List of video game developers

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2018)

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Part of a series on the
Video game industry

Development

* Producer
* Developer

* Designer
* Artist
* Programmer

* * *

* Design
* Level design
* Programming
* Engine
* AI
* Creation system
* Graphics
* Music
* Testing

Products

* Video game
* Specialized / alternative-paradigmatic types: Casual
* Erotic
* Indie
* Interactive movie
* Nonviolent
* Serious
* Art game
* Edugame
* Exergame
* Non-game

* * *

* Arcade cabinet
* Console
* Accessory

Publishing

* Markets
* China
* U.S.
* Japan
* North Korea
* South Korea

* * *

* Localization
* Censorship
* Content rating

* * *

* Piracy
* Clone
* Intellectual property protection
* Digital rights management
* Copy protection

* * *

Distribution and monetization

* Buy-to-play
* AAA game
* Expansion pack
* Episodic video game
* Early access
* Crowdfunding
* Downloadable content

* * *

* Live service game
* Cloud gaming

* * *

* Free-to-play
* Microtransactions
* In-game currency
* Loot box
* gacha
* Season pass
* Battle pass

* * *

* Advertising in video games

* in-game
* Advergame

Related

* Game studies
* Game journalism

Lists

* List of video game developers
* Indie
* List of video game publishers
* List of video game industry people
* List of video game websites
* List of video game magazines

* v
* t
* e

This is a list of notable video game companies that have made games for either computers (like PC or Mac), video game consoles, handheld or mobile devices, and includes companies that currently exist as well as now-defunct companies.

See the list of video games for other lists relating to video games, and defunct video game companies for a more specific list of companies that no longer exist. Many of the developers publish their own games.

Contents

* 0–9
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z

* See also
* References

## List of notable developers

[edit]

This list related to video games is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (September 2014)

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Legend  Active independently

Active as subsidiary
Defunct and no longer active
Developer  | City  | Administrative division | Country  | Est.  | Notable games, series or franchises  | Notes

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0verflow | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1997  | School Days
Summer Days
Cross Days | Visual Novel brand (both developer and publisher)
11 bit studios | Warsaw | Masovian Voivodeship | Poland  | 2010  | This War of Mine
Frostpunk | Indie developer/publisher
1C Company | Moscow |  | Russia  | 1991  | King's Bounty: Warriors of the North | The company still exists, but Snowball Studios [ru], the game development subsidiary, was dissolved in 2012 and former employees of the studios formed Snowbird Game Studios, and 1C Entertainment, the game publishing, localization, and development subsidiary, was acquired by Tencent and was renamed Fulqrum Games in 2022.
1-Up Studio | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2000  | Mother 3 | Subsidiary of Nintendo. Formed by former employees of Square
2K Czech | Brno |  | Czech Republic  | 1997  | Mafia
Mafia II | Former subsidiary of 2K; previously known as Illusion Softworks; closed in 2017 after merged into Hangar 13
2K | Novato | California | United States  | 2005  |  | Developer/publisher/distributor/marketer; owned by Take-Two Interactive
343 Industries | Redmond | Washington | United States  | 2009  | Halo series  | Subsidiary of Microsoft Studios, took over development for the Halo franchise from Bungie
38 Studios | Providence | Rhode Island | United States  | 2006  | Kingdoms of Amalur: Reckoning | Defunct in 2012; their assets were acquired by THQ Nordic
3D Realms | Garland | Texas | United States  | 1987  | Duke Nukem series  | Acquired by Saber Interactive in 2021
42 Entertainment | Pasadena | California | United States  | 1993  | I Love Bees |
4A Games | Kyiv
Sliema |  | Ukraine
Malta  | 2005
2014  | Metro series  | They moved its headquarters from Ukraine to Malta; acquired by Embracer Group in 2020[1]
5th Cell | Bellevue | Washington | United States  | 2003  | Scribblenauts series  |
87KGames | Warrington | England | United Kingdom  | 2024  | Don't Be Scared Of The Dead |
989 Studios | Foster City | California | United States  | 1995  | Twisted Metal III–4
Jet Moto 2124 | Division of Sony Computer Entertainment America
Acclaim Entertainment | Glen Cove | New York | United States  | 1987  |  | Developer/Publisher; declared Bankruptcy August 2004
Acclaim Studios Austin | Santa Clara | California | United States  | 1991  | Turok series
All-Star Baseball series
South Park series  | Acquired by Acclaim Entertainment in 1995
Accolade | San Jose | California | United States  | 1984  | HardBall! series
Star Control series
Test Drive II–III | Former publisher and developer. Acquired by Atari, SA née Infogrames in 1999, name retired.
Access Games | Osaka |  | Japan  | 2002  | Deadly Premonition | Subsidiary of Digital Media Lab [ja]
Access Software | Salt Lake City | Utah | United States  | 1982  | Under a Killing Moon
The Pandora Directive
Top Spin series  | Acquired by Microsoft
ACE Team | Santiago de Chile |  | Chile  | 2007  | Zeno Clash series  |
Aces Game Studio | Redmond | Washington | United States  | 1988  | Microsoft Flight Simulator | Acquired by Microsoft
Acquire | Chiyoda, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1994  | Tenchu series
Way of the Samurai series
Shinobido series
Akiba series
No Heroes Allowed! series
Octopath Traveler | Developer/publisher; acquired by GungHo Online Entertainment in 2011 and then acquired by Kadokawa Corporation in 2024
Action Forms | Kyiv |  | Ukraine  | 1995  | Carnivores series  | Their main employees moved to Tatem Games
Active Gaming Media | Osaka |  | Japan  | 2006  |  | Game localization, debugging/testing, international indie game distribution, publishing
Activision | Santa Monica | California | United States  | 1979  | Call of Duty series
MechWarrior 2 | Also video game publisher; acquired several other developers; merged with Vivendi Games to form Activision Blizzard in 2008; acquired by Microsoft in 2023[2]
Adventure Soft | Birmingham | England | United Kingdom  | 1992  | Simon the Sorcerer series  | The development company is now defunct but the publishing company, Adventure Soft Publishing, is still active.
Akella | Moscow |  | Russia  | 1995  | Age of Sail II
Age of Pirates series
Sea Dogs | Defunct in 2012
Alfa System | Kumamoto City |  | Japan  | 1988  | Tales of the World series
Oreshika series  | Acquired by Meteorise in 2021
AlphaDream | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2000  | Mario & Luigi series | Defunct in 2019
Amazon Game Studios | Seattle | Washington | United States  | 2012  | New World | Subsidiary of Amazon.com
Animation Magic | Gaithersburg | Maryland | United States  | 1991  | Link: The Faces of Evil
Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon | Acquired by Davidson & Associates, a subsidiary of Cendant Software (latterly Vivendi Games), in 1997; closed in 2001
Amazon Game Studios, Orange County (formerly Double Helix Games)  | Irvine | California | United States  | 2007  | Silent Hill: Homecoming
Killer Instinct
Front Mission Evolved | acquired by Amazon and incorporated in Amazon Game Studios
Ambrella | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1996  | Hey You, Pikachu!
Pokémon Rumble series  | Acquired and merged by Creatures in 2020
Ancient | Hino |  | Japan  | 1990  |  |
Anino | Manila |  | Philippines  | 2001  | Despicable Me: Minion Mania |
Ankama Games | Roubaix |  | France  | 2001  | Wakfu
Dofus |
Appy Entertainment | Carlsbad | California | United States  | 2008  |  |
AQ Interactive | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2005  |  | Merged into Marvelous Entertainment in 2011
Aquria | Yokohama | Kanagawa | Japan  | 2002  | Sword Art Online series  |
Arc System Works | Yokohama |  | Japan  | 1988  | Guilty Gear series
BlazBlue series
Dragon Ball FighterZ
Granblue Fantasy Versus | Developer/publisher
Arcane Kids | Los Angeles | California | United States  | 2010  | Bubsy 3D: Bubsy Visits the James Turrell Retrospective
Sonic Dreams Collection |
Arcen Games | Durham | North Carolina | United States  | 2009  | AI War series
A Valley Without Wind series
Bionic Dues
The Last Federation
Starward Rogue |
Arkane Studios | Lyon |  | France  | 1999  | Arx Fatalis
Deathloop
Dishonored series
Prey | Subsidiary of ZeniMax Media
Arkedo Studio | Paris |  | France  | 2006  | Hell Yeah! Wrath of the Dead Rabbit | Defunct in 2013
ArenaNet | Bellevue | Washington | United States  | 2000  | Guild Wars
Guild Wars 2 | Subsidiary of NCSoft
Arika | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1995  | Endless Ocean series
Street Fighter EX series
Tetris: The Grand Master series
Tetris 99
Pac-Man 99 |
Arrowhead Game Studios | Skellefteå |  | Sweden  | 2008  | Helldivers series
Arkadium | New York | New York | United States  | 2001  | Microsoft Minesweeper |
Artech Digital Entertainment | Ottawa | Ontario | Canada  | 1982  | Monopoly Star Wars
Monopoly (2000) | Defunct in 2011
Artdink | Tsukishima |  | Japan  | 1986  | A-Train series
Sword Art Online series
Dragon Quest HD-2D Remake series  |
ArtePiazza | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1989  |  |
Artificial Studios | Gainesville | Florida | United States  | 2001  |  | Subsumed by Ignition Entertainment which was defunct in 2012
Artoon | Yokohama |  | Japan  | 1999  | Yoshi's Island DS | Subsidiary of AQ Interactive; defunct in 2010
Arzest | Yokohama |  | Japan  | 2010  | Wii Play: Motion
Yoshi's New Island | Formed by former employees of Artoon
Ascaron | Gütersloh |  | Germany  | 1989  | Sacred series  | Developer/publisher; closed in 2009
Asobo Studio | Bordeaux |  | France  | 2002  | Kinect Rush: A Disney–Pixar Adventure
Monopoly Plus
A Plague Tale series
Microsoft Flight Simulator (2020) |
Aspyr | Austin | Texas | United States  | 1996  |  | Game porting. Acquired by Embracer Group as a subsidiary of Saber Interactive in 2021.
Atelier 801 | Lille | Hauts-de-France | France  | 2011  | Transformice
Dead Maze | Indie developer/publisher
Atari Interactive (formerly Hasbro Interactive)  | Pawtucket | Rhode Island | United States  | 1995  |  | Acquired by Infogrames in 2001
Atlus | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1986  | Megami Tensei franchise

* Shin Megami Tensei series
* Persona series
* Devil Summoner series
* Tokyo Mirage Sessions ♯FE

Etrian Odyssey series
Trauma Center series
Catherine

| Developer/publisher; acquired by Sega in 2013
Atomic Planet Entertainment  | Middlesbrough | England | United Kingdom  | 2000  | Taito Legends series  | Closed in 2009
Attic Entertainment Software | Albstadt |  | Germany  | 1990  | Realms of Arkania: Blade of Destiny | Developer/publisher; defunct in 2001
Audiogenic | Essex | England | United Kingdom  | 1985  | Brian Lara Cricket series  |
Avalanche Studios Group | Stockholm |  | Sweden  | 2003  | Just Cause series
theHunter series  | Acquired by Nordisk Film in 2018
Aventurine SA | Athens |  | Greece  | 2002  | Darkfall |
Backflip Studios | Boulder | Colorado | United States  | 2009  | DragonVale | Subsidiary of Hasbro; closed in 2019[3]
Bandai Namco Entertainment
Bandai Namco Studios | Minato, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1955
2012  | Pac-Man franchise
Tekken franchise

* Tekken series
* Tekken Tag Tournament series

Soul Calibur series
Tales series
Katamari series
Klonoa series
Ace Combat series
The Idolmaster series
Taiko no Tatsujin series
God Eater series
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U
Pokkén Tournament
Mr. Driller series
Mojipittan series
Family Stadium series
Go Vacation
Code Vein
New Pokémon Snap

| Bandai Namco Entertainment is a subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings; Bandai Namco Studios was split off from Bandai Namco Entertainment in 2012
Bandai Namco Forge Digitals | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1994  | Digimon World series
Super Robot Wars series  | Formerly known as Banpre Kikaku and Banpresoft; Subsidiary of Bandai Namco Entertainment
Bauhaus Entertainment | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2006  |  | Division of Imagica DigitalScape [ja]
Beamdog | Edmonton | Alberta | Canada  | 2009  | Baldur's Gate: Siege of Dragonspear | Acquired by Aspyr in 2022
Beenox | Quebec City | Quebec | Canada  | 2000  | Spider-Man game series
Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled
Guitar Hero Smash Hits
Skylanders: SuperChargers | Acquired by Activision on May 25, 2005
Behaviour Interactive | Montreal | Quebec | Canada  | 1992  | Dead by Daylight |
Behaviour Santiago | Santiago de Chile |  | Chile  | 2002  | Assault Heroes series  | Acquired by Vivendi Games in 2007 and then acquired by Behaviour Interactive in 2008; closed in 2017
Bethesda Game Studios | Rockville | Maryland | United States  | 2001  | The Elder Scrolls series
Fallout series  | In-house development team of Bethesda Softworks LLC which is a subsidiary of ZeniMax Media.
Big Blue Bubble | London | Ontario | Canada  | 2004  | My Singing Monsters franchise  | Acquired by Enad Global 7 in 2020.[4]
Big Finish Games | Salt Lake City | Utah | United States  | 2007  | Tesla Effect: A Tex Murphy Adventure |
Big Huge Games | Baltimore | Maryland | United States  | 2000  | Rise of Nations
Kingdoms of Amalur: Reckoning
DomiNations | Acquired by Nexon in 2016
BioWare | Edmonton | Alberta | Canada  | 1995  | Baldur's Gate series
Mass Effect series
Dragon Age series
Neverwinter Nights
Star Wars: The Old Republic
Anthem | Acquired by Electronic Arts in 2007
The Bitmap Brothers | London | England | United Kingdom  | 1987  | Xenon series  | Dissolved.[5][6] Their portfolio was acquired by Rebellion Developments in 2019.[7]
Best Way | Luhansk |  | Ukraine  | 1991  | Men of War series  |
Bits Studios | London | England | United Kingdom  | 1991  | Spider-Man: Return of the Sinister Six | Acquired by PlayWize in 2008
Bizarre Creations | Liverpool | England | United Kingdom  | 1994  | Project Gotham Racing series
Geometry Wars series  | Acquired by Activision in 2007; defunct in 2011
Black Forest Games | Offenburg |  | Germany  | 2012  | Giana Sisters: Twisted Dreams
Destroy All Humans! (2020 remake) | Acquired by THQ Nordic in 2017
Black Isle Studios | Orange County | California | United States  | 1996  | Fallout 2
Planescape: Torment
Icewind Dale | Subsidiary of Interplay Entertainment; closed in 2003
Black Rock Studio | Brighton | England | United Kingdom  | 1998  | MotoGP 2
ATV Offroad Fury 3 | Defunct in 2011
Blitz Games Studios | Leamington Spa | England | United Kingdom  | 1990  | Karaoke Revolution | Liquidated[8]
Blizzard Entertainment | Irvine | California | United States  | 1991  | Diablo series
StarCraft series
Warcraft series
Hearthstone
Heroes of the Storm
Overwatch | Developer/publisher; acquired by Vivendi and became part of Vivendi Games group in 1998; merged into Activision Blizzard in 2008
Bloober Team | Kraków | Lesser Poland Voivodeship | Poland  | 2008  | Layers of Fear series
Silent Hill remake series  |
Bluepoint Games | Austin | Texas | United States  | 2006  | Shadow of the Colossus remake
Demon's Souls remake | Acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment in 2021
Blueside | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 2003  | Kingdom Under Fire series  | Founded by former employees of Phantagram
Blue Fang Games | Waltham | Massachusetts | United States  | 1998  | Zoo Tycoon series  | Shut down in 2011
Blue Tongue Entertainment | Melbourne | Victoria | Australia  | 1995  | Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis
de Blob
Marvel Super Hero Squad | Shut down in 2011; subsidiary of THQ
Bluehole Studio | Seongnam |  | South Korea  | 2007  | TERA | Subsidiary of Krafton
Bohemia Interactive | Prague |  | Czech Republic  | 1999  | Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis
Arma series
Take On Helicopters
Carrier Command: Gaea Mission
DayZ |
Boss Fight Entertainment | McKinney | Texas | United States  | 2013  |  | Acquired by Netflix in 2022
Boss Key Productions | Raleigh | North Carolina | United States  | 2014  | LawBreakers | Founded by Cliff Bleszinski and Arjan Brussee
BreakAway Games | Hunt Valley | Maryland | United States  | 1998  |  |
Broderbund | Eugene | Oregon | United States  | 1980  | Prince of Persia series  | Closed in 1998
Budcat Creations | Iowa City | Iowa | United States  | 2000  | Madden NFL 2002 handheld version  | Acquired by Activision Blizzard in 2008; defunct in 2010
Bugbear Entertainment | Helsinki |  | Finland  | 2000  | FlatOut series
Wreckfest | Acquired by THQ Nordic in 2018
Bullfrog Productions | Guildford | England | United Kingdom  | 1987  | Theme Park
Magic Carpet
Syndicate
Dungeon Keeper series  | Acquired by Electronic Arts in 1995 and closed in 2001
Bungie | Bellevue | Washington | United States  | 1991  | Halo series
Marathon series
Oni
Myth
Pathways into Darkness
Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete
Operation: Desert Storm
Destiny series  | Formerly a subsidiary of Microsoft Game Studios, acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment in 2022
Camelot Software Planning | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1990  | Shining series
Mario Golf series
Mario Tennis series
Golden Sun series  |
Capcom | Osaka |  | Japan  | 1979  | Mega Man franchise

