List of wars involving Egypt

Wars involving Egypt

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (June 2023)

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This is a list of wars involving the Arab Republic of Egypt and its predecessor states.

Egyptian victory

Egyptian defeat

Another result*

*e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside Egypt, status quo ante bellum, or a treaty or peace without a clear result

## Prehistoric Egypt (c. 6200-3100 BC)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Pharaoh | Egyptian
losses

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War at Jebel Sahaba | Qadan people | Qadan people | ?  | ?  | ?
Siege of Naqada (c. 3270 BC)  | Thinis | Naqada | Thinite victory

* Upper Egypt unified

| Scorpion I | Unknown,but in the thousands

king Taurus killed

## Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100-2890 BC)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Pharaoh | Egyptian
losses

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Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt | Upper Egypt | Lower Egypt | Upper Egypt victory

* Unification of Egypt

| Narmer | ?
Egyptian expedition to Nubia | First Dynasty of Egypt | Nubian people | Victory | Hor-Aha | ?
Egypto-Nubian conflict (c. 3100–3000 BC)  | First Dynasty of Egypt | A-Group culture (Nubia)  | Victory

* A-Group culture destroyed by the pharaohs of Egypt.[1]
* Lower Nubia was not inhabited for centuries afterwards.[1]

| Djer or Djet[2] | ?
War of succession | Horus Bird | Sneferka | inconclusive

* Neither side wins
* Egypt reunified later on by Hotepsekhemwy

| Hotepsekhemwy | ?
War of the gods | Khasekhemwy | followers of the god Horus

followers of the god Set

| Pharaoh victory

* Lower and upper Egypt reunited

| Khasekhemwy | ?

## Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2181 BC)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Pharaoh | Egyptian
losses

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Egyptian campaigns in Sinai | Third Dynasty of Egypt | Sinai inhabitants | Victory

* Local inhabitants were subdued

| Djoser | ?
Egyptian Campaign in Nubia and Libya (c. 2600 BC)[3][4][5] | Fourth Dynasty of Egypt | Nubians

Libyans

| Victory

* Thousands of cattle and prisoners taken as spoils

| Sneferu | ?
Egyptian campaign in Nubia,Sinai and southern Canaan | Sixth Dynasty of Egypt | Nubians

Bedouins

Canaanites

| Victory

* a booty of men and goods was brought back to Egypt for presentation to the pharaoh

| Pepi I Meryre | ?

## First Intermediate Period of Egypt

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Pharaoh | Egyptian
losses

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The Theban-Hieraconopolis Struggle | Heracleopolis | Thebes
Koptos
Dendera | Theban Victory

* Koptos, Dendera and the three nomes of Hierakonpolis under Theban control, expanding the Theban kingdom 250 km northward with a border near Abydos.

| Mentuhotep I
Intef I | ?
Sack of Thinis | Ninth Dynasty of Egypt | Thinis | Thinis Sacked | Nebkaure Khety | ?

## Middle Kingdom Period (c. 2055-1650 BC)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Pharaoh | Egyptian
losses

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|
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|
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Reunification of Egypt | Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt (Thebes) | Tenth Dynasty of Egypt (Heracleopolis) | Theban victory

* End of the First Intermediate Period

| Mentuhotep II | ?
Egyptian campaign in nubia | Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt | Nubia | Victory

* End of Nubian independence

| Mentuhotep II | ?
Expedition to Punt | Eleventh dynasty of Egypt | Land of Punt | Victory

* The region cleared of rebels
* 12 wells built for future expeditions
* Egyptians returned from Punt with many goods

| Mentuhotep III | ?
Egyptian Campaign in Lower Nubia (c. 1953 BC)[6] | Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt | Various peoples in Lower Nubia.  | Victory

* Nubians defeated and Egyptian colonisation of Lower Nubia.

| Senusret I | ?
Destruction of Iuai and Iasy | Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt | Inhabitants of Iuai and Iasy  | Victory

* Iuai and Iasy destroyed and looted

| Amenemhat II | ?
Egyptian Campaign in Nubia (c. 1870–1859 BC)[7] | Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt | Various Nubian peoples  | Victory

* Nubians defeated and Egyptian expansion into Nubia.[8]

| Senusret III | ?
Egyptian Campaign in Canaan (Between c. 1880 and c. 1840 BC)  | Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt | Shechem
Retjenu | Victory

* Both Shechem and Retjenu defeated by Egypt.[9]

| Senusret III | ?
Expedition to Nubia | Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt | Nubians | Victory | Amenemhat III | ?

## Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650-1550 BC)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Pharaoh | Egyptian
losses

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exile to southern Egypt | Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Victory for the fourteenth Dynasty of egypt

* the 13th Dynasty have controlled Upper Egypt, while the 14th Dynasty ruled Lower Egypt

| Yakbim Sekhaenre | ?
uprising of the 16th Dynasty | Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Defeat

* uprising of the hyksos

| Nebiryraw I | ?
separation of central Egypt | Abydos Dynasty | Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt | Victory for Abydos dynasty | Pantjeny | ?
Theban-Hyksos conflict | Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt | Hyksos | Victory

* Fall of the Hyksos kingdom
* Egypt invades Levantine territory and gains a bridgehead in the Levant
* Beginning of the new kingdom period

| Seqenenre Tao, Kamose, Ahmose I | ?

## New Kingdom Period (c. 1550-1077 BC)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Pharaoh | Egyptian
losses

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Egyptian compaigns in the Levant and Syria | Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Asiatics | Victory

* Hundreds of cities destroyed

| Ahmose I | ?
Egyptian campaign in Nubia | Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Nubians | Victory

* Nubian king killed by Thutmose I and hung from the prow of his ship
* permanently extending the Egyptian military presence in Nubia

| Thutmose I | ?
Egyptian campaign in the Levant and Syria | Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Canaanites

Naharin

| Victory

* Syrian princes declared allegiance to Thutmose
* As many as 20 sites in the Levant suffered destruction
* First time Egyptians ever crossed the Euphrates River

| Thutmose I | ?
Rebellions in Nubia | Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Nubians rebels | Victory

* Nubian independence ended for 500 years
* Nubia did not dare revolt as often as it had and was easily controlled by future Egyptian kings

| Thutmose I | ?
Nubian Rebellion | Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Nubian rebels | Victory

* revolt easily crushed

| Thutmose II | ?
Egyptian conquest of Cyprus | Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Cyprus | Victory

* Egyptian rule of Cyprus
* Inhabitants forced to pay tribute

| Thutmose III | ?
Egyptian conquest of Punt[10] | Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Punt | Victory | Thutmose III | ?
Egyptian Campaign in the Levant (1458–1457 BC)  | Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Canaanites
Kadesh
Megiddo
Kingdom of Mitanni
Hurrians | Victory

* Egyptian victory at the Battle of Megiddo, resulting in expansion of Egyptian empire.[11]

| Thutmose III | 4,000 at the Battle of Megiddo
Conquest of Syria | Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Asiatics | Victory

* Many cities in Syria,Jordan,Lebanon and Canaan taken

| Thutmose III | ?
Egyptian attack on Mitanni | Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Mitanni | Victory

* Mitanni conquered with little resistance
* Thutmose III went from city to city and pillaged them

| Thutmose III | ?
Egyptian campaign in Nubia | Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Nubia | Victory

* Expansion of the Egyptian empire

| Thutmose III | ?
Egyptian-Hittite conflict  | Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Hittites | inconclusive[12]

* Egypt briefly recaptures southern Syrian territory from the Hittites
* Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty

| Seti I, Ramses II | ?
Sea Peoples' invasion of Egypt | Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt | Sea Peoples | Victory

* Egyptians defeat the Sea Peoples in two land and sea battles
* invasion repelled

| Ramses III | ?

## Third Intermediate Period of Egypt (c. 1077 BC–664 BC)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Pharaoh  | Egyptian
losses

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Unification of Egypt | Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt | High Priest of Amun | Victory | Shoshenq I | ?
Civil war of the meshwesh | Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt | Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt | Defeat

* Separation of Egypt into different Meshwesh cheifs

| Osorkon II | ?
Nubian invasion of Egypt | Meshwesh kingdoms  | Nubia | Victory for the nubians

* Nubian expansion through egypt

| Piye | ?
Egyptian influence extension in the Near East | Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt | Near East kingdoms  | Defeat | Piye | ?
Philistia and Gaza rebellion | Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt

philistia and Gaza rebels

| Neo-Assyrian Empire | Defeat | Piye | ?
Conquest of the nile valley | Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt | Neo-Assyrian Empire

nilotic peoples

| Victory

* Shebitku conquered the entire Nile Valley, including Upper Egypt

| Shebitku | ?
Ashdod rebellion | Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Palestinian rebels  | Neo-Assyrian Empire | Defeat | Shabaka | ?
Siege of Judah (701 BC)  | Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt

Kingdom of Judah

| Neo-Assyrian Empire | Victory | Taharqa | ?
Assyrian conquest of Egypt (674 BC)  | Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt | Neo-Assyrian Empire | Victory | Taharqa | ?
Assyrian conquest of Egypt | Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt | Neo-Assyrian Empire | Defeat

* The Neo-Assyrian Empire controls Egypt for over a period of about 10 years.

| Taharqa | ?
Reconquest of Egypt |

Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt

| Neo-Assyrian Empire | Victory

* Taharqa reoccupied Memphis, as well as the Delta

| Taharqa | ?
Sack of Thebes | Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt | Neo-Assyrian Empire

Egyptian vassals

| Defeat

* end of the 25th Dynasty

| Tantamani | ?

