Periaqueductal gray
* Red nucleus
* Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
* Parabrachial area
* Interpeduncular nucleus

Midbrain reticular formation|

* dorsal tegmental nucleus
* Raphe nuclei
* dorsal
* Reticulotegmental nucleus

Base|

| White / Cerebral crus|

* Corticospinal tract
* Corticobulbar tract
* Corticopontine tract
* Frontopontine fibers
* Temporopontine fibers

|

Grey / Substantia nigra|

* Pars compacta
* Pars reticulata

Surface|

* Superior cerebellar peduncle
* Decussation
* Interpeduncular fossa

* v
* t
* e

Brain and spinal cord: neural tracts and fasciculi

Sensory|

| DCML|

| 1°:|

* Pacinian corpuscle/Meissner's corpuscle → Posterior column (Gracile fasciculus/Cuneate fasciculus) → Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus

|

2°:|

* → sensory decussation/arcuate fibers (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers) → Medial lemniscus/Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus (VPL, VPM)

3°:|

* → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus

Anterolateral/
pain|

| Fast/lateral|

* 1° (Free nerve ending → A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus) → 3° (Postcentral gyrus) → 4° (Posterior parietal cortex)

2° (Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum)

|

Slow/medial|

* 1° (Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation) → 2° (MD of Thalamus) → 3° (Cingulate cortex)

Motor|

| Pyramidal|

* flexion: Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) → Neuromuscular junction

|

Extrapyramidal|

| flexion:|

* Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles

|

flexion:|

* Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract

extension:|

* Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract

extension:|

* Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract

* Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck

Basal ganglia|

| direct:|

1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 4° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 5° (Motor cortex)

|

indirect:|

1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPe) → 3° (Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus) → 4° (Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi) → 5° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 6° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 7° (Motor cortex)

nigrostriatal pathway:|

* Pars compacta → Striatum

Cerebellar|

| Afferent|

* Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell

* Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell

* Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei

|

Efferent|

* Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex

* Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex

* Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei

Bidirectional:
Spinocerebellar|

| Unconscious
proprioception|

* lower limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis)

* upper limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum)

|

Reflex arc|

* lower limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→ SCP → Cerebellar vermis)

* upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum)

* v
* t
* e

Sensory receptors

Touch|

* Mechanoreceptor
* Vibration
* Lamellar corpuscle
* Light touch
* Tactile corpuscle
* Pressure
* Merkel nerve ending
* Stretch
* Bulbous corpuscle

Pain|

* Free nerve ending
* Nociceptors

Temperature|

* Thermoreceptors

Proprioception|

* Golgi organ
* Muscle spindle
* Intrafusal muscle fiber
* Nuclear chain fiber
* Nuclear bag fiber

Other|

* Hair cells
* Baroreceptor

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*[a.k.a.]: also known as