List of wars involving Canada

This is a list of wars and armed conflicts in and involving Canada in chronological order, from the 11th century to the 21st century. It is divided into two main sections.

The first section outlines conflicts that happened in what is now Canada before its confederation in 1867. It includes notable events like the Battle of Vinland, Beaver Wars, Acadian Civil War, and various Anglo-Dutch Wars, highlighting the belligerents involved and the outcomes.

The second section discusses wars involving Canada since its confederation in 1867. It lists conflicts such as the Fenian Raids, Red River Rebellion, Mahdist War, Canada in World War I and Canada in World War II, detailing the combatants, results, and casualties for each event. Ongoing conflicts and military operations, such as the military intervention against the Islamic State and involvement in maritime security operations in response to Houthi attacks are also covered.

See also: List of Canadian military operations and list of Canadian peacekeeping missions

## List

[edit]

### Colonial conflicts (11th century – 1867)

[edit]

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The following were conflicts that occurred in present-day Canada from the 11th century CE to the mid-19th century, prior to Canadian Confederation. Belligerents in these conflicts typically involved colonies in Canada (e.g. New France, the Canadas), and/or First Nations groups residing in the region.

Conflict  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Result

|
|
|

Battles of Vinland
(approximately 1000 CE)  | Vikings | Skræling | Skræling victory and Viking withdrawal[1]
Beaver Wars
(1609–1701)  | Iroqouis | Algonquian allies  | Military stalemate

* Great Peace of Montreal
* Growth of French influence in the Great Lakes region
* Huron-Wendat Confederacy destroyed or assimilated
* Military refugee migration results in expansion of Iroquois hunting grounds
* Further Iroquois territorial expansion halted in military campaigns by the Council of Three Fires

Acadian Civil War

(1635–1654)

|  Kingdom of France

* New France (Saint John Administration)

|  Kingdom of France

* New France (Port Royal Administration)

| Saint John Administration victory

* Charles de La Tour restored as governor of Acadia in 1653
* Followed by English attacks on French settlements in the Bay of Fundy in 1654

Second Anglo-Dutch War
(1665–1667)  |  Dutch Republic |  Kingdom of England

* Newfoundland Colony

| Status quo ante bellum

* Dutch capture of St. John's in 1665 led by Michiel de Ruyter
* St. John's retaken by English

Third Anglo-Dutch War
(1672–1674)  |  Dutch Republic |  Kingdom of England

* Colony of Avalon

| Status quo ante bellum

* Dutch capture of Ferryland on 4 September 1673 by ships Green Wife, Arms of Leyden. Schacator, Unity
* Ferryland retaken by English in 1674

King William's War
(1688–1697)  |  Kingdom of France

* New France

Wabanaki Confederacy

|  England

* English America

Iroquois

| Status quo ante bellum
Queen Anne's War
(1702–1713)  |  Kingdom of France

* New France

Spain
Wabanaki Confederacy
Caughnawaga Mohawk
Choctaw
Timucua
Apalachee
Natchez

|  England (before 1707)

* English America

British Empire (after 1707)

* British America

Muscogee
Chickasaw
Yamasee

* * *

Iroquois Confederacy

| British-Allied victory

* France cedes to Britain the control of Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Saint Kitts

Dummer's War
(1722–1725)  | New England Colonies
Mohawk | Wabanaki Confederacy
Abenaki
Pequawket
Mi'kmaq
Maliseet |
King George's War
(1744–1748)  |  Kingdom of France

* New France

Wabanaki Confederacy

|  British Empire

* British America

Iroquois Confederacy

| Status quo ante bellum
Father Le Loutre's War
(1749–1755)  | Wabanaki Confederacy