## Late Period (c. 664-525 BC)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Pharaoh  | Egyptian
losses

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Reunification of Egypt | Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt

Kingdom of Lydia

| kinglets of the Dodecarchy

Libyan tribes

Neo-Assyrian Empire

| Victory

* In 654 BCE, Psamtik I was firmly in control of all Egypt
* Fall of Ashdod
* The capture of Ashdod may have effectively reflected part of the transfer of power from the crumbling Assyrian Empire to the new Egyptian 26th Dynasty

| Psamtik I | ?
Egyptian invasion of libya | Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt | Libyan tribes | Victory

* Western desert and Cyrenaica were annexed by egypt

| Psamtik I | ?
Egyptian conquest of Judah
(609 BC)  | Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt | Kingdom of Judah | Victory

* Routing of the entire Judean army
* Subjugation of Judah by Dynasty XXVI of Egypt

| Necho II | Undetermined, but low
Egyptian Babylonian war | Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt | Neo-Babylonian Empire

Persians

Scythians

Medes

| Victory

* Egyptian capture of Kummuh and Gaza

| Necho II | ?
Expedition to phoenicia | Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt | Phoenicia | Victory | Necho II | ?
Invasion of Nubia | Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt | Meroë | Victory | Psamtik II | ?
Palestinian expedition | Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt

* Palestinian rebels

| Kingdom of Judah

Neo-Babylonian Empire

| Inconclusive | Psamtik II | ?
Battle of Irasa | Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt | Greek settlers of Cyrenaica  | Defeat | Apries | ?
Egyptian conquest of Cyprus | Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt | Cyprus | Victory

* Egyptian control over Cyprus

| Amasis II | ?
First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt | Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt | Achaemenid Empire

Arabian and Greek mercenaries

| Defeat

* Egypt annexed by the Achaemenid Empire
* fall of the 26th Dynasty of Egypt

| Psamtik III | 50,000

## Achaemenid egypt (c. 525-330 BC)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Pharaoh  | Egyptian
losses

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Expedition to siwa | Egyptian rebels  | Achaemenid Empire | Victory

* the entire Achaemenid army either lost or killed

| Petubastis III | ?
Petubastis III revolt | Egyptian rebels  | Achaemenid Empire | Defeat

* Egypt along with the libyan desert were annexed by the Achaemenid Empire

| Petubastis III | ?
Psammetichus IV revolt | Egyptian rebels  | Achaemenid Empire | Victory | Psammetichus IV | ?
Wars of the Delian League | Egyptian rebels

Delian League

| Achaemenid Empire and it's allies  | Inconclusive

* Persia loses control over Thrace, the Aegean sea and the western coast of Asia Minor.
* Greek expeditionary force defeated and repelled from Egypt.

| Inaros II

Pericles Charitimides Cimon

| ?
Inaros II revolt | Egyptian rebels  | Achaemenid Empire and it's allies  | Victory | Inaros II | Undetermined, but low
Battle of Mendesium | Egyptian rebels  | Achaemenid Empire and it's allies  | Defeat

* Inaros II was executed

| Inaros II | ?
Amyrtaeus revolt | Egyptian rebels  | Achaemenid Empire | Victory | Amyrtaeus | ?
Invasion of Asia Minor
(396–394 BC)  | Egypt

Sparta

| Achaemenid Empire and it's allies  | Victory | Nepherites I | ?
Persian attack on Egypt
(385 BCE)  | Egypt | Achaemenid Empire | Victory | Hakor | Undetermined, but low
Achaemenid invasion of egypt
(374 BCE)  | Egypt | Achaemenid Empire

Greek mercenaries Arabs

| Victory

* Nectanebo takes over southern Egypt

| Nectanebo I | ?
Egyptian expedition into Palestine and Phoenicia | Egypt | Achaemenid Empire and it's allies  | Victory

* Egypt takes over the levant

| Teos of Egypt | ?
Nakhthorheb rebellion | Teos of Egypt | Nakhthorheb  | Victory for Nakhthorheb and his father

* Djedhor couldn't reach the Achaemenid capital which will lead to the second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt

| Teos of Egypt | ?
Phoenician rebellion | Egypt

Phoenician rebels

| Achaemenid Empire | Inconclusive | Nectanebo II | ?
Second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt | Egypt | Achaemenid Empire | Defeat

* Persians take over Egypt after 60 years

| Nectanebo II | ?
Wars of Alexander the Great | Macedonian Empire

Hellenic League Egyptian rebels

| Achaemenid Empire

Balkans: Illyrians Thracians Polis Western and Central Asia: Bactria Sogdia Uxiians India: Pauravas Aśvaka Guraens Mallians Oxydracians Amvastha

| Victory

* Macedonian Empire spans from the Balkans and Egypt in the west to Central Asia and India in the east
* Beginning of the Hellenistic period

| Alexander the Great | ~1 million

## Ptolemaic Kingdom (310-30 BC)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Pharaoh | Egyptian
losses

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First Syrian War (274–271 BC)  | Ptolemaic Kingdom | Seleucid Empire | Victory

* Ptolemaic rule extended into Caria and most of Cilicia (both in modern-day Turkey).

| Ptolemy II Philadelphus | ?
Chremonidean War (267–261 BC)  | Athens
Sparta
Ptolemaic Kingdom | Macedonia | Defeat

* Macedonian victory. Antigonid control over the city-states of Greece.

| Ptolemy II Philadelphus | ?
Second Syrian War (274–271 BC)  | Ptolemaic Kingdom | Seleucid Empire
Macedonia | Stalemate

* Cilicia, Pamphylia, Ionia, Miletus and Ephesus taken by the Selecuid Empire.
* Marriage of Antiochus II Theos to Ptolemy's daughter Berenice Syra.

| Ptolemy II Philadelphus | ?
Third Syrian War (246–241 BC)  | Ptolemaic Kingdom | Seleucid Empire | Stalemate

* Loss of Cyclades to Seleucid Empire.
* Ptolemaic kingdom awarded new territories in Syria, including Seleucia Pieria.

| Ptolemy III Euergetes | ?
Fourth Syrian War (219–217 BC)  | Ptolemaic Kingdom | Seleucid Empire | Victory

* Ptolemaic victory at the Battle of Raphia and preserved control of Coele-Syria.

| Ptolemy IV Philopator | 2,200 at the Battle of Raphia
Upper Egyptian Revolt (204–196 BC) | Ptolemaic Kingdom | Hugronaphor Ankhmakis | Ptolemaic victory

* The rebel leaders were taken to Memphis and publicly executed on 26 March 196 BC

| Ptolemy V Epiphanes | ?
Fifth Syrian War (202–195 BC)  | Ptolemaic Kingdom | Seleucid Empire
Macedonia | Defeat

* Coele-Syria taken by the Seleucid Empire.
* Conciliatory treaty signed in 195 BC. Ptolemy V agrees to marry Antiochus III's daughter Cleopatra I Syra.

| Ptolemy V Epiphanes | ?
Sixth Syrian War (170–168 BC)  | Ptolemaic Kingdom
Roman Republic (168 BC)  | Seleucid Empire | Victory

* Antiochus IV Epiphanes leaves Egypt after given ultimatum by Gaius Popillius Laenas.

| Ptolemy VIII Physcon | ?
War of Actium (32–30 BC)  | Eastern Roman provinces
Ptolemaic Egypt |

Western Roman provinces

| Defeat

Rome annexes Egypt and control over eastern provinces reasserted

| Cleopatra VII | ?

## Roman Egypt (30 BC – 641 AD)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Pharaoh/Emperor | Egyptian
losses

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Subjugation of upper Egypt | Gaius Cornelius Gallus | Rebels in Thebes | Roman victory

* Upper Egypt was brought under Roman control by force of arms
* Cornelius established a protectorate over the southern frontier district

| Augustus | ?
Conquest of Arabia Petraea and Arabia Felix | Gaius Aelius Gallus | Nabataeans

Sabaeans[13]

| Defeat

* The campaign was successful in the beginning before the Roman army reached Arabia Felix

| Augustus | ?
Roman Campaign into the kingdom of kush | Gaius Petronius | Kingdom of Kush | Victory

* After the initial victories of Kandake Amanirenas against Roman Egypt, the Kushites of northern Nubia were defeated and Napata sacked[14]
* Kushites send ambassadors to negotiate a peace treaty between Rome and the kingdom of kush

| Augustus | ?
Siege of Jerusalem | Roman Empire | Jewish rebels  | Victory

* Roman rule of Jerusalem restored

| Titus | ?
Diaspora Revolt | Roman Empire

* Local populations

| Jewish rebels, primarily in:

* Egypt
* Cyrenaica
* Cyprus
* Mesopotamia
* Judaea

| Roman victory

* Ethnic cleansing of Jews in Egypt, Cyrenaica and Cyprus
* Halt of further Roman expansion to the east

| Trajan | ?
Bucolic War | Avidius Cassius | Isidorus | Roman victory

* Native Fellahin led by Isidorus defeated the Roman garrison of Egypt and took over all of Egypt with the exception of Alexandria
* Cassius managed to destroy the rebels by separating them from one another.
* the beginning of Egypt's economic decline

| Marcus Aurelius | ?
Usurpation of Avidius Cassius | Avidius Cassius

Gaius Calvisius Statianus

Titius Claudius Dryantianus Antonius

| Publius Martius Verus

Herodes Atticus

Gaius Vettius Sabinianus

| Inconclusive

* When news of Aurelius' plans to invade reached Egypt, a centurion killed Cassius, and sent his head to Aurelius, who refused to see it, and ordered it buried
* Aurelius was forced to withdraw from his campaign against the Iazyges, and end the Marcomannic War

| Marcus Aurelius | Avidius Cassius beheaded

## Bashmurid state (720 – 832)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | leader | Egyptian
losses

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Bashmurian revolt (720) | coptic rebels  | Umayyad Caliphate | Victory

* The northern Delta area does not appear to have been under Umayyad control at the time, and may have been controlled by rebels.

| Mina, son of Apacyrus  | ?
Bashmurian revolt (749) | coptic rebels  | Umayyad Caliphate | Victory

* the Bashmurians took Samannūd and sacked Rosetta

| Mina, son of Apacyrus  | ?
makurian invasion of southern Egypt | coptic rebels

Makuria

| Umayyad Caliphate | Victory

* Luxor and Aswan were subjugated to Makuria

| unknown  | ?
Bashmurian revolt (767) | coptic rebels

Arab settlers

| Abbasid Caliphate | Victory | unknown  | ?
Abbasid reconquest of Delta | coptic rebels  | Abbasid Caliphate | Defeat

* the Abbasids have reconquered Egypt again

| unknown  | ?

