List of rulers of Kongo

Historical states of present-day Angola

Kingdom of Matamba

* (Rulers of Matamba)

Kingdom of Ndongo

* (List of Ngolas)

Kingdom of Kongo

* (List of Manikongo)

Imbangala

* Kasanje Kingdom

Kingdom of Lunda

* (List of rulers of the Lunda Empire)

Baixa de Kassanje

* (Kambamba Kulaxingo)

Mbwila

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* (List of The Rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom)

Portuguese West Africa

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Manikongo of Kongo

Imperial

Álvaro I of Kongo

Details
First monarch| Lukeni lua Nimi
Last monarch| Manuel III
Formation| c. 1390; 635 years ago (1390)
Abolition| 1914
Residence| Mbanza Kongo
Appointer| Hereditary, Dynastic (various)
Pretender(s)| See list

This is a list of the rulers of the Kingdom of Kongo known commonly as the Manikongos (KiKongo: Mwenekongo). Mwene (plural: Awene) in Kikongo meant a person holding authority, particularly judicial authority, derived from the root -wene which meant, by the sixteenth century at least, territory over which jurisdiction was held. The ruler of Kongo was the most powerful mwene in the region who the Portuguese regarded as the king (in Kikongo ntinu) upon their arrival in 1483.

The kings claimed several titles and the following royal style in Portuguese "Pela graça de de Deus Rei do Congo, do Loango, de Cacongo e de Ngoio, aquém e além do Zaire, Senhor dos Ambundos e de Angola, de Aquisima, de Musuru, de Matamba, de Malilu, de Musuko e Anzizo, da conquista de Pangu-Alumbu, etc", that means "By the grace of God King of Kongo, of Loango, of Kakongo and of Ngoyo, on this side of the Zaire and beyond it, Lord of the Ambundu and of Angola, of Aquisima, of Musuru, of Matamba, of Malilu, of Musuko and Anzizo, of the conquest of Pangu-Alumbu, etc".

## Kandas, Gerações and Houses

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The kingdom of Kongo had a formal state apparatus, in which most positions (rendas in Portuguese-language documents, meaning income bearing positions) were in the hands of the king, and the king himself was elected by powerful officials. Kings sought and held office with the assistance of a kanda. Each kanda (plural: makanda) was a faction which organized people according to a common goal, often but not always rooted in a kin-based relationship.[1] Kandas generally took the name of a person (i.e. Nimi, Nlaza or Mpanzu), but could also take the name of a location or title such as Mbala (court)[2]) or birthplace (Kwilu or Nsundi[3]). The Kikongo prefix "ki" is added onto these names to mean "people with something in common".[4] These factions were recorded as gerações or casas (lineages or houses) in Kongo documents written in Portuguese. Until the mid-seventeenth century, following the Battle of Mbwila, these factions were short-lived and fluctuating, but following the battle, factions were much firmer and lasted for generations, particularly the Kimpanzu and Kinlaza.[5] The Quilombo dos Palmares, a Maroon kingdom formed in Northeast Brazil, was founded by princes and nobles who were enslaved and transported to Portuguese Brazil after the battle in Kongo. There, they retained their titles and their lineage survived even after the kingdom itself was destroyed.

## Dynasties

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When the Portuguese arrived in Kongo in 1483,[6] the reigning king represented the Nimi kanda.[7] This kanda was probably descended from Nimi a Nzima, father of the founder of Kongo.[8] Divisions emerged within the kanda during succession disputes, for example, following the death of Afonso I in 1542, his son Pedro I and grandson Diogo I formed two opposed factions, that of Pedro was called the Kibala (court) faction, and the other, whose name is unknown that followed Diogo.[9] Other elections in the sixteenth century probably also involved similar factions, though the details are unknown.

King Álvaro I was the first king of the House of Kwilu (Portuguese: Coulo). This kanda or lineage was named for the birthplace of Álvaro,[10] north of the capital city. The Kwilu reigned until 1614 when Antonio da Silva, Duke of Mbamba intervened to place Bernardo I on the throne, in place of Álvaro II's minor son, who would eventually take office as Álvaro III.

Another kanda, the House of Nsundi, later known as the Kinkanga a Mvika, took control of Kongo in 1622 under Pedro II, and retained it through the reign of his son, Garcia I.[11] Garcia never held power strongly, and the Kimpanzu returned to power under Ambrosio I. Kimpanzu domination ended in 1641 when two brothers Álvaro and Garcia of the new House of Kinlaza overthrew Álvaro V and took power.[12] The members of the Kikanga a Mvika were all killed or absorbed into the Kinlaza by 1657.[13] The Kinlaza dynasty would reign until Kongo's catastrophic civil war following the 1665 Battle of Mbwila, when sporadic and violent alternation followed.