* Mega Man series
* Mega Man X series
* Mega Man Legends series
* Mega Man Battle Network series
* Mega Man Zero series
* Mega Man ZX series
* Mega Man Star Force series

Street Fighter franchise
Resident Evil franchise
Devil May Cry franchise
Monster Hunter franchise
Ghost 'n Goblins series
Strider series
Final Fight series
Dino Crisis series
Darkstalkers series
Ace Attorney franchise
Onimusha series
Sengoku BASARA series
Dragon's Dogma series
Viewtiful Joe series
Ōkami series
Dead Rising series
Marvel vs. Capcom series
Breath of Fire series
Bionic Commando

| Developer/publisher
Capcom Vancouver | Burnaby | British Columbia | Canada  | 2005  | Dead Rising series  | Founded as Blue Castle Games; acquired by Capcom in 2010; closed on September 18, 2018
Carbine Studios | Aliso Viejo | California | United States  | 2005  | WildStar | Subsidiary of NCSoft
Cattle Call | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1998  | Metal Max series
Arc the Lad series  | Formed by former employees of Data East
Cauldron | Bratislava |  | Slovakia  | 1996  | Chaser | Their assets were acquired by Bohemia Interactive[9]
Cave | Shinjuku, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1994  | DoDonPachi |
Cavia | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2000  | Drakengard series
Nier |
CCP Games | Reykjavík |  | Iceland  | 1997  | Eve Online | Their Newcastle studio was acquired by Sumo Digital. CCP Games itself was acquired by Pearl Abyss.
CD Projekt Red | Warsaw | Masovian Voivodeship | Poland  | 2002  | The Witcher series
Cyberpunk 2077 | Game development studio of CD Projekt
Certain Affinity | Austin | Texas | United States  | 2006  | Halo series  | Co-developed the Halo series; acquired by Keywords Studios in 2024
Chair Entertainment | Salt Lake City | Utah | United States  | 2005  | Undertow
Shadow Complex
Infinity Blade series  | Subsidiary of Epic Games
Chunsoft | Shinjuku, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1984  | Mystery Dungeon series
Dragon Quest I–V  | Merged with Spike to become Spike Chunsoft in 2012
Cing | Fukuoka |  | Japan  | 1999  | Another Code series
Little King's Story |
Clap Hanz | Yokohama |  | Japan  | 1998  | Everybody's Golf series
Everybody's Tennis series  |
Climax Entertainment | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1990  | Runabout series  |
Climax Studios | Portsmouth | England | United Kingdom  | 1988  | Silent Hill: Origins
Silent Hill: Shattered Memories
Assassin's Creed Chronicles series  | Acquired by Keywords Studios in 2021
Clover Studio | Osaka |  | Japan  | 2004  | Viewtiful Joe series
Okami
God Hand | Subsidiary of Capcom; became defunct in 2007.
Coded Illusions | Rotterdam |  | Netherlands  | 2005  |  |
Codemasters | Southam | England | United Kingdom  | 1985  | F1 series
Colin McRae Rally series
Operation Flashpoint series
Grid series
Brian Lara Cricket series  | Former subsidiary of Reliance Entertainment; acquired by Electronic Arts in 2021
Coffee Stain Studios | Skövde |  | Sweden  | 2010  | Goat Simulator

Satisfactory

| Acquired by THQ Nordic AB (latterly Embracer Group) in 2018
Cohort Studios | Cardiff | Wales | United Kingdom  | 2006  | Buzz! Junior series  |
Coktel Vision | Paris |  | France  | 1985  | Inca series  | Former publisher
Colossal Order | Tampere |  | Finland  | 2009  | Cities in Motion
Cities: Skylines series  | Developer for Paradox Interactive
Compile Heart | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2006  | Hyperdimension Neptunia franchise
Mary Skelter series
Record of Agarest War | Developer/publisher; subsidiary of Idea Factory
Compulsion Games | Montreal | Quebec | Canada  | 2009  | Contrast
We Happy Few | Acquired by Microsoft Studios in 2018
Com2uS | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 1998  | Summoners War: Sky Arena
Skylanders Ring of Heroes | Acquired by Gamevil in 2013
Coreplay | Munich |  | Germany  | 2007  | Jagged Alliance: Back in Action | Defunct in 2013
Com2uS Holdings (formerly Gamevil)  | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 2000  | Zenonia series  |
Core Design | Derby | England | United Kingdom  | 1988  | Tomb Raider series  | Subsidiary of Eidos Interactive; closed down in 2006
Crafts & Meister | Osaka |  | Japan  | 2004  | Gundam Breaker series  |
Crawfish Interactive | Croydon | England | United Kingdom  | 1997  |  | Defunct in 2002
Creat Studios | Canton | Massachusetts | United States  | 1990  | American Chopper 2: Full Throttle
Tony Hawk's Motion |
Creative Assembly | Horsham | England | United Kingdom  | 1987  | Total War series
Alien: Isolation | Acquired by Sega in 2005
Creatures | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1995  | Pokémon Ranger series
Detective Pikachu |
Criterion Games | Guildford | England | United Kingdom  | 1993  | Burnout series  | Subsidiary of Electronic Arts
Croteam | Zagreb |  | Croatia  | 1993  | Serious Sam series
The Talos Principle | Acquired by Devolver Digital in 2020
Cryo Interactive | Paris |  | France  | 1992  | Dune
Egypt series  | Bankrupt in 2002
Culture Brain Excel | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1980  | Hiryū no Ken series
Super Chinese series  |
Crea-Tech | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1988  | Metal Max series  |
Cryptic Studios | Los Gatos | California | United States  | 2000  | City of Heroes
Champions Online
Star Trek Online | Acquired by Atari, SA in 2008 and then acquired by Perfect World in 2011 and managed by Perfect World Entertainment, the North American subsidiary, which was acquired by Embracer Group in 2021
Crystal Dynamics | Redwood City | California | United States  | 1992  | Legacy Of Kain series
Tomb Raider series (second era)  | Acquired by Square Enix in 2009 and then acquired by Embracer Group in 2022
Crytek | Frankfurt |  | Germany  | 1999  | Far Cry
Crysis series
Ryse: Son of Rome |
Crytek UK | Nottingham | England | United Kingdom  | 1999  | TimeSplitters series  | Founded as Free Radical Design; acquired by Crytek in 2009; defunct in 2014
Cyan Worlds | Mead | Washington | United States  | 1987  | Myst series
Obduction
Firmament
The Manhole
Cosmic Osmo
Spelunx | Oldest surviving independent game studio in the United States.[10]
Cyanide | Nanterre |  | France  | 2000  | Pro Cycling Manager series  | Acquired by Bigben Interactive (latterly Nacon) in 2018
CyberConnect2 | Fukuoka |  | Japan  | 1996  | .hack franchise

