List of wars involving France

Wars involving France

This article is about wars involving modern France (1792–present). For wars involving the Kingdom of France (987–1792), see List of wars involving the Kingdom of France. For pre-987 wars involving (West) Francia, see List of wars involving Francia.

This is a list of wars involving modern France from the abolition of the French monarchy and the establishment of the French First Republic on 21 September 1792 until the current Fifth Republic.

* For wars involving the Kingdom of France (987–1792), see List of wars involving the Kingdom of France.
* For pre-987 wars, see List of wars involving Francia.

French victory
French defeat
Another result *
Ongoing conflict

*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive

## First French Republic (1792–1804)

[edit]

Conflict  | Allies  | Opponents  | Outcome

|
|
|

French Revolution
(1789–1799)

Location: Kingdom of France/French First Republic

|  Kingdom of France

* Catholic and Royal Army
* Chouans
* Armée des Émigrés

| Revolutionaries

* Jacobins
* Cordeliers
* Girondins
* Sans-culottes
* Thermidorians

| French Republican victory

* Abolition of the Ancien régime and creation of constitutional monarchy
* Proclamation of the French First Republic in September 1792
* Reign of Terror and execution of Louis XVI
* French Revolutionary Wars
* Establishment of the French Consulate in November 1799

War of the First Coalition
(1792–1797)

Location: France, Central Europe, Italy, the Low Countries, Spain, West Indies

* Kingdom of France (until 1792)
* French Republic (from 1792)

French satellites[1]

* Batavian Republic (from 1795)[2]
* Sister republics[3]

French naval allies

* Spain (from 1796, naval only)[4]

|  First Coalition

* Dutch Republic
* (until 1795)[5]
* French Royalists[6]
* Great Britain[7]
* Holy Roman Empire (until 1797)[8]
* Portugal
* Prussia (until 1795)[9]
* Sardinia (until 1796)[10]
* Spain (until 1795)[9]
* Naples (until 1796)

| French victory

* Treaty of The Hague, Treaty of Paris, Peaces of Basel, Treaty of Tolentino, Treaty of Campo Formio
* French annexation of the Austrian Netherlands, the Left Bank of the Rhine, Savoy, and other smaller territories
* Santo Domingo to France
* French sister republics established
* End of millennial Venetian independence

War in the Vendée
(1793)

Location: West France: Maine-et-Loire, Vendée, Loire-Atlantique, Deux-Sèvres (or former provinces of Anjou, Poitou, Brittany)

|  French Republic |  Vendeans

* * *

Supported by:
Great Britain | French Republican victory
War of the Pyrenees
(1793-1795)

Location: Pyrenees

|  French Republic |  Spain
Portugal | French victory
Haitian Revolution
(1791–1804)

Location: Saint-Domingue

Collage of the Haitian Revolution

* Saint-Domingue expedition
* Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres
* Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot
* Blockade of Saint-Domingue
* Battle of Vertières

|  Slave owners
Kingdom of France
French Republic |  Ex-slaves
French royalists
Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (1793–1795)
Great Britain
Ex-slaves (1802–1803)  | Haitian victory

* French colonial government expelled
* Massacre of the French
* French occupation of Santo Domingo

French invasion of Switzerland
(1798)

Location: Old Swiss Confederacy

|  France |  Switzerland | French victory

* Switzerland becomes a French client state

War of the Second Coalition
(1798–1802)

* Mediterranean campaign of 1798

Location: Italy, Switzerland, Southern Germany, Middle East, Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea

|  French Republic
Spain
French client republics:[11]

* Batavian Republic
* Cisalpine Republic
* Helvetic Republic
* Ligurian Republic

| Second Coalition:

Holy Roman Empire (until 1801)[a]

* Tuscany
* Bavaria[12]

United Kingdom[13]
Russia (until 1801)[14]
Ottoman Empire[15]
Naples (until 1801)[16]
Portugal (until 1801)[17]
Sardinia[18]