The capital was destroyed in 1678.[14] Its destruction forced the claimants from both sides of the conflict to rule from mountain fortresses. The Kinlaza retreated to Mbula where they founded the capital of Lemba.[13] Earlier another branch of Kinlaza, under the leadership of Garcia III of Kongo founded a settlement at Kibangu. The Kimpanzu based their struggle for the throne at Mbamba Luvota in the south of Soyo.[13] A new faction appeared in the form of the Água Rosada kanda, headquartered at the mountain fortress of Kibangu. This might be considered a new house formed from both the Kinlaza and Kimpanzu, its founders were the children of a Kimpanzu father and a Kinlaza mother.[15] All parties claimed kingship over Kongo (or what was left of it), but their power rarely held beyond their fortresses or the immediately surrounding area.

The country was finally reunited by Pedro IV of the Água Rosada kanda. Pedro IV declared a doctrine of shared power by which the throne would shift (in due time) from Kinlaza to the Kimpanzu and back.,[16] while the Água Rosada appear to have continued as neutral in Pedro's fortress of Kibangu.[17]

The system functioned sporadically, with considerable fighting, until 1764 when José I of the Kinlaza faction usurped the throne and thrust the country back into civil war. The Kinlaza enjoyed a short-lived second dynasty that ended in 1788. After that, the throne moved through various royal hands until the kingship was extinguished in 1914.

## Elections

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The selection of kings of Kongo was by a variety of principles, as kings themselves evoked different methods of selection in their letters announcing their succession. Typically the kingdom was said to pass by election,[18] though the electors and the process they used changed over time and according to circumstances. Frequently election seems to have been a combination of elective and hereditary principles.[18]

## Kings of Kongo

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The following section is divided into periods based on kanda or house rulership. Most houses reigned of a distinct period with few if any intervals. This is not the case, however; after the Kongo Civil War. During this period you will note the name of each king's kanda alongside their reign.

### Pre-colonial rulers

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#### Ancestors of later rulers

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According to oral tradition, the first king was the son of chief Nimi and his consort of unknown name, Mwene Mbata's daughter. Most of the succeeding dynasties either claim descent from this union or otherwise derive their legitimacy from it.

#### House of Kilukeni/Lukeni kanda (1390s–1568)

[edit]

Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Lukeni lua Nimi| c. 1380 – c. 1420 (aged 39/40)| c. 1390| c. 1420| 1 Manikongo. He was the son of Chief Nimi and his consort, Mwene Mbata's daughter.| Kilukeni|
Nanga of Kongo| c. 1381 – c. 1435 (aged 53/54)| c. 1420| c. 1435| 2 Manikongo. He was a cousin of his predecessor.| Kilukeni|
Nlaza of Kongo| c. 1407 – c. 1450 (aged 42/43)| c. 1435| c. 1450| 3 Manikongo. He was a cousin of the 1st King.| Kilukeni|
Nkuwu a Ntinu of Kongo| c. 1422 – c. 1470 (aged 47/48)| c. 1450| c. 1470| 4 Manikongo. He was the son of the 1st King. Also known as Nkuwu a Lukeni.| Kilukeni|
João I Nzinga a Nkuwu| c. 1440 – 1509 (aged 68/69)| c. 1470| 1509| 5 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor and was baptized as João I on 3 May 1491, but returned to traditional beliefs around 1495.| Kilukeni|
Afonso I Mvemba a Nzinga| 1456–1542 or 1543 (aged 85/86 or 86/87)| 1509| 1542 or 1543| 6 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor and the first true Catholic king of Kongo. After him every king was Catholic. Granted a coat of arms.| Kilukeni

Pedro I Nkanga a Mvemba| 1478–1566 (aged 87/88)| 1542/43| 1545| 7 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor, but a member of a different Kanda (the House of Kibala).[19]| Kilukeni

Francisco I of Kongo| 1500–1545 (aged 44/45)| 1545| 1545| 8 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor.| Kilukeni

Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi| 1503–1561 (aged 57/58)| 1545| 4 November 1561| 9 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor.| Kilukeni

Afonso II Mpemba a Nzinga| 1531 – 1 December 1561 (aged 29/30)| 4 November 1561| 1 December 1561| 10 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor.| Kilukeni