## Tulunid Emirate (868–905)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Sultan | Egyptian
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Alawite rebellion in egypt | Alawite rebels  | Tulunid dynasty | Victory

* revolt suppressed

| Ahmad ibn Tulun | ?
second Alawite rebellion in egypt | Alawite rebels  | Tulunid dynasty | Victory

* The Tulunid forces emerged triumphant, killing numerous rebels and capturing those who surrendered

| Ahmad ibn Tulun | ?
Tulunid-beja border conflict | Beja confederacy | Tulunid dynasty | Victory | Ahmad ibn Tulun | ?
Ifriqiya campaign | Aghlabid dynasty | Tulunid dynasty | Defeat

* Al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun defeated the local Aghlabid governor, Muhammad ibn Qurhub, sacked the town of Labda, and marched on Tripoli
* Despite initial victories,Abbas was defeated by Ilyas ibn Mansur al-Nafusi in winter 880/1

| Ahmad ibn Tulun | ?
Barqa revolt | Cyrenaica rebels  | Tulunid dynasty | Victory

* revolt suppressed

| Ahmad ibn Tulun | ?
Abbasid invasion of Egypt (877) | Abbasid Caliphate | Tulunid dynasty | Victory

* Egypt remained independent

| Ahmad ibn Tulun | ?
border Wars against the Byzantines | Byzantine Empire | Tulunid dynasty | Victory

* ibn Tulun Captures Cyprus and attacks Aegean islands

| Ahmad ibn Tulun | ?
Al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun's usurpation | Al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun | Loyalist troops | Loyalist victory

* Abbas, with the remnants of his army, was captured outside Alexandria
* Abbas was executed
* Khumarawayh made heir in 882

| Ahmad ibn Tulun | Abbas was commanded to execute or mutilate the most prominent of his followers
Qarmatian attack on levant | Qarmatians | Tulunid dynasty

Abbasid Caliphate

| Status quo ante bellum | Khumarawayh | ?
Tulunid invasion of hejaz | Abbasid Caliphate

Saffarids

| Tulunid dynasty | Defeat | Khumarawayh | ?
Tulunid-Abbasid conflict over the Levant | Abbasid Caliphate | Tulunid Emirate | Tulunid victory

* Tulunids reaffirm rule over the Al-Sham region.

| Khumarawayh
Sa'd al-Aysar | ?
second Abbasid conquest of Levant | Abbasid Caliphate | Tulunid dynasty | Victory

* levant still remained under tulunid rule

| Khumarawayh | ?

Tulunid invasion of Jazira

| Abbasid Caliphate | Tulunid dynasty | Victory

* Tulunids conquered Upper Mesopotamia
* the caliphate added Armenia to Khumarawayh domains

| Khumarawayh | ?
Abbasid Caliphate invasion of Tulunid-controlled Syria and Egypt (904–905)  | Abbasid Caliphate | Tulunid Emirate | Defeat

* The Tulunid troops deserted
* Harun ibn Khumarawayh was killed in an army mutiny
* ending the rule of the Tulunids.

| Harun ibn Khumarawayh

Shayban ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun

| ?

## Abbasid Caliphate (905–935)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Caliph  | Egyptian
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Tulunid loyalists rebblion | Abbasid Caliphate | Muhammad ibn Ali al-Khalanji | Loyalist victory

* The loyalist Egyptian army entered the city of Ramla in Palestine and defeated the Abbasid army there, whose leader was Wasif bin Sawartkin the Younger.
* The Egyptian army reached Gaza and they were met by the Abbasid army stationed in Egypt,the Egyptian army won a landslide victory, then moved towards Arish and defeated the Abbasid garrison there, then to Farma and defeated the Abbasids there.
* Abbasid governor of Egypt, Isa al-Nushari, prepared a very large army and met the Egyptian army at Bilbeis in Sharqia. There the Egyptians won another decisive victory, and the road to the Egyptian capital, Fustat, was opened.
* Revival of the Tulunid emirate.

| Al-Mu'tadid | ?
Fall of the Tulunid emirate | Abbasid Caliphate | Tulunid Emirate | Abbasid victory

* The Egyptian army, led by Ibn al-Khalanji, was victorious in the Battle of al-Arish in the year 293 AH
* Muhammad Ibn al-Khalanji defeated Fatik al-Mu'tadidi and his army more than once, but Ibn al-Khalanji was defeated at Beni Suef after valiant resistance
* The Abbasids entered Fustat by land and sea and arrest Muhammad ibn Al-khalanji and his companions

| Al-khalanji | ?
Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915) | Abbasid Caliphate | Fatimid Caliphate | Stalemate

* Initial Fatimid success in Libya and western Egypt.
* Fatimids pushed back after failed attempts to conquer the Egyptian capital Fustat.
* al-Qa'im and the remnants of his army abandoned Alexandria and returned to Ifriqiya in May 915 after Abbasid reinforcements from Syria and Iraq under Mu'nis al-Muzaffar arrived to Egypt.

| Al-Muqtadir | 10,000 to 20,000 dead
Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921) | Abbasid Caliphate | Fatimid Caliphate | Abbasid victory

* Failure of the Fatimid invasion

| Al-Muqtadir | ?

## Ikhshidid Emirate (935–969)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Sultan  | Egyptian
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Rise of the Ikhshidid dynasty | Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid | Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh

Fatimids

| Ikhshidid Victory

* Ibn Tughj's fleet took Tinnis and the Nile Delta.
* Muhammad ibn Tughj entered Fustat on 26 August 935.
* Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh fled to the Fatimids.
* the Fatimid army's Kutama Berbers captured the island of al-Rawda on the Nile and burned its arsenal.
* Ibn Tughj's admirals Ali ibn Badr and Bajkam defected to the Fatimids.
* Alexandria captured by the Fatimids on March 936
* Despite initial Fatimid success,on 31 March, Ibn Tughj's brother al-Hasan defeated the Fatimid forces near Alexandria, driving them out of the city and forcing the Fatimids to once again retreat from Egypt to their base at Barqa.

| Al-Radi | ?
Ikhshidid-Makurian conflict  | Ikhshidid Emirate | Makuria | Ikhshidid Victory

* Kafur al-Ikhshidi annexed Old Dongola.

| Abu'l-Qasim Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid

Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid Kafur al-Ikhshidi

| ?
Fatimid conquest of Egypt | Ikhshidid dynasty | Fatimid Caliphate | Fatimid victory

* Capitulation of Fustat and Egypt
* Foundation of Cairo and move of the Fatimid Caliphate's seat from Ifriqiya to Egypt
* Beginning of Fatimid expansion into the Levant and the Hejaz

| Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali | ?