* * *

United States (Quasi-War until 1800)[b]

| French victory

* Treaty of Lunéville
* Treaty of Amiens
* Survival of the French Republic
* Previous annexations by France confirmed
* Hostilities resume in 1803 with the formation of a Third Coalition against France and allies
* Trinidad, Ceylon and Malta to Britain
* Parma and Louisiana to France
* Tuscany to the House of Bourbon
* Foundation of the Septinsular Republic
* Portuguese Olivenza to Spain
* Reichsdeputationshauptschluss

Peasants' War
(1798)

Location: Southern Netherlands annexed by the French Republic[c]

|  French Republic |  Brigands  | French Republican victory
Quasi-War

(1798–1800)

Location: Primarily Caribbean and East Coast of the United States, minor actions in Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean SeaUSS Constellation in combat with French Insurgente |  France |  United States | Convention of 1800

* Peaceful cessation of Franco-American alliance
* End of French privateer attacks on American shipping
* American neutrality and renunciation of claims by France

War of the Oranges
(1801)

Location: Alentejo, Portugal
Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso, Brazil

* Kingdom of Spain
* French Republic

Kingdom of Portugal

* State of Brazil

| Franco-Spanish victory in Europe
Portuguese victory in South America

* Treaty of Badajoz
* Question of Olivença
* Territory of Brazil expanded
* Portuguese territory returned, except Olivenza, and border territories, which remained in Spanish possession; France territorial guarantees in Trinidad, Port Mahon (Menorca) and Malta, as well as lands north of Brazil; Southern Spanish America loses territory to Portuguese Brazil

## First French Empire (1804–1814, 1815)

[edit]

Conflict  | France & allies  | France's opposition  | Outcome

|
|
|

War of the Third Coalition
(1803–06)

Location: Central Europe, Italy and the Atlantic Ocean

|  France
Batavian Republic
Bavaria
Etruria
Italy
Spain
Württemberg |  Holy Roman Empire
Naples
Russia
Sicily
Sweden
United Kingdom | French victory

* Treaty of Pressburg
* Consolidation of the French Empire
* Creation of the Confederation of the Rhine
* French conquest of Naples
* Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
* Formation of the Fourth Coalition a few months later

Franco-Swedish War
(1805–10)

Location: Swedish Pomerania

|  France |  Sweden | French victory

* Sweden integrates into continental system

Siege of Santo Domingo
(1805)

Location: Santo Domingo, Saint-Domingue
present day Dominican Republic

|  France |  Haiti | French victory

* Haitian withdrawal from Santo Domingo

War of the Fourth Coalition
(1806)

Location: Central Europe, Wallachia and Moldavia

|  France

* Confederation of the Rhine
* Etruria
* Holland
* Italy
* Naples
* Polish Legions and rebels
* Saxony
(after 11 December 1806)

Spain
Switzerland

|  Prussia
Russia
Saxony
(until 11 December 1806)
Sicily
Sweden
United Kingdom | French victory

* Treaties of Tilsit
* Prussia loses half of its territory
* Creation of the Duchy of Warsaw
* Saxony joins the Confederation of the Rhine
* Franco-Russian alliance
* Creation of the Continental System
* Hostilities resume later in 1807 with the commencement of the Peninsular War and expand in 1809 with the formation of a Fifth Coalition against France

Gunboat War
(1807–1814)

Location: Danish–Norwegian waters

|  Denmark–Norway

Co-belligerent:
Russian Empire (1808–09)
Supported by:
French Empire[19]

|  United Kingdom

Co-belligerent:
Sweden
(1809, 1813–1814)

| British victory

* Treaty of Kiel
* Dissolution of Denmark–Norway
* Norway adopts a new Constitution
* Norwegian War of Independence

Finnish War
(1808–1809)

Location: Finland and Sweden

|  Russian Empire

Co-belligerent:
Denmark–Norway Supported by:
French Empire

|  Sweden

Supported by:
United Kingdom

| Russian victory

* Treaty of Fredrikshamn

Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809
(1808–1809)

Location: Scandinavia

|  Denmark–Norway

Co-belligerent:
Russian Empire
Supported by:
French Empire

|  Sweden

Co-belligerent:
United Kingdom

| Inconclusive

* Treaty of Jönköping

Peninsular War
(1808–1814)