Bernardo I of Kongo| 1534 – 10 April 1561 (aged 31/32)| 1 December 1561| 10 April 1567| 11 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor.| Kilukeni

Henrique I Nerika a Mpudi | 1505 – 1 February 1568 (aged 62/63)| 10 April 1567| 1 February 1568| 12 Manikongo. He was the uncle of his predecessor.| Kilukeni

#### House of Kwilu/Kwilu kanda (1568–1622)

[edit]

Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Álvaro I Nimi a Lukeni lua Mvemba| 1537 – 6 March 1587 (aged 49/50)| 1 February 1568| 6 March 1587| 13 Manikongo. He was the son-in-law of his predecessor. Granted a coat of arms.| Kwilu

Álvaro II Nimi a Nkanga| 1565 – 9 August 1614 (aged 48/49)| 6 March 1587| 9 August 1614| 14 Manikongo. He was a son of his predecessor.| Kwilu

Bernardo II Nimi a Nkanga| 1570 – 20 August 1615 (aged 44/45)| 9 August 1614| 20 August 1615| 15 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor.| Kwilu

Álvaro III Nimi a Mpanzu| 1595 – 4 May 1622 (aged 26/27)| 20 August 1615| 4 May 1622| 16 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor.| Kwilu

#### House of Nsundi/Kinkanga a Mvika kanda (1622–1626)

[edit]

Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Pedro II Nkanga a Mvika| 1575 – 13 April 1624 (aged 48/49)| 27 April 1622| 13 April 1624| 17 Manikongo. He was a distant cousin of his predecessor.| Kinkanga

Garcia I Mvemba a Nkanga| 1600 – 26 June 1626 (aged 25/26)| 13 April 1624| 26 June 1626| 18 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor.| Kinkanga

#### House of Kwilu/Kwilu kanda (1626–1636)

[edit]

Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga| 1600/1610 – 7 March 1631 (aged 21/31)| March 1626| 7 March 1631| 19 Manikongo. He was the son of Álvaro III.| Kwilu

Álvaro IV Nzinga a Nkuwu| 1610 – 25 March 1636 (aged 25/26)| 8 February 1631| 24 February 1636| 20 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor.| Kwilu

#### House of Kimpanzu/Mpanzu kanda (1636)

[edit]

Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Álvaro V Mpanzu a Nimi| 1613 – 14 August 1636 (aged 23)| 27 February 1636| 14 August 1636| 21 Manikongo. He was a son of Pedro II.| Kimpanzu

#### House of Kinlaza/Nlaza kanda (1636–1665)

[edit]

Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Álvaro VI Nimi a Lukeni a Nzenze a Ntumba| 1581 – 22 February 1641 (aged 59/60)| 27 August 1636| 22 February 1641| 22 Manikongo. He was a descendant of Afonso I.| Kinlaza

Garcia II Nkanga a Lukeni a Nzenze a Ntumba| 1615 – 23 January 1660 (aged 44/45)| 23 February 1641| 23 January 1660| 23 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor. Granted a coat of arms.| Kinlaza

António I Mvita a Nkanga| 1617 – 29 October 1665 (aged 47/48)| 23 January 1660| 29 October 1665| 24 Manikongo. He was a nephew of his predecessor.| Kinlaza

#### Civil War (1665–1709)

[edit]

Kings of São Salvador (1665–1678 and 1691–1709)

Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Afonso II of Kongo and Nkondo| 1632–1669 (aged 36/37)| November 1665| December 1665| Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the capital of the once unified Kingdom, but was deposed only a month into his term. The deposed king was forced to flee into the mountains of Nkondo where he ruled until his death in 1669. Was a relative of António I.| Kimpanzu

Álvaro VII Mpanzu a Mpandu| 1631 – June 1666 (aged 34/35)| December 1665| June 1666| Claimed the title of Manikongo. He sent Capuchin friar, Friar Girolamo of Montesarchio, to make peace with the Portuguese in to Luanda, in Christmas 1665. But the friar was waylaid by a rebellion in Mbamba, and only returned to the capital in June 1666.[20]| Kinlaza

Álvaro VIII Mvemba a Mpanzu| 1630 – January 1669 (aged 38/39)| June 1666| January 1669| Claimed the title of Manikongo. Was elevated to the throne by Paulo da Silva, Count of Soyo, who marched on São Salvador and killed his predecessor. In 1667, he sent his ambassador, Anastasius, to Luanda, to negotiate a treaty that ceded to the Portugueses the right to exploit the mines of the provinces of Mbamba and Mpemba.[20]| Kinlaza

