List of totalitarian regimes

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This is a list of totalitarian regimes. There are regimes that have been commonly referred to as "totalitarian", or the concept of totalitarianism has been applied to them, for which there is wide consensus among scholars to be called as such. Totalitarian regimes are usually distinguished from authoritarian regimes in the sense that totalitarianism represents an extreme version of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control.[1]

## Prose

[edit]

Note: Because of differing opinions about the definition of totalitarianism, and the variable nature of each regime, this article first states in prose the various opinions given by sources, even when those opinions might conflict or be at angles to each other. It is followed by a convenience table of basic facts, but the table is limited by its binary nature and can not always accurately reflect the complex and nuanced nature of the sources, which are more fully described in the prose section.

### Soviet Union

[edit]

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the early Soviet Union was a "modern example" of a totalitarian state.[2] Britannica says it was "the first examples of decentralized or popular totalitarianism, in which the state achieved overwhelming popular support for its leadership". This contrasted with earlier totalitarian states that were imposed on the people.[2] Totalitarianism in Russia began with the founding of the Soviet Union under Lenin, after the October Revolution of 1917.[3] According to Britannica, "every aspect of the Soviet Union's political, economic, cultural, and intellectual life came to be regulated by the Communist Party in a strict and regimented fashion that would tolerate no opposition".[4] According to Peter Rutland (1993), with the death of Stalin, "This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one."[5] This view is echoed by Igor Krupnik (1995), "The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself."[6] According to Klaus von Beyme (2014), "The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule."[7]

## Table

[edit]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Country  | Totalitarianism  | Leader(s)  | Ruling party/group  | Ideology  | Government  | Continent