Location: Iberian Peninsula and Southern France

|  France

* Napoleonic Spain
* Confederation of the Rhine
* Duchy of Warsaw
* Italy

|  Spain
Portugal
United Kingdom | Coalition victory

* Junta control over Spain
* Treaty of Paris

War of the Fifth Coalition
(1809)

Location: Central Europe, Italy and Netherlands

|  France

* Confederation of the Rhine
* Bavaria
* Saxony
* Westphalia
* Württemberg
* Duchy of Warsaw
* Holland
* Italy
* Naples
* Switzerland

|  Austria

* Black Brunswickers

Portugal
Sardinia
Sicily
Spain
Tyrol
United Kingdom

| French victory

* Treaty of Schönbrunn
* Hostilities in the Peninsular War maintained
* General hostilities across Europe suspended until 1812 with the French Invasion of Russia

Tyrolean Rebellion
(1809)

Location: Tyrol

|  French Empire |  Tyrolean partisans | French victory

* Uprising crushed

French invasion of Russia
(1812)

Location: Eastern Europe

|  France

* Confederation of the Rhine
* Baden
* Bavaria
* Berg
* Saxony
* Westphalia
* Duchy of Warsaw
* Italy
* Naples
* Switzerland

|  Russia | Russian victory

* Start of the War of the Sixth Coalition

War of the Sixth Coalition
(1813–1814)

Location: Central and Eastern Europe

|  France

* Duchy of Warsaw[d]
* Italy
* Naples

Until January 1814

* Confederation of the Rhine (many member states defected after Battle of Leipzig)
* Denmark–Norway

| Original coalition

* Mecklenburg-Schwerin
* Portugal
* Prussia
* Russia
* Sardinia
* Sicily
* Spain
* Sweden
* United Kingdom

After the Armistice of Pläswitz

* Austria
* Bavaria

After the Battle of Leipzig

* Württemberg
* Baden
* Netherlands
* Liechtenstein

After January 1814

* Denmark

| Coalition victory

* Treaty of Fontainebleau, Treaty of Kiel and First Treaty of Paris
* Bourbon Restoration, with Napoleon defeated and exiled to Elba
* Various territorial changes
* Dissolution of Denmark-Norway
* Beginning of the Congress of Vienna
* Hostilities resume with the return of Napoleon to power in 1815

Hundred Days
(1815)

Location: France and Netherlands

|  France
Naples |  Austria
Prussia
Russia
United Kingdom
Baden
Bavaria
Brunswick
Denmark
Kingdom of France
Hanover
Liechtenstein
Nassau
Netherlands
Portugal
Sardinia
Saxony
Sicily
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tuscany
Württemberg | Coalition-Bourbon victory

* Second Treaty of Paris
* End of the Napoleonic Wars
* Second exile of Napoleon and second Bourbon Restoration
* Beginning of the Concert of Europe

## Bourbon Restoration (1814–15, 1815–1830)

[edit]

Conflict  | France & allies  | France's opposition  | Outcome

|
|
|

Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
(1823)

Location: Spain

|  Kingdom of France
Armée de la Foi |  Partisans of the Cortes | French and Spanish Royalist victory
Greek War of Independence
(1821–1829)

* Battle of Navarino
* Morea Expedition

Location: Greece

| 1821:
Filiki Eteria
Greek revolutionaries
After 1822:
Hellenic Republic

* * *

Supported by:
Romanian Revolutionaries (1821)
Philhellenes
United Kingdom (after 1826)
Russian Empire (after 1826)
Kingdom of France (after 1826)
Serb and Montenegrin volunteers |  Ottoman Empire

* Egypt
* Algeria
* Tripolitania
* Tunis

| Greek victory

* First Hellenic Republic established and recognized

Franco-Trarzan War of 1825
(1825)

Location: Waalo, West Africa

|  France | Trarza | French victory
Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers' Revolt
(1825)

Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

|  Empire of Brazil
France
United Kingdom | Irish mercenaries
German mercenaries  | Revolt suppressed
July Revolution
(July 1830)