Pedro III Nsimba Ntamba| 1648–1680 (aged 34/35)| January 1669| June 1669| Claimed the title of Manikongo. As Marquis of Mbemba, he led a small army and attacked Mbamba, killed Count Theodosius and then invaded the kingdom's capital, killing Alvaro VIII and proclaimed himself king.[21]| Kinlaza

Álvaro IX Mpanzu a Ntivila| 1650–1669 (aged 18/19)| June 1669| End of 1670| Claimed the title of Manikongo. In 1670, Álvaro IX was overthrown by the Soyo.| Kimpanzu

Rafael I Nzinga a Nkanga| Unknown – 1673 (aged 4+)| End of 1670| Mid of 1673| He claimed the title of Manikongo. After his ascension, he was briefly driven from the capital by Soyo.[22]| Kinlaza

Afonso III Mvemba a Nimi| Unknown – mid 1674 (aged 37+)| Mid 1673| Mid 1674| He claimed the title of Manikongo. He governed the Marquisate/Kingdom of Nkondo from late 1669 until mid 1673.| Kimpanzu

Daniel I Miala mia Nzimbwila| Unknown – mid 1678 (aged 4+)| Mid 1674| Mid 1678| He claimed the title of Manikongo. In 1678 Pedro III marched on São Salvador with Jaga mercenaries resulting in the Sack of São Salvador, which burnt the majority of the city to the ground and killed Daniel I.[21]| Kimpanzu

Interregnum| 13 years| Mid 1678| 1691| After the Sack of São Salvador the nation essentially ceased to exist for over a decade, instead split into three rival kingdoms ruled by the various claimants to the throne.| |
Manuel Afonso Nzinga an Elenke| Unknown – 23 September 1693 (aged 3/7+)| 1691| 1692| He conquered São Salvador, but was deposed and executed in 23 September 1693.[23]| Kimpanzu

Pedro IV Afonso Agua Rosada Nusamu a Mvemba| c. 1666 – 21 February 1718 (aged 51/52)| 1692| 1704| He claimed the title of Manikongo, until he reunified the Kingdom.[24]| Água Rosada

Pedro Constantino da Silva| Unknown – 15 February 1709 (aged 13+)| 1704| 15 February 1709| He claimed the title of Manikongo and was a staunch supporter of Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita.| Kimpanzu

Kings of Kibangu for the House of Kinlaza (1678–1704)

Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Sebastião I| 1634 – 1669/70 (aged 35/36)| 1666| 1669/70| Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the Kingdom of Kibangu and was assassinated by Dom Rafael I. His 3 sons founded the House of Água Rosada.| Kinlaza

Garcia III Nkanga a Mvemba| Unknown – 1685/89 (aged 19+)| 1669/70| 1685/89| Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the Kingdom of Kibangu after his father and was assassinated by Dom Pedro III.| Água Rosada

André I Mvizi a Nkanga| 1625–1685/89 (aged 60/61)| 1685/89| 1686/90| Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the Kingdom of Kibangu after his brother, but died of natural causes after 1 year.| Kinlaza

Manuel Afonso Nzinga an Elenke| Unknown – 23 September 1693 (aged 3/7+)| 1686/90| 1687/91| He conquered the Kingdom of Kibangu for a year and was executed in 23 September 1693.[23]| Kimpanzu

Álvaro X Nimi a Mvemba Agua Rosada| Unknown – December 1695 (aged 25+)| 1688| 1695| Claimed the title of Manikongo. He was a son of Sebastião I and reconquered the Kingdom of Kibangu. He ordered the edification of several churches in Kibagu but had a premature death before they were completed.[25]| Água Rosada

Pedro IV Afonso Agua Rosada Nusamu a Mvemba| c. 1666 – 21 February 1718 (aged 51/52)| 1 December 1695| 15 February 1709| He claimed the title of Manikongo, until he reunified the Kingdom. He ruled the Kingdom of Kibangu after his brother.[24]| Água Rosada

Kings of Nkondo for the House of Kimpanzu (1666–1709)

Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Afonso II of Kongo and Nkondo| 1632–1669 (aged 36/37)| 1666| 1669| Claimed the title of Manikongo. He was a grandson of Álvaro II, who married Ana Afonso de Leão and ruled the Kingdom of Nkondo.| Kimpanzu

