List of stars with resolved images

The following is a list of stars with resolved images, that is, stars whose images have been resolved beyond a point source. Aside from the Sun, observed from Earth, stars are exceedingly small in apparent size, requiring the use of special high-resolution equipment and techniques to image. For example, Betelgeuse, the first star other than the Sun to be resolved, has an angular diameter of only 50 milliarcseconds (mas).[1]

## List

[edit]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2017)

|

List of stars with resolved images  Star | Image  | Diameter  | Distance
(ly)  | First imager  | Year  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

Angular (mas)  | Geometric (R☉)
Sun |  | 2000000 | 1 | 0.0000158 | Louis Fizeau and Léon Foucault[2] | 1845 |
Altair
α Aql  |  | 3.2 | 1.66±0.01 (polar)
2.02±0.01 (equator)  | 16.77±0.08 | CHARA array – MIRC[3] | 2006 |
Rasalhague
α Oph A  |  | 1.62±0.03 | 2.39±0.01 (polar)
2.87±0.02 (equator)  | 48.6±0.8 | CHARA array – MIRC[4] | 2006 |
Alderamin
α Cep  |  | 1.35±0.02 (polar)
1.75±0.03 (equator)  | 2.20±0.04 (polar)
2.74±0.04 (equator)  | 48.8±0.36 | CHARA array – MIRC[4] | 2006 |
Caph
β Cas  |  | 1.70±0.04 | 3.1±0.1 (polar)
3.8±0.1 (equator)  | 54.7±0.3 | CHARA array – MIRC[5] | 2007 |
Regulus
α Leo Aa  |  | 1.24±0.02 | 3.2±0.1 (polar)
4.2±0.1 (equator)  | 79.3±0.7 | CHARA array – MIRC[5] | 2008 |
Algol
β Per Aa1  |
| 0.88±0.05 | 4.13 | 93±2 | CHARA array – MIRC[6] | 2006 | stationary object in the animation
β Per Aa2  | 1.12±0.07 | 3 | orbiting object in the animation
β Per Ab  | 0.56±0.10 | 0.9 |  |  | Observed radius of Algol Ab is an instrumental artifact, caused by bandwidth smearing.
Actual radius is 1.73 ± 0.33 R☉.
Alkaid
η UMa  |  | 0.834±0.060 | 2.86±0.21 | 103.9±0.8 | CHARA array[7] | 2012 |
σ Gem A  |  | 2.425  | 10.1±0.4 | 126±2 | CHARA array/MIRC[8] | 2011  | The star contains starspots on its surface
Markab
α Peg  |  | 1.052±0.066 | 4.62±0.29 | 133±1 | CHARA array[7] | 2012 |
Elnath
β Tau  |  | 1.09±0.076 | 4.82±0.34 | 134±2 | CHARA array[7] | 2012 |
ζ And Aa  |  | 2.502±0.008 | 15.0±0.8 (polar)  | 189±3 | CFHT[9][10] | 1996 | First direct imaging of starspots on a star outside the Solar System.
R Dor |

| 57±5 | 370±50 | 204±9 | New Technology Telescope[11] | 1993 | 2nd largest known star by apparent diameter in Earth's sky, after the Sun.
Mira
ο Cet A  |  | 28.9–34.9[12] | 332–402[12] | 420 | Hubble – FOC[13] | 1997 |
Polaris
α UMi Aa  |

| 3.143±0.027 | 46.27±0.42 | 446±1 | CHARA array[14] | 2024  |
T Lep |  | 5.8
15 for molecular layer | 100 | 500 | Very Large Telescope – VLTI[15]/AMBER[16] | 2009 |
π1 Gru |  | 21[17] | 370[17] | 535[17] | Very Large Telescope – VLTI/PIONIER[18] | 2017 | First directly observed granulation patterns on a star's surface outside the Solar System.
Antares
α Sco A  |  | 41.3±0.1 | 680[19] | 553[20] | Very Large Telescope – VLTI/AMBER[21][22] | 2017 |
R Car |  | 10.23±0.05–13.77±0.14 | 400–540  | 590±40 | Very Large Telescope – PIONIER[23] | 2014[a] |
Betelgeuse
α Ori  |  | 50 | 640[24]–764[25] | 643±146 | Hubble – GHRS[1] | 1995 | First star with a resolved image outside the Solar System.
Sheliak
β Lyr Aa  |  | 0.46 | 6 | 960±50 | CHARA array – MIRC[26] | 2007 | Both Aa1 and Aa2 are visible in the animation.
R Scl |  | 8.9±0.3 | 355±55 | 1180±140 | Very Large Telescope – AMBER[27] | 2017  |
θ1 Ori C |  | 0.2 | 10.6±1.5 | 1400 | Very Large Telescope – AMBER[28] | 2009 | In the image, the right inset is θ1 Ori C and the left inset is θ1 Ori F.
θ1 Ori F |  |  |  | Very Large Telescope – VLTI/GRAVITY[29] | 2016
ε Aur |  | 2.22±0.10[30] | 143–358[30] | 2000–4800[30] | CHARA array – MIRC[31] | 2009 | Supergiant with an eclipsing companion surrounded by a massive, opaque debris disk
AZ Cyg |  | 4.05±0.01 | 911+57
−50 | 6820+420
−380 | CHARA array – MIRC[32] | 2011[b] |
SU Per |  | 3.53±0.09[33] | 1044+31
−21–1139+34
−23[34] | 7,250+470
−420[35] | CHARA array[33] | 2015  |
ρ Cas |