## Fatimid Caliphate (969–1171)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Caliph | Egyptian
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Persecution of the Druze | Fatimid Caliphate | Druze | Inconclusive

* The clashes ranged from Antioch to Alexandria, where tens of thousands of Druze were slaughtered by the Fatimid army.
* The largest massacre was at Antioch, where 5,000 prominent Druze were killed, followed by that of Aleppo.
* In 1038, two years after the death of al-Zahir, the Druze movement was able to resume because the new leadership that replaced him had friendly political ties with at least one prominent Druze leader.

| Al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah | ?
Nizar's rebellion | Loyalists | Nizar ibn al-Mustansir | Loyalist Victory

* Nizar's forces were placed under siege, until Nizar and his remaining followers were forced to surrender.
* Nizar was immured and left to die
* This marked the permanent split of the Isma'ili movement into the rival branches of Musta'li Isma'ilism and Nizari Isma'ilism

| Al-Musta'li | ?
First Crusade | Muslim States
Seljuk Empire
Emirate of Rum
Danishmendids
Fatimid Caliphate |

Crusader armies
Army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles
Army of Godfrey of Bouillon
Army of Robert Curthose
Army of Robert II of Flanders
Army of Hugh the Great
Armies of Bohemond of Taranto
Armies of the People's Crusade
Byzantine Empire

| Crusader Victory

* The Crusade assists in capturing Nicaea, restoring much of western Anatolia to the Byzantine Empire
* The Crusaders successfully capture Jerusalem and establish the Crusader states

| Al-Musta'li | 12,700 at least
Venetian Crusade | Fatimid Caliphate
Seljuk Empire
Burid dynasty | Republic of Venice
Kingdom of Jerusalem
County of Tripoli | Crusader Victory

* Tyre captured by Jerusalem

| Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah | 4,000
Crusader invasion of Egypt (1163–1169)  |

Fatimid Caliphate

Kingdom of Jerusalem
Byzantine Empire
County of Tripoli
Principality of Antioch
Knights Hospitaller
Knights Templar
Armenian Principality of Cilicia
French crusaders

* * *

Zengid dynasty

| Zengid-Fatimid victory

* Crusaders withdraw from Egypt
* Fatimid-Crusader border changed
* Later establishment of the Ayyubid dynasty

Zengids seize Egypt[15][16]

| Al-Adid | ?
Fatimid-Zengid conflict | Kingdom of Jerusalem

Fatimid Caliphate

| Zengid dynasty | Peace treaty

* Shirkuh is victorious troops at the Battle of al-Babein on 18 March 1167.
* Saladin was besieged at Alexandria,forcing Shirkuh to negotiate peace.
* Alexandria handed over to the Fatimid vizier Shawar.
* Both the Crusaders and Shirkuh's Zengid troops departed Egypt after the payment of tribute from the Fatimid treasury.

| Al-Adid | ?
Revolt of the Blacks | Fatimid Caliphate
Black-African Elites of the Fatimid army
Fatimid Officials in Cairo
Pro-Fatimid citizens of Cairo  | Ayyubids
Saladin's Syrian, Kurdish and Turkish forces  | Ayyubid victory

* Decline and later fall of the Fatimid Caliphate in 1171
* Founding and Establishment of the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt

| Al-Adid | ?

## Ayyubid Sultanate (1171–1250)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Sultan | Egyptian
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Ayyubid conquest of North Africa | Ayyubid dynasty

Banu Ghaniya

| Almohad

Berbers tribes

| Ayyubid Victory

* Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush captured Siwa in 1172 and Cyrenaica in 1173.
* Qaraqush conquers Tripoli in the 1170s/early 1180s.
* Qaraqush's forces went on to capture most of Ifriqiya from the Almohads by 1185–1186.

| Saladin | ?
Almohad reconquest of Ifriqiya | Ayyubid dynasty

Banu Ghaniya

| Almohad | Defeat

* The Almohad caliph Yaqub al-Mansur reconquered Ifriqiya from 1187 to 1188.
* The Ayyubids made no further attempts to intervene in the Maghreb after this.

| Saladin | ?
Ayyubid conquest of Yemen and Hejaz | Ayyubid dynasty | Arab tribes

Hamdanid

| Ayyubid Victory

* In May 1174, Turan-Shah conquered Zabid and later that year captured Aden.
* Ayyubids implemented a new tax which was collected by galleys.
* Turan-Shah drove out the remaining Hamdanid rulers of Sana'a, conquering the mountainous city in 1175.
* Uthman al-Zandjili, conquered the greater part of Hadramaut in 1180.
* Saladin effectively established Egypt's hegemony in the region

| Saladin | ?
Ayyubid conquest of Syria and Upper Mesopotamia | Ayyubid dynasty | Zengid

Kingdom of Jerusalem

Knights Templar

| Ayyubid Victory

* Saladin gains the title of "Sultan of Egypt and Syria"

| Saladin | ?
Battle of Hattin |  Ayyubid Sultanate |  Kingdom of Jerusalem
County of Tripoli
Knights Templar
Principality of Antioch
Knights Hospitaller
Order of St. Lazarus
Order of Mountjoy | Ayyubid Victory

* Saladin conquers Acre, Nazareth, Saffuriya, Haifa, Caesarea, Sebastia and Nablus, while al-Adil conquered Mirabel and Jaffa.
* On 26 July, Saladin returned to the coast and received the surrender of Sarepta, Sidon, Beirut, and Jableh.
* In August, the Ayyubids conquered Ramla, Darum, Gaza, Bayt Jibrin, and Latrun.
* Ascalon was taken on 4 September.
* In September–October 1187, the Ayyubids besieged Jerusalem, taking possession of it on 2 October, after negotiations with Balian of Ibelin
* Karak and Mont Real in Transjordan soon fell, followed by Safad in the northeastern Galilee.
* By the end of 1187 the Ayyubids were in control of virtually the entire Crusader kingdom in the Levant with the exception of Tyre

| Saladin | ?
Third Crusade

(1189–1192)

* Ayyubid Sultanate
* Sultanate of Rum
* Nizari Ismaili state (the Assassins)

* * *

* Byzantine Empire
* Cyprus

* Angevin Empire
* Holy Roman Empire
* Kingdom of Hungary
* Republic of Genoa
* Kingdom of Navarre
* Republic of Pisa
* Kingdom of Jerusalem
* Principality of Antioch
* Knights Templar
* Knights Hospitaller
* Teutonic Order

| Stalemate

* Treaty of Jaffa
* Crusader military Victory, resulting in a three-year truce. Acre, Philomelion, Iconium, Arsuf, and Jaffa all Crusader military victories.
* Recognition of the territorial status quo at the end of active campaigning, including continued Muslim control of Jerusalem and the restoration of the Levantine to the Crusader States Crusader States.
* The safety of both Christian and Muslim unarmed pilgrims guaranteed throughout the Levant.
* The Crusader Captures Cyprus and the Kingdom of Cyprus is established
* The Levantine coast from Tyre to Jaffa returned to Crusader control
* The Crusaders recapture Tiberias and some inland territories from the Muslims

| Saladin | ?
Crusade of 1197

(1197–1198)

| Ayyubids |

* Holy Roman Empire

* Kingdom of Cyprus
* Duchy of Brabant
* Duchy of Austria
* Landgraviate of Thuringia
* County Palatine of the Rhine
* Duchy of Merania
* Bishopric of Passau
* Bishopric of Hildesheim
* Bishopric of Halberstadt
* County of Gorizia

| Indecisive

* Beirut restored to the Kingdom of Jerusalem
* Jaffa Re-Captured by the Ayyubids after the Third Crusade
* Crusader Failure to Re-Capture Jerusalem

| Al-Aziz Uthman | ?
Fifth Crusade

(1217–1221)

Muslim forces:

* Ayyubid Sultanate

Crusaders:

* Holy Roman Empire
* Kingdom of Portugal
* Kingdom of Hungary
* Kingdom of France
* Kingdom of Germany

Levant:

* Kingdom of Jerusalem
* Kingdom of Cyprus
* Latin Empire

Military orders:

* Knights Templar
* Teutonic Order
* Knights Hospitaller

| Ayyubid Victory

* Eight-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders

| Al-Kamil | ?
Sixth Crusade

(1227–1229)

| Ayyubids of Egypt
Ayyubids of Damascus | Holy Roman Empire
Teutonic Knights
Kingdom of Sicily | Crusaders victory

* Treaty of Jaffa
* Jerusalem given back to the Crusaders
* Jerusalem, Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and Bethlehem relinquished to Crusaders.

| Al-Kamil | ?
Baron's Crusade

(1239–1241)

| Ayyubids of Damascus

* * *

Ayyubids of Egypt

|  Kingdom of Jerusalem
French and Navarre crusaders
English crusaders
County of Habsburg

Military orders

*     * Knights Templar
* Knights Hospitaller
* Teutonic Order

| Crusader diplomatic success

* Kingdom of Jerusalem returned to largest size since 1187
* Christians negotiated return of Jerusalem, Ascalon, Sidon, Tiberias, most of Galilee,[17] Bethlehem, and Nazareth

| As-Salih Ayyub | ?

## Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Sultan | Egyptian
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Seventh Crusade
(1248–1254)  | Ayyubid Dynasty
Bahris | Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Knights Templar
Knights Hospitaller
Kingdom of Navarre | Ayyubid victory

* Status quo ante bellum

| Aybak | ?
Battle of al-Kura (1251)  | Mamluks of Egypt | Ayyubids of Syria | Mamluk victory

* Faris al-Din Aktay led an attack on Palestine and captured Gaza.
* The Mamluks were able to stabilize their rule in Egypt, while the Ayyubids remained limited to Syria.
* Through the mediation of Caliph al-Musta'sim, this situation was deepened in a contract between Damascus and Cairo in April 1253, and Gaza was also returned to An-Nasir Yusuf.

| Aybak | ?
Mongol invasions of the Levant
(1260–1323)  | Mamluk Sultanate

Ayyubid remnants
Nizari Ismailis of Syria
Golden Horde (after 1264)
Karamanid rebels
Abbasids

* Ilkhanate
* Cilician Armenia
* Kingdom of Georgia
* Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Antioch-Tripoli

* Golden Horde (before 1264)
* Kingdom of Jerusalem
* Knights Templar
* Knights Hospitaller

| Mamluk victory

* Mongols temporarily conquer parts of Levant until repelled by the Mamluk Sultanate

| Qutuz | ?
Mamluk expeditions to the Levant and Anatolia (1265 – 1277)  | Mamluk Sultanate |  Cilician Armenia