Afonso III of Kongo| Unknown – mid 1674 (aged 37+)| 1669| Mid 1673| Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the Kingdom of Nkondo after his brother.| Kimpanzu

Ana Afonso de Leão| 1625–1710 (aged 84/85)| 1673| 1709| Claimed the title of Manikongo. She was the sister of Garcia II and ruled the Kingdom of Nkondo after her brother-in-law.| Kinlaza

Awenekongo of Lemba-Mbula for the House of Kinlaza (1669–1716)

Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Pedro III Nsimba Ntamba| 1648–1683 (aged 34/35)| June 1669| 1680/83| Claimed the title of Manikongo. He was a grandson of Álvaro II and ruled the Kingdom of Lemba-Mbula. He was assassinated by the King of Mbamba-Lovata, Manuel de Nóbrega.[21]| Kinlaza

João Manuel II Nzuzi a Ntamba| Unknown–1716 (aged 36+)| 1680/83| 1716| Claimed the title of Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor and ruled the Kingdom of Lemba-Mbula.[26]| Kinlaza

Mwenekongo of Mbamba-Lovata for the House of Kimpanzu (1678–1715)

Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Manuel II of Kongo| Unknown–1715 (aged 45+)| 1678| 1715| Claimed the title of Manikongo. Born Manuel de Vuzi a Nóbrega. He was a grandson of Álvaro II and ruled the Kingdom of Mbamba-Lovata.[21]| Kimpanzu

#### Reunification and Elective Monarchy (1709–1888)

[edit]

* Pedro IV Nusamu a Mvemba of the House of the Agua Rosada (ruled Kibangu from December 1695 – early 1709; ruled reunited kingdom from São Salvador February 1709 – 21 February 1718)
* Manuel II Mpanzu a Nimi of the House of Kimpanzu (ruled February 1718 – 21 April 1743)
* Garcia IV Nkanga a Mvandu of the House of Kinlaza from Mbula (ruled 27 July 1743 – 31 March 1752)
* Nicolau I Misaki mia Nimi of the House of Kimpanzu (ruled 27 August 1752 – post 1758)
* Afonso IV Nkanga a Nkanga of the House of Kinlaza
* António II Mvita a Mpanzu of the House of Kimpanzu
* Sebastião I Nkanga kia Nkanga of the House of Kinlaza
* Pedro V Ntivila a Nkanga of the House of Kimpanzu (ruled September 1763 – 1764)
* Álvaro XI Nkanga a Nkanga of the House of Kinlaza from Nkondo (ruled May 1764 – 1778)
* José I Mpasi a Nkanga of the House of Kinlaza[27] (ruled 1778–1785)
* Afonso V of Kongo of the House of Kinlaza from Nkondo (ruled 1785–1787)
* Álvaro XII of Kongo of the House of Kinlaza from Nkondo (ruled 1787–unknown)
* Aleixo I Mpanzu a Mbandu (ruled unknown–1793)
* Joaquim I of Kongo (ruled 1793–94)
* Henrique II Masaki ma Mpanzu (ruled 10 January 1794 – 1803)
* Garcia V Nkanga a Mvemba (ruled 1803 – start 1830)
* André II Mvizi a Lukeni (ruled start 1830–1842)
* Henrique III Mpanzu a Nsindi a Nimi a Lukeni (ruled 1842 – January 1857)
* Álvaro XIII of Kongo, also known as Ndongo, (ruled January 1857 – 7 August 1859)
* Pedro V of Kongo, also known as Elelo, (ruled 7 August 1859 – February 1891; signed treaty of vassalage with Portugal in 1888)

### Portuguese vassalage (1888–1914)

[edit]

Name| Lifespan| Reign start| Reign end| Notes| Family| Image

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Pedro V Elelo| Unknown–1891 (aged 31+)| 7 August 1859| February 1891| Manikongo. He was a nephew of his Henrique III. Signed a treaty of vassalage with Portugal in 1888. He was the 6th king named Pedro, but signed his correspondence as Pedro V, thus ignoring the Pedro V who had ruled from 1763 to 1764.| Kinlaza

Álvaro XIV of Kongo| Unknown – 18 November 1896| February 1891| 18 November 1896| Manikongo. He was a nephew of his predecessor. Also known as Água Rosada.| Água Rosadas

Henrique IV of Kongo| 1873–1901 (aged 27/28)| 1896| 1901| Manikongo. He was a half-brother of his predecessor. Also known as Tekenge.| Água Rosada