* Mi'kmaw militia
* Maliseet militia

Kingdom of France

* New France
* Acadian militia

|  British Empire

* Nova Scotia

| British victory

* Beginning of the expulsion of the Acadians in 1755

Seven Years' War
(1756–1763)  |  Kingdom of France

* New France

Wabanaki Confederacy
Abenaki
Mi'kmaw militia
Acadian militia
Algonquin
Lenape
Ojibwa
Odawa
Shawnee

|  British Empire

* British America

Iroquois Confederacy
Catawba
Cherokee (before 1758)

| British-Allied victory

* British military conquest of New France
* France cedes New France east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain, retaining Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and transfers Louisiana to Spain

Pontiac's War
(1763–1766)  |  British Empire

* Province of Quebec

| Ottawas
Ojibwas
Potawatomis
Hurons
Miamis
Weas
Kickapoos
Mascoutens
Piankashaws
Delawares
Shawnees
Wyandots
Mingos
Iroquois | Military stalemate

* First Nations concede British sovereignty but compel British policy changes

American Revolutionary War
(1775–1783)  |  British Empire

* Province of Quebec
* Nova Scotia

Onondaga
Mohawk
Cayuga
Seneca
Mi'kmaq
Cherokee
Odawa
Muscogee
Susquehannock
Shawnee

|  United States

* Canadian volunteers

France
Spain
Oneida
Tuscarora
Catawba
Lenape
Chickasaw
Choctaw
Mahican
Mi'kmaq
Abenaki
Cheraw
Seminole
Pee Dee
Lumbee

| American-Allied victory

* Incursions into Quebec and Nova Scotia repulsed
* Great Britain cedes to the United States the area east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River
* Great Britain cedes East Florida, West Florida, and Menorca to Spain

War of 1812
(1812–1815)  |  British Empire

* Lower Canada
* Upper Canada

Tecumseh's Confederacy
Shawnee
Ojibwe
Fox
Iroquois
Miami
Mingo
Odawa
Kickapoo
Lenape
Mascouten
Potawatomi
Sauk
Wyandot
Spain (1814)

|  United States

Choctaw
Cherokee
Muscogee
Seneca

| Status quo ante bellum

* Military stalemate

Pemmican War
(1812–1821)  |  North West Company
Metis  |  Hudson's Bay Company
Selkirk's settlers |

* Merger between the North West Company and Hudson Bay Company

Rebellions of 1837–1838
(1837–1838)  |  Lower Canada
Château Clique

* * *

Upper Canada
Family Compact

|  Patriotes
Republic of Lower Canada

* * *

Hunters' Lodges
Republic of Canada

| Government victory

* Patriote rebellion crushed by loyalist forces; Republic of Canada dismantled
* Defeat of Hunters' Lodges
* Unification of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada

### Canada (1867–present)

[edit]

The following table lists conflicts involving Canada since confederation in 1867. Since that time there have been 26 conflicts with 2 of them currently ongoing:

Conflict  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Result  | Killed  | Wounded

|
|
|
|
|

Fenian raids
(1866–1871)  |  Canada[a] |  Fenian Brotherhood | Victory

* Fenians cease raids

| 22 | 32
Red River Rebellion
(1869-1870)  |  Canada |  Métis | Victory

* The Wolseley Expedition takes control of Fort Garry (modern day Winnipeg)
* Louis Riel flees to the United States

| 1 | Unknown
Wolseley Expedition
(1870)  |  Canada |  Métis | Victory

* Red River Rebellion defeated
* The legislature passes the Manitoba Act in 1870
* Red River Colony enters Canada as the province of Manitoba

| None | None
Mahdist War
(1881–1899)  |  United Kingdom
Canada
Egypt |  Sudan | Victory

* Sudan becomes the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, a condominium of the British Empire

| 16[2] | Unknown
North-West Rebellion
(1885)  |  Canada | Provisional Government of Saskatchewan (Métis)
Cree–Assiniboine | Victory

* Completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway
* Trial of Louis Riel

| 50[3] | 103
Second Boer War
(1899–1902)  |  United Kingdom
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
India
Ceylon
Cape Colony
Natal Colony
Rhodesia |  Orange Free State
South African Republic | Victory