Knights Templar

Ilkhanate

County of Tripoli

Isma'ili Shia Assassins

| Victory

* Baybars launched expeditions against the Crusader fortresses throughout Syria, capturing Arsuf in 1265, and Halba and Arqa in 1266.
* Baybars pillages numerous Armenian villages.
* Baybars captured Safed from the Knights Templar, and shortly after, Ramla, both cities in interior Palestine.
* In 1268, the Mamluks captured Jaffa before conquering the Crusader stronghold of Antioch.
* In 1271, Baybars captured the major Krak des Chevaliers fortress from the Crusader County of Tripoli
* In 1277, Baybars launched an expedition against the Ilkhanids, routing them in Elbistan in Anatolia, but withdrew to avoid overstretching his forces and risk being cut off from Syria by a larger incoming Ilkhanid army.

| Baybars | ?
Baybars's expedition to the Horn of Africa(1265–1276)  | Mamluk Sultanate | Kingdom of Makuria

Kingdom of al-Abwab

| Victory

* In 1265, the Mamluks invaded northern Makuria, forcing the Nubian king to become their vassal.
* Baybars conquers the Red Sea areas of Suakin and the Dahlak Archipelago.
* In 1268, the Makurian king, David I, overthrew the Mamluks' vassal and in 1272, raided the Mamluk Red Sea port of Aydhab.
* In 1276, the Mamluks defeated King David of Makuria in the Battle of Dongola and installed their ally Shakanda as king. This brought the fortress of Qasr Ibrim under Mamluk suzerainty.
* The Mamluks received the submission of King Adur of al-Abwab further south.

| Baybars | ?
Fall of Outremer (1268–1302)  |

Mamluk Sultanate
Order of Assassins

Kingdom of Jerusalem
Kingdom of Cyprus
Principality of Antioch
Ilkhanate
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Georgian Bagratids
Tyre
Templars Hospitallers Teutonic Knights
Kingdom of France
Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Sicily

* * *

Byzantine Empire

| Victory

* The Mamluks capture all Crusade possessions in the Holy Land

| Baibars

Qalawun

Khalil

Al-Nasir Muhammad

| ?
Ninth Crusade
(1271–1272)  |

* Mamluk Sultanate

* Bahris

* Kingdom of England
* County of Luxembourg
* Cilician Armenia
* Kingdom of Cyprus
* Kingdom of Jerusalem
* Antioch-Tripoli

Military orders

*     * Knights Templar
* Knights Hospitaller
* Teutonic Order

Ilkhanate

| Inconclusive

* Jerusalem remains under Mamluks control
* Arsuf, Safed, Jaffa, Antioch, Krak des Chevaliers, captured by the Mamluks
* Treaty of Caesarea
* Siege of Tripoli lifted
* Ten-year truce between Mamluks and Crusaders

Alexandrian Crusade
(1365)  | Mamluk Sultanate |

* Kingdom of Cyprus
* Republic of Venice
* Knights Hospitaller

| Defeat

* The Cypriots controlled the city for 3 days and then abandoned it

| Al-Ashraf Sha'ban | ?
Mamluk campaigns against Cyprus
(1424–1426) |  Mamluk Sultanate |  Kingdom of Cyprus | Victory

* Cyprus becomes a tributary state

| Barsbay | ?
Ottoman–Mamluk War
(1485–1491)  |  Mamluk Sultanate

Supported By:
Vasak tribe
Turgudlu tribe

|  Ottoman Empire

* Beylik of Dulkadir
* Karamanids
Supported By:
Ramazanids

| Victory

* Status quo ante bellum

| Qaitbay | ?
Mamluk-Portuguese War
(1505–1517)  |  Mamluk Sultanate
Supported by:
Republic of Venice
Kingdom of Calicut
Ottoman Empire |  Portuguese Empire | Defeat

* Portuguese dominance of most of the Indian Ocean secured.[18][19][20]
* The Mamluk Sultanate becomes financially crippled.[21]
* Failed Portuguese invasion of the Red Sea.[22]
* The Portuguese assert dominance over most of the Indian Ocean region and the spice trade.[18]

| Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri | ?
Mamluk-Tahirid war

(1515–1517)

| Mamluk Sultanate | Tahirid Sultanate | Victory

* The entire Tahirid realm fell under the Mamluks with the exception of Aden
* Mamluk fleet sets up a tributary regime in Zabid

| ?
Ottoman–Mamluk War
(1516–1517)  |

* Mamluk Sultanate

|  Ottoman Empire
Mamluk rebels | Ottoman victory

* Annexation of the Mamluk Sultanate by the Ottoman Empire
* Fall of the Mamluk Sultanate and Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo
* Proclamation of the Ottoman Caliphate

| ?

## Ottoman Egypt (1517–1803)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Head of State | Egyptian
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Spanish–Ottoman wars |  Spain
Naples
Sicily
Duchy of Milan
Spanish Tripoli
Spanish Oran
Spanish Netherlands
Philippines
Portugal
Portuguese India
Ormus
Mozambique
Papal States
Order of Malta
Republic of Venice
Republic of Ragusa}}
Holy Roman Empire
Savoy
Republic of Genoa
Florentine Republic
Tuscany
Mantua
Montferrat
Ferrara
Urbino
Bavaria
Austria
Bohemian Crown
Duchy of Carniola

Flanders
Hungary
Croatia
Holy League
Supported by:
Safavid Iran
Kingdom of Kartli
Hafsid Tunisia
Kingdom of Tlemcen (Zayyanids)
Sultanate of Tidore
Ethiopian Empire
Poland–Lithuania
Tsardom of Russia
Montenegro
Serbian dissidents
Greek dissidents
Albanian dissidents
Saadi Sultanate (1554, 1576)  |  Ottoman Empire
Regency of Algiers
Ait Abbas
Kuku
Eyalet of Tunis
Ottoman Tripolitania
Egypt
Yemen Eyalet
Habesh Eyalet
Basra Eyalet
Sultanate of Aceh
Eyalet of Bosnia
Eastern Hungary
Transylvania
Moldavia
Wallachia
Crimean Khanate
Barbary corsairs
Supported by:
France
Dutch Republic
Kingdom of England
Saadi Sultanate
Sulu Sultanate
Maguindanao
Bruneian Empire
Sultanate of Ternate
Adal Sultanate
Kathiri Sultanate
Ajuran Sultanate
Gujarat Sultanate
Deccan Sultanates
Ahmadnagar Sultanate
Sultanate of Bijapur
Zamorin of Calicut
Huguenots
Protestant German dissidents
Morisco/Mudejar dissidents
Marrano/Sephardic dissidents  | Inconclusive

* Full territorial changes
* Divisio Imperii instead of Imperium Universale between Holy Roman Empire and Ottoman Empire, in which both mutually recognise the other to be Roman Emperors. End of Charles V and Suleiman the Magnificent aspirations for World domination or at least Indo-Mediterranean.
* Repartition of Sphere of Influences between both empires: Western Mediterranean, Southern Europe and East Indies for Iberians and Catholics. Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa and Middle East for Ottomans and Muslims.
* Turkish conquest of Cyprus, Crete, Morea, Ottoman Algeria, Ottoman Tunisia, Ottoman Libya and Habesh Eyalet.
* Deposition of Hafsids, Zayyanids and other anti-Ottoman Maghrebi dynasties
* Spanish Conquest of Spanish Oran, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, Melilla and Philippines are recognised by Ottomans.
* Expulsion of the Moriscos and Mudejar community from Southern Spain by the Spanish branch, exterminating the historical presence of Muslims in Spain since Umayyad times to ensure Reconquista and end all Islamic hopes of restoring Al Andalus.
* Portuguese Conquest of Ceuta, Tangier, Mazagan, Portuguese India and Portuguese Insulindia are recognised by Ottomans.
* Conquest of Hungary-Croatia by the Austrian branch of Habsburg Monarchy
* Safavid Persia consolidates its western borders, expelling both Ottomans from Caspian Sea and Portuguese from Persian Gulf.
* Independence of Morocco and Hospitaller Malta as buffer states.
* Decadence of Venetian colonies, Genoese colonies, Barbary Coast, Ethiopian Empire, Gujarat Sultanate, Aceh Sultanate, Bruneian Empire, Sultanate of Ternate, Sulu Sultanate, Sultanate of Maguindanao.
* Catholic Evangelisation of Goa, East Timor and Philippines.
* Dutch Colonial Empire and English Colonial Empire consolidates in the Indian Ocean (Indonesia and India) in detriment of both exhausted Great Powers, dominating Indian Ocean trade against local Muslims and Catholics.
* Rise of Russian Empire in the Balkans in detriment of Habsburg Monarchy and Poland-Lithuania.}}

| Lala Mustafa Pasha | ?
Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560) |  Portuguese Empire

* Kingdom of Hormuz

Supported by:
Ethiopian Empire
Kathiri Sultanate

|  Ottoman Empire

Supported by:
Adal Sultanate
Gujarat Sultanate
Egypt

| Status quo ante bellum

* Portugal maintains control of the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean
* Ottomans expand their influence in the Red Sea

| Hadım Suleiman Pasha | ?
Ottoman–Ethiopian War (1557–1589) |  Ethiopian EmpireSupported by:
Portuguese Empire |  Ottoman Empire
•  Egypt Eyalet
•  Yemen Eyalet
Medri Bahri
Adal Sultanate | Ottoman military Victory

* Peace treaty signed
* Ottoman victory in the coastline
* Decline and dissolution of the Adal Sultanate
* Establishment of Habesh Eyalet in Hergigo and Massawa
* The establishment of Ottoman Zeila
* Annexation of an Eritrean port by the Ottomans

| Koca Sinan Pasha | ?

## Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt and Khedivate of Egypt (1803–1914)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Head of State | Egyptian
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Fraser Expedition
(1807)  |  Egypt Eyalet |  United Kingdom | Victory

* Mohammed Ali seizes power in Egypt

| Muhammad Ali of Egypt | ?
Egyptian–Saudi War
(1811–1818)  |

* Ottoman Empire

* Eyalet of Egypt

* Emirate of Diriyah

| Victory

* Execution of Abdullah bin Saud.

| 8,000 casualties[23]
Egyptian conquest of Sudan

(1820–1824)

|  Egypt | Sennar Sultanate
Shayqih Kingdom
Sultanate of Darfur | Victory

* Invasion of Egypt into Sudan adding it to Egypt Eyalet.

| ?
Greek War of Independence
(1821–1829)  |  Ottoman Empire

Supported by:

*  Egypt
*  Regency of Algiers
*  Tripolitania
*  Tunis
* Danubian Sich

|  Greek Revolutionaries

In detail:

* Klephts
* Armatoloi
* Filiki Eteria [a]
*  Sacred Band [a]
* Messenian Senate [a]
* Peloponnesian Senate [b]
* Senate of Western Continental Greece [b]
* Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece [b]
* Temporary regime of Crete
* Military-Political System of Samos

After 1822:

* First Hellenic Republic

Military support:

* Philhellenes
* Carbonari revolutionaries[24]
* Serbian revolutionaries
* Romanian revolutionaries[c]
* Russian Empire[d]
*  Kingdom of France[d]
*  United Kingdom[d]

Diplomatic support:

*  Haiti[e]
* United States

| Greek victory

Independence of Greece

* The Peloponnese, Saronic Islands, Cyclades, Sporades and Continental Greece ceded to the independent Greek state
* Crete ceded to Egypt

| over 8,000[25]
First Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1831–1833)  |  Egypt
Supported by:
Shihab dynasty |  Ottoman Empire

* * *

Russian Empire (1833)  | Victory

* Convention of Kütahya
* Egypt becomes an autonomous vassal of the Ottoman Empire and a de facto independent state
* Unresolved tensions result in a second war six years later
* Ottoman cession of Syria to Egypt

Ottoman-Ethiopian border conflicts
(1832–1848)  | Ottoman Empire

* Eyalet of Egypt

| Ethiopian Empire | Inconclusive

* Status quo ante bellum
* Ethiopia retains territorial integrity and independence
* Ottoman-Egyptians expand south into the Great Lakes region

| ?
Expedition to Najd (1836)
(1836)  |  Ottoman Empire

* Egypt Eyalet

|  Emirate of Najd | Victory

* Mehmet Ali occupies Najd, al-Hasa and Qatif and gains the submission of Bahrain, Qatar and Trucial Oman

| ?
1838 Druze revolt
(1838)  |  Egypt Eyalet

Shihab's forces supported by:

* Anaza tribe
* Wuld Ali tribe
* Sulut tribe of Laja (since March 1838)

| Druze clans

supported by:

* Sulut tribe of Laja (until March 1838)
* Maydan quarter of Damascus

| Victory

* Revolt suppressed
* Peace agreement signed
* Egyptian rule restored
* Druze exempted from conscriptions

| ~400[26]
Second Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1839–1841)  |  Egypt
Allies:
France
Spain |  Ottoman Empire
Allies:
United Kingdom
Austria
Russia
Prussia | Defeat

* Egyptian retrocession of Syria, Crete, and the Hejaz to the Ottoman Empire

| 1,100+
Crimean War
(1853–1856)  |  Ottoman Empire
France[f]
United Kingdom[f]
Sardinia[g] |  Russia

* * *

Greece[h] | Victory

* Russia loses the Danube Delta and Southern Bessarabia

| Abbas I of Egypt | ?
Cretan revolt
(1866–1869)  |

* Ottoman Empire

Egypt

|  Greek Revolutionaries
Supported by:
Kingdom of Greece | Victory

* Suppression of the revolt

| Isma'il Pasha | 1,333
Ethiopian–Egyptian War
(1874–1876)  |  Egyptian Empire |  Ethiopia | Ethiopian victory

* Hewett Treaty

| 13,000+[27]
Egyptian invasion of the Eastern Horn of Africa

(1874–1885)

|  Khedivate of Egypt | Oromo
Emirate of Harar
Sultanate of Aussa

Afran Qallo

| Victory

* Occupation of Hararghe and northern Somali coast
* Establishment of the Khedivate's Somali Coast
* Egyptian forces retreat to Zeila and Mount Hakim[28]
* Egyptian-controlled Harari Emirate disestablished in 1885
* Annexation of Emirate of Harar and northern Somali coast

| ?
Serbian–Turkish Wars
(1876–1878)  |

* Ottoman Empire

*     * Egypt
* Albanian volunteers

*  Serbia
*  Montenegro
*  Russia
* Bulgarian Volunteers

| Serbian victory

* De jure independence of Serbia from the Ottoman Empire

| ?
Russo-Turkish War
(1877–1878)  |

* Ottoman Empire

*     * Kurdish volunteers
* Albanian volunteers
* Circassian volunteers
* Polish Legion
* Muslim Georgian volunteers

* * *

Imamate rebels
Abkhazian rebels

* Russian Empire

*     * Assyrians[29]
* Guard of Finland[30]
* Bulgarian Legion

Romania
Serbia
Montenegro

* * *

Serbian rebels
Greek rebels

| Defeat

* Establishment of the Principality of Bulgaria
* Independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire
* Kars and Batum oblasts become part of the Russian Empire, Britain occupies Cyprus, Austria-Hungary occupies Bosnia
* Russian annexation of Southern Bessarabia from Romania, Romanian annexation of Northern Dobruja
* Greek annexation of Thessaly and Arta

| ?
‘Urabi Revolt
(1879–1882)  |

* Khedivate of Egypt (Khedivalist forces)

United Kingdom

*  India

|  ʻUrabilist forces  | Defeat of ‘Urabi

* Revolt suppressed
* ʻUrabi exiled
* British intervention in Egypt

| Tewfik of Egypt | 2,250[31]
Mahdist War
(1881–1899)  |

*  United Kingdom
•  Egypt
•  India[32]
•  Canada[33][34]
•  Colony of New South Wales[35]
*  Italy[36]
•  Colony of Eritrea
*  Ethiopia
* Congo Free State

|  Mahdist State | Victory

* Sudanese invasions of neighbours repelled
* Britain and Egypt took over Sudan and turned it into a condominium known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
* Kassala temporarily occupied by Italy
* Congo secures the Lado Enclave until 1910

| 13,102[37][38]: 30, 33

## Sultanate of Egypt (British Protectorate) (1914–1922)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Head of State | Egyptian
losses

|
|
|
|
|

World War I
(1914–1918)  | Allied Powers:

*  France
*  United Kingdom

and Empire:

* Australia
* Canada
*  Ceylon
*  Egypt
* Newfoundland
* New Zealand
*  India
*  South Africa

* Russia[i]
*  Italy (from 1915)
*  United States (from 1917)
*  Japan

and others ...

| Central Powers:

*  Germany
* Austria-Hungary
* Ottoman Empire
*  Bulgaria (from 1915)

and others ...

| Victory

* Partition of the Ottoman Empire, dissolution of Austria-Hungary, transfer of German colonies and territories to other countries
* Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East, such as Poland, Yugoslavia, Weimar Germany, Soviet Russia and Soviet Union, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Turkey, Hejaz, and Yemen

| Hussein Kamel | 14,763+
Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition
(1916)  |

* British Empire
* Sultanate of Egypt

* Sultanate of Darfur
* Supported by:
* Ottoman Empire
* Senussi

| Victory

* Darfur becomes a province of Sudan

| 5
Egyptian Revolution
(1918-1919)  |  Britain

* Sultanate of Egypt
* Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
* Australia[39]
* New Zealand

|  Egyptian protesters

* Wafd Party

| Egyptian victory

* Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence
* Implementation of the 1923 Constitution of Egypt
* Establishment of the Kingdom of Egypt

| Fuad I | 800

## Kingdom of Egypt (1919–1953)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Head of State | Egyptian
losses

|
|
|
|
|

World War II
(1939–1945)  |

Allies
Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
France
Poland
Yugoslavia
Greece
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
Denmark
Norway
Czechoslovakia
Canada
Australia
Kingdom of Egypt
New Zealand
India
South Africa
Philippines
Ethiopia
Brazil
Mexico
Mongolia

Axis
Germany
Japan
Italy
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Croatia
Finland
Iraq
Thailand

| Victory

* Collapse of the German Reich and the Empire of Japan
* Creation of the United Nations
* Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers
* Beginning of the Cold War

| Farouk I | 1,125[40]

Abdeen Palace incident
(1942)

|  Kingdom of Egypt |

United Kingdom

| Defeat

* King Farouk capitulates

| None
First Arab–Israeli War
(1948–1949)  |

* Arab League:
*  Egypt
* All-Palestine Protectorate[j]
* Holy War Army[j]
* Transjordan
* Syria
* Lebanon[k]
* Saudi Arabia
*  Yemen[42]