Location: France

|  Bourbon Restoration (Legitimists)  | Orléanists | Orléanist victory

* Establishment of the July Monarchy

## July Monarchy (1830–1848)

[edit]

Conflict  | France & allies  | France's opposition  | Outcome

|
|
|

Liberal Wars
(1828–34)

* Battle of the Tagus

Location: Portugal

|  Liberals

Supported by:
United Kingdom (1828–1834)
France (1830–1834)
Belgian volunteers (1832–1834)[20]
Spain (1833–1834)

|  Miguelites

Supported by:
Spain (1828–1833)

| Liberal victory

* Concession of Evoramonte

French conquest of Algeria
(1827–1830–1857)

Location: Regency of Algiers

* Battle of Macta
* Siege of Constantine
* Battle of Mazagran
* Battle of the Smala
* Battle of Sidi Brahim

|  France |  Ottoman Empire

* Regency of Algiers

Emirate of Abdelkader
Kingdom of Ait Abbas
Kel Ahaggar
Sultanate of Morocco

| French victory
Belgian Revolution
(1830–31)

Location: The Low Countries

|  Belgian rebels
France |  United Netherlands | Franco-Belgian victory

* Most European powers' recognition of Belgium's independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands

June Rebellion
(1832)

Location: Paris, France

|  July Monarchy |  Republicans  | Orléanist victory, rebellion crushed
First Carlist War
(1833–1840)

Location: Spain

|  Liberals
Supported by:
France
United Kingdom
Portugal (from 1834) |  Carlists
Supported by:
Portugal (until 1834) | French and Liberal victory
First Franco-Mexican War
(1838–1839)

Location: Mexico

|  France |  Mexico | French victory

* Mexican government agrees to pay damages of 600,000 pesos

Uruguayan Civil War
(1839–1851)

* Battle of Vuelta de Obligado

Location: Uruguay

|  Colorados

* Gobierno de la Defensa (since 1843)

* Unitarians
* Empire of Brazil (since 1851)
* Entre Ríos (from 1851)
* Corrientes (from 1851)
* France
* United Kingdom
* Riograndense Republic (1839–1845)
* Italian Redshirts

Blancos

* Gobierno del Cerrito (since 1843)

* Federalists
* Lavallejistas
* Argentine Confederation
* Entre Ríos (until 1851)

| Colorado victory
First Franco-Moroccan War
(1844)

Location: Morocco

* Bombardment of Tangiers
* Battle of Isly
* Bombardment of Mogador

|  France |

* Morocco
* Algerian volunteers

| French victory
Franco-Tahitian War
(1844–1847)

Location: Tahiti

|  France |

* Tahiti
* Huahine
* Raiatea
* Bora Bora and Tahaa

| French victory
Bombardment of Tourane
(1847)

Location: Off Tourane (Da Nang), South Central Coast of Vietnam

|  France | Nguyễn dynasty | French victory
French Revolution of 1848
(February 1848)

Location: Paris, France

|  July Monarchy |

* Revolutionaries

| Republican victory

* July Monarchy abolished, Second Republic established

## Second French Republic (1848–1852)

[edit]

Conflict  | France & allies  | France's opposition  | Outcome

|
|
|

June Days uprising
(June 1848)

Location: France

|  French Second Republic | Insurgents  | Second Republic victory

* New constitution adopted from the provisional government

First Italian War of Independence
(1848–1849)

Location: Lombardy; Rome

|  Austrian Empire
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
France (1849)  |  Kingdom of Sardinia

* Italian Volunteer Army

Supported by:

* Provisional Government of Milan
* Republic of San Marco
* Kingdom of Sicily
* Grand Duchy of Tuscany
* Duchy of Modena and Reggio
* Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
* Roman Republic

| French-Austrian Victory

* Austria keeps Lombardy–Venetia
* French victory over Roman Republic
* Papal rule restored over Rome[21]

French invasion of Honolulu
(1849)

Location: Honolulu, Hawaii

|  France |  Hawaiian Kingdom | Victory

## Second French Empire (1852–1870)

[edit]