* British sovereignty over the Orange Free State and the Transvaal in accordance with the Treaty of Vereeniging

| 267[4] | >250[5]
First World War
(1914–1918)  |  France
United Kingdom
Russia
United States
China
Italy
Japan
Canada
Newfoundland
Australia
New Zealand
India
South Africa
Serbia
Montenegro
Romania
Belgium
Greece
Portugal
Brazil |  Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria | Victory

* End of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires
* Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East
* Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers
* Establishment of the League of Nations

| 66,944[6] | ~172,000[7]
Russian Civil War
(1918–1920)  |  White Movement
France
United Kingdom
United States
China
Italy
Japan
Canada
Australia
India
South Africa
Serbia
Romania
Greece
Czechoslovakia
Poland
Estonia |  Russian SFSR
Far Eastern Republic
Latvian SSR
Ukrainian SSR
Commune of Estonia
Mongolian Communists | Inconclusive/Other Result

* Victory for the Bolshevik Red Army in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, South Caucasus, Central Asia, Tuva, and Mongolia; incorporation of those territories into the Russian SFSR and Soviet Union
* Allied forces withdrawal from Russia
* Bolshevik victory over White Army
* The Soviet Union becomes the new Russian power
* Russian famine of 1921–1922
* Victory for pro-independence and anti communist movements in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland; expulsion of Bolshevik forces from those territories

| 14 | 24
Second World War
(1939–1945)  |  Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
France
Poland
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
India
South Africa
Yugoslavia
Greece
Denmark
Norway
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
Czechoslovakia
Brazil
Mexico
Ethiopia |  Germany
Japan
Italy
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Croatia
Slovakia
Finland
Vichy France
Thailand
Manchukuo
Mengjiang | Victory

* Collapse of the Third Reich
* Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires
* Creation of the United Nations
* Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers
* Beginning of the Cold War
* Beginning of the Atomic Age

| ~45,300[8] | ~55,000
Korean War
(1950–1953)  |  South Korea
United Nations
United States
United Kingdom
Australia
Belgium
Canada
France
Philippines
Colombia
Ethiopia
Greece
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
South Africa
Thailand
Turkey |  North Korea
China
Soviet Union | Ceasefire

* Ceasefire armistice
* North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled
* UN invasion of North Korea repelled
* Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled
* Korean Demilitarized Zone established
* Little territorial change at the 38th parallel border

| 516[9] | 1,042
Congo Crisis
(1960–1963)  |  Congo-Léopoldville
UNOC |  Katanga
South Kasai | Victory | Unknown | Unknown
Insurgency in Quebec
(1962–1973)  |  Canada |  Front de libération du Québec | Victory

* FLQ guerrillas are disbanded in 1973, after collapse in 1971.

| Unknown | Unknown
Oka Crisis
(1990)  |  Canada |  Mohawk Warrior Society | Victory

* End of Mohawk blockade
* Federal government purchased the Pines from Municipality of Oka to prevent further development

| 1[10] | 30[11]
Persian Gulf War
(1990–1991)  |  Kuwait
United States
United Kingdom
Saudi Arabia
France
Canada
Egypt
Syria
Qatar
United Arab Emirates
Oman
Bangladesh |  Iraq | Victory

* Removal of Iraqi invasion force from Kuwait
* Imposition of sanctions against Iraq

| None | None
Somali Civil War
(1992–1995)  |  United States
United Kingdom
Spain
Saudi Arabia
Malaysia
Pakistan
Italy
India
Greece
Germany
France
Canada
Botswana
Belgium
Australia
New Zealand |  Somali National Alliance | Victory

* UN humanitarian mandate fulfilled, saving around 100,000 lives
* Somalia Affair
* Dissolution of Canadian Airborne Regiment
* The Somali Civil War is ongoing

| 1 | None
Bosnian War
(1992–1995)  |  Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
NATO