Pedro VI of Kongo| 1880 – 24 June 1910 (aged 29/30)| 1901| 1910| Manikongo. He was a nephew of Álvaro XIV. Also known as Mbemba.| Água Rosada

Manuel Nkomba of Kongo| Unknown – 1911| 1910| 1911| Manikongo. He was a son of his predecessor. He was not awarded the title of Manuel III.| Água Rosada

Manuel III of Kongo| 1884–1927 (aged 42/43)| 1911| 1914| Manikongo. He was an uncle of his predecessor. Also known as Kiditu. The Portuguese abolished the title of King of Kongo following the revolt of 1914.| Água Rosada

### Pretenders to the throne since 1914

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* Álvaro XV Afonso of Kongo, also known as Nzinga (ruled 1915–1923)
* Pedro VII Afonso of Kongo (ruled 1923–1955)
* António III Afonso of Kongo (ruled 1955–1957)
* Isabel Maria da Gama of Kongo (f., 1st regency 1957–1962)
* Pedro VIII Afonso of Kongo, also known as Mansala (ruled September to October 1962)
* Isabel Maria da Gama of Kongo (f., 2nd regency 1962–1975)
* Interregnum, 1975–2000
* José II Henrique da Silva Meso (a claimant to the title since 19 November 2000 and said to be the grandson of Pedro VII and living in exile in Cabinda).[28][29][30][31]
* Manuel Alvaro Afonso Nzinga (a claimant to the title since 2004)[28]

The head of the nucleus of the Traditional Authorities of the Royal Court of Kongo is Afonso Mendes and is living in Mbanza-Kongo[32]

### Brazilian branch of Palmares

[edit]

The Quilombo dos Palmares was a Maroon Kingdom formed in the Captaincy of Pernambuco in what is now Northeast Brazil sometime around 1605 by princes and nobles from the Kingdom of Kongo. They had been captured during the Battle of Mbwila, and were subsequently transported there as slaves. After escaping slavery, they resumed use of their royal and noble titles. The members of this branch probably belonged to the House of Awenekongo of the Nlaza kanda of Antonio I.

* Ganga Zumba, King (ruled 1630–1678). A son of Princess Aqualtune, daughter of an unidentified king of Kongo. She was present at the Battle of Mbwila.
* Ganga Zona, King (ruled 1678–1678). A brother of Ganga Zumba.
* Zumbi, also known as Francisco, King (ruled 1678–1695). A nephew of Ganga Zumba, son of his sister Princess Sabina. Today, a National Hero in Brazil.
* Camuanga, King (ruled 1695–?). A son of Zumbi and the last known member of the lineage in the Americas.

## Further reading

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This list is constructed primarily from that found in Graziano Saccardo, 'Congo e Angola con la storia dell'antica missione dei cappuccini (3 vols, Milan, 1982–83), vol. 3, pp. 11–14. Saccardo bases his reconstruction on several king lists produced over time, by António da Silva, Duke of Mbamba in 1617, by António de Teruel in 1664, by Pedro Mendes in 1710 and by Francisco das Necessidades in 1844. In addition, many of the kings wrote letters and signed them with both their names and their numbers, and Saccardo has found many of these to verify the kinglists.

Saccardo's king list has been modified in the following manner: the Kikongo names of the kings have been given in a Kikongo form following norms established in Joseph de Munck, Kinkulu kia Nsi eto' (Tumba, 1956, 2nd ed, Matadi, 1971). The Christian names of the kings are given in modern Portuguese spelling. In addition, Saccardo's entries have been updated by a number of sources, most notably the king list, unknown to him found in the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (Rio de Janeiro) Manuscritos, Lata 6, pasta 2. "Catallogo dos reis de Congo" MS of c. 1758.

## See also

[edit]

* Kingdom of Kongo
* Kongo Civil War
* Kanda
* Kinkanga
* Kimpanzu
* Kinlaza
* Água Rosada
* History of Angola

## References

[edit]