|
|
|
|
|
|

Start  | End
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic / Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[2][3][4] | 1917 | 1953[2][5][6][7] | Vladimir Lenin (1917–1924) Joseph Stalin (1924–1953)  | All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) | Marxism–Leninism
Soviet Communism
Soviet patriotism
Stalinism (after 1927)  | Federal one-party socialist republic | Eurasia
Kingdom of Italy[8][9][10][11][a] | 1925 | 1943 | Benito Mussolini | National Fascist Party | Italian fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism | Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy | Europe
German Reich / Greater German Reich[2] | 1933[2] | 1945[2] | Adolf Hitler | National Socialist German Workers' Party | Nazism | Unitary one-party Nazi fascist state[12] | Europe
Spanish State[13] | 1936[14] | 1959[15] | Francisco Franco | FET y de las JONS | Fascism
Falangism
National Catholicism
Anti-communism
Anti-Masonry | Unitary one-party semi-fascist state | Europe
Kingdom of Romania[16][17][18] | 1940 | 1941 | Ion Antonescu
Horia Sima | Iron Guard | Clerical fascism
Monarchism
Anti-communism
Anti-semitism | Unitary one-party fascist constitutional monarchy | Europe
Empire of Japan[19][b] | 1940 | 1945 | Hirohito
Fumimaro Konoe
(1940–1941)
Hideki Tojo
(1941–1944)
Kuniaki Koiso
(1944–1945)
Kantarō Suzuki
(Until August 1945)  | Imperial Rule Assistance Association | Statism
Japanese imperialism (Hakkō ichiu, Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere)
State Shinto | Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy | Asia
People's Socialist Republic of Albania[21][22][23] | 1946 | 1985 | Enver Hoxha
(1946–1985)  | Party of Labour of Albania | Anti-revisionism
Hoxhaism
Marxism–Leninism | Unitary one-party republic | Europe
Socialist Republic of Romania[24][25] | 1971 | 1989 | Nicolae Ceaușescu | Romanian Communist Party | Marxism–Leninism
National Communism | Unitary one-party socialist republic | Europe
Democratic People's Republic of Korea[26][27][28][2][29] | 1948 | Active  | Kim dynasty | Workers' Party of Korea | Juche
Songun
Marxism–Leninism (until 2009)
Stalinism (formerly)  | Unitary one-party socialist republic[30] | Asia
People's Republic of China[31][32] | 1949 | 1976 | Mao Zedong[2] | Chinese Communist Party | Chinese communism
Maoism
Marxism–Leninism | Unitary one-party socialist republic | Asia
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma[33] | 1962 | 1988 | Ne Win | Burma Socialist Programme Party | Burmese Way to Socialism | Unitary one-party socialist republic | Asia
Syrian Arab Republic[34][35][36][37][38][39] | 1963 | Active  | Amin al-Hafiz (1963–1966)
General Salah Jadid (1966–70)
General Hafez al-Assad (1970–2000)
Bashar al-Assad (2000–present)  | Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region | Neo-Ba'athism
Militarism
Left-wing nationalism
Assadism | Unitary de facto one-party[40] presidential republic[41] (neo-Ba'athist de-jure one-party socialist republic[42][43] until 2012)  | Asia
Republic of Equatorial Guinea[44] | 1968 | 1979 | Francisco Macías Nguema | United National Workers' Party | Ultranationalism
Anti-colonialism[45]
Anti-intellectualism
Pan-Africanism | Unitary socialist one-party presidential republic | Africa
Democratic Kampuchea[33][46] | 1975 | 1979 | Pol Pot | Communist Party of Kampuchea | Agrarian socialism
Khmer nationalism
Maoism
Anti-intellectualism | Unitary one-party socialist republic | Asia
Iraqi Republic / Republic of Iraq[47][48][49][50] | 1979 | 2003 | Saddam Hussein | Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party | Ba'athism
Saddamism | Unitary one-party socialist republic | Asia
Turkmenistan[51][52][53][54] | 1991 | Active  | Saparmurat Niyazov (1991–2006)
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow (2006–2022)
[c]Serdar Berdimuhamedow
(2022–present)[d] | Democratic Party of Turkmenistan | Nationalism
Social conservatism[55] | Unitary presidential republic (one-party state until 2008)[56] | Asia
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[57][58][59] | 1996 | 2001 | Mullah Omar[60][61] | Taliban | Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism[62]
Islamism[62]
Pashtunwali[63]
Religious nationalism[63] | Unitary theocratic Islamic emirate | Asia
2021 | Active  | Hibatullah Akhundzada | Unitary provisional theocratic Islamic emirate
State of Eritrea[64][65] | 2001[66] | Active  | Isaias Afwerki | People's Front for Democracy and Justice | Eritrean nationalism
Left-wing nationalism | Unitary one-party presidential republic | Africa
Islamic State[67][68][69][70] | 2014 | 2019 | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | Islamic State (Daesh) | Wahhabism
Qutbism
Salafi jihadism | Unitary Salafi Jihadist proto-state | Asia

### List of totalitarian puppet regimes

[edit]

The following is a list of puppet states of various outside states (mostly Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union), which are considered to be totalitarian.

Country  | Totalitarianism  | Leader(s)  | Ruling party/group  | Ideology  | Government  | Continent  | Administrative status

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Start  | End
Mongolian People's Republic[71][72][73][74] | 1924 | 1953 | Khorloogiin Choibalsan
(1937–1952)  | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party | Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism | Unitary one-party socialist republic | Asia |  Soviet satellite state
Empire of Manchuria[75] | 1932 | 1945 | Zheng Xiaoxu
(1932–1935)
Zhang Jinghui
(1935–1945)  | Concordia Association of Manchukuo | Anti-communism
Fascism[76]
Manchurian nationalism
Pan-Asianism | One-party constitutional monarchy | Asia |  Japanese puppet state
Slovak Republic[77] | 1939 | 1945 | Jozef Tiso | Slovak People’s Party | Clerical fascism
Slovak nationalism
Anti-Hungarianism | Unitary one-party fascist state | Europe |  Nazi-German puppet state[77]
Independent State of Croatia[78][79] | 1941 | 1945 | Ante Pavelić | Ustaše | Clerical fascism
Anti-communism
Anti-Serb sentiment | Fascist one-party state | Europe |  Nazi-German puppet state
Italian Social Republic[80][81] | 1943 | 1945 | Benito Mussolini | Republican Fascist Party | Fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism | Unitary one-party state | Europe |  Nazi-German puppet state
Hungarian People's Republic[82][83][84][85] | 1949 | 1953 | Mátyás Rákosi | Hungarian Working People's Party | Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism | Unitary one-party socialist republic | Europe |  Soviet satellite state
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan[86][87][88][89] | 1978 | 1989 | Nur Muhammad Taraki (1978–1979)
Hafizullah Amin (1979)
Babrak Karmal (1979–1986)
Mohammad Najibullah (1986–1989)  | People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan | Marxism-Leninism[90][91]
Neo-Stalinism[89]
Anti-intellectualism | Unitary one-party socialist republic | Asia |  Soviet satellite state[92][93][94]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism disputes that Italy was a totalitarian state.
2. ^ Robert Paxton in The Anatomy of Fascism disputes that Japan was a totalitarian state. Most scholars today do not characterize the regime as totalitarian.[20]
3. ^ Power-sharing with son Serdar since 2022.
4. ^ Power-sharing with father Gurbanguly.