* Belgium
* Canada
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Portugal
* Spain
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

|  Republika Srpska | Victory

* Dayton Accords
* Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the Dayton Accords
* Deployment of NATO-led IFOR to oversee the peace agreement
* Massive civilian casualties for the Bosniak ethnic group

| 23[12] | unknown
Turbot War
(1995–1995)  |  Canada
United Kingdom
Ireland |  Spain
European Union | Victory | None  | 1
Operation Medak Pocket
(September 9–17, 1993)  |  Canada
France

* * *

Republic of Serbian Krajina

|  Croatia | Canadian strategic victory

* Croatian forces recover Divoselo and Čitluk (in total 48 km2)
* Croatian withdrawal
* UN secures Medak Pocket
* Canada holds out against an army three times its size without suffering casualties.

| None | 4
Kosovo War
(1998–1999)  |  UÇK (KLA)
AFRK (FARK)
Albania
Croatia
NATO

* Belgium
* Canada
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Hungary
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Spain
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

|  FR Yugoslavia | Victory

* Kumanovo Treaty
* Yugoslav security forces pull out of Kosovo
* KLA veterans join the UÇPMB, starting the Preševo insurgency

| None | None
International Force for East Timor
(1999–2000)  |

Australia
New Zealand
Bangladesh
Brazil
Canada
Denmark
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Jordan
Kenya
Malaysia
Norway
Philippines
Portugal
Singapore
South Korea
Thailand
United States

|  Pro-Indonesian militia | Victory

* Defeat of pro-Indonesian militia
* Stability in East Timor
* Arrival of UN peacekeepers

| None | None
War in Afghanistan
(2001–2014)  |  Afghanistan
United States
United Kingdom
Germany
Italy
France
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
Georgia
Poland
Romania
Turkey

ISAF

* Albania
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* El Salvador
* Estonia
* Finland
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Jordan
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Portugal
* Republic of Macedonia
* Singapore
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sweden
*  Switzerland
* Tonga
* Ukraine
* United Arab Emirates

* * *

Northern Alliance

|  Taliban
al-Qaeda
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
HI-Gulbuddin
Hezb-e Islami Khalis
Haqqani network
Lashkar-e-Taiba
Jaish-e-Mohammed
East Turkestan Islamic Movement
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
Islamic Emirate of Waziristan
Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
Islamic Jihad Union

* * *

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

| Withdrawal/Allied defeat

* Fall of the Taliban government in Afghanistan
* Destruction of al-Qaeda camps
* Over two thirds of al-Qaeda's leadership demolished
* Occupation of Afghanistan
* Establishment of a new Afghan government
* Killing of Osama bin Laden
* Withdrawal of allied forces, including Canada in 2014.
* Taliban victory in Afghanistan in the year 2021 after an effective resurgence[13]
* Fall of the Afghan National Army (ANA),[14] which was previously trained by Canadian soldiers[15]
* Taliban control of US weapons and equipment following the rapid withdrawal of allied forces[16]

| 166[17][18] | 2,071[19]
First Libyan Civil War
(2011)  |  NTC
Qatar
NATO

* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* Denmark
* France
* Greece
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Romania
* Spain
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

Sweden
Jordan
United Arab Emirates

|  Libya | Victory

* Overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi in Libya
* Death of Muammar Gaddafi
* Dissolution of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

| None | None
Iraqi Civil War
(2013–2017)  |  Iraq[20]
Assyrian Forces (Iraqi command)
Iraqi Turkmen Front
Iraqi Communist Party
Iran
Hezbollah
Syria[21]

* * *

Iraqi Kurdistan[20]
Assyrian Forces (Kurdish command)
Sinjar Alliance
PKK[22]
Rojava[22]

