List of space debris producing events

Major contributors to space debris include the explosion of upper stages and satellite collisions.[1]

## Overview

[edit]

There were 190 known satellite breakups between 1961 and 2006.[2] By 2015, the total had grown to 250 on-orbit fragmentation events.[3]

As of 2012[update] there were an estimated 500,000 pieces of debris in orbit,[4] with 300,000 pieces below 2000 km (LEO).[1] Of the total, about 20,000 are tracked.[1] Also, about sixteen old Soviet nuclear space reactors are known to have released an estimated 100,000 NaK liquid metal coolant droplets 800–900 km up,[5] which range in size from 1 – 6 cm.[5]

The greatest risk to space missions is from untracked debris between 1 and 10 cm in size.[1] Large pieces can be tracked and avoided, and impact from smaller pieces are usually survivable.[1]

## Top debris creation events

[edit]

Top debris creation events, August 2024[6] Object | Year | Pieces | Notes

|
|
|

Fengyun-1C | 2007 | 3,549 | Intentional collision (ASAT)
Kosmos 2251 | 2009 | 1,716 | Accidental collision with Iridium 33
Kosmos 1408 | 2021 | 1,562 | Intentional collision (ASAT)
Long March 6A upper stage | 2024 | 700–900+ | Unknown; but may be related to upper stage passivization or insulation.[7]
Long March 6A upper stage | 2022 | 781[8] | Unknown; but may be related to upper stage passivization or insulation with later debris cloud expansion.[8][9]
STEP 2 Rocket Body | 1996 | 756 | Residual propellant explosion
Iridium 33 | 2009 | 659 | Accidental collision with Kosmos 2251
Kosmos 2421 | 2008 | 511 | Disintegrated[citation needed]
SPOT 1 Rocket Body | 1986 | 506 | Residual propellant explosion
Parus | 1981 | 482 | Battery explosion
OV2-1 Rocket Body | 1965 | 473 | Engine explosion
Nimbus 4 Rocket Body | 1970 | 465 | Residual propellant explosion
NOAA-16 | 2015 | 458 | Battery explosion
TES Rocket Body | 2001 | 373 | Residual propellant explosion
CBERS-1 Rocket Body | 2000 | 344 | Residual propellant explosion
Fregat tank | 2020 | 338 | Residual propellant explosion
Ablestar | 1961 | 320 | Residual propellant explosion
Delta 2910 | 1975 | 313 | Residual propellant explosion
Solwind | 1985 | 289 | Intentional collision (ASAT) [10]

## Recent events

[edit]

Date | Object | International Designation | Cause | Total Pieces | Pieces in Orbit | Reentered Pieces as of Dec 2022[a]