* .hack series
* .hack//G.U. series

Naruto: Ultimate Ninja series
Dragon Ball Z: Kakarot

Cyberlore Studios (Blueline Simulations[11])  | Northampton | Massachusetts | United States  | 1992  | Majesty: The Fantasy Kingdom Sim | Developer of computer games
CyberStep | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2000  | GetAmped
Cosmic Break
GetAmped2
Onigiri | Developer/publisher of global online games
Cygames | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2011  | The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls series
Granblue Fantasy series
Shadowverse
Princess Connect! series
Dragalia Lost | Subsidiary of CyberAgent
Daedalic Entertainment | Hamburg |  | Germany  | 2007  | Edna & Harvey series
Blackguards series
The Lord of the Rings: Gollum | Acquired by Bastei Lübbe in 2014 and then acquired by Nacon in 2022
Dambuster Studios | Nottingham | England | United Kingdom  | 2014  | Homefront: The Revolution
Dead Island 2 | Formed by former employees of Crytek UK; acquired by Koch Media in 2014 and managed by its Deep Silver division
Danger Close Games | Los Angeles | California | United States  | 1995  | Medal of Honor series  | Subsidiary of Electronic Arts; defunct in 2013
Day 1 Studios | Chicago | Illinois | United States  | 2001  | Axis & Allies series
MechAssault series  | Merged with WarGaming[12]
Daybreak Game Company | San Diego | California | United States  | 1997  | EverQuest series
PlanetSide series
H1Z1 series  | Acquired by Enad Global 7 in 2020.[13]
Deadline Games | Copenhagen |  | Denmark  | 1996  | Total Overdose
Watchmen: The End Is Nigh
Faith and a .45 |
Deck13 | Frankfurt |  | Germany  | 2001  | Ankh series
The Surge series  | Acquired by Focus Home Interactive(currently Focus Entertainment) in 2020.[14]
Demiurge Studios | Cambridge | Massachusetts | United States  | 2002  |  | acquired by Sega in 2015; became independent in 2020; acquired by Embracer Group in 2021
DeNA | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1999  | Final Fantasy Record Keeper
Pokémon Masters
Mario Kart Tour |
devCAT Studios (Nexon development 3rd division)  | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 2001  | Mabinogi
Vindictus | Division of Nexon Korea
Dhruva Interactive | Bangalore |  | India  | 1997  |  | Acquired by Starbreeze Studios in 2016 and then they were acquired by Rockstar Games and were merged into Rockstar India in 2019
Die Gute Fabrik | Copenhagen |  | Denmark  | 2006  | Where is my Heart?
Sportsfriends |
Digital Extremes | London | Ontario | Canada  | 1993  | Warframe | Subsidiary of Leyou, which was acquired by Tencent in 2020; Founded by James Schmalz, co-creator of Unreal series.
Digital Eclipse | Emeryville | California | United States  | 1992  | Spyro handheld series | Former division of Other Ocean Group;[15] acquired by Atari SA in 2023[16]
Digital Happiness | Bandung | West Java | Indonesia  | 2013  | DreadOut |
Digital Reality | Budapest |  | Hungary  | 1991  | Imperium Galactica series  | Defunct in 2013; their assets were acquired by Nordic Games[17]
Dimps | Osaka |  | Japan  | 2000  | Street Fighter IV
Crash Boom Bang!
Tamagotchi Connection: Corner Shop 2-3
Dragon Ball Z: Budokai series
Dragon Ball Xenoverse series
Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet |
Disney Interactive Studios | Glendale | California | United States  | 1988  |  | Publisher and subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company; closed in 2016
Don Bluth Entertainment | Dublin |  | Ireland  | 1979  | Dragon's Lair II–III | Defunct in 1995
Don't Nod | Paris |  | France  | 2008  | Life Is Strange series
Tell Me Why |
DotEmu | Paris |  | France  | 2007  | Wonder Boy: The Dragon's Trap
Streets of Rage 4 | Acquired by Focus Home Interactive in 2021
Double Fine Productions | San Francisco | California | United States  | 2000  | Psychonauts series
Broken Age
Gang Beasts | Founded by former employees of LucasArts; acquired by Microsoft in 2019
Dovetail Games | Chatham | England | United Kingdom  | 2008  | Train Simulator franchise  | Acquired by Focus Entertainment in 2023[18]
The Dovetail Group |  |  | United States  | c. 1984  |  | Early developer of music video games
Dr. Panda | Chengdu |  | China  | 2011  |  | Role-playing apps aimed at children ages 5 and under
Dynamix | Eugene | Oregon | United States  | 1984  | Red Baron
Front Page Sports series
Betrayal at Krondor
Tribes series
MechWarrior | Closed in 2001
EA Black Box | British Columbia |  | Canada  | 1998  | Skate series
NHL Hitz series  | Subsidiary of Electronic Arts; closed in 2013
EA Digital Illusions CE (EA DICE)  | Stockholm |  | Sweden  | 1992  | Battlefield series
Mirror's Edge | Acquired by Electronic Arts in 2004
EA Gothenburg | Gothenburg |  | Sweden  | 2011  | Need for Speed Payback | Subsidiary of Electronic Arts
EA Phenomic | Ingelheim am Rhein |  | Germany  | 1997  | SpellForce series
BattleForge
Lord of Ultima
Command and Conquer: Tiberium Alliances | Acquired by Electronic Arts in 2006; shut down in 2013
EA Salt Lake | Salt Lake City | Utah | United States  | 1992  | Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2001–08
Littlest Pet Shop series
Nerf N-Strike series
Monopoly Streets | Acquired by Electronic Arts in 2006; defunct in 2017
EA Tiburon | Maitland | Florida | United States  | 1994  | Madden NFL series
NBA Live series (2013–)
NFL Head Coach series
NCAA Football series
EA Sports NASCAR series  | Acquired by Electronic Arts in 1998
EA Vancouver (formerly Distinctive Software)  | Burnaby | British Columbia | Canada  | 1982  | Test Drive
SSX series
NHL series
NBA Live series (1994–2010)
EA Sports UFC series
FIFA series
EA Sports FC series  | Acquired by Electronic Arts in 1991
Eagle Dynamics | Moscow |  | Russia  | 1991  | Su-27 Flanker
Flanker 2.0
Lock On: Modern Air Combat
DCS World
Eat Sleep Play | Salt Lake City | Utah | United States  | 2007  | Twisted Metal series  | Defunct in 2017
Eko Software | Paris |  | France  | 1999  |  | Acquired by Bigben Interactive (latterly Nacon) in 2018
Egosoft | Würselen |  | Germany  | 1988  | X series  |
Eden Games | Lyon |  | France  | 1998  | Test Drive Unlimited series  | Former subsidiary of Atari SA; acquired by Engine Media in 2017 and then acquired by Animoca Brands in 2022
Eidos-Montréal | Montreal | Quebec | Canada  | 2007  | Deus Ex series  | Subsidiary of Embracer Group
Eighting | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1993  | Kururin series
Kamen Rider: Climax series
Kamen Rider: Battride War series
Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds | Acquired by COLOPL
Electronic Arts | Redwood City | California | United States  | 1982  | Need For Speed series
Apex Legends | Developer/publisher/distributor
Elemental Games | Vladivostok |  | Russia  | 1999  | Space Rangers | Defunct in 2015
Elite Systems | Lichfield | England | United Kingdom  | 1984  | Dragon's Lair: The Legend |
Engine Software | Doetinchem |  | Netherlands  | 1995  |  | Also middleware developer
Ensemble Studios | Dallas | Texas | United States  | 1995  | Age of Empires series
Age of Mythology
Halo Wars | Former subsidiary of Microsoft Studios
Epic Games | Cary | North Carolina | United States  | 1991  | Unreal series
Gears of War series
Shadow Complex
Infinity Blade series
Fortnite | Developer, publisher, and distributor
Epics | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1987  | PoPoLoCrois series  |
Epicenter Studios | Sherman Oaks | California | United States  | 2007  | Real Heroes: Firefighter |
ESA (formerly Softmax)  | Seoul  |  | South Korea  | 1994  | TalesWeaver | ESA left from game business. The former employees formed Studio 4Leaf and the studio was acquired by NextFloor [ko].[19]
Eric Barone | Seattle |  | United States  | 2012  | Stardew Valley | Developer/publisher
Epyx | San Francisco | California | United States  | 1978  | California Games series
Impossible Mission series
Jumpman series
Pitstop series
Summer Games series  | Developer/publisher, defunct 1993
Étranges Libellules | Lyon |  | France  | 1994  | Asterix & Obelix XXL
The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon |
Eugen Systems | Paris |  | France  | 2000  | Act of War series
Wargame series
Steel Division series  |
Eurocom | Derby | England | United Kingdom  | 1988  | GoldenEye 007
Crash Bash
Spyro: A Hero's Tail | Defunct in 2012
Evolution Studios | Runcorn | England | United Kingdom  | 1999  | World Rally Championship series
MotorStorm series  | Division of SIE Worldwide Studios and subsidiary of Sony Computer Entertainment; defunct in 2016
Examu | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2007  | Arcana Heart series  | Their business operations were suspended in 2020 and their business was taken over by Team Arcana.[20]
Eyedentity Games | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 2007  | Dragon Nest | Acquired by Shanda Games (currently Shengqu Games) in 2010
Facepunch Studios | Walsall | England | United Kingdom  | 2009  | Garry's Mod
Rust |
FarSight Studios | Big Bear Lake | California | United States  | 1989  | The Pinball Arcade |
FASA Studio | Redmond | Washington | United States  | 1994  | MechCommander series
MechWarrior 4 | defunct in 2007
Fatshark | Stockholm |  | Sweden  | 2008  | War of the Roses
Bionic Commando Rearmed 2
Warhammer: Vermintide series  | Subsidiary of Tencent
feelplus | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1992  | No More Heroes: Heroes' Paradise | Merged into AQ Interactive
Felistella | Gifu |  | Japan  | 2010  | Summon Night 5 |
Firaxis Games | Sparks | Maryland | United States  | 1996  | Civilization series (part 3 and later)
XCOM (Reboot) series  | Subsidiary of 2K; founded by former employees of MicroProse.
Firefly Studios | London | England | United Kingdom  | 1999  | Stronghold series  | Acquired by Devolver Digital in 2021
Firesprite | Liverpool | England | United Kingdom  | 2012  |  | Formed by former employees of Studio Liverpool; acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment in 2021
First Star Software | Chappaqua | New York | United States  | 1982  |  | Defunct in 2018. Their name and assets were acquired by BBG Entertainment
Flagship Studios | San Francisco | California | United States  | 2003  | Hellgate:London
Mythos | Closed down in 2008
Flight-Plan | Gifu |  | Japan  | 1989  | Black/Matrix series
Summon Night series  | Defunct in 2010
Flying Wild Hog | Warsaw |  | Poland  | 2009  | Hard Reset
Shadow Warrior series  | Acquired by Embracer Group in 2020.[21]
Focus Entertainment | Paris |  | France  | 1996  | Cities XL series (2011 and later)  |
Foundation 9 Entertainment | Emeryville | California | United States  | 1992  |  | Dissolved in 2016
Fox Digital Entertainment | Los Angeles | California | United States  | 2002  |  | Subsidiary of 20th Century Studios. The company still exists, but 20th Century Fox's video game business was rearranged to FoxNext.
FoxNext | Los Angeles | California | United States  | 2017  | Marvel Strike Force | Division of 20th Century Studios. The company still exists but their game development studios were acquired by Scopely in 2020.[22]
Frictional Games | Helsingborg |  | Sweden  | 2001  | Penumbra series
Amnesia: The Dark Descent
SOMA |
Frogwares | Kyiv |  | Ukraine  | 2000  | Adventures of Sherlock Holmes series
The Sinking City series  |
Frog City Software | San Francisco | California | United States  | 1994  | Imperialism series
Tropico 2: Pirate Cove | Acquired by Take-Two Interactive in 2003 and closed in 2006
FromSoftware | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1986  | Armored Core series
Dark Souls series
Bloodborne
Sekiro
Elden Ring | Subsidiary of Kadokawa Corporation
Frontier Developments | Cambridge | England | United Kingdom  | 1994  | Elite series
Thrillville
LostWinds
Kinectimals
RollerCoaster Tycoon 3
Planet Coaster |
Frozenbyte | Helsinki |  | Finland  | 2001  | Shadowgrounds series
Trine series  |
FTL Games | San Diego | California | United States  | 1982  | Dungeon Master series  | Closed in 1982
Fun Labs | Bucharest |  | Romania  | 1999  | MIB: Alien Crisis
Cabela's series  | Acquired by Maximum Entertainment in 2023[23]
Funcom | Oslo |  | Norway  | 1993  | The Longest Journey series
Anarchy Online
Age of Conan
The Secret World
Conan Exiles | Developer/publisher; acquired by Tencent in 2020[24]
FuRyu | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2007  | Unchained Blades series
Beyblade Burst series
Cardfight!! Vanguard series  |
Futuremark | Espoo |  | Finland  | 1997  | Shattered Horizon | Their game development division was acquired by Rovio Entertainment. Futuremark itself was acquired by UL and was merged into them.
Gaijin Entertainment | Budapest |  | Hungary  | 2002  | War Thunder
IL-2 Sturmovik: Birds of Prey |
Game Arts | Chiyoda, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1985  | Thexder series
Lunar series
Grandia series  | Acquired by GungHo Online Entertainment in 2005.
Game Freak | Setagaya-ku, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1989  | Pokémon series
Pocket Card Jockey series  |
Game Studio | Shinagawa, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1985  | The Return of Ishtar |
GameHouse | Seattle | Washington | United States  | 1998  | Delicious series  | Casual game developer, publisher and portal; acquired by RealNetworks
Gameloft | Paris |  | France  | 1999  | Modern Combat: Domination
Order & Chaos Online
Assassin's Creed (for mobile)
Asphalt | Subsidiary of Vivendi; developer/publisher of mobile games
Ganbarion | Fukuoka |  | Japan  | 1999  | One Piece series
Jump Super Stars series
Wii Fit U
Dragon Ball Fusions |
Gearbox Software | Plano | Texas | United States  | 1999  | Brothers In Arms series
Borderlands series
Half-Life: Opposing Force
Risk of Rain series  | Acquired by Embracer Group in 2021 and acquired by 2K in 2024
Genius Sonority | Tokyo  |  | Japan  | 2002  | Pokémon Colosseum series
Pokémon Trozei! series
The Denpa Men series  |
Genki | Shinjuku, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1990  | Shutokou Battle series  | Subsidiary of Daikoku Denki [ja]
Glu Mobile | San Francisco | California | United States  | 2001  | Deer Hunter series  | Developer and publisher of mobile games; acquired by Electronic Arts in 2021
Gogii Games | Moncton | New Brunswick | Canada  | 2006  |  | Developer/publisher
Good-Feel | Kobe |  | Japan  | 2005  | Kirby's Epic Yarn
Yoshi's Woolly World
Yoshi's Crafted World | Founded by former employees of Konami
Goodgame Studios | Hamburg | Hamburg | Germany  | 2009  |  | Developer/publisher
Granzella | Nonoichi |  | Japan  | 2011  | Disaster Report 4 Plus | Founded by former Irem employees
Grasshopper Manufacture | Chiyoda, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1998  | The Silver Case
Flower, Sun, and Rain
killer7
No More Heroes series
Shadows of the Damned
Lollipop Chainsaw
Killer Is Dead
Let It Die | Founded by Suda51; acquired by GungHo Online Entertainment in 2013; later acquired by NetEase Games
Gravity | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 2000  | Ragnarok Online | Acquired by GungHo Online Entertainment
Gray Matter Studios | Los Angeles | California | United States  | 1993  | Call of Duty: United Offensive | Acquired by Activision in 2002; merged into Treyarch in 2005
Gremlin Interactive | Sheffield | England | United Kingdom  | 1984  | Monopoly (1997)
Zool series
Premier Manager series  | Taken over by Infogrames in 1999 studio closed in 2003
Grezzo | Shibuya, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2006  | The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time 3D
The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask 3D
The Legend of Zelda: Tri Force Heroes
Ever Oasis
The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening (2019 Remake) | Second-party developer of Nintendo
Grin | Stockholm |  | Sweden  | 1997  | Bionic Commando Rearmed
Bionic Commando (2009) | Defunct in 2009
Grinding Gear Games | Auckland |  | New Zealand  | 2006  | Path of Exile | Acquired by Tencent
Griptonite Games | Kirkland | Washington | United States  | 1994  | Marvel Super Hero Squad: Comic Combat | Acquired by Glu Mobile
GSC Game World | Kyiv |  | Ukraine  | 1995  | Cossacks series, S.T.A.L.K.E.R series  | Defunct in 2011, reopened in 2014
Guerrilla Cambridge | Cambridge | England | United Kingdom  | 1997 (as SCE Cambridge Studio), 2013  | MediEvil series  | Branch of Guerrilla Games and division of SIE Worldwide Studios; closed in 2017
Guerrilla Games | Amsterdam |  | Netherlands  | 2000  | Killzone series
Horizon series  | Division of SIE Worldwide Studios since 2004
Gunfire Games | Austin | Texas | United States  | 2014  | Darksiders series
Remnant: From the Ashes | Formed by former employees of Vigil Games; acquired by THQ Nordic in 2019
GungHo Online Entertainment | Chiyoda, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1998  | Puzzle & Dragons series  | Developer/publisher
Gust | Nagano |  | Japan  | 1993  | Atelier series
Blue Reflection series
Fairy Tail | Became a division of Koei Tecmo Games in 2014
Haemimont Games | Sofia |  | Bulgaria  | 1997  | Tropico 3–5
Jagged Alliance 3 | Acquired by Paradox Interactive in 2025
HAL Laboratory | Chiyoda, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1980  | Kirby series
Earthbound/Mother series
Pokémon Snap | Developer closely associated with Nintendo
Halfbrick | Brisbane | Queensland | Australia  | 2001  | Fruit Ninja series
Jetpack Joyride | Mobile game developer/publisher
Hanaho | Cerritos | California | United States  | 1992  |  |
h.a.n.d. | Sapporo |  | Japan  | 1993  | Aikatsu! series
Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days
Disney Magical World series
Tamagotchi: Party On! |
Hangar 13 | Novato | California | United States  | 2014  | Mafia series (2014-)
TopSpin 2K25 | Subsidiary of 2K
Harebrained Schemes | Seattle | Washington | United States  | 2011  | Shadowrun Returns
Shadowrun: Dragonfall
Shadowrun: Hong Kong | Acquired by Paradox Interactive in 2018; became independent in 2024[25]
Harmonix Music Systems | Cambridge | Massachusetts | United States  | 1995  | Guitar Hero I–II
Rock Band series
Dance Central series  | Former subsidiary of Viacom; acquired by Epic Games in 2021
Hazelight Studios | Stockholm |  | Sweden  | 2014  | It Takes Two |
Headstrong Games | London | England | United Kingdom  | 2000  | Battalion Wars series
Art Academy series  | Subsidiary of Kuju Entertainment; defunct in 2017
Heartbeat | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1992  | Dragon Quest VI–VII  |
Heavy Iron Studios | Manhattan Beach | California | United States  | 1999  | SpongeBob's Truth or Square
UFC Personal Trainer
Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse | Acquired by Keywords Studios in 2020.
HB Studios | Lunenburg | Nova Scotia | Canada  | 2000  | PGA Tour 2K series  | Acquired by 2K in 2021
Hello Games | Guildford | Surrey | United Kingdom | 2008  | Joe Danger