* * *

CJTF–OIR
United States
United Kingdom
Canada[23][24]
Australia[25]
France
Italy
Netherlands
Finland[26]
Denmark[27]

|  Islamic State

* * *

Naqshbandi Army (2013–15)

| Victory

* Iraqi territorial integrity preserved
* ISIL expelled from all strongholds by 11 November 2017[28][29]
* Iraq declares the defeat of ISIL on 9 December 2017 after securing the western desert with neighbouring Syria[30]
* End of open conflict and return of relative stability to Iraq following the end of the war[31]

| 1 | Unknown
Military intervention against
the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
(2014–present)  |

United States
United Kingdom
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Turkey

|  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | Ongoing

* Airstrikes on ISIL and al-Qaeda affiliates positions in Iraq and Syria
* Multinational humanitarian effort
* Arming and support for local ground forces
* 2 American journalists, 2 British humanitarian workers, and 1 French tourist executed[32][33][34]
* As of February 2016, Canada has discontinued bombing ISIS positions[35] but still has special operations units in Iraq[36]

| 2 | At Least 3
Red Sea crisis
(2023–present)  |  Israel

* * *

Prosperity Guardian:

*  United States
*  United Kingdom
*  Australia
*  Bahrain
*  Canada
*  Denmark
*  New Zealand
*  Norway
*  Seychelles
*  Singapore
*  Sri Lanka[37]

* * *

Aspides:

*  European Union

*  Belgium
*  Estonia
*  Finland
*  France
*  Germany
*  Greece
*  Italy
*  Latvia
*  Netherlands
*  Sweden

* * *

Independent Patrols:

*  China[38]
*  Egypt
*  India
*  Pakistan
*  Saudi Arabia

|  Houthi Yemen[b]

*  Houthis

* * *

* Axis of Resistance
*  Iran[c]
*  Hezbollah
* Islamic Resistance in Iraq[39]

| Ongoing

* Bankruptcy of the Port of Eilat[40]
* Disruption of international maritime trade and supply chain
* Beginning of Operation Sankalp on 14 December 2023
* Beginning of Operation Prosperity Guardian on 18 December 2023
* Missile strikes against Houthi-controlled territory started in January 2024
* Beginning of Operation Aspides on 19 February 2024
* Intensification of US airstrikes in March 2025
* Ceasefire between the US and Houthis[41]

| Unknown | Unknown

## See also

[edit]

* List of Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay
* List of Canadian military operations
* List of Canadian peacekeeping missions
* List of massacres in Canada