1. ^ John Thornton, "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", Journal of African History 47 (2006): 439.
2. ^ Thornton, John: "Elite Women" p. 445.
3. ^ Thornton "Elite Women," p. 449.
4. ^ Thornton, "Elite Women", p. 445.
5. ^ Thornton "Elite Women ", p. 449.
6. ^ Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore: Medieval Africa, 1250–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001 p. 168.
7. ^ "Elite Women", p 445.
8. ^ Thornton,"Elite Women", p. 445.
9. ^ Thornton, "Elite Women", p.
10. ^ John Thornton, The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641–1718 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983)
11. ^ Thornton, Kingdom of Kongo, pp. 449–50.
12. ^ Thornton, Kingdom of Kongo.
13. ^ a b c Thornton, John K: "The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706", p. 39. Cambridge University, 1998
14. ^ Thornton, John K: "The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706", p. 23. Cambridge University, 1998
15. ^ Thornton, John K: "The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706", p. 40. Cambridge University, 1998
16. ^ Thornton, John: "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", p. 455. The Journal of African History, Vol. 47, 2006
17. ^ Thornton, John K: "The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706", p. 201. Cambridge University, 1998
18. ^ a b Thornton, John: "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", p. 439. The Journal of African History, Vol. 47, 2006
19. ^ Thornton, John: "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", pa. 445. The Journal of African History, Vol. 47, 2006
20. ^ a b Shillington, Kevin: Encyclopedia of African History, Vol. 1, p. 776. Routledge, 2004
21. ^ a b c d Thornton, John K: The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706, p. 79. Cambridge University, 1998
22. ^ Thornton, John: "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", p. 456. The Journal of African History, Vol. 47, 2006
23. ^ a b Thornton, John K: The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706, p. 39. Cambridge University, 1998
24. ^ a b Thornton, John K: The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706, p. 36. Cambridge University, 1998
25. ^ Thornton, John K: The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706, p. 20. Cambridge University, 1998
26. ^ Thornton, John K: The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706, p. 38. Cambridge University, 1998
27. ^ Thornton, John: "The Origins and Early History of the Kingdom of Kongo, c. 1350–1550", p. 100. International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2001
28. ^ a b R.A.U. Juchter van Bergen Quast (2 January 2021). "The common origin of the five Orders of Christ". Adelsrecht. "To my knowledge, Dom Jose Henrique Da Silva born 1942 or 1944, is a potential claimant. He is said to live in Cabinda, northern enclave of Angola. In addition, an American citizen, originally named Dom Manuel Alvaro Afonso Nzinga, grand duke of Nzinga, has a legitimate claim."
29. ^ Nassoro Habib Mbwana Msonde, A Revised History for Advanced Level and Colleges: Part One, Xlibris Corporation, 2017
30. ^ Boy, Once I. Was A. Clever (11 July 2020). "Once I Was A Clever Boy: The Kingdom of Kongo". Once I Was A Clever Boy. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
31. ^ "New King of Kongo". alt.talk.royalty.narkive.com. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
32. ^ "Autoridades tradicionais do Zaire propõem nova designação para a província". ANGOP (in Portuguese). 23 July 2019. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2020.

## External links

[edit]

* full list with annotations
* alternative list from regnal chronologies
* alternative list from worlstatesmen.org
* alternative list from the History Files

* v
* t
* e

Rulers of the Kingdom of Kongo

Awenekongo of the Kilukeni kanda (1390–1567)|

* Lukeni lua Nimi
* Nanga of Kongo
* Nlaza of Kongo
* Nkuwu a Ntinu of Kongo
* João I of Kongo
* Afonso I of Kongo
* Pedro I of Kongo
* Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi
* Afonso II of Kongo
* Bernardo I of Kongo
* Henrique I of Kongo

Awenekongo of the Kwilu kanda (1567–1622)|

* Álvaro I of Kongo
* Álvaro II of Kongo
* Bernardo II of Kongo
* Álvaro III of Kongo

Awenekongo of the Nkanga a Mvika kanda (1622–1626)|

* Pedro II of Kongo
* Garcia I of Kongo

Mwenekongo of the Kwilu kanda (1626–1636)|

* Ambrósio I of Kongo
* Álvaro IV of Kongo

Awenekongo of the Kimpanzu kanda (1636)|

* Álvaro V of Kongo

Awenekongo of the Kinlaza kanda (1636–1665)|

* Álvaro VI of Kongo
* Garcia II of Kongo
* António I of Kongo

Civil War Awenekongo (1665–1678)|

* Afonso II of Kongo and Nkondo
* Álvaro VII of Kongo
* Álvaro VIII of Kongo
* Pedro III of Kongo
* Álvaro IX of Kongo
* Rafael I of Kongo
* Afonso III of Kongo
* Daniel I of Kongo

Post-Civil War states|

* Garcia III of Kibangu
* André I of Kibangu
* Manuel I of Kibangu
* Álvaro X of Kibangu
* Pedro IV of Kongo
* Pedro III of Kongo
* João II of Lemba
* Manuel II of Kongo