No Man's Sky The Last Campfire

HexaDrive | Osaka |  | Japan  | 2007  | Rez HD
Ōkami HD
Super Bomberman R |
High Impact Games | Burbank | California | United States  | 2003  | Ratchet & Clank: Size Matters
Secret Agent Clank
Jak and Daxter: The Lost Frontier | Founded by former employees of Insomniac Games & Naughty Dog
High Moon Studios | San Diego | California | United States  | 2005  | Transformers: War for Cybertron series
Deadpool | Subsidiary of Activision
High Voltage Software | Hoffman Estates | Illinois | United States  | 1993  | The Conduit series  | Acquired by Keywords Studios in 2020.
Hothead Games | Vancouver | British Columbia | Canada  | 2006  | DeathSpank
Swarm | Founded by former employees of Radical Entertainment
Housemarque | Helsinki |  | Finland  | 1995  | Super Stardust
Returnal | Acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment as a subsidiary of PlayStation Studios in 2021
Hudson Soft | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1973  | Bomberman series
Adventure Island series
Far East of Eden series
Momotaro Dentetsu series
Mario Party series  | Developer/publisher; acquired and dissolved by Konami
Human Entertainment | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1983  | Fire Pro Wrestling series
Formation Soccer series
Twilight Syndrome series  |
Human Head Studios | Madison | Wisconsin | United States  | 1997  | Rune
Prey |
Humongous Entertainment | Bothell | Washington | United States  | 1992  | Fatty Bear's Birthday Surprise
Putt-Putt series
Freddi Fish series
Pajama Sam series
Spy Fox series
Backyard Sports series  | Former subsidiary of Infogrames; closed in 2006; their assets and brand were acquired by Tommo and relaunched in 2013
Hyperion Entertainment | Brussels |  | Belgium  | 1999  |  |
Ice-Pick Lodge | Moscow |  | Russia  | 2002  | Pathologic series  |
id Software | Mesquite | Texas | United States  | 1991  | Wolfenstein series
Doom series
Quake series  | Acquired by ZeniMax Media on June 24, 2009
Idea Factory | Shibuya, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1994  | Amnesia series  | Developer/publisher
ILCA | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2010  | Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl  |
Idol Minds | Westminster | Colorado | United States  | 1997  | Cool Boarders 3–4
Pain
Neopets: Darkest Faerie
Rally Cross |
Imageepoch | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2005  | Luminous Arc series
Fate/Extra series  | Defunct in 2016
Image & Form | Gothenburg |  | Sweden  | 1997  | SteamWorld series  | Subsidiary of Thunderful; merged into Thunderful Development in 2020.
Imagineer | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1986  | Shape Boxing series
Fitness Boxing series  |
Infinity Ward | Woodland Hills | California | United States  | 2002  | Call of Duty series  | Acquired by Activision in 2003.
Infocom | Cambridge]  | Massachusetts | United States  | 1979  | Zork series
Planetfall series
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
Leather Goddesses of Phobos | Acquired by Activision in 1986; closed in 1989.
Incognito Entertainment | Salt Lake City | Utah | United States  | 1999  | Twisted Metal series
Warhawk (2007) | Formed by former employees of SingleTrac; subsidiary of SCE Worldwide Studios; defunct in 2009
Incredible Technologies | Arlington Heights | Illinois | United States  | 1985  | Golden Tee Golf | Defunct in 2016; arcade game designer, arcade game manufacturer
indieszero | Musashino |  | Japan  | 1997  | Cooking Guide: Can't Decide What to Eat?
Theatrhythm series
Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory |
Innerloop Studios | Oslo |  | Norway  | 1996  | Project I.G.I. series  | Defunct in 2003
Insomniac Games | Burbank | California | United States  | 1994  | Spyro the Dragon series
Ratchet & Clank series
Resistance series
Sunset Overdrive
Spider-Man (2018) | Acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment in 2019 as a division of SIE Worldwide Studios.
Intelligent Systems | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1986  | Fire Emblem franchise
Advance Wars series
Paper Mario series
Puzzle League series  | Developer closely associated with Nintendo
Interplay Entertainment | Beverly Hills | California | United States  | 1983  | Earthworm Jim series
ClayFighter series
Wasteland
Fallout series
The Bard's Tale series  | Developer/publisher
Inti Creates | Ichikawa, Chiba |  | Japan  | 1996  | Mega Man Zero series
Mega Man ZX series

Gunvolt franchise:

* Azure Striker Gunvolt series
* Gunvolt Chronicles series

Gal Gun series
Bloodstained: Curse of the Moon series
Blaster Master Zero trilogy
Dragon Marked for Death
Gal Guardians: Demon Purge
Mighty Gunvolt series
Mega Man 9
Mega Man 10

Introversion Software | London | England | United Kingdom  | 2002  | Darwinia
DEFCON |
inXile Entertainment | Newport Beach | California | United States  | 2002  | Wasteland 2
The Bard's Tale IV: Barrows Deep | Founded by one of Interplay Entertainment founders; acquired by Microsoft Studios in 2018
IO Interactive | Copenhagen |  | Denmark  | 1998  | Hitman series  | Subsidiary of Square Enix until 2017 when they dropped IO, they then became independent
Ion Storm | Dallas | Texas | United States  | 1996  | Daikatana
Anachronox | Shut down in 2001; subsidiary of Eidos Interactive
Ion Storm Austin  | Austin | Texas | United States  | 1997  | Deus Ex
Thief: Deadly Shadows | Shut down in 2005; subsidiary of Eidos Interactive
Irem | Hakusan |  | Japan  | 1974  | R-Type series
Disaster Report 1–3  | Subsidiary of Eizo
Iron Galaxy Studios | Chicago | Illinois | United States  | 2008  | Divekick
Borderlands 2 (PSVita)  |
Iron Lore Entertainment | Maynard | Massachusetts | United States  | 2000  | Titan Quest series
Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War – Soulstorm | Defunct in 2008
Irrational Games | Quincy | Massachusetts | United States  | 1996  | System Shock 2
Freedom Force series
BioShock series  | Subsidiary of 2K; defunct in 2017. Their main employees moved to Ghost Story Games.
Ivory Tower | Lyon |  | France  | 2007  | The Crew series  | Subsidiary of Ubisoft;[26] founded by former employees of Eden Games
Jackbox Games | Chicago | Illinois | United States  | 1989  | The Jackbox Party Pack series  |
Jadestone Group | Stockholm |  | Sweden  | 2000  |  | Acquired by WMS Industries in 2012 and merged into Williams Interactive; Online game developer, mobile game developer
Jagex | Cambridge | England | United Kingdom  | 2001  | RuneScape | Subsidiary of CVC Capital Partners; online game developer
Jaleco | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1974  | Idol Janshi Suchie-Pai series  | Acquired by Game Yarou in 2009 and defunct in 2014
Jam City | Los Angeles | California | United States  | 2007  | Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery | Former subsidiary of Netmarble;[27] mobile game developer
Javaground | Irvine | Massachusetts | United States  | 2001  | God of War: Betrayal | Mobile game developer
Jupiter | Kyoto |  | Japan  | 1996  | Picross series
Pokémon Pinball series  |
JV Games | Las Vegas | Nevada | United States  | 1999  |  |
Kairosoft | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1996  | Game Dev Story |
Kalypso Media | Worms |  | Germany  | 2006  | Tropico series  | Developer/publisher
Kaos Studios | New York City | New York | United States  | 2006  | Frontlines: Fuel of War
Homefront | Subsidiary of THQ
Keen Software House | Prague |  | Czech Republic  | 2010  | Space Engineers |
Kesmai | Charlottesville | Virginia | United States  | 1981  | Island of Kesmai | Subsidiary of Electronic Arts; closed in 2001
Kiloo Games | Aarhus |  | Denmark  | 2000  | Subway Surfers
Frisbee Forever | Mobile game developer; closed in 2023[28]
King | Stockholm |  | Sweden  | 2003  | Candy Crush series  | Subsidiary of Activision Blizzard; Mobile game developer
Klei Entertainment | Vancouver | British Columbia | Canada  | 2005  | Shank series
Don't Starve | Acquired by Tencent in 2021.[29]
Koei Tecmo Games (formerly Koei)  | Ashikaga |  | Japan  | 1978  | Warriors franchise

* Dynasty Warriors series
* Samurai Warriors series
* Warriors Orochi series

Trilogy of Histories franchise

* Nobunaga's Ambition series
* Romance of the Three Kingdoms series
* Genghis Khan series

Ninja Gaiden series
Dead or Alive franchise
Nioh series
Haruka series
Fire Emblem: Three Houses

| Developer/publisher; subsidiary of Koei Tecmo Holdings
KOG Studios | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 2000  | Elsword |
Kojima Productions | Shinagawa,

Tokyo

|  | Japan  | 2005  | Death Stranding series  | Originally a Konami subsidiary until 2015, when it was closed and subsequently re-established as an independent studio.
Konami | Tokyo Midtown
Minato |  | Japan  | 1969  | Gradius series
Contra series
Metal Gear series
Castlevania series
Pro Evolution Soccer series
Silent Hill series
TwinBee series
Bemani series
Power Pros series
Professional Baseball Spirits series
Ganbare Goemon series
Tokimeki Memorial series
LovePlus series
Suikoden series
Bombergirl series
Shine Post | Developer/publisher
Kongzhong | Beijing |  | China  | 2002  |  |
Krome Studios | Brisbane | Queensland | Australia  | 1999  | The Legend of Spyro series  |
Krome Studios Melbourne | Melbourne | Victoria | Australia  | 1988  | Horace series  | Defunct
Kuju Entertainment | Shalford | England | United Kingdom  | 1998  | Microsoft Train Simulator | Subsidiary of Catalis SE
Kunos Simulazioni | Rome |  | Italy  | 2005  | Assetto Corsa series  | Subsidiary of Digital Bros
Kush Games | Camarillo | California | United States  | 1998  |  |
Kuma Reality Games | New York City | New York | United States  | 2003  |  |
Kylotonn | Paris |  | France  | 2002  | WRC 5–
V-Rally 4 | Acquired by Bigben Interactive (latterly Nacon) in 2018[30]
Larian Studios | Oudenaarde |  | Belgium  | 1996  | Divinity series
Baldur's Gate III |
Left Field Productions | Ventura | California | United States  | 1994  | Excitebike 64 | closed in 2011
Legacy Interactive | Los Angeles | California | United States  | 1998  | Emergency Room series  |
Legend Entertainment | Chantilly | Virginia | United States  | 1989  | Spellcasting series
Superhero League of Hoboken
The Wheel of Time
Unreal II | Closed in 2004.
Legendo Entertainment | Gothenburg |  | Sweden  | 2004  |  | Developer/publisher
Level-5 | Fukuoka |  | Japan  | 1998  | Dark Cloud series
Rogue Galaxy
Professor Layton series
Inazuma Eleven series
Ni no Kuni series
Yo-Kai Watch franchise
Fantasy Life series
The Snack World
Dragon Quest VIII–IX | Developer/publisher and founded by Akihiro Hino
Lift London | London | England | United Kingdom  | 2012  | videogame developer for Microsoft Hololens | Subsidiary by Microsoft Studios in 2018
Limbic Entertainment | Langen |  | Germany  | 2002  | Might & Magic X: Legacy
Might & Magic Heroes VII
Tropico 6 | The majority stake was acquired by Bandai Namco
Lionhead Studios | Guildford | England | United Kingdom  | 1997  | Black & White series
Fable series  | Closed by Microsoft Studios in 2016
Liquid Entertainment | Pasadena | California | United States  | 1999  | Battle Realms | Dissolved in 2018[31]
Little Green Men Games | Zagreb |  | Croatia  | 2006  | Starpoint Gemini |
LK Avalon | Świlcza, Rzeszów |  | Poland  | 1989  | Hans Kloss
Schizm: Mysterious Journey |
Llamasoft | Reading | England | United Kingdom  | 1982  |  |
Linden Lab | San Francisco | California | United States  | 1999  | Second Life |
Locomotive Games | Santa Clara | California | United States  | 1997  | Jet Moto 3 | Defunct in 2008
Looking Glass Studios | Cambridge | Massachusetts | United States  | 1990  | Ultima Underworld series
System Shock series
Thief series |
Love-de-Lic | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1995  | Moon: Remix RPG Adventure | Formed by former employees of Square
LucasArts | San Francisco | California | United States  | 1982  | Maniac Mansion
Sam & Max Hit the Road
Day of the Tentacle
Monkey Island series
The Dig
Full Throttle
Grim Fandango
Star Wars: The Force Unleashed series
Star Wars: Battlefront series  | Publisher and former developer; closed as developer of April 3, 2013 by Disney
Luma Arcade | Johannesburg |  | South Africa  | 2006  |  | Division of Luma Animation
Luxoflux | Santa Monica | California | United States  | 1998  | True Crime series  | Acquired by Activision in 2002; defunct in 2010
MachineGames | Uppsala |  | Sweden  | 2009  | Wolfenstein series  | Founded by former employees of Starbreeze Studios; acquired by ZeniMax Media in 2010.
Magenta Software | Liverpool | England | United Kingdom  | 1994  | Buzz! Junior series  |
MAGES. | Shibuya, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2005  | Science Adventure franchise

* Steins;Gate series
* Robotics;Notes series
* Chaos;Child series

| Acquired by COLOPL in 2020.[32] Former subsidiary of Dwango.
Majesco Entertainment | Edison | New Jersey | United States  | 1986  |  | Defunct December 8, 2016
Marvelous | Shibuya, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1997  | Senran Kagura series
Soul Sacrifice series

Story of Seasons series Rune Factory series Fate/Extella series
Kandagawa Jet Girls
Daemon X Machina
Super Monkey Ball: Banana Splitz

| Developer/publisher
Massive Entertainment | Malmö |  | Sweden  | 1997  | Ground Control
World In Conflict
Tom Clancy's The Division series  | Founded in 1997; acquired by Vivendi Universal Games in 2002 and then acquired by Ubisoft in 2008
Masthead Studios | Sofia |  | Bulgaria  | 2005  | Earthrise |
Matrix Software | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1994  | Omega Labyrinth series
Brigandine: The Legend of Runersia |
Maxis | Emeryville | California | United States  | 1987  | The Sims series
SimCity series  | Became a subsidiary of Electronic Arts in 1997
Mean Hamster Software | Deer Park | Washington | United States  | 1985  |  |
Media Molecule | Guildford | England | United Kingdom  | 2006  | LittleBigPlanet series
Tereaway | Founded by former employees of Lionhead Studios; division of SIE Worldwide Studios since 2010
Media.Vision | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1993  | Wild Arms series
Chaos Rings series
Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth
Summon Night 6 |
Mediatonic | London | England | United Kingdom  | 2005  | Robot Unicorn Attack
Fable Fortune | Subsidiary of Tonic Games Group, which was acquired by Epic Games in 2021
MegaZebra | Munich |  | Germany  | 2009  |  |
Mercury Steam | Madrid |  | Spain  | 2002  | Castlevania: Lords of Shadow series

Metroid: Samus Returns

Metroid Dread

Metropolis Software | Warsaw |  | Poland  | 1992  | Teenagent
Gorky 17
Infernal | Studio was bought by CD Projekt in 2008 and closed in 2009.
MicroProse Software | Hunt Valley | Maryland | United States  | 1982  | Silent Service
Gunship
Pirates!
Railroad Tycoon
Civilization series  |
Microsoft Casual Games | Redmond | Washington | United States  | 2013  | Solitaire
Mahjong
Minesweeper
Wordament | Division of Microsoft
Midway Games | Chicago | Illinois | United States  | 1988  | Mortal Kombat series
NFL Blitz series  | As of 2012[update], Midway is a corporation existing under Delaware law subject to a Chapter 11 bankruptcy liquidation plan
Midway Studios – Newcastle | Gateshead | England | United Kingdom  | 1996  | Test Drive 4–6 | Defunct in 2009
Might and Delight | Stockholm |  | Sweden  | 2010  | Shelter series  | Formed by former employees of Grin
miHoYo | Shanghai |  | China  | 2012  | Honkai series
Tears of Themis
Genshin Impact
Zenless Zone Zero | Developer and publisher; founded by Cai Haoyu, Liu Wei, and Luo Yuhao, three former students from Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Milestone | Suginami, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2003  | Chaos Field series  |
Milestone srl | Milan |  | Italy  | 1996  | Superbike series
MotoGP series
WRC 1–4
MXGP series
Ride series  | Acquired by Koch Media in 2019
Millennium Kitchen | Tokyo  |  | Japan  | 1997  | Boku no Natsuyasumi series  |
Mimimi Games | Munich |  | Germany  | 2011  | Desperados III | the studio was closed in 2023[33]
Minakuchi Engineering | Kōka |  | Japan  | 1984  | Solar Striker
Mega Man series  | Exact fate unknown. Defunct in 2002 (estimated)
Mistwalker | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2004  | Blue Dragon |
Mitchell Corporation | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1960  | Polarium
Puzz Loop series  |
MLB Advanced Media | New York City | New York | United States  | 2000  | R.B.I. Baseball 18 |
Mode 7 Games | Brighton | East Sussex | United Kingdom  | 2005  | Frozen Synapse series
Tokyo 42 | The company still exists, but they exited the game development business in 2019.
Mojang AB | Stockholm |  | Sweden  | 2009  | Minecraft
Scrolls
Cobalt | Former Indie developer and publisher; acquired by Microsoft on September 15, 2014
Monolith Productions | Kirkland | Washington | United States  | 1994  | F.E.A.R. series
Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