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Raids conducted in 1866 occurred in the Province of Canada, and the colony of New Brunswick, prior to Canadian confederation
2. ^ Political legitimacy of all Houthi-led government bodies has been rejected by the United Nations, rival Yemeni factions, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the United States.
3. ^ Multiple sources indicate that the Iranian government has deployed military personnel to Houthi-controlled Yemen who are actively involved in attacks on commercial shipping.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Norse-Indigenous Contact". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2024-10-25. Retrieved 2024-12-27.
2. ^ "Nile Expedition". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
3. ^ Panet, Charles Eugène (1886). Report upon the suppression of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and matters in connection therewith, in 1885. Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, Canada. p. xi – via University of Alberta Libraries.
4. ^ "Canada and the South African War (Boer War) - 1899-1902". Canadian War Museum.
5. ^ "Canada Remembers the South African War Historical Sheet". Veterans Affairs Canada. February 20, 2019.
6. ^ Mougel, Nadège. "World War I casualties" (PDF). Centre européen Robert Schuman.
7. ^ "The First World War". Veterans Affairs Canada. February 20, 2019.
8. ^ "Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II". The National WWII Museum | New Orleans.
9. ^ "Canada Remembers the Korean War Historical Sheet". Veterans Affairs Canada. February 20, 2019.
10. ^ "Officer shot from Mohawk gunmen's location in pines". The Hamilton Spectator. August 14, 1995.
11. ^ La Crise d'Oka – 11 juillet 1990. November 22, 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21 – via YouTube.
12. ^ "Canadian Armed Forces operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina". 25 July 2016.
13. ^ dmalloy (2021-08-16). "How the Taliban did it: Inside the 'operational art' of its military victory". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
14. ^ "Why Did the Afghan Army Evaporate?". rusi.org. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
15. ^ "A soldier's hard look back at Canada's Afghan mission". Policy Options. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
16. ^ Taylor, Adam (2021-08-22). "The Taliban is flaunting captured U.S. weapons that may be worth billions. Can it use them?". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
17. ^ "Canada and the War in Afghanistan". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Sep 11, 2001. Retrieved Mar 25, 2024. "In total, 165 Canadians died during the war in Afghanistan (159 soldiers, 7 civilians). More than 2,000 members of the CAF were wounded or injured during the war."
18. ^ "Fallen Canadians Afghanistan". Veterans Affairs Canada.[dead link]
19. ^ "Canadian Forces' Casualty Statistics (Afghanistan)". Canada News Center. 10 June 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
20. ^ a b Beaumont, Peter (12 June 2014). "How effective is Isis compared with the Iraqi army and Kurdish peshmerga?". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
21. ^ "Syria pounds ISIS bases in coordination with Iraq". Daily Star. 15 June 2014.
* Ali A. Nabhan and Matt Bradley (25 June 2014). "Syrian Warplanes Strike in Western Iraq, Killing at Least 50 People". The Wall Street Journal.
* "Iraqi PM welcomes Syria air strike on border crossing". BBC News. 2014-06-26. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
22. ^ a b "YNK: PKK and YPG are fighting in Şengal and Rabia against ISIS". 6 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
23. ^ "Seven Countries to sell weapons to Kurds". BasNews. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
24. ^ "Operation IMPACT". Government of Canada. 19 August 2014.
25. ^ Adam Vidler (31 August 2014). "Australia to take up military role in Iraq conflict". Retrieved 2014-08-31.
26. ^ "Involvement of Finnish SOF in the Battle of Mosul. Dutch government report" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands.[dead link]
27. ^ "Enhedslisten støtter dansk våbenfly til kurdere i Irak" (in Danish). DR. DR. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
28. ^ Coker, Margaret (12 November 2017). "With Iraqi-Kurdish Talks Stalled, Phone Diplomacy Averts New Clashes". The New York Times.
29. ^ "Troops force so-called Islamic State from their final stronghold in Iraq". ITV News.
30. ^ "Iraq declares final victory over Islamic State". Reuters. 9 December 2017.
31. ^ "Iraq in 2023: Challenges and prospects for peace and human security". SIPRI. 17 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
32. ^ Lake, Eli (22 August 2014). "Obama vs ISIS: This time it's personal". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
33. ^ "US weighs direct military action against ISIS in Syria". The New York Times. 22 August 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
34. ^ "French hostage beheading: France to boost Syria rebels". BBC News. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
35. ^ Mas, Susana. "ISIS airstrikes by Canada to end by Feb. 22, training forces to triple". CBC News.
36. ^ John, Gavin (November 11, 2016). "Canadians making a difference against ISIS in Iraq". Toronto Sun.
37. ^ Mallawarachi, Bharatha (9 January 2024). "Sri Lanka to join US-led naval operations against Houthi rebels in Red Sea". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
38. ^ Brar, Aadil (22 February 2024). "China sends warships to the Middle East". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
39. ^ "خلال 10 أيام.. مقتل 75 حوثيا في الضربات الغربية" [Within 10 days.. 75 Houthis were killed in Western strikes] (in Arabic). Sky News Arabia. 21 January 2024. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
40. ^ "America Is Losing the Battle of the Red Sea". Bloomberg.com. 2024-09-06. Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
41. ^ Bertrand, Natasha; Atwood, Kylie (6 May 2025). "Trump says US to stop strikes on Houthis in Yemen". CNN. Retrieved 7 May 2025.

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