* * *

Irregulars:
* Arab Liberation Army
* Al-Najjada
* Holy War Army

* Israel

* * *

Before 26 May 1948:
* Yishuv
* Paramilitary groups:
* Haganah
* Palmach
* Hish
* Him
* Irgun
* Lehi
* Allied Bedouin tribes[43][44]

* * *

After 26 May 1948:
* Israel Defense Forces
* Minorities Unit

* * *

* Foreign volunteers:
* Mahal

| Defeat

* Establishment of the State of Israel, Jordanian annexation of the West Bank, Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip
* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* Beginning of the Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency

| 1,161-
2,000[45]
Battle of Ismailia (1952)  |  Egypt |  United Kingdom | Defeat

* Cairo fire
* Attacks on British soldiers by Egyptian guerrillas in the Suez Canal Zone increase and get more violent
* Egyptian Revolution of 1952

| 56 killed
73 wounded
Cairo Fire
(1952)  |  Egypt | European Civilians | Victory | Unknown
Egyptian Revolution
(1952)  |  Kingdom of Egypt
Supported by:
United Kingdom
France |  Free Officers Movement
Supported by:
United States[46][47] | Free Officers' Victory

* End of rule of the Muhammad Ali dynasty
* The Kingdom of Egypt becomes the Republic of Egypt
* End of British influence in Egypt
* Dictatorship imposed until the 2011 revolution
* Independence of Sudan in 1956
* Beginning of the Nasser era
* Revolutionary wave across the Arab world

| 2

## Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)

[edit]

Conflict | Egypt
and allies | Opponents | Results | Head of State | Minister of
Defense | Egyptian
losses

|
|
|
|
|
|

Military | Civilians
Jebel Akhdar War
(1954–1959)  | Imamate of Oman
Supported by: Republic of Egypt
Saudi Arabia | Sultanate of Muscat
United Kingdom | Defeat (Limited involvement)

* Dissolution of the Imamate of Oman

| Gamal Abdel Nasser | Abdel Hakim Amer | None | None
Suez Crisis
(1956)  |  Egypt |  Israel
United Kingdom
France | Inconclusive

Coalition military victory[48][49][50]
Egyptian political victory[48]

* Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip until March 1957

| 1,650–
3,000  | ~1,000
Syrian Crisis of 1957 |  Second Syrian Republic
Soviet Union
Republic of Egypt |  Turkiye
United States
Baghdad Pact | Victory

* Egypt successfully opposed Turkey's plans to invade Syria, backed by U.S. support.

| None | None

## United Arab Republic (1958–1971)

[edit]

Conflict | Egypt
and allies | Opponents | Results | Head of State | Minister of
Defense | Egyptian
losses

|
|
|
|
|
|

Military | Civilians
Lebanon crisis
(1958)  | Najjadeh Party
Progressive Socialist Party
Lebanese Communist Party
Al-Mourabitoun
Supported by:  United Arab Republic | Lebanese Armed Forces
Kataeb Party
Syrian Social Nationalist Party
ARF
Supported by:  United States | Inconclusive

* Reconciliation Government formed

| Gamal Abdel Nasser | Abdel Hakim Amer | None | None
Mosul uprising
1959  |  Arab nationalists

* Ba'ath Party
* Sympathetic Arab tribes

Supported by:
United Arab Republic[51][52][53]
United States[54]

* CIA (alleged)

* Iraqi Government
* Communist Party
* Kurdistan Democratic Party[55][56]
* Arab, Kurdish, and Assyrian peasants[57][58]

| Defeat (Limited involvement)  | None | None
Syrian coup d'état
(1961)  |

United Arab Republic

|  Syrian Arab Republic

* Supreme Arab Revolutionary Command of the Armed Forces
* National Party
* People's Party
* Muslim Brotherhood
* Communist Party
* Ba'ath Party
* Arab Liberation Movement

| Coup successful

* Syrian independence restored
* Repeal of socialist UAR's laws, reversal of nationalization of several industries and currency unification
* Writing of a new constitution, Constitution of 1950 in force
* Series of coups and counter-coups culminate in the coup of 8 March 1963

| None | None
North Yemen Civil War
(1962–1967)  |  Yemen Arab Republic
United Arab Republic |  Kingdom of Yemen
Saudi Arabia | Stalemate

* Khartoum Resolution, Egyptian withdrawal
* Eventual Republican victory in 1970.

| Abdel Wahab el-Beshry | 26,000 dead[59] | None
Sand War
(1963)  |  Algeria
United Arab Republic |  Morocco | Stalemate

* The closing of the border south of Figuig

| Unknown | None
Aden Emergency

(1963–1967)

| NLF
FLOSY
Supported by:

United Arab Republic

|  United Kingdom
Federation of South Arabia
Protectorate of South Arabia | Strategic Victory | 300 Dead  | Minimal to none
Ethiopian–Somali Border War |  Somalia
Supported by:
Egypt[60][61] |  Ethiopia
Supported by:
United States | Stalemate | Minimal to none | Minimal to none
Six-Day War
(1967)  |  Egypt
Syria
Jordan
Iraq[62]
Minor involvement:
Lebanon[63] |  Israel | Israeli victory

* Israel occupies a total of 70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi) of territory:[64]
* The Golan Heights from Syria
* The West Bank including East Jerusalem from Jordan
* The Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt[65][66]

| Shams Badran | 9,800–15,000 killed or missing[67][68] | Unknown
War of Attrition
(1967–1970)  |

*  Egypt
*  Soviet Union
* Kuwait[69]

* * *

* PLO
*  Jordan

* * *

*  Syria[70]
*  Cuba

|  Israel | Inconclusive | Mohamed Fawzi | 2,882[71]–10,000[72]
Nigerian Civil War
(1967–1970)  |  Nigeria
United Arab Republic |  Biafra | Victory (Limited Involvement)

* Reincorporation of Biafra into Nigeria.

| Unknown  | None

## Arab Republic of Egypt (1971–present)

[edit]

Conflict | Egypt
and allies | Opponents | Results | Head of State | Minister of
Defense | Egyptian
losses

|
|
|
|
|
|

Military | Civilians
Yom Kippur War
(1973)  |

* Egypt
* Syria

Expeditionary forces
Saudi Arabia[73]
Algeria[74]
Jordan
Libya
Iraq
Kuwait[75]
Tunisia
Morocco[76]
Cuba
North Korea[77][78]

|  Israel | Inconclusive

Analyses differ on the militarily outcome of the war; as an Israeli victory by some military historians, and by others, as a military stalemate.

* At the final ceasefire:
* Egyptian forces held 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi) on the eastern bank of the canal.[79]
* Israeli forces held 1,600 km2 (620 sq mi) on the western bank of the canal.[80]
* Israeli forces held 500 km2 (193 sq mi) of the Syrian Bashan region of the Golan Heights.

| Anwar Sadat | Ahmad Ismail Ali | 5,000[81]–15,000[82] dead  | Unknown
Shaba I
(1977)  |  Zaire
Morocco
Egypt |  FNLC | Victory

* FNCL expelled from Katanga

| Mohamed el-Gamasy | None | None
Egyptian–Libyan War
(1977)  |  Egypt |  Libya | Ceasefire

* Libyan Armed Forces expelled from Egypt
* Egyptian armed forces success
* Anwar El Sadat declaration of a ceasefire

| ~100  | Unknown
Chadian–Libyan War (1978–1987)  |  Anti-Libyan Chadian factions

* FAT (1978–1979)
* FAN (1978–1983)
* FANT (1983–1987)
* GUNT (1986–1987)
France
Zaire
Nigeria
Senegal
NFSL

Supported by: DR Sudan
Sudan
Egypt
Israel
Iraq
Algeria
United States

|  Libya
Pro-Libyan Chadian factions

* FROLINAT
* GUNT (1979–1986)
* Codos (1983–1986)
* FAP (1978–1986)
PLO (1987)[83][84]
Abu Nidal Organization[85]

Supported by: Algeria[86]
East Germany
Soviet Union

| Victory

* Chad regains control of the Aouzou Strip.

| Abd Al-Halim Abu-Ghazala | 1,000 Dead  | Unknown
Egyptian conscripts riot
(1986)  |  Egyptian Army |  Central Security Forces | Egyptian Army Victory

* Riot suppressed
* Mubarak regime promised to overhaul the force by raising its entry standards, increasing payment and bettering living conditions in their camps

| Hosni Mubarak |  107[87] | None
Gulf War
(1990–1991)  |  Kuwait
United States
United Kingdom
Saudi Arabia
France
Canada
Egypt
Syria
Morocco
Oman
Qatar
Australia |  Iraq | Victory

* Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah restored
* Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure

| Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb | 11[88][89] | None
Algerian Civil War
(1992-2002)  |  Government of Algeria
Minor involvement:
Egypt[90][91]
Tunisia[90][91]
France[91][92]
European Union[92]
South Africa[93] |  Islamic Salvation Front loyalists
Morocco [91][94][95]
Libya (until 1995)[91]
Saudi Arabia (pre-war)[92]
Iran (alleged)[92]
Saudi private donors[92]
Armed Islamic Group (from 1993)
Minor involvement:
Sudan (alleged)[96][97][98]
Iran (alleged)[96][97][98]
Egyptian Islamic Jihad (until 1995)[99]

* * *

Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (from 1998)
Minor involvement:
Al-Qaeda[96]

| Victory | Mohamed Tantawi | None | None
War on terror
(2001–present)  |

* United States United Kingdom France Russia

* * *

NATO members:

* Albania
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* Croatia
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Turkey

* * *

Other participant countries:

* Algeria
* Angola
* Armenia
* Australia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Belarus
* Benin
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Botswana
* Brunei
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cambodia
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Chad
* China
* Colombia
* Comoros
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Dominican Republic
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* El Salvador
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Finland
* Gabon
* Georgia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Honduras
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Ireland
* Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021)
* Israel
* Ivory Coast
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kenya
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Lebanon
* Liberia
* Libya
* Malawi
* Malaysia
* Mali
* Malta
* Mauritania
* Mongolia
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
*   Nepal
* New Zealand
* Nicaragua
* Niger
* Nigeria
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Rwanda
* Saudi Arabia
* Senegal
* Serbia
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Singapore
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Korea
* Sudan
* Sweden
*  Switzerland
* Tajikistan
* Taiwan
* Tanzania
* Thailand
* The Gambia
* Togo
* Tonga
* Tunisia
* Turkmenistan
* Uganda
* Ukraine
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen
* Zimbabwe

* * *

International missions:

* NATO—ISAF
* Resolute Support Mission
* Operation Enduring Freedom Allies
* Northern Alliance
* Multi-National Force – Iraq
* Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa
* Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve

(note: most contributing nations are included in the international operations)

ISIL

* Sinai Province
* Libya Province
* Algeria Province
* Central Africa Province
* West Africa Province
* Die Wahre Religion
* Katibah Nusantara
* Islamic State in the Greater Sahara
* Khorasan Province
* Yemen Province[101]
* Boko Haram
* Ansar Khalifa Philippines
* Caucasus Province
* ISS
* Abu Sayyaf[102]
* Al-Khansaa Brigade
* Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade
* Free Sunnis of Baalbek Brigade
* National Thowheeth Jama'ath
* Profetens Ummah
* Islamic Muthanna Movement
* MIT

Afghan Taliban (until 2021)
Pakistani Taliban

* * *

Other groups:

* East Turkestan Islamic Movement
* Osbat al-Ansar
* Haqqani network
* TNSM
* Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
* Lashkar-e-Taiba
* Lashkar-e-Omar
* Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
* Hizbul Mujahideen
* Iraqi Insurgents
* Ansaru
* Mullah Dadullah Front
* Fidai Mahaz
* Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries
* Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)
* Hamas
* Hezbollah
* Islamic Jihad Union
* Masked Brigade
* Jaish-e-Mohammed
* Ahrar ash-Sham
* Fatah al-Islam
* Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid
* Jaish al-Islam
* Indian Mujahideen
* Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
* Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front
* Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
* Soldiers of Egypt
* Mujahideen Pattani Movement
* Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
* Rajah Sulaiman movement
* Somali pirates
* Salafia Jihadia
* Ansar al-Sharia (Mali)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Morocco)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Egypt)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Yarmouk Area)
* Jemaah Islamiyah[103]
* Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique)

Former groups:

* Islamic Courts Union (until 2006)
* JTJ (until 2004)
* Free Aceh Movement (until 2005)
* al-Qaeda in Iraq (until 2006)
* Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (until 2007)
* Tunisian Combatant Group (until 2011)
* Islamic State of Iraq
(until 2013)
* MOJWA
(until 2013)
* Ansar al-Islam (until 2014)
* Jundallah[104]
* Tehreek-e-Khilafat[105] (until November 2014)
* Hizbul Islam (until 2014)
* Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until March 2015)[106]
* Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until 2015)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Syria) (until 2016)
* Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (until 2016)
* Caucasus Emirate (until 2016)
* Al-Nusra Front (until 2017)
* Harakat Sham al-Islam (until 2017)
* Jund al-Aqsa (until 2017)
* Ansar Dine (until March 2017)[107]
* Al-Mourabitoun (until March 2017)[107]
* Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) (until May 2017)[108][109][110]
* Maute Group (until 2017)
* Islamic Emirate of Waziristan (until 2017/2018)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Derna, Libya) (until 2018)
* Turaifie group (until 2019)
* Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (until 2018)
* Jund al-Khilafah (2014)
* Dokumacılar (until 2017)
* Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade (until 2016)
* Jaysh al-Jihad (until 2016)
* IMU (until 2015)
* Rajah Sulaiman Movement (until ?)
* Islamic Jihad of Yemen (until ?)
* Black Banner Organization (until ?)
* Iraqi Baath Party loyalists (until ?)

| Ongoing

* Ongoing conflict

| ?  | ?
2011 Egyptian revolution
(2011)  |  Pro-Government:

* National Democratic Party
* Central Security Forces
* Egyptian Armed Forces
* Police forces
* State Security Intelligence
* Supreme Council of the Armed Forces

|  Opposition Groups:

* 6 April Youth Movement
* Muslim Brotherhood
* Kefaya

| Pro-Government Victory

* Toppling of the Mubarak government
* Resignation of Prime Ministers Nazif and Shafik[111]
* Assumption of power by the military[112]
* Suspension of the Constitution and dissolution of the Parliament[113]
* Disbanding of the State Security Investigations Service[114]
* Dissolution of the NDP (former ruling party) and transfer of its assets to the state[115]
* Arrest and prosecution of Mubarak, his family and former ministers[116][117][118]
* 31-year state of emergency lifted[119]
* Democratic election to replace Mubarak; Mohamed Morsi elected as new president[120]
* Protests in response to Morsi's temporary constitutional declaration.

| * During revolution: 846[121][122]

* Post-Revolution: 300+[123]

Sinai Insurgency
(2011–2023)  |  Egypt
Israel
United Arab Emirates |  Islamic State | Ongoing

* Ongoing Conflict

| Mohamed Tantawi | 3,277 killed (2013-2022)
12,280 Injured (2013–2022)[124] | 1,539+ Egyptian,[125][126] 219 Russians, 4 Ukrainians, 1 Belarusian,[127] 3 South Koreans,[128] 3 Vietnamese, 2 Germans,[129] 1 Croatian[130]
2013 Egyptian coup d'état
(2013)  |  Egyptian Government

Muslim Brotherhood

* Freedom and Justice Party
* Islamists
* Egyptian Islamic Labour Party

* * *

Pro-Morsi protesters

* * *

Supported by:
Turkey
Qatar
Jordan

|  Supreme Council of the Armed Forces

* Egyptian Armed Forces
* Egyptian Police
* Nasserists
* National Democratic Party
* Al-Azhar University
* Al-Nour Party

| Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Victory

President Mohamed Morsi deposed by the Egyptian army

* Constitution suspended, and a transitional roadmap declared
* Adly Mansour becomes interim president
* Arrests and detention of Muslim Brotherhood leaders and members, including Morsi
* Closure of perceived pro-Muslim Brotherhood media outlets
* Dissolution of Shura Council[131]
* Escalation of militant attacks in the Sinai Peninsula
* Increasing unrest and instability in response to coup
* Temporary suspension of Egypt from the African Union
* New presidential election held in 2014
* Morsi and other Muslim Brotherhood figures jailed on various charges
* Crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood
* Mohamed Morsi dies during his court trial on 17 June 2019

| Mohamed Morsi | Abdel Fattah al-Sisi | 1,150+[132][133]
Second Libyan Civil War
(2015–2020)  |  Libya
Egypt
United Arab Emirates |  GNC

* * *

Shura Council

* * *

Islamic State | Victory (limited involvement)

* Egyptian military intervention

| Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Sedki Sobhi | None | 21
Intervention In Yemen
(2015–)  |  Hadi government
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Senegal
Sudan
Qatar
Bahrain
Kuwait
Jordan
Morocco
Egypt
France |  Revolutionary Council

* Houthis
* Saleh loyalists

| Ongoing

* Houthis dissolve Yemeni government.
* Houthis take control of northern Yemen.

| None | None

## Notes and references

[edit]

### Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Only in 1821
2. ^ a b c From 1821–1823.
3. ^ From 1821.
4. ^ a b c From 1826.
5. ^ Haiti was the first nation to recognize the independence of Greece.
6. ^ a b From 1854
7. ^ From 1855
8. ^ Until 1854
9. ^ The Russian Empire during 1914–1917, the Russian Republic during 1917. The Bolshevik government signed a separate peace with the Central Powers shortly after their armed seizure of power, resulting in a Central Powers victory on the Eastern Front of the war, and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic's defeat. However, this peace treaty was nullified by an Allied Powers victory on the Western Front, and the end of the war.
10. ^ a b After 22 September 1948
11. ^ Lebanon had decided to not participate in the war and only took part in the battle of al-Malikiya on 5–6 June 1948.[41]

### References

[edit]

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3. ^ An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. p. 144.
4. ^ The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. p. 100.
5. ^ Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. p. 107.
6. ^ Simpson, William K. (1984). "Sesostris II". In Wolfgang Helck (ed.). Lexikon der Ägyptologie Vol. 5. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 895\. ISBN 3447024895.
7. ^ Breasted, J.H. (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One. Chicago. pp. 640–673.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
8. ^ Breasted, J.H. (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One. Chicago. p. 652.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
9. ^ Pritchard, James B. (2016). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement. Princeton University Press. p. 230\. ISBN 978-1-4008-8276-2.
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12. ^ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992, p. 256.
13. ^ Strabo, xvi. p. 780-783
14. ^ Arthur E. Robinson, "The Arab Dynasty of Dar For (Darfur): Part II", Journal of the Royal African Society 28 (1928), pp. 55–67
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