| 2.09±0.02 | 564-700  | 8150±1630 | CHARA array[36] | 2024  |
RW Cep |  | 2.45 | 1100±44 [37] | 11000+4600
−2600–22000+5200
−3300 | CHARA array – MIRC-X and MYSTIC[38] | 2022 | Hypergiant star currently undergoing a great dimming event
HR 5171 Aa |  | 4.1±0.8 | 1060–1160[39] | 11740±1630 | Very Large Telescope – VLTI/PIONIER[40] | 2014 | Eclipsing and potential contact binary yellow hypergiant
WOH G64 |  |  | 800[41] | ca. 160 000 | Very Large Telescope – VLTI/GRAVITY[42] | 2024  | Star is in the Large Magellanic Cloud. First resolved image of star outside of the Milky Way.

## See also

[edit]

* Doppler imaging which produces maps of the surfaces of stars
* Zeeman–Doppler imaging which maps the magnetic fields of stars
* List of directly imaged exoplanets
* Angular resolution
* Angular diameter
* List of nearest stars

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Published 2024 based on observations from 2014 and 2020
2. ^ First peer-reviewed publication in 2021, based on observations from 2011-2016

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b H.Uitenbroek; Dupree, A. K.; Gilliland, R. L. (1998). "Spatially Resolved Hubble Space Telescope Spectra of the Chromosphere of alpha Orionis". Astronomical Journal. 116 (5): 2501. Bibcode:1998AJ....116.2501U. doi:10.1086/300596. S2CID 117596395.
2. ^ "NASA – Sun–Earth Day – Technology Through Time". NASA. 2006. Retrieved 2022-11-24.
3. ^ J.D. Monnier; et al. (2007). "Imaging the Surface of Altair". Science. 317 (5836): 342–5\. arXiv:0706.0867. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..342M. doi:10.1126/science.1143205. PMID 17540860. S2CID 4615273.
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5. ^ a b X. Che; et al. (2011). "Colder And Hotter: Interferometric Imaging Of Beta Cassiopeiae And Alpha Leonis". The Astrophysical Journal. 732 (2): 68. arXiv:1105.0740. Bibcode:2011ApJ...732...68C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/732/2/68. S2CID 14330106.
6. ^ Baron, F.; Monnier, J.; Pedretti, E.; Zhao, M.; Schaefer, G.; Parks, R.; Che, X.; Thureau, N.; ten Brummelaar, T. A.; McAlister, H. A.; Ridgway, S. T.; Farrington, C.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Turner, N. (2012). "Imaging the Algol Triple System in the H Band with the CHARA Interferometer". The Astrophysical Journal. 752 (1): 20. arXiv:1205.0754. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752...20B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/20. S2CID 11110989.
7. ^ a b c Gordon, Kathryn D.; Gies, Douglas R.; Schaefer, Gail H.; Huber, Daniel; Ireland, Michael (7 March 2019). "Angular Sizes, Radii, and Effective Temperatures of B-type Stars from Optical Interferometry with the CHARA Array". The Astrophysical Journal. 873 (1): 91. Bibcode:2019ApJ...873...91G. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab04b2. eISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 125181833.
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13. ^ "Hubble Separates Stars in the Mira Binary System". HubbleSite. 6 August 1997. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
14. ^ Evans, Nancy Remage; Schaefer, Gail H.; Gallenne, Alexandre; Torres, Guillermo; Horch, Elliott P.; Anderson, Richard I.; Monnier, John D.; Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Baron, Fabien; Anugu, Narsireddy; Davidson, James W.; Kervella, Pierre; Bras, Garance; Proffitt, Charles; Mérand, Antoine (2024-08-01). "The Orbit and Dynamical Mass of Polaris: Observations with the CHARA Array". The Astrophysical Journal. 971 (2): 190. arXiv:2407.09641. Bibcode:2024ApJ...971..190E. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5e7a. ISSN 0004-637X.
15. ^ "Hundred metre virtual telescope captures unique detailed colour image". European Southern Observatory. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
16. ^ J.-B. Le Bouquin, S. Lacour, S. Renard, E. Thiébaut, A. Merand, T. Verhoelst, Pre-maximum spectro-imaging of the Mira star T Leporis with AMBER/VLTI, Astronomy and Astrophysics Volume 496, Number 1, March II 2009, L1–L4.