|
|
|
|
|
|

August 31, 2018 | Centaur V upper stage[11] | 2014-055B | Unknown[11] | 107 | 107 | 0
December 22, 2018 | ORBCOMM FM-16 [11] | 1998-046E | Energetic fragmentation; Probably caused by left over propellent[12] | 13 | 5 | 8
January 24, 2019 | Microsat-R[12] | 2019-006A | ASAT (Anti-Satellite) weapon system test[12] | 129 | 0 | 129
February 6, 2019 | H2-A 202 Rocket Body[11] | 2018-084L | Unknown; Third known breakup of an H-2A Rocket Body[11] | 6 | 0 | 6
February 6, 2019 | H2-A 202 Payload Adapter[11] | 2018-084E | Energetic fragmentation event; Cause Unknown[11] | 3 | 0 | 3
April 2019 | Centaur V Rocket Body[12] | 2018-079B | Energetic fragmentation event; Cause Unknown[12] | 193 | 192 | 1
May 7, 2019 | Titan IIIC Transtage rocket body[13] | 1976-023F | Energetic fragmentation event by caused the overheating of leftover anhydrous hydrazine(N2H4) Mono Propellant[13] | ?[b] | ? | ?
August 19, 2019 | SOZ (Sistema Obespecheniya Zapuska) ullage motor from a Proton Block DM fourth stage[13] | 2010-041H | Energetic fragmentation event; caused by left over fuel in the ullage motor. 30th fragmentation event of a SOZ unit. 34 intact units remain in orbit[13] | 23 | 23 | 0
August 13, 2019 | Ariane 42P third stage rocket body[13] | 1992-052D | Unknown[13] | 10 | 10 | 0
December 23, 2019 | Kosmos 2491 | 2013-076E | Unknown[14][15] | ~20 | ~20 | 0
May 8, 2020 | Fregat tank[16] | 2011-037B | Unknown, possibly explosion[16] | 346 | 280 | 66
July 12, 2020 | H2-A 202 Fairing[16] | 2018-084C | Collision with untracked debris[16] | 123 | 5 | 118
March 18, 2021 | Yunhai-1 02[17] | 2019-063A | Accidental collision with a fragment from the Zenit-2 rocket body that launched Tselina-2 in 1996.[17] | 39 | 20 | 19
November 15, 2021 | Kosmos 1408 | 1982-092A | ASAT (Anti-Satellite) weapon system test | 1787 | 394 | 1393
November 12, 2022 | Long March 6A upper stage | 2022-151B | Unknown; but may be related to upper stage passivization or insulation.[18][19][20] | 781 | 722 | 59
November 17, 2022 | H2-A 202 Payload fairing | 2012-025F | Energetic fragmentation event; Cause unknown[21] | 50+ | 50+ | 0
January 4, 2023 | Kosmos 2499 | 2014-028E | Unknown[15] | 85 | 85 | 0
March 11, 2023 | Orbcomm F36 | 1999-065E | Unknown; likely energetic fragmentation event caused by a malfunction in the hydrazine orbit adjust system[22][23] | 7 | 7 | 0
August 21, 2023 | Vega VV02 VESPA adapter | 2013-021D | Unknown; likely debris impact[24][25] | 7 | 7 | 0
March 26, 2024 | Long March 6A upper stage | 2024-058B | Unknown; but may be related to upper stage passivization or insulation.[26] | ~60 | ~60 | 0
June 26, 2024 | Resurs-P No.1 | 2013-030A | Unknown; but may be related to improper spacecraft passivization[27][28] | 100+ | 100+ | 0
July 4, 2024 | Long March 6A upper stage | 2024-126C | Unknown; but may be related to upper stage passivization or insulation.[26] | ?[c] | ? | 0
August 6, 2024 | Long March 6A upper stage | 2024-140U | Unknown; but may be related to upper stage passivization or insulation.[7] | 700–900+ | 700–900+ | 0
September 6, 2024 | Atlas V Centaur upper stage | 2018-022B | Unknown; | 40+ | 40+ | 0
October 19, 2024 | Intelsat 33e | 2016-053B | Unknown; potential threat to all spacecraft in geostationary orbit, including the Russian satellites, Ekspress-AT1, Yamal-402, Ekspress-AM6 and Elektro-L;[29][30] | 700+ | 700+ | 0
February 9, 2025 | New Glenn upper stage+Blue Ring | 2025-011A | Energetic fragmentation event;[citation needed] Cause Unknown; but may be related to upper stage passivization or insulation. | 67 | 67 | 0

1. ^ The date when all rows were updated.
2. ^ No fragments have entered the SSN catalog as 2022-09-22
3. ^ No fragments have entered the SSN catalog as 2024-08-08