Middle-earth: Shadow of War

| Acquired by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment in 2004; closed in 2025
Monolith Soft | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1999  | Xenosaga series
Baten Kaitos series
Xenoblade Chronicles series
Project X Zone series  | Founded by Tetsuya Takahashi and former subsidiary of Namco; acquired by Nintendo as a first-party developer and subsidiary in 2007
Monster Games | Northfield | Minnesota | United States  | 1996  | NASCAR Heat series
Excite Truck
Pilotwings Resort | Acquired by iRacing.com Motorsport Simulations in 2022
Monte Cristo | Paris |  | France  | 1995  | City Life series
Cities XL | Defunct in 2010
Moonton | Shanghai |  | China  | 2015  | Mobile Legends: Bang Bang | Acquired by Bytedance in 2021
Moon Studios | Vienna |  | Austria  | 2010  | Ori series  |
Motion Twin | Bordeaux |  | France  | 2001  | Dead Cells |
MTO | Yokohama |  | Japan  | 1996  | GT Advance series  |
Mythic Entertainment | Fairfax | Virginia | United States  | 1995  | Dark Age of Camelot | Acquired by Electronic Arts in 2006 and closed in 2014
Nadeo | Paris |  | France  | 2000  | TrackMania | Acquired by Ubisoft in 2009
Namco Tales Studio | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1986  | Tales series  | Originally it was division or subsidiary of Telenet Japan but it became a jointly owned company of Namco and Telenet Japan
NanaOn-Sha | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1993  | PaRappa the Rapper series
Tamagotchi Connection: Corner Shop |
Nanobit | Zagreb |  | Croatia  | 2008  |  | Acquired by Stillfront Group in 2020
NAPS team | Messina |  | Italy  | 1993  | Gekido series  | NAPS team is the oldest Italian development studio
Natsume Atari | Shinjuku, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1987  | Metabots series
Tony Hawk's Pro Skater (GBC version)
Pocky and Rocky series  |
Natsume Inc. | Burlingame, California |  | United States  | 1988  | Harvest Moon series
Reel Fishing
River King |
NaturalMotion | London | England | United Kingdom  | 2001  | Backbreaker series  | Acquired by Zynga
Naughty Dog | Santa Monica | California | United States  | 1986  | Crash Bandicoot 1–3
Crash Team Racing
Jak and Daxter series
Uncharted series
The Last of Us series  | Division of SIE Worldwide Studios since 2001
NCSoft | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 1997  | Aion
Lineage series
Blade & Soul | Online game developer/publisher
NDOORS Corporation | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 1999  | Atlantica Online | Developer/publisher; subsidiary of Nexon; merged into Nexon Red in 2017[34]
Neko Entertainment | Montreuil-sous-Bois |  | France  | 1998  | Cocoto
The Mysterious Cities of Gold: Secret Paths
Kung Fu Rabbit
Puddle | Developer/publisher; defunct in 2017
Nerve Software | Richardson | Texas | United States  | 1999  |  |
NetDevil | Louisville | Colorado | United States  | 1997  | LEGO Universe |
NetDragon Websoft | Fuzhou |  | China  | 1999  | Disney Fantasy Online |
NetEase | Guangzhou |  | China  | 1997  | Fantasy Westward Journey
Cyber Hunter
Identity V
Rules of Survival
Marvel Duel
Marvel Super War
Revelation Online | Developer, publisher, and online services company
NetherRealm Studios | Chicago | Illinois | United States  | 2010  | Mortal Kombat series
Injustice: Gods Among Us

Injustice 2

| Successor to Midway Games; Subsidiary of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Neverland | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1993  | Rune Factory series  |
Neversoft | Woodland Hills | California | United States  | 1994  | Guitar Hero III–Metallica
Tony Hawk series

* Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 1–4
* Tony Hawk's Underground series

Gun

| Acquired by Activision in 1999; merged into Infinity Ward in 2014
New World Computing | Agoura Hills | California | United States  | 1984  | Might and Magic franchise

* Heroes of Might and Magic series

New World Interactive | Denver | Colorado | United States  | 2010  | Insurgency | Acquired by Saber Interactive in 2020[1]
Nexon | Tokyo
Seoul |  | Japan
South Korea  | 2002
1994  | MapleStory
Mabinogi
Vindictus
Atlantica Online | Online video game developer, publisher and distributor; moved its headquarters from Korea to Japan.
Next Level Games | Vancouver | British Columbia | Canada  | 2002  | Super Mario Strikers
Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon
Luigi's Mansion 3
Spider-Man: Friend or Foe | Acquired by Nintendo in 2021.[35]
Niantic | San Francisco | California | United States  | 2010  | Ingress
Pokémon Go |
Nibris | Kraków |  | Poland  | 2000  |  |
Nicalis | Santa Ana | California | United States  | 2007  | VVVVVV
Cave Story
NightSky
1001 Spikes
The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth
Crystal Crisis | Indie developer/publisher
Night School Studio | Glendale | California | United States  | 2014  | Oxenfree
Afterparty | Acquired by Netflix in 2021
Nihon Falcom | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1981  | Ys series
Xanadu series
The Legend of Heroes franchise
Dragon Slayer series
Trails | Developer/publisher
Nikita Online | St. Petersburg |  | Russia  | 1991  |  |
Nimble Giant Entertainment | Buenos Aires |  | Argentina  | 2002  | Regnum Online
Master of Orion: Conquer the Stars | Acquired by Embracer Group in 2020.[21]
Ninjabee | Orem | Utah | United States  | 2005  |  | Division of Wahoo Studios
Ninja Theory | Cambridge | England | United Kingdom  | 2000  | Heavenly Sword
Enslaved: Odyssey to the West
DmC: Devil May Cry
Hellblade series  | Former Indie developer and publisher; acquired by Microsoft Studios in 2018
Nintendo | Kyoto |  | Japan  | 1889  | Donkey Kong franchise

Super Mario franchise
The Legend of Zelda franchise
Pokémon franchise
Fire Emblem franchise
Splatoon series
Metroid franchise
Kid Icarus series
Pikmin series
Xenoblade Chronicles series
Animal Crossing series
F-Zero series
Star Fox series
Kirby franchise
Mother series
Super Smash Bros. series
Tomodachi series
Brain Age series
Big Brain Academy series
Nintendogs series
Wave Race series
Famicom Detective Club series
Excitebike
Pilotwings
Tetris Attack series
1-2-Switch series

| First-party developer/publisher/console manufacturer
Nintendo Cube | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2000  | Wii Party series
Mario Party series
Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics | Subsidiary of Nintendo
Nintendo Software Technology | Redmond | Washington | United States  | 1998  | Bionic Commando: Elite Forces
Wave Race: Blue Storm
Mario vs. Donkey Kong series  | Subsidiary of Nintendo
Nippon Ichi Software | Kakamigahara |  | Japan  | 1991  | Rhapsody: A Musical Adventure
La Pucelle: Tactics
Disgaea series
Phantom Brave
GrimGrimoire
Hotaru no Nikki | Developer/publisher
Nival | St. Petersburg |  | Russia  | 1996  | Etherlords series
Blitzkrieg series
Heroes of Might and Magic V |
Nordeus | Belgrade |  | Serbia  | 2009  | Top Eleven Football Manager | Developer/publisher; acquired by Take-Two Interactive in 2021
NovaLogic | Agoura Hills | California | United States  | 1985  | Delta Force series
Joint Operations series  | Their assets were acquired by THQ Nordic
Novarama | Barcelona |  | Spain  | 2003  | Invizimals series  |
Now Production | Osaka |  | Japan  | 1986  | Mario Super Sluggers
Sonic Riders |
Nude Maker | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2002  | Steel Battalion series
Infinite Space
NightCry | Formed by former employees of Human Entertainment
NuFX | Hoffman Estates | Illinois | United States  | 1990  |  | Merged into EA Chicago in 2004
n-Space | Orlando | Florida | United States  | 1994  | Heroes of Ruin
Port for various video games, include Call of Duty series  |
Obsidian Entertainment | Irvine | California | United States  | 2004  | Fallout New Vegas
Neverwinter Nights 2
Dungeon Siege III
South Park: The Stick of Truth
Pillars of Eternity
The Outer Worlds | Acquired by Microsoft Studios in 2018
Oddworld Inhabitants | San Luis Obispo | California | United States  | 1994  | Oddworld series
Omega Force | Ashikaga |  | Japan  | 1997  | Warriors franchise

* Dynasty Warriors series
* Dynasty Warriors: Gundam series
* Samurai Warriors series
* Warriors Orochi series
* One Piece: Pirate Warriors series
* Hyrule Warriors
* Fire Emblem Warriors

Toukiden series
Dragon Quest Heroes series
Dragon Quest Builders 2
Persona 5 Strikers