Awenekongo after
the recapture of São Salvador (1709–1891)|

* Pedro IV of Kongo
* Manuel II of Kongo
* Garcia IV of Kongo
* Nicolau I of Kongo
* Afonso IV of Kongo
* António II of Kongo
* Sebastião I of Kongo
* "Pedro V"
* Álvaro XI of Kongo
* José I of Kongo
* Afonso V of Kongo
* Álvaro XII of Kongo
* Aleixo I of Kongo
* Joaquim I of Kongo
* Henrique II of Kongo
* Garcia V of Kongo
* André II of Kongo
* Henrique III of Kongo
* Álvaro XIII of Kongo
* Pedro V of Kongo

Awenekongo after
1881 vassalage treaty with Portugal (1891–1914)|

* Álvaro XIV of Kongo
* Henrique IV of Kongo
* Pedro VI of Kongo
* Manuel Nkomba of Kongo
* Manuel III of Kongo

Pretenders to the Kongo throne since 1914|

* Alvaro XV of Kongo
* Pedro VII of Kongo
* António III of Kongo
* Isabel Maria da Gama, Q of Kongo (regent)
* Pedro VIII of Kongo
* Isabel Maria da Gama of Kongo (regent)

* v
* t
* e

Kingdom of Kongo

Topics|

* Kingdom of Kongo
* History of Angola
* History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Monarchy|

| Preceded by|

* Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza
* Mbata Kingdom
* Mpemba Kasi

|

Titles|

* Awenekongo
* Ngola
* Queen Mother
* Mbanda Mbanda
* Order of Christ

Rulers|

* List of rulers of Kongo

Ruling houses|

* House of Kilukeni
* House of Kwilu
* House of Kinkanga/Nsundi
* House of Kimpanzu
* House of Kinlaza
* House of Água Rosada

Economy|

| Currency|

* Nzimbu (Olivella nana)
* Enslaved people

|

Goods|

* Banana
* Lubongo
* Lubongo cloth
* Taro

Geography|

* Capital: M'banza-Kongo
* Nsi Kwilu
* Nsundi
* Soyo

Languages|

* Kikongo
* Portuguese

Religion|

| Religions|

* Antonianism
* Kongo
* Kongo Catholicism

|

Deities|

* Bunzi
* Chicamassi-chinuinji
* Dinganga
* Jesus
* Kimbazi
* Kuitikuiti
* Lubangala
* Lusiemo
* Lusunzi
* Makanga
* Ma Kiela
* Mamba Muntu
* Mbantilanda
* Mbenza
* Mboze
* Mbumba
* Moni-Mambu
* Ngonde
* Ntangu
* Nzambi Mpungu
* Nzambici
* Nzazi
* Phulu Bunzi
* Yahweh

Elements|

* Ancestral veneration
* Kalunga line
* Kongo cosmogram
* Mfinda
* Nature spirits
* Nganga
* Nlongo
* Simbi

Art|

* Nkisi
* Nkondi
* Tumba

Military|

| Tactics|

* Archery (Poisoned Arrows)
* Kongolese longboat
* Iron stake traps
* Scimitar-shaped Longsword

|

Battles|

* Conquest of Kabunga
* Battle of Mbumbi
* Battle of Mbanda Kasi
* Battle of Kitombo
* Battle of Mbwila
* Battle of Mbidizi River
* Battle of São Salvador
* Kongo Civil War

Category

* v
* t
* e

Heads of state and government of Africa

Heads of state|

| UN member states|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Other states|

* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* Somaliland

Heads of government|

| UN member states|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Other states|

* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* Somaliland

Defunct states
and governments|

* Ashanti Empire
* Monarch
* Benin
* Prime Minister
* Burundi
* King
* Central African Empire
* Emperor
* Dahomey
* King
* Egypt
* Muhammad Ali dynasty
* Monarch
* Ethiopia
* Emperor
* list
* The Gambia
* Prime Minister
* Ghana
* Prime Minister
* Kenya
* Prime Minister
* Kingdom of Kongo
* Monarch
* list
* Malawi
* Prime Minister
* Merina Kingdom
* Monarch
* Nigeria
* Prime Minister
* Orange Free State
* State President
* Rwanda
* King
* South African Republic
* State President
* South Africa
* Governor-General
* State President
* Prime Minister
* Tunisia
* Bey
* Zanzibar
* Sultan
* Prime Minister
* Zambia
* Prime Minister
* Zimbabwe
* Prime Minister
* Zulu Kingdom
* King

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[c.]: circa