17. ^ a b c Wallstrom, S. H. J.; Danilovich, T.; Muller, H. S. P.; Gottlieb, C. A.; Maes, S.; Van de Sande, M.; Decin, L.; Richards, A. M. S.; Baudry, A.; Bolte, J.; Ceulemans, T.; De Ceuster, F.; de Koter, A.; Mellah, I. El; Esseldeurs, M. (December 6, 2023). "ATOMIUM: Molecular inventory of 17 oxygen-rich evolved stars observed with ALMA". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 681: A50. arXiv:2312.03467. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347632. ISSN 0004-6361.
18. ^ "Giant Bubbles on Red Giant Star's Surface". European Southern Observatory. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
19. ^ Ohnaka, K; Hofmann, K.-H; Schertl, D; Weigelt, G; Baffa, C; Chelli, A; Petrov, R; Robbe-Dubois, S (2013). "High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 555: A24. arXiv:1304.4800. Bibcode:2013A&A...555A..24O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321063. S2CID 56396587.
20. ^ van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664\. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.
21. ^ "Astronomers Capture Best-Ever Image of Alien Star". Scientific American. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
22. ^ "VLTI reconstructed view of the surface of Antares".
23. ^ Rosales-Guzmán, A.; Sanchez-Bermudez, J.; et al. (August 2024). "A new dimension in the variability of AGB stars: Convection patterns size changes with pulsation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 688: A124. arXiv:2405.10164. Bibcode:2024A&A...688A.124R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202349112.
24. ^ Mittag, M.; Schröder, K.-P.; Perdelwitz, V.; Jack, D.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (2023-01-01). "Chromospheric activity and photospheric variation of α Ori during the great dimming event in 2020". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 669: A9. arXiv:2211.04967. Bibcode:2023A&A...669A...9M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244924. ISSN 0004-6361.
25. ^ Joyce, Meridith; Leung, Shing-Chi; Molnár, László; Ireland, Michael; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken’ichi (2020-10-01). "Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: New Mass and Distance Estimates for Betelgeuse through Combined Evolutionary, Asteroseismic, and Hydrodynamic Simulations with MESA". The Astrophysical Journal. 902 (1): 63. arXiv:2006.09837. Bibcode:2020ApJ...902...63J. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db. ISSN 0004-637X.
26. ^ M. Zhao; et al. (2008). "First Resolved Images Of The Eclipsing And Interacting Binary Beta Lyrae". The Astrophysical Journal. 684 (2): L95 – L98. arXiv:0808.0932. Bibcode:2008ApJ...684L..95Z. doi:10.1086/592146. S2CID 17510817.
27. ^ Wittkowski, M.; Hofmann, K.-H.; et al. (May 2017). "Aperture synthesis imaging of the carbon AGB star R Sculptoris. Detection of a complex structure and a dominating spot on the stellar disk". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 601: A3. arXiv:1702.02574. Bibcode:2017A&A...601A...3W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201630214.
28. ^ "The orbit of Theta1 Orionis C". European Southern Observatory. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
29. ^ "First Light For Future Black Hole Probe". European Southern Observatory. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
30. ^ a b c Kloppenborg, B. K.; Stencel, R. E.; Monnier, J. D.; Schaefer, G. H.; Baron, F.; Tycner, C.; Zavala, R. T.; Hutter, D.; Zhao, M.; Che, X.; Ten Brummelaar, T. A.; Farrington, C. D.; Parks, R.; McAlister, H. A.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Sallave-Goldfinger, P. J.; Turner, N.; Pedretti, E.; Thureau, N. (2015). "Interferometry of ɛ Aurigae: Characterization of the Asymmetric Eclipsing Disk". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 220 (1): 14. arXiv:1508.01909. Bibcode:2015ApJS..220...14K. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/14. S2CID 118575419.
31. ^ B. Kloppenborg; et al. (2010). "Infrared images of the transiting disk in the Epsilon Aurigae system". Nature. 464 (7290): 370–2\. arXiv:1004.2464. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..870K. doi:10.1038/nature08968. PMID 20376144. S2CID 18866716.
32. ^ Norris, Ryan P.; Baron, Fabien R.; et al. (October 2021). "Long Term Evolution of Surface Features on the Red Supergiant AZ Cyg". The Astrophysical Journal. 919 (2): 124. arXiv:2106.15636. Bibcode:2021ApJ...919..124N. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0c7e.
33. ^ a b Norris, Ryan (2023). "Student Science at NMT: Learning Optical Interferometry Through Projects on Evolved Stars" (PDF). CHARA.
34. ^ Norris, Ryan (2019). Seeing Stars Like Never Before: A Long-term Interferometric Imaging Survey of Red Supergiants (PhD thesis). Georgia State University. doi:10.57709/15009706.
35. ^ Bailer-Jones, C. A. L.; Rybizki, J.; Fouesneau, M.; Demleitner, M.; Andrae, R. (2021). "Estimating Distances from Parallaxes. V. Geometric and Photogeometric Distances to 1.47 Billion Stars in Gaia Early Data Release 3". The Astronomical Journal. 161 (3): 147. arXiv:2012.05220. Bibcode:2021AJ....161..147B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abd806. SU Persei's database entry at VizieR.
36. ^ Anugu, Narsireddy; Baron, Fabien; et al. (October 2024). "CHARA Near-infrared Imaging of the Yellow Hypergiant Star ρ Cassiopeiae: Convection Cells and Circumstellar Envelope". The Astrophysical Journal. 974 (1): 113. arXiv:2408.02756. Bibcode:2024ApJ...974..113A. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad6b2b.
37. ^ Anugu, Narsireddy; Gies, Douglas R.; Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Monnier, John D.; Montargés, Miguel; Mérand, Antoine; Baron, Fabien; Schaefer, Gail H.; Shepard, Katherine A.; Kraus, Stefan; Anderson, Matthew D.; Codron, Isabelle; Gardner, Tyler; Gutierrez, Mayra; Köhler, Rainer (September 2024). "Time Evolution Images of the Hypergiant RW Cephei during the Rebrightening Phase Following the Great Dimming". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 973 (1): L5. arXiv:2408.11906. Bibcode:2024ApJ...973L...5A. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad736c. ISSN 2041-8205.
38. ^ Anugu, Narsireddy; Baron, Fabien; Gies, Douglas R.; Lanthermann, Cyprien; Schaefer, Gail H.; Shepard, Katherine A.; ten Brummelaar, Theo; Monnier, John D.; Kraus, Stefan; Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste; Davies, Claire L.; Ennis, Jacob; Gardner, Tyler; Labdon, Aaron; Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Setterholm, Benjamin R.; Vollmann, Wolfgang; Sigismondi, Constantino (July 2023). "The Great Dimming of the hypergiant star RW Cephei: CHARA Array images and spectral analysis". The Astronomical Journal. 166 (2): 78. arXiv:2307.04926. Bibcode:2023AJ....166...78A. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ace59d. S2CID 259766495.
39. ^ van Genderen, A. M.; Lobel, A.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Henry, G. W.; de Jager, C.; Blown, E.; Di Scala, G.; van Ballegoij, E. J. (2019-11-01). "Pulsations, eruptions, and evolution of four yellow hypergiants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 631: A48. arXiv:1910.02460. Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..48V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834358. ISSN 0004-6361.
40. ^ Wittkowski, M; Abellan, F. J; Arroyo-Torres, B; Chiavassa, A; Guirado, J. C; Marcaide, J. M; Alberdi, A; De Wit, W. J; Hofmann, K.-H; Meilland, A; Millour, F; Mohamed, S; Sanchez-Bermudez, J (28 September 2017). "Multi-epoch VLTI-PIONIER imaging of the supergiant V766 Cen: Image of the close companion in front of the primary". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 1709: L1. arXiv:1709.09430. Bibcode:2017A&A...606L...1W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731569. S2CID 54740936.
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