| Division of Koei Tecmo Games
Origin Systems | Austin | Texas | United States  | 1983  | Ultima series
Ultima Online
Wing Commander series  | Acquired by Electronic Arts in 1992 and closed in 2004
OtherSide Entertainment | Boston | Massachusetts | United States  | 2013  | Underworld Ascendant
System Shock 3 | Founded by one of Looking Glass Studios founders.
Outfit7 | Ljubljana |  | Slovenia  | 2010  | Talking Tom and Friends franchise  | Acquired by Zhejiang Jinke Entertainment Culture Co., Ltd. in 2017
Outrage Entertainment | Ann Arbor | Michigan | United States  | 1996  | Descent 3 | Closed in 2004
Out of the Park Developments | Hollern-Twielenfleth |  | Germany  | 1999  | Out of the Park Baseball series  | Acquired by Com2uS in 2020
Overkill Software | Stockholm |  | Sweden  | 2009  | Payday series  | Founded by Grin founders; acquired by Starbreeze Studios in 2012
Oxygen Studios | Croydon | England | United Kingdom  | 2006  | King of Clubs |
Page 44 Studios | San Francisco | California | United States  | 1998  | Freekstyle
High School Musical 3: Senior Year Dance
Madden NFL 11 iOS
uDraw Pictionary
World of Goo iOS  | Subsidiary of Zynga; closed in 2011.
Pangea Software | Austin | Texas | United States  | 1987  |  |
Paradigm Entertainment | Farmers Branch | Texas | United States  | 1997  | F-1 World Grand Prix series
Pilotwings 64 | Acquired by Infogrames Entertainment SA in 2000; acquired by THQ in 2006; closed in 2008
People Can Fly | Warsaw |  | Poland  | 2002  | Bulletstorm
Painkiller |
Project Sora | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2009  | Kid Icarus: Uprising | Subsidiary of Nintendo; became defunct in 2012
Purple Lamp Studios | Vienna |  | Austria  | 2018  | SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom – Rehydrated | Acquired by Embracer Group in 2020.[21]
Papaya Studio  | Irvine | California | United States  | 1999  |  |
Project Soul | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1996  | Soul series  | Division of Bandai Namco Studios
Panther Games Pty Ltd | Canberra |  | Australia  | 1985  | Fire-Brigade
Command Ops: Battles from the Bulge |
Paradox Development Studio | Stockholm |  | Sweden  | 1995  | Europa Universalis series
Hearts of Iron series
Crusader Kings series  | In-house development studio and subsidiary of Paradox Interactive
Parallax Software | Ann Arbor | Michigan | United States  | 1993  | Descent series  | Split into Volition and Outrage Entertainment
Pandemic Studios | Los Angeles | California | United States  | 1998  | Star Wars: Battlefront
Destroy All Humans! series
Full Spectrum Warrior
Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction
The Saboteur | Acquired by Electronic Arts in 2007 and closed in 2009.
Pendulo Studios | Madrid |  | Spain  | 1993  | Hollywood Monsters series
Runaway series
Yesterday series  |
Penguin Software | Geneva | Illinois | United States  | 1978  | Transylvania series  |
Perfect World | Beijing |  | China  | 2004  | Perfect World series  | Developer/publisher
Petroglyph | Las Vegas | Nevada | United States  | 2003  | Star Wars: Empire at War
Universe at War: Earth Assault
Grey Goo
Command & Conquer Remastered Collection |
Phantagram | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 1994  | Kingdom Under Fire series  | Acquired by Blueside in 2010[36]
Pipeworks Studios | Eugene | Oregon | United States  | 1999  | Godzilla: Destroy All Monsters Melee
Deadliest Warrior
Zumba Fitness | Acquired by Sumo Group in 2020, acquired by Jagex in 2022, and acquired by Virtuos in 2025
Piranha Bytes | Essen |  | Germany  | 1997  | Gothic 1–3
Risen series
ELEX | Acquired by THQ Nordic in 2019; closed in 2024
Piranha Games | Vancouver  | British Columbia  | Canada  | 2000  | MechWarrior 5
MechWarrior Online
Bass Pro Shops: The Strike
Die Hard: Nakatomi Plaza | Acquired by Enad Global 7 in 2020.[4]
Pivotal Games | Bath | England | United Kingdom  | 2000  | Conflict series
The Great Escape |
Pixel Federation | Bratislava |  | Slovakia  | 2007  | Galactic Junk League | Developer/Publisher
Playdom | San Francisco | California | United States  | 2009  |  | Facebook, Myspace game developer Subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company; closed in 2016
Playfish | London | England | United Kingdom  | 2007  | The Sims Social | Facebook, Myspace game developer Acquired by Electronic Arts; closed in 2013
PlayFirst | San Francisco | California | United States  | 2004  |  | Acquired by Glu Mobile in 2014; Casual game developer, publisher and portal
Playground Games | Royal Leamington Spa | England | United Kingdom  | 2009  | Forza Horizon series
Fable (2020) | Acquired by Microsoft Studios in 2018
PlatinumGames | Osaka |  | Japan  | 2006  | MadWorld
Bayonetta series
Vanquish
Anarchy Reigns
Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance
The Wonderful 101
Star Fox Zero
Nier: Automata
Astral Chain | Successor to Clover Studio, and founded by Shinji Mikami, Atsushi Inaba, and Hideki Kamiya.
Polyphony Digital | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1998  | Gran Turismo series
Tourist Trophy | Division of SIE Worldwide Studios
PopCap Games | Seattle | Washington | United States  | 2000  | Bejeweled series
Plants vs. Zombies series
Peggle series
Zuma | Casual game developer, publisher and portal; subsidiary of Electronic Arts since 2011
PopTop Software | Fenton | Missouri | United States  | 1993  | Tropico
Railroad Tycoon series  | Acquired by Take-Two Interactive in 2000 and merged into Firaxis Games in 2006
Press Play | Copenhagen |  | Denmark  | 2006  | Max & the Magic Marker
Max: The Curse of Brotherhood | Former subsidiary of Microsoft Studios; defunct in March 2016
Private Division | New York City | New York | United States  | 2017  | Kerbal Space Program 2 | Former subsidiary of Take-Two Interactive. The company still exists, but their game development studios, Intercept Games studio and Roll7 studio, were closed in 2024.[37]
Project Moon  | Suwon |  | South Korea  | 2016  | Lobotomy Corportation
Library of Ruine |
Psyonix | San Diego | California | United States  | 2001  | Rocket League
XCOM: Enemy Unknown | Acquired by Epic Games in 2019
PUBG Studios | Seongnam |  | South Korea  | 2009  | Devilian
PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds | Acquired by Bluehole (currently Krafton) in 2015
Punch Entertainment | Hanoi |  | Vietnam  | 2005  |  | Subsidiary of Evolable Asia [ja]; Casual games, social games developer
Pyro Mobile | Madrid |  | Spain  | 1996  | Commandos series  | Subsidiary of Zed Group; their assets were acquired by Kalypso Media[38]
Q Entertainment | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2003  | Lumines series  | Acquired by Sanyo Kasei Seisakusho in 2013 and the parent company was defunct in 2018.
Q-Games | Nakagyō-ku |  | Japan  | 2001  | Star Fox Command
PixelJunk series
The Tomorrow Children |
Quantic Dream | Paris |  | France  | 1997  | Fahrenheit
Heavy Rain
Beyond: Two Souls
Detroit: Become Human | Acquired by NetEase in 2022
Quest Corporation | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1988  | Ogre Battle series  | The game development division was acquired by Square in 2002
Quintet | Tokyo  |  | Japan  | 1989  | ActRaiser
Soul Blazer
Illusion of Gaia
Terranigma
Robotrek | The company appears to have been inactive since 2002. According to Terranigma artist Kamui Fujiwara, Quintet president Tomoyoshi Miyazaki had "disappeared" to his knowledge. A remaster of ActRaiser entitled ActRaiser Renaissance was released in September 2021 by Square Enix, suggesting that Square Enix at least has access to ActRaiser's rights, and might have the rest of Quintet's library as well.[39]
Radical Entertainment | Vancouver |  | Canada  | 1991  | Prototype series
Mario Is Missing!
Crash Tag Team Racing
Crash of the Titans | Acquired by Vivendi Games in 2005; dissolved in 2013[40]
Rage Games | Liverpool | England | United Kingdom  | 1992  | Incoming series  | Defunct in 2003
Rainbow Studios | Phoenix | Arizona | United States  | 1996  | MX vs. ATV series  | Acquired by THQ, later closed by THQ, but re-instated in 2013 by Nordic Games (later known as THQ Nordic); became independent in 2024
Rare | Twycross | England | United Kingdom  | 1985  | Battletoads series
Donkey Kong Country series
Killer Instinct series
Banjo-Kazooie series
Donkey Kong 64
GoldenEye 007
Conker's Bad Fur Day
Perfect Dark series
Sea of Thieves | Successor to Ultimate Play the Game; second-party developer for Nintendo; turned; Acquired by Microsoft Studios in 2002 as a first-party developer
Raven Software | Middleton | Wisconsin | United States  | 1990  | Heretic
Hexen
Singularity
Call of Duty series
Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast
Soldier of Fortune II: Double Helix
Marvel: Ultimate Alliance | Acquired by Activision in 1997
RDI Video Systems | Carlsbad | California | United States  | 1982  | Dragon's Lair | Defunct in 1985
Ready at Dawn | Irvine | California | United States  | 2003  | Daxter
The Order: 1886
Deformers
Lone Echo | Formed by former members of Naughty Dog and Blizzard Entertainment. Acquired by Facebook in 2020.[41] Closed in 2024.
Red Entertainment | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1976 (as the Red Company), 2000 (as Red Entertainment)  | Sakura Wars series
Gungrave series  | Developer/publisher; acquired by Oizumi Corporation [ja] in 2014
Reality Pump Studios | Kraków |  | Poland  | 1995  | Two Worlds series  | Division of TopWare Interactive
Realtime Associates | Los Angeles | California | United States  | 1986  |  |
Realtime Worlds | Dundee | Scotland | United Kingdom  | 2002  | Crackdown | Closed in 2010
Rebel Wolves | Warsaw |  | Poland  | 2022
Rebellion Developments | Oxford | England | United Kingdom  | 1992  | Aliens vs. Predator series
Sniper Elite series  |
Rebellion Warwick | Leamington Spa | England | United Kingdom  | 2013  | SkySaga: Infinite Isles | Formed by former employees of Blitz Games Studios; acquired by Rebellion Developments in 2018
RedLynx | Helsinki |  | Finland  | 2000  | Trials series  | Subsidiary of Ubisoft
Red Thread Games | Oslo |  | Norway  | 2012  | Dreamfall Chapters: The Longest Journey | Founded by former employees of Funcom
Red Storm Entertainment | Cary | North Carolina | United States  | 1996  | Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six
Assassin's Creed Nexus VR | Acquired by Ubisoft in 2000
RedTribe (Tribalant)  | Melbourne | Victoria | Australia  | 2003  |  |
Reflexive Entertainment | Lake Forest | California | United States  | 1997  | Airport Mania series  | Subsidiary of Amazon.com
Relic Entertainment | Vancouver | British Columbia | Canada  | 1997  | Company of Heroes series
Warhammer 40000: Dawn of War series
Homeworld series  | Acquired by Sega in 2013; became independent in 2024[42]
Remedy Entertainment | Espoo |  | Finland  | 1995  | Max Payne series
Alan Wake series
Control |
Respawn Entertainment | Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles | California | United States  | 2010  | Titanfall
Apex Legends
Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order | Acquired by Electronic Arts in 2017.
Reto-Moto | Copenhagen |  | Denmark  | 2008  | Heroes & Generals | The business was acquired by TLM Partners in 2022[43]
Retro Studios | Austin | Texas | United States  | 1998  | Metroid Prime series
Donkey Kong Country series  | First-party developer and subsidiary of Nintendo
Revolution Software | York | England | United Kingdom  | 1990  | Broken Sword series
Beneath a Steel Sky |
Riot Games | Santa Monica | California | United States  | 2006  | League of Legends

Legends of Runeterra

Valorant

| Acquired by Tencent in 2011
Rising Star Games | Luton | England | United Kingdom  | 2004  |  | Acquired by Thunderful in 2018
Robomodo | Chicago | Illinois | United States  | 2008  | Tony Hawk's Pro Skater HD
Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 5 | Defunct in 2016
Robot Entertainment | Plano | Texas | United States  | 2009  | Orcs Must Die! series
Hero Academy series
Age of Empires Online |
Rockstar Games
Rockstar India
Rockstar Leeds
Rockstar Lincoln
Rockstar London
Rockstar New England
Rockstar North
Rockstar San Diego
Rockstar Toronto | New York City
Bangalore
Leeds
Lincoln
London
Ballardvale
Edinburgh
Carlsbad
Oakville | New York
Karnataka
England
Scotland
Massachusetts
California
Ontario | United States
India
United Kingdom
Canada  | 1998
2016
2004
2002
2005
2008
2002
2002
1999  | Grand Theft Auto franchise
Manhunt series
Midnight Club series
Red Dead series
Bully | Developer/publisher; owned by Take-Two Interactive
Rockstar Dundee | Dundee | Scotland | United Kingdom  | 2008  | Crackdown 2 | Acquired by Take-Two Interactive in 2020
Rocksteady Studios | London | England | United Kingdom  | 2005  | Batman: Arkham series
Suicide Squad: Kill the Justice League | Subsidiary of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Robinson Technologies | Hiroshima |  | Japan  | 1989  | Dink Smallwood |
Romero Games | Galway |  | Ireland  | 2015  | Empire of Sin |
Rovio Entertainment | Espoo |  | Finland  | 2003  | Angry Birds franchise  | Publisher, developer and distributor; acquired by Sega in 2023
Runic Games | Seattle | Washington | United States  | 2008  | Torchlight | Subsidiary of Perfect World; closed in 2017
Running with Scissors | Tucson | Arizona | United States  | 1997  | Postal series  |
Saber Interactive | Millburn | New Jersey | United States  | 2001  | World War Z | Acquired by Embracer Group in 2020[44] and acquired by Beacon Interactive in 2024
Sandlot | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2001  | Robot Alchemic Drive
Earth Defense Force series
Zangeki no Reginleiv | Formed by former employees of Human Entertainment
Sanzaru Games | Foster City | California | United States  | 2006  | Sly Cooper: Thieves in Time
Sonic Boom: Shattered Crystal
Sonic Boom: Fire & Ice | Acquired by Facebook in 2020.[45]
Sir-Tech | Ogdensburg | New York | United States
Canada  | 1979  | Wizardry series
Jagged Alliance series  |
Schell Games | Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | United States  | 2002  | I Expect You To Die | Developer and publisher
SCS Software | Prague |  | Czech Republic  | 1997  | 18 Wheels of Steel series
Euro Truck Simulator series  |
Sega | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1960  | Sonic the Hedgehog franchise
Crazy Taxi series
Golden Axe series
Streets of Rage series
The House of the Dead series
Super Monkey Ball series
Puyo Puyo series
Jet Set Radio series
Phantasy Star series
Panzer Dragoon series
Jet Set Radio series
Let's Make a Soccer Team! series
Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games series
Shenmue series
Sakura Wars series
Yakuza franchise
Valkyria Chronicles series
Mushiking series
Border Break series

Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA series
Virtua Fighter series
Virtua Tennis series
World Club Champion Football series
Samba de Amigo series

| Third-party (Formerly first-party) developer, publisher, and former console manufacturer; subsidiary of Sega Sammy Holdings
Sensible Software | Cambridge | England | United Kingdom  | 1986  | Sensible Soccer series
Cannon Fodder series
Mega Lo Mania
Wizball
Wizkid
Microprose Soccer
Shoot-'Em-Up Construction Kit
Parallax
Sensible Golf | Developer, studio closed and company acquired by Codemasters in 1999
Bend Studio | Bend | Oregon | United States  | 1993 (Founded as Blank, Berlyn and Co., later Eidetic)  | Syphon Filter series
Days Gone | Founded by Blank, Berlyn and Co. and Eidetic, acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment as a part of SIE Worldwide Studios in 2000.
San Mateo Studio (formerly Foster City Studio)  | San Mateo | California | United States  | 1998  |  | Division of SIE Worldwide Studios; relocated from Foster City to San Mateo
Japan Studio | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1993  | Ape Escape series
Ico
Shadow of the Colossus
Siren series
Patapon series
Loco Roco series
Gravity Rush series
Knack series
The Last Guardian
Fantavision | Former division of SIE Worldwide Studios, re-organized into Team Asobi in 2021[46]
London Studio | London | England | United Kingdom  | 2002  | SingStar series  | Division of SIE Worldwide Studios; closed in 2024
San Diego Studio | San Diego | California | United States  | 2001  | MLB: The Show series  | Division of SIE Worldwide Studios
Santa Monica Studio | Los Angeles | California | United States  | 1999  | God of War series  | Division of SIE Worldwide Studios
Studio Liverpool | Liverpool | England | United Kingdom  | 1984  | Wipeout series
Formula One series
Colony Wars series  | Former Division of SIE Worldwide Studios; shut down by Sony on August 22, 2012
Shaba Games | San Francisco | California | United States  | 1997  | Tony Hawk's Underground 2: Remix
Spider-Man: Web of Shadows | Acquired by Activision in 2002; defunct in 2009
SIE Worldwide Studios | Tokyo, Fukuoka, Santa Monica, Los Angeles, San Diego, Bend, Amsterdam, London, Guildford, Cambridge | California, Washington, Oregon, England | Japan, United States, Netherlands, United Kingdom  | 2005  |  | A group of first-party development studios and subsidiaries owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment
SingleTrac | Salt Lake City | Utah | United States  | 1994  | Twisted Metal 1–2
Jet Moto 1–2
Warhawk (1995) | Defunct in 2000
Shengqu Games | Shanghai |  | China  | 1999  |  | Acquired by Zhejiang Century Huatong in 2017
Sherman3D | Petaling Jaya |  | Malaysia  | 2003  | Alpha Kimori |
Shift Up | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 2013  | Stellar Blade |
Shin'en Multimedia | Munich |  | Germany  | 1999  | Fast Racing League series  |
Sierra Entertainment | Oakhurst | California | United States  | 1979  | Mystery House
King's Quest series
Space Quest series
Police Quest series
Leisure Suit Larry series
Quest for Glory series
Gabriel Knight series  | Subsidiary of Activision; internal development ceased in 1999; closed in 2004
Silicon Knights | St. Catharines | Ontario | Canada  | 1992  | Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain
Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem
Too Human | Closed in 2014
Silicon Studio | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2000  | Bravely Default series  | They still develop game middlewares but their game contents division was sold to CREEK & RIVER.[47]
Simtex | Austin | Texas | United States  | 1988  | Master of Orion series
Master of Magic | Closed in 1997
skip Ltd. | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2000  | bit Generations series
Chibi-Robo! series  | Formed by former employees of Love-de-Lic
SkyBox Labs | Burnaby | British Columbia | Canada  | 2011  | Kinect Nat Geo TV
Project Spark | Acquired by NetEase Games in 2023.
Slant Six Games | Vancouver | British Columbia | Canada  | 2005  | SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs series
Resident Evil: Operation Raccoon City | Defunct in 2013
Sledgehammer Games | Foster City | California | United States  | 2009  | Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare
co-developer of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 | Subsidiary of Activision
Snail | Suzhou |  | China  | 2000  | Voyage Century Online |
Snapshot Games | Sofia |  | Bulgaria  | 2013  | Chaos Reborn | Acquired by Embracer Group in 2020.[21]
Slightly Mad Studios | London | England | United Kingdom  | 2008  | Project CARS series  | Acquired by Codemasters in 2019[48]
Slipgate Ironworks | Aars |  | Denmark  | 2017  | Rad Rodgers | Formed by former employees of Interceptor Entertainment; acquired by Saber Interactive in 2021
Slitherine Software | Epsom | England | United Kingdom  | 2000  | Horrible Histories: Ruthless Romans |
Smilegate | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 2002  | Crossfire series  |
Smoking Gun Interactive | Vancouver |  | Canada  | 2007  | Age of Empires: Castle Siege
Microsoft Solitaire Collection | Acquired by Keywords Studios in 2022
SNK | Osaka |  | Japan  | 2001  | Fatal Fury series
The King of Fighters series
Metal Slug series
Samurai Showdown series
The Last Blade series
World Heroes series  | Acquired by 37Games in 2015; game hardware and software developer/publisher/manufacture
Sobee Studios | Istanbul |  | Turkey  | 2000  | I Can Football
Süpercan | Merged into TTNET; closed in 2013
Snowblind Studios | Seattle | Washington | United States  | 1997  | Top Gear Overdrive
Champions of Norrath | Subsidiary of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment; defunct in 2012
Software 2000 | Eutin |  | Germany  | 1987  | Pizza Tycoon series  | Closed in 2002
Sony Interactive Entertainment | Tokyo (SIE, Inc.)