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e The Threat of Orbital Debris and Protecting NASA Space Assets from Satellite Collisions (2009)
2. ^ "AN ANALYSIS OF RECENT MAJOR BREAKUPS IN THE LOW EARTH ORBIT REGION". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
3. ^ "ESA Experts Assess Risk from Exploded Satellite". www.esa.int. ESA. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
4. ^ "DARPA wants army of networked amateur astronomers to watch sky for space junk, aliens". Stratrisks. 2012-11-14. Archived from the original on 2012-11-19.
5. ^ a b IEEE – The Growing Threat of Space Debris Archived 2013-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
6. ^ McDowell, Jonathan (9 December 2022). "Space Debris Clouds". Jonathan's Space Pages. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
7. ^ a b Jones, Andrew (9 August 2024). "Chinese rocket stage breaks up into cloud of more than 700 pieces of space debris". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
8. ^ a b "Evolution of Major Debris Clouds in Low Earth Orbit" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
9. ^ Jones, Andrew (8 August 2024). "Chinese megaconstellation launch creates field of space debris". SpaceNews. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
10. ^ "The Most Dangerous Space Weapons Ever". Space.com. 21 December 2016. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
11. ^ a b c d e f g National Aeronautics and Space Administration (May 2019). "Orbital Debris Quarterly News" (PDF). Space News. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
12. ^ a b c d e National Aeronautics and Space Administration (August 2019). "Orbital Debris Quarterly News" (PDF). Space News. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
13. ^ a b c d e f National Aeronautics and Space Administration (November 2019). "Orbital Debris Quarterly News" (PDF). Space News. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
14. ^ @planet4589 (11 January 2020). "Unlike the two later sats, Kosmos-2491 did not change its orbit. It appeared to end its mission in 2014. However, at about 1321 UTC on 2019 Dec 23, the satellite made a 1.5m/s orbit change and 10 debris objects have now been cataloged" (Tweet). Retrieved 8 February 2023 - via Twitter.
15. ^ a b Berger, Eric (8 February 2023). "Mysterious Russian satellites are now breaking apart in low-Earth orbit". Ars Technica. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
16. ^ a b c d National Aeronautics and Space Administration (August 2020). "Orbital Debris Quarterly News" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
17. ^ a b Wall, Mike (17 August 2021). "Space collision: Chinese satellite got whacked by hunk of Russian rocket in March". Space.com. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
18. ^ Jones, Andrew (2024-07-12). "China's Long March 6A rocket appears to have an orbital debris problem". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2024-08-08.
19. ^ @S4S_SDA (7 August 2024). "#S4S has confirmed the breakup of a Chinese Long March 6A rocket launched from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center, China, on Aug. 7, 2024. Analysis ongoing. #spacedebris #SDA @SpaceTrackOrg @US_SpaceCom" (Tweet). Retrieved 7 August 2024 - via Twitter.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
20. ^ @18thSDS (12 November 2022). "18th Space Defense Squadron confirmed breakup associated with CZ-6A Rocket Body - likely occurred Nov 12 at around 05:25 UTC" (Tweet). Retrieved 13 November 2022 - via Twitter.
21. ^ @18thSDS (23 November 2022). "18th Space Defense Squadron confirms breakup of H-2A DEB (#38345, 2012-025F)" (Tweet). Retrieved 10 December 2022 - via Twitter.
22. ^ Orbital Focus [@OrbitalFocus] (17 March 2023). "From Space-Track: The 18th Space Defense Squadron (18 SDS) has confirmed the breakup of Orbcomm FM 36 (#25984, 1999-065E), which likely occurred March 11, 2023, at approximately 0145 UTC. As of March 16, 18 SDS is tracking 7 associated pieces at an estimated 792 km altitude..." (Tweet). Retrieved 21 March 2023 - via Twitter.
23. ^ @planet4589 (17 March 2023). "The jump is a propulsive orbit adjust, which makes the likeliest cause some kind of bad event in the hydrazine orbit adjust system" (Tweet). Retrieved 21 March 2023 - via Twitter.
24. ^ Jonathan McDowell [@planet4589] (22 August 2023). "7 new debris objects cataloged from the Vega VV02 launch in a 23:50 LTDN sun-sync orbit, consistent with a breakup of the VESPA adapter upper section, object 39162. Possibly the result of an impact by a small object?" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
25. ^ "Objects detected in the vicinity of ClearSpace-1 debris removal mission target". ESA. 22 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
26. ^ a b Jones, Andrew (12 July 2024). "China's Long March 6A rocket appears to have an orbital debris problem". SpaceNews. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
27. ^ "Press Release: Break-up of Russian-owned space object". United States Space Command (Press release). 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
28. ^ Foust, Jeff (2024-06-27). "Russian satellite breaks up, creating debris in low Earth orbit". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
29. ^ Rainbow, Jason (19 October 2024). "Intelsat 33e breaks up in geostationary orbit". SpaceNews. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
30. ^ Rainbow, Jason (10 December 2024). "Intelsat 33e demise exposes vulnerabilities in the space domain". SpaceNews. Retrieved 11 December 2024. "Clint Clark, ExoAnalytic Solutions chief growth officer and vice president of first impressions, said the company has identified a cloud of more than 700 pieces of debris following the Oct. 19 incident."