## References

[edit]

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82. ^ Bihari, Mihály (2013). "Magyarországi pártrendszerek (Történeti és analitikus bemutatás)" [Party systems of Hungary (historical and analytical presentation)]. Politológia: a politika és a modern állam: pártok és ideológiák [Political Science: Politics and the Modern State: Parties and Ideologies] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Nemzedékek Tudása Tankönyvkiadó. p. 367\. ISBN 978-963-19-7628-1. OCLC 1081799738. "Az egypárti diktatúra első szakasza 1949 nyarától 1953 nyaráig (az első Nagy Imre-kormány kinevezéséig) tartott. Ennek az időszaknak azegypártrendszere olyan totalitárius egypártrendszer, amely összekapcsolódott Rákosi Mátyás despotikus személyi hatalmával." [The first phase of the one-party dictatorship lasted from the summer of 1949 to the summer of 1953 (until the appointment of the first Imre Nagy government). The one-party system of this period is a totalitarian one-party system connected with the despotic personal power of Mátyás Rákosi.]
83. ^ Mezey, Barna; Gosztonyi, Gergely, eds. (2003). "A szovjet típusú államberendezkedés Magyarországon (1949–1956)" [The Soviet-type state system in Hungary (1949–1956)]. Magyar alkotmánytörténet [Hungarian Constitutional History] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. pp. 467–468. ISBN 963-389-532-4. OCLC 1014875954. "... a párt nemcsak megszervezni igyekezett a társadalmat, hanem megpróbálta saját képére és hasonlatosságára formálni, s ellenőrzése alá vonta a termelést és az elosztást. ... A magyar társadalom ellenállása csupán néhány évig biztosította a valóban totalitárius berendezkedést." [... the party not only sought to organize society, but also to shape it in its own image and likeness, bringing production and distribution under its control. ... The resistance of the Hungarian society ensured a truly totalitarian system for only a few years.]
84. ^ Körösényi, András; Tóth, Csaba; Török, Gábor (2007). "A kommunista korszak tradíciója" [The tradition of the communist era]. A magyar politikai rendszer [The Hungarian Political System] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 21\. ISBN 978-963-389-963-2. OCLC 1088039656. "A politikai hatalom totális jellegűvé vált ... A rendszer totalitárius jellege abban ragadható meg, hogy a pártállami kontroll a politikai szférán messze túlmenően minden létszférára – a gazdaságtól a kultúrán keresztül egészen az iskolai és ifjúsági szocializációig – kiterjedt." [Political power has become total in nature ... The totalitarian nature of the system can be grasped in the fact that party-state control extended far beyond the political sphere to all spheres of existence, from the economy through culture to school and youth socialization.]
85. ^ Romsics, Ignác (2010). "A rákosista diktatúra" [The Rákosist dictatorship]. Magyarország története a XX. században [History of Hungary in the 20th Century] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 337\. ISBN 978-963-276-179-4. OCLC 1081699371. "Nem kétséges, hogy az 1949-re kialakult magyar rendszer ... kimeríti a totalitarianizmus fogalmát." [There is no doubt that the Hungarian system formed by 1949 ... exhausts the concept of totalitarianism.]
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