San Mateo (SIE, LLC)

| Japan (SIE, Inc.)

California (SIE, LLC)

| United States  | 1994  | Various titles  | First-party developer, publisher and console manufacturer
Sora Ltd. | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2005  | Kid Icarus: Uprising
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate |
Spellbound Entertainment | Offenburg |  | Germany  | 1994  | Desperados series
Arcania: Gothic 4 | Closed in 2012
Spiders | Paris |  | France  | 2008  | The Technomancer
GreedFall | Acquired by Bigben Interactive (latterly Nacon) in 2019[49]
Spike | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1991  | Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi series  | Merged with Chunsoft to become Spike Chunsoft in 2012
Spike Chunsoft | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2012  | Zero Escape series
Danganronpa franchise
AI: The Somnium Files series
Mystery Dungeon franchise

* Pokémon Mystery Dungeon series

Jump Force

| The result of a merger between Spike and Chunsoft and is owned by Dwango
Spil Games | Hilversum |  | Netherlands  | 2001  |  | Web game developer/publisher. Acquired by Azerion.[50][51]
Splash Damage | London | England | United Kingdom  | 2001  | Enemy Territory: Quake Wars
Brink
Dirty Bomb | Acquired by Leyou in 2016 and then Leyou was acquired by Tencent in 2020
Sports Interactive | London | England | United Kingdom  | 1994  | Championship Manager series
Football Manager series
Eastside Hockey Manager series  | Acquired by Sega in 2006
Sproing Interactive Media | Vienna |  | Austria  | 2001  | Cursed Mountain | Defunct in 2017; their assets were acquired by Purple Lamp Studios
Square Enix | Shinjuku, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1975  | Final Fantasy franchise
Mana series
SaGa series
Chrono Trigger
Brave Fencer Musashi
Star Ocean franchise
Valkyrie Profile series
Kingdom Hearts franchise
Dragon Quest franchise
Drakengard series

* Nier series

Bravely Default series
Octopath Traveler
Front Mission series

| Developer/publisher; previously known as Square Co. and Enix
Squad | Mexico City |  | Mexico  | 2009  | Kerbal Space Program series  |
Stainless Games | Newport | England | United Kingdom  | 1993  | Magic: The Gathering – Duels of the Planeswalkers series  |
Stainless Steel Studios | Cambridge | Massachusetts | United States  | 1998  | Empire Earth | Closed in 2005
Starbreeze Studios | Uppsala |  | Sweden  | 1998  | Enclave
Riddick
Syndicate
Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons |
Stardock | Plymouth | Michigan | United States  | 1991  | Galactic Civilizations series  | Developer/publisher
Sting Entertainment | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1989  | Baroque series
Dungeon Travelers series  |
Strategic Simulations | Sunnyvale | California | United States  | 1979  | Gold Box series
Panzer General series  | Closed in 1994
Stoic Studio | Austin | Texas | United States  | 2011  | The Banner Saga series  | Founded by former employees of BioWare
Strawdog Studios | Derby | England | United Kingdom  | 2003  | Geon series  |
Straylight Studios | Dunedin |  | New Zealand  | 2004  |  | Closed in 2009
Streamline Studios | Kuala Lumpur |  | Malaysia  | 2001  |  |
Success | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1978  | Cotton series  |
Sucker Punch Productions | Bellevue | Washington | United States  | 1997  | Rocket: Robot on Wheels
Sly Cooper series
Infamous series
Ghost of Tsushima | Division of SIE Worldwide Studios since 2011
Sumo Digital | Sheffield | England | United Kingdom  | 2003  | LittleBigPlanet 3
Crackdown 3 | Subsidiary of Sumo Group
Sunsoft | Kōnan | Aichi | Japan  | 1978  | Blaster Master | Developer and publisher. Division of Sun Corporation.
Supercell | Helsinki |  | Finland  | 2010  | Clash of Clans
Hay Day
Boom Beach
Clash Royale | Subsidiary of Tencent
Supermassive Games | Guildford | England | United Kingdom  | 2008  | Until Dawn | Acquired by Nordisk Games, a subsidiary of Nordisk Film, in 2022
Supergiant Games | San Francisco | California | United States  | 2009  | Hades |
SuperVillain Studios | Orange County | California | United States  | 2004  | Order Up! | acquired by Nicalis in 2017
Survios | Los Angeles | California | United States  | 2013  |  |
Studio Wildcard | Kirkland | Washington | United States  | 2014  | Ark: Survival Evolved |
Swordfish Studios | Birmingham | England | United Kingdom  | 2002  | Brian Lara International Cricket 2005 | Acquired by Vivendi Games in 2005 and then acquired by Codemasters in 2008; defunct in 2010
Swingin' Ape Studios | Aliso Viejo | California | United States  | 2000  | Metal Arms: Glitch in the System | Acquired by Blizzard Entertainment
StormRegion | Budapest |  | Hungary  | 2001  | S.W.I.N.E.
Codename: Panzers series  | Acquired by 10tacle Studios AG in 2007 and then defunct in 2008
Sunstorm Interactive | Indianapolis | Indiana | United States  | 1995  | Deer Hunter series  | Defunct in 2003
Syn Sophia | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1995  | WCW/nWo Revenge
SimCity DS series
Style Savvy series
Pretty Series franchise

* Pretty Rhythm series
* PriPara series
* Pri Chan series

SystemSoft Beta | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1999  | Daisenryaku series  | Subsidiary of Nippon Ichi Software, successor of SystemSoft Alpha[52]
Taito | Shinjuku, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1953  | Space Invaders
Bubble Bobble series  | Developer/publisher; acquired by Square Enix
Tango Gameworks | Minato, Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2010  | The Evil Within series
Ghostwire: Tokyo
Hi-Fi Rush | Acquired by ZeniMax Media in 2010, and founded by Shinji Mikami. Defunct in May 2024. Acquired and revived in August 2024 by Krafton.
Tag Games | Dundee | Scotland | United Kingdom  | 2006  |  | Acquired by Scopely in 2023[53]
TaleWorlds Entertainment | Ankara |  | Turkey  | 2005  | Mount & Blade series  |
Tamsoft | Asakusa |  | Japan  | 1992  | Onechanbara series
Senran Kagura series
Captain Tsubasa: Rise of New Champions |
T&E Soft |  | Aichi | Japan  | 1982  | Hydlide series  | Merged into Spike Chunsoft in 2013
Tantalus Media | Melbourne | Victoria | Australia  | 1994  |  | mostly acquired by Keywords Studios in 2021
Tarsier Studios | Malmö |  | Sweden  | 2004  | Little Nightmares | Acquired by Embracer Group in 2019.[54]
Tate Multimedia | Warsaw |  | Poland  | 2002  | Kao the Kangaroo series
Urban Trial Freestyle |
Team17 | Ossett | England | United Kingdom  | 1990  | Alien Breed series
Worms series
The Escapists series
Overcooked series  |
Team Asobi | Tokyo  |  | Japan  | 2012 (as division of Japan Studio)
2021 (as Team Asobi)  | The Playroom, Astro Bot Rescue Mission, Astro's Playroom | Division of SIE Worldwide Studios
Team Bondi | Sydney | New South Wales | Australia  | 2003  | L.A. Noire | Closed in 2011
Team Ico | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1997  | Ico
Shadow of the Colossus | Division of Japan Studio; Their staffs moved to genDESIGN [ja]
Team Ninja | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1995  | Ninja Gaiden series
Dead or Alive franchise
Nioh series
Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3 | Division of Koei Tecmo Games; formerly a division of Tecmo
Techland | Wrocław, Warszawa  |  | Poland  | 1991  | Chrome series
Call of Juarez series
Dead Island series
Dying Light | Developer/publisher; mostly acquired by Tencent[55]
Tecmo | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1967  | Ninja Gaiden series
Dead or Alive franchise
Monster Rancher series
Gallop Racer series
Fatal Frame series  | Tecmo and Koei co-founded Koei Tecmo Holdings in 2009 and Tecmo was merged into Koei Tecmo Games in 2010
Telltale Games | San Rafael | California | United States  | 2004  | Sam & Max episodic series
The Walking Dead series
The Wolf Among Us
Tales from the Borderlands
Game of Thrones
Minecraft: Story Mode | Founded by former employees of LucasArts, defunct in 2018; their assets were acquired by LCG Entertainment
Tencent | Shenzhen |  | China  | 1998  |  | Developer, publisher, online services company
Tencent Games | Shenzhen |  | China  | 2003  | Ring of Elysium | Division of Tencent Interactive Entertainment
Tequila Works | Madrid |  | Spain  | 2009  | Deadlight | Defunct in November 12, 2024
Terminal Reality | Lewisville | Texas | United States  | 1994  | Monster Truck Madness series  | Closed in 2013
Tetris Online | Honolulu | Hawaii | United States  | 2006  | Tetris Friends | Closed in 2019
Teyon | Kraków |  | Poland  | 2006  | Heavy Fire series  |
Thatgamecompany | Santa Monica | California | United States  | 2006  | Journey
Sky |
The Chinese Room | Brighton | England | United Kingdom  | 2007  | Amnesia: A Machine For Pigs | Subsidiary of Sumo Digital
The Coalition | Vancouver |  | Canada  | 2010  | Gears of War series  | Subsidiary of Microsoft Studios
The Farm 51 | Gliwice |  | Poland  | 2005  | Get Even |
The Initiative | Santa Monica | California | United States  | 2018  | Perfect Dark (cancelled) | Subsidiary of Microsoft Studios; closed in 2025
THQ | Agoura Hills | California | United States  | 1989  |  | Developer/publisher; defunct in 2013; their assets were acquired by Nordic Games, 505 Games, or Gearbox Software[56]
THQ Nordic | Vienna |  | Austria  | 2011  | SpellForce 3 | Developer/publisher; subsidiary of Embracer Group
Three Fields Entertainment | Petersfield | England | United Kingdom  | 2014  | Danger Zone series
Dangerous Driving series  | Founded by the founders of Criterion Games
Three Rings Design | San Francisco | California | United States  | 2001  | Doctor Who: Worlds in Time |
TimeGate Studios | Sugar Land | Texas | United States  | 1998  | Kohan series
Section 8 series  |
TiMi Studios | Shenzhen |  | China  | 2008  | Call of Duty: Mobile
Pokémon Unite | Subsidiary of Tencent Games
Toaplan | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1984  | Snow Bros. | Developer of arcade games; went bankrupt and closed in 1994
Toby Fox |  |  | United States  | 2015  | Undertale
Deltarune |
Toca Boca | Stockholm |  | Sweden  | 2010  | Toca Life series  | Subsidiary of Spin Master
ToeJam & Earl Productions | San Francisco | California | United States  | 1989 (as Johnson Voorsanger Productions)  | ToeJam & Earl series  | Founded by Mark Voorsanger and Greg Johnson; became defunct in 2003
Tokyo RPG Factory | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 2014  | I Am Setsuna
Lost Sphear
Oninaki | Subsidiary of Square Enix; closed in 2024[57]
Toolworks | Novato | California | United States  | 1980  | Chessmaster 2000
Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing
Mario Is Missing! | Acquired by Pearson plc
TopWare Interactive | Karlsruhe |  | Germany  | 1995  |  | Publisher (developing in Reality Pump Studios division)
Torpex Games | Bellevue | Washington | United States  | 2005  | Schizoid |
Torus Games | Bayswater | Victoria | Australia  | 1994  | Scooby-Doo! First Frights
Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Swamp
Shrek Smash n' Crash Racing
Monster Jam |
Tose | Kyoto |  | Japan  | 1979  | The Legendary Starfy series
Dragon Quest Monsters series
Slime series
World of Final Fantasy
Super Princess Peach |
Toys for Bob | Novato | California | United States  | 1989  | Skylanders series
Crash Bandicoot 4
Spyro Reignited Trilogy | Former subsidiary of Activision; became independent in 2024
Trapdoor | Montreal | Quebec | Canada  | 2010  | Warp |
Transmission Games | Melbourne | Victoria | Australia  | 1996  | Heroes of the Pacific
Heroes Over Europe | Closed in 2009
Traveller's Tales | Knutsford | England | United Kingdom  | 1990  | Lego series
Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex | Subsidiary of TT Games
Treyarch | Santa Monica | California | United States  | 1996  | Call of Duty series
Spider-Man (2002) | Acquired by Activision in 2001.
Treasure | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1992  | Gunstar Heroes
Dynamite Headdy
Guardian Heroes
Alien Soldier
Bangai-O
Ikaruga
Sin and Punishment
Sin & Punishment: Star Successor
Gaist Crusher |
tri-Ace | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1995  | Star Ocean franchise
Valkyrie Profile series  | Acquired by Nepro Japan (currently NJ Holdings [ja]) in 2015
tri-Crescendo | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1999  | Digimon World Re:Digitize series  |
Trion Worlds | Redwood City | California | United States  | 2006  | Rift | Defunct in 2018; their assets were acquired by Gamigo [de][58]
Tripwire Interactive | Roswell | Georgia | United States  | 2005  | Killing Floor series
Red Orchestra: Ostfront 41-45 | Acquired by Embracer Group in 2022
Triumph Studios | Delft |  | Netherlands  | 1997  | Age of Wonders series
Overlord series  | Acquired by Paradox Interactive
Turn 10 Studios | Redmond | Washington | United States  | 2001  | Forza Motorsport series  | Subsidiary of Microsoft Studios
Turtle Rock Studios | Lake Forest | California | United States  | 2002  | Left 4 Dead series
Evolve | Acquired by Tencent in 2021
Two Point Studios | Farnham, Surrey | England | United Kingdom  | 2016  | Two Point Hospital | Formed by former employees of Lionhead Studios; acquired by Sega in 2019
Two Tribes | Amersfoort |  | Netherlands  | 2000  | Toki Tori |
Typhoon Games (HK) | Hong Kong SAR |  | China  | 2001  |  | Subsidiary of Typhoon Entertainment (Asia)
Ubisoft | Montreuil-sous-Bois |  | France  | 1986  | Rayman series
Assassin's Creed series
Just Dance series
Prince of Persia series
Far Cry series
ZombiU
Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon series
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six series
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell series
Beyond Good & Evil series  | Developer/publisher
Ubisoft Blue Byte | Düsseldorf |  | Germany  | 1988  | Battle Isle series
The Settlers series
Anno series  | Acquired by Ubisoft
Ubisoft Leamington | Leamington Spa | England | United Kingdom  | 2002  | DJ Hero series
Guitar Hero Live | Acquired by Activision in 2008 and acquired by Ubisoft in 2017; defunct in 2025.[59]
Ubisoft Reflections | Newcastle upon Tyne | England | United Kingdom  | 1984  | Driver series
Destruction Derby series  | Acquired by Ubisoft
UEP Systems | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1985  | Cool Boarders series  | Defunct in 2001
Ultimate Play the Game | Ashby-de-la-Zouch | England | United Kingdom  | 1982  | Jetpac
Lunar Jetman
Atic Atac
Sabreman series
Alien 8 | Predecessor to Rare; Defunct in 1988
Undead Labs | Seattle | Washington | United States  | 2009  | State of Decay series  | Acquired by Microsoft Studios in 2018
Underground Development | Foster City | California | United States  | 1994  | Guitar Hero: Van Halen | Acquired by Activision in 2002; dissolved in 2010
United Front Games | Vancouver | British Columbia | Canada  | 2006  | ModNation Racers
Sleeping Dogs
LittleBigPlanet Karting | Defunct in 2016
United Game Artists | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1996  | Space Channel 5 series
Rez | Subsidiary of Sega
Universomo | Tampere |  | Finland  | 2002  |  | Defunct in 2010
Unknown Worlds Entertainment | San Francisco | California | United States  | 2001  | Natural Selection series
Subnautica series  | Acquired by Krafton in 2021
Valhalla Game Studios | Tokyo  |  | Japan  | 2008  | Devil's Third
Momotaro Dentetsu 2017 | Acquired by Wake Up Interactive in 2017 and merged into Wake Up Interactive by Tencent, its new parent company, in 2021
Valve | Kirkland | Washington | United States  | 1996  | Half-Life series
Portal series
Left 4 Dead series
Team Fortress 2
Dota 2
Counter-Strike series  | Developer, publisher and distributor
Vanillaware | Chūō-ku, Osaka |  | Japan  | 2002  | Odin Sphere
GrimGrimoire
Muramasa: The Demon Blade
Dragon's Crown
13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim |
Vanpool | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1999  | Tingle series
Super Kirby Clash
Kirby Fighters 2 | Formed by former employees of Love-de-Lic; closed in 2023[60]
Velan Studios | Troy | New York | United States  | 2012  | Knockout City
Mario Kart Live: Home Circuit | Formed by former Vicarious Visions developers
Venan Entertainment  | Cromwell | Connecticut | United States  | 2002  | Ninjatown | Their assets were acquired by Megaspace Industries.
VG Entertainment | Kyiv |  | Ukraine  | 2012  | Survarium | Vostok Games was founded in March 2012 by former employees of GSC Game World, following that firm's closing
Vic Tokai |  | Shizuoka | Japan  | 1984  |  | Developer and publisher. Branch of Tokai Communications.
Vicarious Visions | Albany (Menands)  | New York | United States  | 1990  | Guitar Hero series (Wii and DS version)
Tony Hawk series

* Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2–4 (GBA version)
* Tony Hawk's Underground series (GBA version)
* Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 1 + 2

Skylanders: SuperChargers
Crash Bandicoot series

* Crash Bandicoot handheld series
* Crash Nitro Kart
* Crash Purple and Spyro Orange
* Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy

Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2

| Acquired by Activision in 2004; merged into Blizzard Entertainment in 2021.[61]
Vigil Games | Austin | Texas | United States  | 2005  | Darksiders series  | Subsidiary of THQ; defunct in 2013
Virtual Heroes | Raleigh | North Carolina | United States  | 2004  | Moonbase Alpha | acquired by Applied Research Associates in 2009
Virtuos |  |  | Singapore  | 2004  | Monster Jam: Path of Destruction
Ghost Recon Predator |
Visceral Games | Redwood City | California | United States  | 1998  | Dead Space series  | Formerly known as EA Redwood Shores, former in-house development studio and subsidiary of Electronic Arts, closed in 2017.
Visual Concepts | Novato | California | United States  | 1988  | NFL 2K
NBA 2K series
MLB 2K series
NHL 2K series
WWE 2K20 | Subsidiary of 2K
Volition | Champaign | Illinois | United States  | 1996  | Saints Row series
Red Faction series  | Acquired by Koch Media in 2013 and managed by its Deep Silver division; transferred to the Gearbox Entertainment belonging to the same industrial group in 2022 and closed in 2023
Wahoo Studios | Orem | Utah | United States  | 2001  |  |
Warhorse Studios | Prague |  | Czech Republic  | 2011  | Kingdom Come: Deliverance | Acquired by Koch Media in 2019
Wargaming | Nicosia
Minsk |  | Cyprus
Belarus  | 1998  | World of Tanks
World of Warplanes | Developer/publisher
Lesta Studio (formerly Wargaming Saint Petersburg)  | Saint Petersburg |  | Russia  | 1991  | World of Warships | Former subsidiary of Wargaming
Wargaming Seattle | Redmond | Washington | United States  | 1998  | Supreme Commander | Subsidiary of Wargaming
Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment | Chicago | Illinois | United States  | 1988  | Batman: Arkham series
Lego series
F.E.A.R. series
Mortal Kombat series  | Division of Warner Bros. Entertainment which is a subsidiary of WarnerMedia
WB Games Boston (formerly Turbine)  | Needham | Massachusetts | United States  | 1994  | Asheron's Call series
Dungeons & Dragons Online
The Lord of the Rings Online | Subsidiary of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
WB Games - Avalanche (formerly Avalanche Software)  | Salt Lake City | Utah | United States  | 1995  | Disney Infinity series  | Subsidiary of Disney Interactive Studios; defunct in 2016
Relaunched by Warner Bros. in 2017.
Webfoot Technologies | Chicago | Illinois | United States  | 1993  | Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku
You Don't Know Jack! series[which?]
Deadly Rooms of Death | Creators of many Dragon Ball Z games for Atari; specializes in Nintendo platforms
WeMade | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 2000  | The Legend of Mir series  |
Westone Bit Entertainment | Tokyo |  | Japan  | 1986  | Wonder Boy series
Monster World series  | Bankrupt and became defunct in 2014
Westwood Studios | Las Vegas | Nevada | United States  | 1985  | Eye of the Beholder
Dune II
The Legend of Kyrandia series
Monopoly (1995)
Lands of Lore series
Command & Conquer series  | Acquired by Electronic Arts in 1998 and closed in 2003.
Wideload Games | Chicago | Illinois | United States  | 2003  | Stubbs the Zombie in Rebel Without a Pulse | Subsidiary of Disney Interactive Studios; closed in 2014
Wildfire Studios | Brisbane | Queensland | Australia  | 1995  |  |
Wizet studio (Nexon development 1st division)  | Seoul |  | South Korea  | 1999  | MapleStory | Acquired by Nexon and became to its division
Wolfire Games | Berkeley | California | United States  | 2003  |  |
World Forge | Voronezh |  | Russia  | 2004  | Ancient Wars: Sparta | Founded by Burut Creative Team employees.
Xbox Game Studios | Redmond | Washington | United States  | 2002  | Age of Empires series
Crackdown series
Forza Motorsport series
Gears of War series
Halo series
Microsoft Flight Simulator series
Zoo Tycoon series  | First-party developer, publisher, and console manufacturer; established as Microsoft Game Studios
XPEC Entertainment | Taipei |  | Taiwan  | 2000  | Bounty Hounds | Developer/publisher
Yager Development | Berlin |  | Germany  | 1999  | Spec Ops: The Line | mostly acquired by Tencent in 2021
Yuke's | Osaka |  | Japan  | 1993  | WWE 2K series (–2018)
Earth Defense Force: Iron Rain |
ZeniMax Online Studios | Hunt Valley | Maryland | United States  | 2007  | The Elder Scrolls Online | Subsidiary of ZeniMax Media Inc
Zen Studios | Budapest |  | Hungary  | 2003  | Pinball FX series  | Acquired by Embracer Group in 2020.[21]
Zipper Interactive | Redmond | Washington | United States  | 1995  | SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs series
MechWarrior 3 | Shut down in 2012 by Sony Computer Entertainment
Zombie Studios | Seattle | Washington | United States  | 1994  | Spec Ops: Rangers Lead the Way
Blacklight: Retribution |
ZootFly | Ljubljana |  | Slovenia  | 2002  | Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death | Acquired by Elektroncek
Zynga | San Francisco | California | United States  | 2007  | FarmVille
Zynga Poker | Social network game developer; acquired by Take-Two Interactive in 2022

## See also

[edit]

* List of indie game developers

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Embracer Group acquires multiple studios, including 4A Games. GamesIndustry.biz. August 13, 2020.
2. ^ Microsoft Activision Blizzard Acquisition Complete Finalized. TheVerge, October 13th, 2023.
3. ^ Backflip Studios shutting down. GamesIndustry.biz. October 24, 2019.
4. ^ a b EG7 to acquire two Canadian studios – Mechwarrior dev Piranha Games & My Singing Monsters dev Big Blue Bubble. MCV/DEVELOP. November 26, 2020.
5. ^ THE BITMAP BROTHERS LIMITED, Company Check
6. ^ THE BITMAP BROTHERS (NORTH) LIMITED, Company Check
7. ^ Rebellion acquires The Bitmap Brothers' classic games portfolio, Eurogamer.net, 25 November 2019
8. ^ BLITZ GAMES STUDIOS LIMITED, GOV.UK
9. ^ DayZ developer acquires new studio to work on standalone version - Update: Everything but the name, PC Gamer, March 28, 2014
10. ^ Morgan, Adam (March 15, 2023). "Into the Myst: The Oral History of America's Oldest Surviving Indie Game Studio". Inverse. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
11. ^ Его краснодарское Величество (in Russian), DFT.ru, April 21, 2008
12. ^ "Day 1 Studios". www.day1studios.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
13. ^ EG7 acquires Daybreak. GamesIndustry.biz. December 1, 2020.
14. ^ Focus Home Interactive acquires Deck13 Interactive. Gematsu. June 25, 2020.
15. ^ Digital Eclipse is back with a new mission: preserve classic games. Gamasutra. June 8, 2015
16. ^ Atari to acquire Digital Eclipse in $20m deal. GamesIndustry.biz. October 31, 2023
17. ^ Nordic acquires Digital Reality IP Imperium Galactica, Sine Mora, others, VG247, 2 February 2016
18. ^ Focus Entertainment acquires Dovetail Games. GamesIndustry.biz. April 20, 2023
19. ^ Next Floor Invests on Studio 4LEAF Archived 2019-08-07 at the Wayback Machine. Tech for Korea. October 24, 2017.
20. ^ エクサムが2020年2月末で全業務を休止すると発表。現行の業務などはTEAM ARCANAへ移管 (in Japanese). 4Gamer.net. February 10, 2020.
21. ^ a b c d e Embracer Group acquires 13 studios: Here's everything you need to know. GamesIndustry.biz. November 18, 2020.
22. ^ Disney sells mobile game studio FoxNext Games to Scopely TechCrunch January 22, 2020
23. ^ Maximum Entertainment acquires Fun Labs - News-in-brief. GamesIndustry.biz. March 15, 2023
24. ^ Tencent bids to acquire 100% of Funcom. GamesIndustry.biz. January 22, 2020
25. ^ Harebrained Schemes and Paradox Interactive to split in 2024. GamesIndustry.biz. October 17, 2023
26. ^ Makuch, Eddie (2015-10-05). "The Crew Reaches 3 Million Players, Ubisoft Acquires Developer". GameSpot. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
27. ^ Harry Potter Hot, Marvel Avengers Not in Jam City Game Plans, Bloomberg, June 29, 2018
28. ^ Kiloo Games shutting down. GamesIndustry.biz. June 15, 2023
29. ^ Tencent acquires majority stake in Klei Entertainment. GamesIndustry.biz. January 22, 2021.
30. ^ Bigben spending spree continues with Kylotonn acquisition, GamesIndustry.biz, October 3, 2018
31. ^ DISSOLUTION, California Secretary of State
32. ^ Colopl acquires Mages. Gematsu. March 30, 2020.
33. ^ Weeks After Releasing An Acclaimed Game, A 15-Year-Old Studio Is Shutting Down. GameSpot. August 29, 2023
34. ^ Nexon merges NDoors and Nexon Red, GamesIndustry.biz, January 2, 2018
35. ^ Nintendo acquires Next Level Games. GamesIndustry.biz. January 5, 2021.
36. ^ 김세정 블루사이드 대표 "7년간 800억원 투자한 '킹덤언더파이어2'...전 세계 흥행 자신감" (in Korean), ChosunBiz, November 28, 2016
37. ^ Take-Two sells Private Division label, confirms closure of OlliOlli World and Kerbal Space Program 2 studios. Eurogamer.net. November 6, 2024.
38. ^ Tropico publisher Kalypso acquires rights to Commandos series, Gamasutra, July 13, 2018
39. ^ "ActRaiser got a remake, so now it's time for a Soul Blazer trilogy revival". Destructoid - Nintendo. 2021-09-24. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
40. ^ Federal Corporation Information - 428888-2, Government of Canada
41. ^ Facebook acquires Ready at Dawn. GamesIndustry.biz. June 22, 2020.
42. ^ SEGA sells Relic Entertainment, lays off 240 staff across European studios. Gematsu. March 28, 2024
43. ^ TLM Partners acquires Heroes & Generals business operations. GamesIndustry.biz. February 4, 2022
44. ^ Embracer Group acquires Saber Interactive in $525m deal. GamesIndustry.biz. February 19, 2020.
45. ^ Facebook acquires Sanzaru Games. GamesIndustry.biz. February 25, 2020.
46. ^ "PlayStation Confirms Japan Studio Will be Re-Organized". 17 August 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
47. ^ シリコンスタジオ、コンテンツ事業を会社分割してC&R社に譲渡へ...新設会社スタジオリボルバーの株式の90%を譲渡 譲渡価額は概算で1億3700万円. (in Japanese) Social Game Info. June 18, 2018.
48. ^ Codemasters buys Slightly Mad Studios for $30m, GamesIndustry.biz, 28 November 2019
49. ^ Bigben Interactive acquires Spiders Games. Gematsu. July 25, 2019.
50. ^ Azerion buys Spil Games' mobile game division. VentureBeat. June 20, 2019.
51. ^ Azerion acquires remainder of Spil Games. GamesIndustry.biz. February 12, 2020.
52. ^ Nippon Ichi Software establishes SystemSoft Beta to succeed SystemSoft Alpha game division. Gematsu. January 6, 2020
53. ^ Scopely acquires Tag Games. GamesIndustry.biz. June 29, 2023
54. ^ Embracer Group acquires Little Nightmares dev Tarsier Studios for $10.5m. GamesIndustry.biz. December 20, 2019.
55. ^ Tencent to become majority shareholder of Techland. GamesIndustry.biz. July 24, 2023
56. ^ THQ auction results: Nordic Games takes Darksiders, Red Faction; 505 Games is Drawn to Life, Engadget, April 22, 2013
57. ^ Square Enix dissolves Tokyo RPG Factory. GamesIndustry.biz. January 31, 2024
58. ^ DGAP-Adhoc: gamigo AG: Übernahme des Spiele Unternehmens Trion Worlds zur weiteren Stärkung ihrer Marktposition im Spielemarkt. (in German), Finanznachrichten.de [de], October 22, 2018
59. ^ Ubisoft announces studio closure as it lays off 185 staff. Eurogamer.net. January 27, 2025
60. ^ Kirby support studio Vanpool shut down. GamesIndustry.biz. June 1, 2023
61. ^ Vicarious Visions merged into Blizzard. GamesIndustry.biz. January 22, 2021.

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