Conflict  | France & allies  | France's opposition  | Outcome

|
|
|

Soninke-Marabout War (Kombo)
(1850-1856)

Location: Kombo

|  France

British Empire

| Kingdom of the Kombo (Soninke)

Marabout confederacy

| French victory
Taiping Rebellion
(1850–1871)

Location: China

* China
* Xiang Army
* Huai Army

Later stages:
France
United Kingdom

* Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
* Co-belligerents:
* Nian rebels
* Red Turban rebels (Tiandihui)
* Small Swords Society
* Miao rebels
* Pingnan Guo
* Islamic rebels
* Black Flag Army

| Qing victory

* Fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
* Diminished power of the central court over the provinces
* Rise of irregular provincial armies
* Vanquishing of God Worshippers
* Lasting damage to the perception of Christianity in China
* Sparking other rebellions in China, including the Miao Rebellion (1854–73)
* Persecution of Hakka people and other ethnic groups that supported the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

Bombardment of Salé
(1851)

Location: Morocco

|  France |  Sherifian Empire | French military victory
French political failure

* Morocco agreed to pay 100,000 francs to the French on 29 November 1851 to avoid further conflict.[22]
* France had desired a revolt against the governor of Salé to force repayment and avoid destruction of the city, but this did not occur.[23]

Crimean War
(1853–1856)

Location: Crimea, Caucasus, Balkans, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, White Sea, Far East

|  France
Ottoman Empire

* Egypt
* Tunis

Britain[e]
Sardinia[f]
Supported by:
Austrian Empire

* * *

Caucasus Imamate[g]
Circassia
Abkhazia[f] |  Russian Empire

* Mingrelia

Kurdish rebels

* * *

Greece[h] | Allied victory

* Treaty of Paris

Second Opium War
(1857)

Location: China

|  France
United Kingdom
India

* * *

United States |  Qing dynasty | Allied victory

* Treaty of Tientsin

Siege of Medina Fort
(1857)

Location: Médine, Mali

|  France | Toucouleur Empire | French victory
Campagne de Kabylie (1857)
(1857)

Location: Algeria

|  France | Kabylie Tribes  | French Victory
Cochinchina Campaign
(1858–1862)

Location: Vietnam

|  Second French Empire

Spain

* Philippines

| Nguyễn dynasty | Franco-Spanish victory

* Cochinchina (southern Vietnam) becomes a French colony

Second Italian War of Independence
(1859)

Location: Lombardy–Venetia, Piedmont and the Austrian Littoral

|  French Empire
Kingdom of Sardinia
Supported By:
United Principalities |  Austrian Empire
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia | Franco-Sardinian victory
Second Franco-Mexican War
(1862–1867)

Location: Mexico

* Battle of Puebla
* Battle of Barranca Seca
* Battle of San Pablo del Monte
* Battle of Camarón
* Battle of San Juan Bautista
* Capture of Mazatlán
* Battle of Acapulco
* Battle of San Pedro
* Siege of Mexico City

|  France
Mexican Empire

Austria-Hungary

|  United Mexican States
United States (from 1865)[24] | French defeat

* Establishment, then fall, of the Second Mexican Empire
* French withdrawal following the continued loss of territory by Mexican Republic forces and American threats.

Shimonoseki Campaign
(1863–1864)

Location: Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan

|  Britain
French Empire
Netherlands
United States |  Chōshū Domain | Allied victory
French campaign against Korea
(1866)

Location: Korea

|  France |  Korea | French defeat

* French withdrawal, Korea reaffirms its isolationism

Garibaldi's expedition to Rome (1867)

Location: Rome

|  France
Papal States |  Italian volunteers  | Franco-Papal Victory
Franco-Prussian War
(1870–71)

Location: France

|  France |  North German Confederation

* Kingdom of Prussia
* Kingdom of Saxony

Grand Duchy of Baden
Kingdom of Bavaria
Kingdom of Württemberg
Grand Duchy of Hesse

| French defeat

* Dissolution of the Second French Empire, Third Republic Established

## French Third Republic (1870–1940)

[edit]

Conflict  | France & allies  | France's opposition  | Outcome

|
|
|

Paris Commune
(1871)

Location: Paris

|  French Third Republic |  Communards
National Guards | Third Republic victory
Mokrani Revolt
(1871–1872)

Location: Algeria

|  France | Algerian rebels:
Kingdom of Ait Abbas
Sultanate of Tuggurt
Algerian Zawiyas
Algerian peasantry  | French victory
Annexation of the Leeward Islands
(1880–1897)

Location: Society Islands

|  France
Tahiti (French protectorate)  |  Raiatea-Tahaa
Huahine
Bora Bora | French victory
French conquest of Tunisia
(1881)

Location: Tunisia

|  France |  Beylik of Tunis | French victory

* Tunisia becomes a French protectorate

Mandingo Wars
(1883–1898)

Location: West Africa

|  France |  Wassoulou Empire | French victory
First Madagascar expedition
(1883–1885)

Location: Madagascar

|  France |  Merina Kingdom | French victory
Sino-French War
(1884–1885)

Location: Southeast mainland China, Taiwan, northern Vietnam

* Battle of Fuzhou
* Kep Campaign
* Battle of Shipu
* Battle of Zhenhai
* Lạng Sơn Campaign
* Siege of Tuyên Quang
* Battle of Hòa Mộc
* Battle of Phu Lam Tao
* Battle of Bang Bo
* Retreat from Lạng Sơn
* Pescadores Campaign

|  France |  China
Black Flag Army
Nguyễn dynasty | Both sides declared victory

* Limited "victory" for Qing forces on land (China won one battle at the end before suing for peace)
* Defeat of Qing forces on Taiwan and surrounding islands
* Collapse of Ferry's government in late March due to public opinion against the war
* Treaty of Tientsin
* China officially recognizes French domination over Vietnam

Tonkin Campaign
(1883–1886)

Location: Northern Vietnam

|  France |  Qing dynasty
Black Flag Army
Nguyễn dynasty | French victory

* French protectorate over Tonkin and Annam

First Franco-Dahomean War
(1890)

Location: Ouémé Department of modern Benin

|  France |  Dahomey | French victory

* Dahomey recognizes Porto-Novo as a French protectorate and gives up customs rights to Cotonou in exchange for yearly payment

Second Franco-Dahomean War
(1892–1894)

Location: Ouémé Department and Zou Department of modern Benin

* Battle of Abomey

|  France |  Dahomey | French victory

* Dahomey conquered and incorporated as a French protectorate

Franco-Siamese conflict
(1893)

Location: French Indochina, Siam

|  French Republic

* French Indochina

|  Siam | French victory

* Entente Cordiale
* Laos ceded to French Indochina

First Italo-Ethiopian War
(1894–1896)

Location: Eritrea and Ethiopia

|  Ethiopia
Support:
Russia[25][26][27]
France[28][29]

* * *

Eritrean rebels[30] |  Italy

* Italian Eritrea

| Ethiopian victory

* Treaty of Addis Ababa

Second Madagascar expedition
(1894–1895)

Location: Madagascar

|  France |  Merina Kingdom | French victory
Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)

Location: Crete

|  Cretan revolutionaries
Kingdom of Greece
British Empire
France
Italy
Russian Empire
Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898)
German Empire (until March 16, 1898)  |  Ottoman Empire | French victory

* Establishment of the Cretan State.
* Withdraw of Ottoman forces from Crete.

Boxer Rebellion
(1899-1901)

Location: North China, Yellow Sea

Eight-Nation Alliance
British Empire
Russia
Japan
France
Germany
United States
Italy
Austria-Hungary

* * *

* Netherlands
* Spain
* Belgium

* * *

Mutual Defence Pact of Southeast China (after 1900)

* Boxer movement
* Qing dynasty (after 1900)

| Eight-Nation Alliance victory

* Boxer Protocol

Rabih War
(1899–1901)

* Battle of Togbao
* Battle of Kousséri

Location: West Africa

|  France |  Kanem–Bornu Empire | French victory
1904–1905 uprising in Madagascar
(1904–1905)

Location: Madagascar

|  France | Rebels  | French victory

* Rebellion suppressed

Ouaddai War
(1909–1911)

Location: Ouaddai Empire

|  France | Ouaddai Empire | French victory

* Annexation of Ouaddai Empire

French conquest of Morocco
(1911–1934)

Location: North Africa

|  France

* Morocco

| Zaian Confederation
Varying other Berber tribes  | French victory
Zaian War
(1914–1921)

Location: French protectorate of Morocco

* Battle of El Herri

|  France

* Morocco

| Zaian Confederation
Varying other Berber tribes
Supported during the First World War by the Central Powers | French victory
First World War
(1914–1918)

Location: Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and coast of North and South America

| Allied Powers

France
British Empire

* United Kingdom
* Canada
* Newfoundland
* Australia
* New Zealand
* India
* South Africa

Russian Empire
United States
Italy
Japan
China
Serbia
Montenegro
Romania
Belgium
Greece
Portugal
Brazil

| Central Powers

Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria

| Allied victory

* End of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires
* Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East
* Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers
* Establishment of the League of Nations

Volta-Bani War
(1915–1917)

Location: Burkino Faso, Mali

|  France

* French West Africa

| Marka, Bwa, Lela, Nuni, and Bobo people  | French victory
Kaocen revolt
(1916–1917)

Location: Northern Niger

|  France

* French West Africa

| Tuareg guerrillas  | French victory
Thái Nguyên uprising
(1917–1918)

Location: Northern Vietnam

|  France |  Vietnamese rebels  | French victory

* Uprising suppressed.

Occupation of Constantinople
(1918–1923)

Location: Istanbul

|  United Kingdom
France
Italy
Greece
United States[31]
Japan[31] |  Ottoman Empire | Temporary occupation
November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine

Location: Alsace-Lorraine

|  French Third Republic |  Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic  | Third Republic victory

* Alsace-Lorraine annexed by France

Hungarian-Romanian War
(1918–1919)

Location: Hungary, and Transylvania

|  Romania
Supported by:
France

Czechoslovakia

|  Hungarian Republic
(until 21 March 1919)
Soviet Hungary
Supported by:
Soviet Russia | Romanian victory
Franco-Turkish War
(1918–1921)

Location: Cilicia and Upper Mesopotamia

* Battle of Marash
* Battle of Urfa
* Siege of Aintab
* Karboğazı ambush
* Kaç Kaç incident
* Battle of Kovanbaşı
* Battle of Kanlı Geçit
* Battle of Fadıl

|  France

* French Armenian Legion

|  Grand National Assembly

* Kuva-yi Milliye

| French loss

* French influence in Anatolia is repelled
* Southern Anatolia ceded to Turkey
* Cilicia Peace Treaty
* Treaty of Ankara
* Treaty of Lausanne

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
(1918–1920)

Location: Russia, Mongolia, and Iran

White Movement
British Empire

* United Kingdom
* Canada
* Australia
* India
* South Africa

United States
France
Japan
Czechoslovakia
Greece
Estonia
Serbia
Italy
Poland
Romania
China

Russian SFSR
Far Eastern Republic
Latvian SSR
Ukrainian SSR
Commune of Estonia
Mongolian Communists

| Allied withdrawal

* Allied withdrawal from Russia
* Bolshevik victory over White Army

German Revolution of 1918–1919
(1918–1919)

Location: German Empire

| 1918–1919:
Weimar Republic

* Reichswehr
* Freikorps
* Der Stahlhelm
* Social Democratic Party of Germany

Supported by:
France

|  FSR Germany
Supported by:
Russian SFSR | Weimar victory
Hungarian–Czechoslovak War
(1918–1919)

Location: Slovakia, Carpathian Ruthenia, Hungary

|  Czechoslovakia
Supported by:
France
Romania |  Hungarian Republic
(until 21 March 1919)
Soviet Hungary
(from 21 March 1919)
Supported by:
Soviet Russia | