List of threatened sharks

See also: Threatened rays

The whale shark, the world's largest fish, is classified as Endangered.

> Binding legislation and harvest management strategies... are urgently needed to address the disproportionate impact of fisheries on cartilaginous fishes.

– IUCN global study 2010 [1]

Threatened sharks are those vulnerable to endangerment (extinction) in the near future. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's oldest global environmental organization.[2] It evaluates threatened species, and treats threatened species not as a single category, but as a group of three categories, depending on the degree to which they are threatened:[3]

Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Critically endangered species

The term threatened strictly refers to these three categories (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of these categories.[3] The terms can be used somewhat interchangeably, as all vulnerable species are threatened, all endangered species are vulnerable and threatened, and all critically endangered species are endangered, vulnerable and threatened. Threatened species are also referred to as a red-listed species, as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[4]

In a milestone decision in 2013, CITES prohibited international trade in the fins of the scalloped hammerhead (pictured) and four other shark species.[5]

Shark species are increasingly becoming threatened because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures, the impact of non-shark fisheries on the seabed and shark prey species, and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution.[6] Rising demands for shark products has increased pressure on shark fisheries, but little monitoring or management occurs of most fisheries.[7] Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded over the past few decades; some species had declined over 90% and population declines of 70% were not unusual by 1998.[8] In particular, harvesting young sharks before they reproduce severely impacts future populations. Sharks generally reach sexual maturity only after many years and produce few offspring in comparison to other fish species.[9]

Conservationists estimate that up to 100 million sharks are killed by commercial and recreational fishing every year.[10][11] Sharks are often killed for shark fin soup, which some Asian countries regard as a status symbol.[12] Fishermen capture live sharks, fin them, and dump the finless animal back into the water to die from suffocation or predators.[11][13] Sharks are also killed for their flesh in Europe and elsewhere.[14] The 2007 film Sharkwater documents ways in which sharks are being hunted to extinction.[15] In 2009, the IUCN Shark Specialist Group reported on the conservation status of pelagic (open water) sharks and rays. They found that over half the pelagic sharks targeted by high-seas fisheries were threatened with extinction.[16][17][18]

In 2010, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) rejected proposals from the United States and Palau that would have required countries to strictly regulate trade in several species of hammerhead, oceanic whitetip and dogfish sharks. The majority, but not the required two-thirds of voting delegates, approved the proposal. China, by far the world's largest shark consumer, and Japan, which battles all attempts to extend the convention's protections to marine species, led the opposition.[19][20]

In 2013, CITES member nations overcame the continued opposition led by China and Japan,[21] and reversed course.[22][23] In what CITES has called a "milestone", the oceanic whitetip, porbeagle, and three species of hammerheads will now join the great white, basking and whale shark on CITES Appendix II, effective September 2014.[24] International trade of these species is thus prohibited without CITES permits, "... and evidence will have to be provided that they are harvested sustainably and legally."[5]

In 2014 the state government of Western Australia led by Premier Colin Barnett implemented a policy of killing large sharks. The policy is intended to protect users of the marine environment from shark attack following the deaths of seven people on the Western Australian coastline in the years 2010 to 2013.[25] Baited drum lines are deployed near popular beaches using hooks designed to catch the vulnerable great white shark, as well as bull and tiger sharks. Large sharks found hooked but still alive are shot and their bodies discarded at sea.[26] The government claims they are not culling sharks, but are using a "targeted, localised, hazard mitigation strategy".[27] Barnett has described opposition to killing the sharks as "ludicrous" and "extreme", and said that nothing can change his mind.[28]

According to a 2021 study published in the journal Nature, relative fishing pressure in the oceans has increased by a factor of 18 since 1970.[29] This overfishing has resulted in the number of oceanic sharks and rays declining globally by 71%, and has increased the global extinction risk to the point where three-quarters of these species are now threatened with extinction. Precautionary science-based catch limits and strict prohibitions are now needed urgently if population collapse is to be avoided,[30][31] if the disruption of ecological functions is to be averted,[32] and if a start is to be made on rebuilding global fisheries.[33][29]

## List

[edit]

Order  | Image  | Scientific name  | Common name  | Population trend  | IUCN status | Fish
Base | FAO | CITES
Appendix[24]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Mackerel
shark |  | Alopias pelagicus | Pelagic thresher | decreasing  |  Endangered[34] | [35] | [36] |
Mackerel
shark |  | Alopias superciliosus | Bigeye thresher shark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[37] | [38] | [39] |
Mackerel
shark |  | Alopias vulpinus | Common thresher | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[40] | [41] | [42] |
Groundshark |  | Atelomycterus baliensis | Bali catshark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[43] | [44] |  |
Groundshark |  | Aulohalaelurus kanakorum | New Caledonia catshark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[45] | [46] |  |
Carpet shark |  | Brachaelurus colcloughi | Bluegrey carpetshark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[47] | [48] |  |
Groundshark |  | Carcharhinus borneensis | Borneo shark | unknown  |  Critically Endangered[49] | [50] |  |
Groundshark |  | Carcharhinus hemiodon | Pondicherry shark | unknown  |  Critically endangered[51] | [52] |  |
Groundshark |  | Carcharhinus leiodon | Smoothtooth blacktip shark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[53] | [54] |  |
Groundshark |  | Carcharhinus longimanus | Oceanic whitetip shark | decreasing  |  Critically endangered [55] | [56] |  | II (eff. Sep-2014)
Groundshark |  | Carcharhinus obscurus | Dusky shark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[57] | [58] | [59] |
Groundshark |  | Carcharhinus plumbeus | Sandbar shark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[60] | [61] | [62] |
Groundshark |  | Carcharhinus signatus | Night shark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[63] | [64] | [65] |
Mackerel
shark |  | Carcharias taurus | Sand tiger | decreasing  |  Critically endangered[66] | [67] | [68] |
Mackerel
shark |  | Carcharodon carcharias | Great white shark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[69] | [70] | [71] | II
Dogfish |  | Centrophorus granulosus | Gulper shark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[72] | [73] | [74] |
Dogfish |  | Centrophorus harrissoni | Dumb gulper shark | decreasing  |  Endangered[75] | [76] | [77] |
Dogfish |  | Centrophorus lusitanicus | Lowfin gulper shark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[78] | [79] | [80] |
Dogfish |  | Centrophorus squamosus | Deepwater spiny dogfish | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[81] | [82] | [83] |
Mackerel
shark |  | Cetorhinus maximus | Basking shark | decreasing  |  Endangered[84] | [85] | [86] | II
Groundshark |  | Chaenogaleus macrostoma | Hooktooth shark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[87] | [88] |  |
Groundshark |  | Galeorhinus galeus | School shark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[89] | [90] | [91] |
Groundshark |  | Galeus mincaronei | Southern sawtail catshark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[92] | [93] |  |
Groundshark |  | Glyphis gangeticus | Ganges shark | decreasing  |  Critically endangered [94] | [95] |  |
Groundshark |  | Glyphis garricki | New Guinea river shark | decreasing  |  Critically endangered [96] | [97] |  |
Groundshark |  | Glyphis glyphis | Speartooth shark | decreasing  |  Endangered[98] | [99] |  |
Groundshark |  | Glyphis siamensis | Irrawaddy river shark | unknown  |  Critically endangered [100] | [101] |  |
Groundshark |  | Haploblepharus fuscus | Brown shyshark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[102] | [103] |  |
Groundshark |  | Haploblepharus kistnasamyi | Natal shyshark | unknown  |  Critically endangered[104] | [105] |  |
Groundshark |  | Hemigaleus microstoma | Sickle fin weasel shark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[106] | [107] |  |
Groundshark |  | Hemipristis elongata | Snaggletooth shark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[108] | [109] |  |
Carpet shark |  | Hemiscyllium hallstromi | Papuan epaulette shark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[110] | [111] | [112] |
Carpet shark |  | Hemiscyllium strahani | Hooded carpet shark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[113] | [114] | [115] |
Groundshark |  | Hemitriakis leucoperiptera | Whitefin topeshark | unknown  |  Endangered[116] | [117] |  |
Groundshark |  | Holohalaelurus favus | Honeycomb Izak | decreasing  |  Endangered[118] | [119] |  |
Groundshark |  | Holohalaelurus punctatus | Whitespotted Izak | decreasing  |  Endangered[120] | [121] |  |
Groundshark |  | Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus | Daggernose shark | decreasing  |  Critically endangered[122] | [123] |  |
Mackerel
shark |  | Isurus oxyrinchus | Shortfin mako | decreasing  |  Endangered[124] | [125] | [126] |
Mackerel
shark |  | Isurus paucus | Longfin mako | decreasing  |  Endangered[127] | [128] | [129] |
Groundshark |  | Lamiopsis temminckii | Broadfin shark | decreasing  |  Endangered[130] | [131] |  |
Mackerel
shark |  | Lamna nasus | Porbeagle | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[132] | [133] |  | III
(II eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark |  | Mustelus fasciatus | Striped smooth-hound | decreasing  |  Critically endangered[134] | [135] |  |
Groundshark |  | Mustelus mustelus | Common smoothhound | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[136] | [137] |  |
Groundshark |  | Mustelus schmitti | Narrownose smoothhound | decreasing  |  Endangered[138] | [139] | [140] |
Groundshark |  | Mustelus whitneyi | Humpback smoothhound | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[141] | [142] |  |
Carpet shark |  | Nebrius ferrugineus | Tawny nurse shark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[143] | [144] | [145] |
Groundshark |  | Negaprion acutidens | Sharptooth lemon shark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[146] | [147] |  |
Mackerel
shark |  | Odontaspis ferox | Small-tooth sand tiger shark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[148] | [149] | [150] |
Dogfish |  | Oxynotus centrina | Angular rough shark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[151] | [152] | [153] |
Carpet shark |  | Pseudoginglymostoma
brevicaudatum | Shorttail nurse shark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[154] | [155] |  |
Carpet shark |  | Rhincodon typus | Whale shark | decreasing  |  Endangered[156] | [157] | [158] | II
Groundshark |  | Schroederichthys
saurisqualus | Lizard catshark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[159] | [160] |  |
Groundshark |  | Scylliogaleus quecketti | Flapnose houndshark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[161] | [162] |  |
Groundshark |  | Sphyrna lewini | Scalloped hammerhead | decreasing  |  Critically endangered [163] | [164] | [165] | II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark |  | Sphyrna mokarran | Great hammerhead | decreasing  |  Critically Endangered[166] | [167] |  | II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark |  | Sphyrna tiburo | Bonnethead shark | decreasing  |  Endangered[166] | [168]
Groundshark |  | Sphyrna tudes | Smalleye hammerhead | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[169] | [170] |  |
Groundshark |  | Sphyrna zygaena | Smooth hammerhead | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[171] | [172] |  | II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Dogfish |  | Squalus acanthias | Piked dogfish | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[173] | [174] | [175] |
Dogfish |  | Squalus montalbani | Philippines spurdog | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[176] | [177] |  |
Angel shark |  | Squatina aculeata | Sawback angelshark | decreasing  |  Critically endangered[178] | [179] | [180] |
Angel shark |  | Squatina albipunctata | Eastern angel shark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[181] | [182] |  |
Angel shark |  | Squatina argentina | Argentine angel shark | decreasing  |  Endangered[183] | [184] | [185] |
Angel shark |  | Squatina formosa | Taiwan angelshark | unknown  |  Endangered[186] | [187] | [188] |
Angel shark |  | Squatina guggenheim | Hidden angelshark | decreasing  |  Endangered[189] | [190] |  |
Angel shark |  | Squatina japonica | Japanese angelshark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[191] | [192] | [193] |
Angel shark |  | Squatina nebulosa | Clouded angelshark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[194] | [195] | [196] |
Angel shark |  | Squatina oculata | Smoothback angel shark | decreasing  |  Critically endangered[197] | [198] | [199] |
Angel shark |  | Squatina punctata | Angular angelshark | decreasing  |  Endangered[200] | [201] |  |
Angel shark |  | Squatina squatina | Angel shark | decreasing  |  Critically endangered[202] | [203] | [204] |
Angel shark |  | Squatina tergocellatoides | Ocellated angelshark | unknown  |  Vulnerable[205] | [206] | [207] |
Carpet shark |  | Stegostoma fasciatum | Zebra shark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[208] | [209] | [210] |
Groundshark |  | Triakis acutipinna | Sharpfin houndshark | decreasing  |  Endangered[211] | [212] |  |
Groundshark |  | Triakis maculata | Spotted houndshark | decreasing  |  Vulnerable[213] | [214] |  |

## See also

[edit]

* List of threatened rays

## References

[edit]

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63. ^ Santana, F.M.; Lessa, R. & Carlson, J. (2006). "Carcharhinus signatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006: e.T60219A12323765. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60219A12323765.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
64. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Carcharhinus signatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
65. ^ Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
66. ^ Pollard, D. & Smith, A. (2009). "Carcharias taurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T3854A10132481. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3854A10132481.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
67. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Carcharias taurus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
68. ^ Carcharias taurus (Rafinesque, 1810) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
69. ^ Fergusson, I.; Compagno, L.J.V. & Marks, M. (2009). "Carcharodon carcharias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T3855A10133872. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3855A10133872.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
70. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Carcharodon carcharias" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
71. ^ Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
72. ^ Finucci, B.; Bineesh, K.K.; Cheok, J.; Cotton, C.F.; Dharmadi, Kulka, D.W.; Neat, F.C.; Pacoureau, N.; Rigby, C.L.; Tanaka, S.; Walker, T.I. (2020). "Centrophorus granulosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T162293947A2897883. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162293947A2897883.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
73. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Centrophorus granulosus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
74. ^ Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
75. ^ Graham, K. (2013). "Centrophorus harrissoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T41740A16726236. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T41740A16726236.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
76. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Centrophorus harrissoni" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
77. ^ Centrophorus harrissoni (McCulloch, 1915) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
78. ^ Clarke, M.; White, W. & Compagno, L.J.V. (2009). "Centrophorus lusitanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
79. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Centrophorus lusitanicus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
80. ^ Centrophorus lusitanicus (Bocage & Capello, 1864) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
81. ^ Finucci, B.; Bineesh, K.K.; Cheok, J.; Cotton, C.F.; Dharmadi, Kulka, D.W.; Neat, F.C.; Pacoureau, N.; Rigby, C.L.; Tanaka, S.; Walker, T.I. (2020). "Centrophorus squamosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T41871A68614964. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T41871A68614964.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
82. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Centrophorus squamosus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
83. ^ Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre, 1788) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
84. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Romanov, E.; Kyne, P.M. (2021). "Cetorhinus maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T4292A194720078. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4292A194720078.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
85. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Cetorhinus maximus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
86. ^ Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
87. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Bin Ali, A.; Bineesh, K.K.; Derrick, D.; Fahmi, Haque, A.B.; Maung, A. (2021). "Chaenogaleus macrostoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T161695A173437577. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161695A173437577.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
88. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Chaenogaleus macrostoma" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
89. ^ Walker, T.I.; Rigby, C.L.; Pacoureau, N.; Ellis, J.; Kulka, D.W.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Herman, K. (2020). "Galeorhinus galeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39352A2907336. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39352A2907336.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
90. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Galeorhinus galeus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
91. ^ Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
92. ^ Pollom, R.; Charvet, P.; Cuevas, J.M.; Herman, K.; Paesch, L.; Rincon, G. (2020). "Galeus mincaronei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44578A2995648. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44578A2995648.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
93. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Galeus mincaronei" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
94. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Derrick, D.; Dulvy, N.K.; Grant, I.; Jabado, R.W. (2021). "Glyphis gangeticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T169473392A124398647. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T169473392A124398647.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
95. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Glyphis gangeticus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
96. ^ Kyne, P.M.; Rigby, C.L.; Cheok, J.; Darwall, W.R.T.; Grant, I.; Simpfendorfer, C. (2021). "Glyphis garricki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T42712A68624151. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T42712A68624151.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
97. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Glyphis garricki" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
98. ^ Kyne, P.M.; Rigby, C.L.; Darwall, W.R.T.; Grant, I.; Simpfendorfer, C. (2021). "Glyphis glyphis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39379A68624306. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39379A68624306.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
99. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Glyphis glyphis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
100. ^ Barnett, L.A.K.; Quaranta, K.L.; Ebert, D.A.; White, W.T. & Compagno, L.J.V. (2009). "Glyphis siamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
101. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Glyphis siamensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
102. ^ Pollom, R.; Da Silva, C.; Gledhill, K.; Leslie, R.; McCord, M.E.; Winker, H. (2020). "Haploblepharus fuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39346A124403821. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39346A124403821.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
103. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Haploblepharus fuscus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
104. ^ Pollom, R.; Gledhill, K.; Da Silva, C.; Ebert, D.A.; Leslie, R.; McCord, M.E.; Sink, K.; Winker, H. (2019). "Haploblepharus kistnasamyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T161667A124524866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T161667A124524866.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
105. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Haploblepharus kistnasamyi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
106. ^ Sherman, C.S.; Simpfendorfer, C.; Bin Ali, A.; Bineesh, K.K.; Derrick, D.; Dharmadi, Fahmi, Fernando, D.; Haque, A.B.; Maung, A.; Seyha, L.; Spaet, J.; Tanay, D.; Utzurrum, J.A.T.; Vo, V.Q.; Yuneni, R.R. (2021). "Hemigaleus microstoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T41816A124418711. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T41816A124418711.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
107. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Hemigaleus microstoma" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
108. ^ White, W.T.; Simpfendorfer, C. (2016). "Hemipristis elongata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41874A68625034. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41874A68625034.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
109. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Hemipristis elongata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
110. ^ Dudgeon, C.L.; Heupel, M.R.; Kyne, P.M.; Allen, G. (2016). "Hemiscyllium hallstromi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41875A70709453. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41875A70709453.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
111. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Hemiscyllium hallstromi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
112. ^ Hemiscyllium hallstromi (Whitley, 1967) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
113. ^ VanderWright, W.J.; Allen, G.R.; Derrick, D.; Dudgeon, C.L.; Erdmann, M.V.; Sianipar, A. (2021). "Hemiscyllium strahani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T41819A198886746. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T41819A198886746.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
114. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Hemiscyllium strahani" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
115. ^ Hemiscyllium strahani (Whitley, 1967) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
116. ^ Sherman, C.S.; Simpfendorfer, C.; Bin Ali, A.; Bineesh, K.K.; Derrick, D.; Dharmadi, Fahmi, Fernando, D.; Haque, A.B.; Maung, A.; Seyha, L.; Tanay, D.; Utzurrum, J.A.T.; Vo, V.Q.; Yuneni, R.R. (2021). "Hemitriakis leucoperiptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39353A124404742. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39353A124404742.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
117. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Hemitriakis leucoperiptera" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
118. ^ Pollom, R.; Gledhill, K.; Fernando, S.; Leslie, R. (2020). "Holohalaelurus favus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T161652A124522141. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T161652A124522141.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
119. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Holohalaelurus favus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
120. ^ Pollom, R.; Gledhill, K.; Leslie, R.; Samoilys, M.; Sink, K. (2020). "Holohalaelurus punctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T161675A124526498. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T161675A124526498.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
121. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Holohalaelurus punctatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
122. ^ Pollom, R.; Charvet, P.; Faria, V.; Herman, K.; Lasso-Alcalá, O.; Marcante, F.; Nunes, J.; Rincon, G.; Kyne, P.M. (2020). "Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T60218A3094144. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60218A3094144.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
123. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
124. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019). "Isurus oxyrinchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39341A2903170. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39341A2903170.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
125. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Isurus oxyrinchus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
126. ^ Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque, 1809) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
127. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019). "Isurus paucus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T60225A3095898. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T60225A3095898.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
128. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Isurus paucus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
129. ^ Isurus paucus (Guitart Manday, 1966) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
130. ^ Dulvy, N.K.; Al Mamari, T.; Bineesh, K.K.; Derrick, D.; Haque, A.B.; Maung, A.; Moore, A.; VanderWright, W.J. (2021). "Lamiopsis temminckii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T169760690A124508850. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T169760690A124508850.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
131. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Lamiopsis temminckii" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
132. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019). "Lamna nasus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T11200A500969. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T11200A500969.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
133. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Lamna nasus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
134. ^ Pollom, R.; Barreto, R.; Charvet, P.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Cuevas, J.M.; Herman, K.; Montealegre-Quijano, S.; Motta, F.; Paesch, L.; Rincon, G. (2020). "Mustelus fasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44581A2995765. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44581A2995765.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
135. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Mustelus fasciatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
136. ^ Jabado, R.W.; Chartrain, E.; Cliff, G.; Da Silva, C.; De Bruyne, G.; Derrick, D.; Dia, M.; Diop, M.; Doherty, P.; El Vally, Y.; Leurs, G.H.L.; Meissa, B.; Metcalfe, K.; Pacoureau, N.; Pires, J.D.; Seidu, I.; Serena, F.; Soares, A.-L.; Tamo, A.; VanderWright, W.J.; Williams, A.B.; Winker, H. (2021). "Mustelus mustelus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39358A124405881. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39358A124405881.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
137. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Mustelus mustelus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
138. ^ Pollom, R.; Barreto, R.; Charvet, P.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Cuevas, J.M.; Herman, K.; Montealegre-Quijano, S.; Motta, F.; Paesch, L.; Rincon, G. (2020). "Mustelus schmitti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T60203A3092243. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60203A3092243.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
139. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Mustelus schmitti" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
140. ^ Mustelus schmitti (Springer, 1940) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
141. ^ Dulvy, N.K.; Acuña, E.; Bustamante, C.; Cevallos, A.; Herman, K.; Velez-Zuazo, X. (2020). "Mustelus whitneyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T63129A124461599. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63129A124461599.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
142. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Mustelus whitneyi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
143. ^ Simpfendorfer, C.; Derrick, D.; , D.; Bin Ali, A.; Fahmi, Vo, V.Q.; Tanay, D.; Seyha, L.; Haque, A.B.; Fernando, D.; Bineesh, K.K.; Utzurrum, J.A.T.; Yuneni, R.R.; Maung, A. (2021). "Nebrius ferrugineus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T41835A173437098. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T41835A173437098.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
144. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Nebrius ferrugineus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
145. ^ Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1831) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
146. ^ Simpfendorfer, C.; Derrick, D.; Yuneni, R.R.; Maung, A.; Utzurrum, J.A.T.; Seyha, L.; Haque, A.B.; Fahmi, Bin Ali, A.; , D.; Bineesh, K.K.; Fernando, D.; Tanay, D.; Vo, V.Q.; Gutteridge, A.N. (2021). "Negaprion acutidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T41836A173435545. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T41836A173435545.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
147. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Negaprion acutidens" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
148. ^ Pollard, D.; Gordon, I.; Williams, S.; Flaherty, A.; Fergusson, I.K.; Dicken, M. & Graham, K. (2009). "Odontaspis ferox". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
149. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Odontaspis ferox" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
150. ^ Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
151. ^ Finucci, B.; Chartrain, E.; De Bruyne, G.; Derrick, D.; Ducrocq, M.; Williams, A.B.; VanderWright, W.J. (2021). "Oxynotus centrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T63141A124462573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T63141A124462573.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
152. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Oxynotus centrina" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
153. ^ Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
154. ^ Pollom, R.; Bennett, R.; Jabado, R.W.; Kuguru, B.; Samoilys, M. (2019). "Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T44617A124435749. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T44617A124435749.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
155. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
156. ^ Pierce, S.J.; Norman, B. (2016). "Rhincodon typus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19488A2365291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19488A2365291.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
157. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Rhincodon typus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
158. ^ Rhincodon typus (Smith, 1828) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
159. ^ Pollom, R.; Barreto, R.; Charvet, P.; Montealegre-Quijano, S.; Motta, F.; Rincon, G. (2020). "Schroederichthys saurisqualus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44586A2996520. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44586A2996520.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
160. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Schroederichthys saurisqualus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
161. ^ Compagno, L.J.V. (2005). "Scylliogaleus quecketti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2013.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
162. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Scylliogaleus quecketti" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
163. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Dulvy, N.K.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B. & Winker, H. (2019). "Sphyrna lewini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39385A2918526. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
164. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Sphyrna lewini" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
165. ^ Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
166. ^ a b Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019). "Sphyrna mokarran". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39386A2920499. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39386A2920499.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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168. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Sphyrna tiburo" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
169. ^ Pollom, R.; Barreto, R.; Charvet, P.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Cuevas, J.M.; Faria, V.; Herman, K.; Lasso-Alcalá, O.; Marcante, F.; Mejía-Falla, P.A.; Montealegre-Quijano, S.; Motta, F.; Navia, A.F.; Nunes, J.; Paesch, L.; Rincon, G. (2020). "Sphyrna tudes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T60202A3091946. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60202A3091946.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
170. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Sphyrna tudes" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
171. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019). "Sphyrna zygaena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39388A2921825. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39388A2921825.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
172. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Sphyrna zygaena" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
173. ^ Finucci, B.; Cheok, J.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Cotton, C.F.; Dulvy, N.K.; Kulka, D.W.; Neat, F.C.; Pacoureau, N.; Rigby, C.L.; Tanaka, S.; Walker, T.I. (2020). "Squalus acanthias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T91209505A124551959. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T91209505A124551959.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
174. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squalus acanthias" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
175. ^ Squalus acanthias (Smith & Radcliffe, 1912) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
176. ^ Graham, K.J. (2019). "Squalus montalbani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T161404A68645208. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T161404A68645208.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
177. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squalus montalbani" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
178. ^ Morey, G.; Barker, J.; Bartolí, A.; Gordon, C.; Hood, A.; Jimenez-Alvarado, D.; Meyers, E.K.M. (2019). "Squatina aculeata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61417A116768915. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T61417A116768915.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
179. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina aculeata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
180. ^ Squatina aculeata (Cuvier, 1829) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
181. ^ Pogonoski, J.; Pollard, D.A.; Rigby, C.L. (2016). "Squatina albipunctata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42729A68645549. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42729A68645549.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
182. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina albipunctata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
183. ^ Cuevas, J.M.; Awruch, C.A.; Barreto, R.; Charvet, P.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Dolphine, P.; Faria, V.; Paesch, L.; Rincon, G. (2019). "Squatina argentina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39329A116841596. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39329A116841596.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
184. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina argentina" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
185. ^ Squatina argentina (Marini, 1930) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
186. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Chen, X.; Ebert, D.A.; Herman, K.; Ho, H.; Hsu, H.; Zhang, J. (2020). "Squatina formosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T161456A134193368. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161456A134193368.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
187. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina formosa" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
188. ^ Squatina formosa (Shen & Ting, 1972) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
189. ^ Oddone, M.C.; Awruch, C.A.; Barreto, R.; Charvet, P.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Cuevas, J.M.; Dolphine, P.; Faria, V.; Paesch, L.; Rincon, G.; Vooren, C.M. (2019). "Squatina guggenheim". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T130393378A130393975. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T130393378A130393975.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
190. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina guggenheim" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
191. ^ Walls, R.H.L.; Rigby, C.L.; Derrick, D.; Dyldin, Y.V.; Ebert, D.A.; Herman, K.; Ishihara, H.; Jeong, C.-H.; Semba, Y.; Tanaka, S.; Volvenko, I.V.; Yamaguchi, A. (2021). "Squatina japonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T161558A134194013. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161558A134194013.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
192. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina japonica" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
193. ^ Squatina japonica (Bleeker, 1858) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
194. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Walls, R.H.L.; Derrick, D.; Dyldin, Y.V.; Herman, K.; Ho, H.; Ishihara, H.; Jeong, C.-H.; Semba, Y.; Tanaka, S.; Volvenko, I.V.; Yamaguchi, A. (2021). "Squatina nebulosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T161325A134193576. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161325A134193576.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
195. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina nebulosa" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
196. ^ Squatina nebulosa (Regan, 1906) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
197. ^ Morey, G.; Barker, J.; Bartolí, A.; Gordon, C.; Hood, A.; Meyers, E.K.M.; Pollom, R. (2019). "Squatina oculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61418A116782036. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T61418A116782036.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
198. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina oculata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
199. ^ Squatina oculata (Bonaparte, 1840) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
200. ^ IUCN Shark Specialist Group (2007). "Squatina punctata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
201. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina punctata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
202. ^ Morey, G.; Barker, J.; Hood, A.; Gordon, C.; Bartolí, A.; Meyers, E.K.M.; Ellis, J.; Sharp, R.; Jimenez-Alvarado, D.; Pollom, R. (2019). "Squatina squatina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39332A117498371. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39332A117498371.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
203. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina squatina" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
204. ^ Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
205. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Bin Ali, A.; Bineesh, K.K.; Chen, X.; Derrick, D.; Dharmadi, Ebert, D.A.; Fahmi, Fernando, D.; Gautama, D.A.; Haque, A.B.; Herman, K.; Ho, H.; Hsu, H.; Maung, A.; Vo, V.Q.; Sianipar, A.; Tanay, D.; Utzurrum, J.A.T.; Yuneni, R.R.; Zhang, J. (2020). "Squatina tergocellatoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T161525A134193835. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161525A134193835.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
206. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina tergocellatoides" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
207. ^ Squatina tergocellatoides (Chen, 1963) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
208. ^ Dudgeon, C.L.; Simpfendorfer, C.; Pillans, R.D. (2019). "Stegostoma tigrinum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41878A161303882. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41878A161303882.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
209. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Stegostoma fasciatum" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
210. ^ Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
211. ^ Kyne, P.M.; Cevallos, A.; Hernández, S.; Ebert, D.A. (2021). "Triakis acutipinna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39361A124406514. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39361A124406514.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
212. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Triakis acutipinna" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
213. ^ Dulvy, N.K.; Acuña, E.; Bustamante, C.; Herman, K.; Velez-Zuazo, X. (2020). "Triakis maculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T63130A124461743. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63130A124461743.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
214. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Triakis maculata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.

## Further reading

[edit]

* FAO (2000) Conservation and Management of Sharks Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, Rome. ISBN 92-5-104514-3.
* Fowler SL, Cavanagh RD, Camhi M, Burgess GH, Cailliet GM, Fordham SV, Simpfendorfer CA and Musick JA (comp. and ed.) (2005) Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes IUCN Shark Specialist Group, Status Survey. ISBN 2-8317-0700-5.
* Musick, John A and Bonfil, Ramón (2005) Management techniques for elasmobranch fisheries Fisheries Technical Paper 474, FAO, Rome.
* Teutscher, Frans (2004) "Sharks (Chondrichthyes)" In: World markets and industry of selected commercially-exploited aquatic species with an international conservation profile, Camillo Catarci. Fisheries Circular 990, FAO
* Vannuccini, Stefania (2002) Shark Utilization, Marketing and Trade Fisheries Technical paper 389, FAO, Rome. ISBN 92-5-104361-2.
* Endangered and Threatened Species Under NMFS’ Jurisdiction National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. Updated: 28 February 28, 2013.

* v
* t
* e

Fishery science topics

Fisheries science and wild fisheries

| Fisheries
science|

* Population dynamics of fisheries
* Shifting baseline
* Fish stock
* Fish mortality
* Condition index
* Stock assessment
* Fish measurement
* Standard weight in fish
* Fish counter
* Data storage tag
* Catch per unit effort
* Otolith microchemical analysis
* Biomass
* Fisheries acoustics
* Acoustic tag
* Coded wire tag
* GIS and aquatic science
* Pop-up satellite archival tag
* EcoSCOPE
* Age class structure
* Trophic level
* Trophic cascades
* Hydrographic containment
* Match/mismatch hypothesis
* Climate change and fisheries
* Marine biology
* Aquatic ecosystems
* Bioeconomics
* EconMult
* Ecopath
* FishBase
* Census of Marine Life
* OSTM/Jason-2
* Fisheries databases
* Institutes
* Fisheries scientists

|
|

Wild
fisheries|

* Ocean fisheries
* Diversity of fish
* Coastal fish
* Coral reef fish
* Demersal fish
* Forage fish
* Pelagic fish
* Cod fisheries
* Crab fisheries
* Eel fisheries
* Krill fisheries
* Kelp fisheries
* Lobster fisheries
* Shrimp fishery
* Eel ladder
* Fish ladder
* Fish screen
* Migration
* Salmon run
* Sardine run
* Shoaling and schooling
* Marine habitat
* Marine snow
* Water column
* Upwelling
* Humboldt current
* Algal blooms
* Dead zones
* Fish kill

Fisheries law, management, sustainability and conservation

| Law|

* Fisheries law
* Exclusive economic zone
* Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
* United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
* United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
* Fisheries Convention
* Magnuson–Stevens Act

|
|

Management|

* Fisheries management
* Monitoring control and surveillance
* Vessel monitoring system
* Fishery Resources Monitoring System
* Catch reporting
* Fisheries observer
* Catch share
* Individual fishing quota
* Minimum landing size
* Pulse fishing
* Slot limit
* EU Common Fisheries Policy
* EU MLS
* European Fisheries Control Agency
* National Marine Fisheries Service
* Regional fishery body
* Regional fishery management organisation

Sustainability|

* Sustainable fishery
* Maximum sustainable yield
* List of commercially important fish species
* Sustainable seafood
* Overfishing
* Environmental impact of fishing
* Fishing down the food web
* Destructive fishing practices
* Future of Marine Animal Populations
* The Sunken Billions
* The End of the Line
* Bycatch
* Discards
* Incidental catch
* Cetacean bycatch
* Turtle excluder device
* Shrimp-Turtle case

Conservation|

* Marine protected area
* Marine reserve
* Marine conservation
* Marine conservation activism
* Salmon conservation
* Grey nurse shark conservation
* Shark sanctuary
* European Environmental Agency
* U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Advocacy|

* FishAct
* Marine Stewardship Council
* Aquaculture Stewardship Council
* Friend of the Sea
* SeaChoice
* Seafood Watch
* Ocean Conservancy
* Ocean Outcomes
* Oceana
* Save Our Seas Foundation
* Sea Around Us
* WorldFish
* Defying Ocean's End
* HERMIONE
* PROFISH
* International Seafood Sustainability Foundation
* Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
* Greenpeace

Related issues|

* CalCOFI
* Fish slaughter
* Marine pollution
* Mercury in fish
* Shark culling
* Shark finning
* Threatened sharks
* Threatened rays

* Outline of fishing
* Index of fishing articles
* Glossary of fishery terms

* v
* t
* e

Sharks

Topics|

* Outline of sharks
* Shark anatomy
* Shark tooth
* Egg case (Chondrichthyes)
* Threat display
* Threatened sharks

Taxonomy|

* Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks)
* Heterodontiformes (Bullhead sharks)
* Hexanchiformes
* Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks)
* Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks)
* Pristiophoriformes (Sawsharks)
* Squaliformes
* Squatiniformes (Angelsharks)
* † Cladoselachiformes
* † Hybodontiformes
* † Symmoriida
* † Xenacanthida (Xenacantiformes)
* List of sharks

Human
interaction|

* Shark attack
* Australia
* Réunion
* South Africa
* South Australia
* United States
* Shark attack prevention
* Shark cage diving
* Shark culling
* Drum lines
* Shark net
* Shark tourism

Related|

* Sharks in popular culture
* Shark sanctuary
* Shark Alliance
* U.S. Shark Conservation Act
* Grey nurse shark conservation
* Save Our Seas Foundation

* Category
* WikiProject

* v
* t
* e

Threatened species

Template: Threatened species by region

IUCN Red List|

| Categories1|

| Extinct|

* Extinct (EX)
* Extinct in the Wild (EW)

|

Threatened|

* Critically Endangered (CR)
* Endangered (EN)
* Vulnerable (VU)

Lower risk|

* Near Threatened (NT)
* Least Concern (LC)
* Lower Risk (LR)
* Conservation Dependent (LR/cd)

Not fully assessed|

* Data Deficient (DD)
* Not Evaluated (NE)

Species|

| Lists|

* Extinct
* Extinct in the Wild
* Critically Endangered
* Endangered
* Vulnerable
* Near Threatened
* Least Concern
* Data Deficient

|

WP categories|

* Extinct
* Extinct in the Wild
* Critically Endangered
* Endangered
* Vulnerable
* Near Threatened
* Least Concern
* Data Deficient

CITES|

* Appendix I
* Appendix II
* Appendix III

By taxa|

* Threatened arthropods / Endangered arthropods / spiders / Decline in insect populations
* Decline in amphibian populations
* Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista
* The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates
* The world's 100 most threatened species

Conservation|

* Biodiversity action plan
* Biodiversity threats
* Conservation biology
* CITES
* ARKive
* Bird conservation
* Conservation status
* Conservation-reliant species
* Ecoregion conservation status
* Habitat destruction
* Latent extinction risk
* Rare species
* Vulnerability and susceptibility

1 Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in italics.
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template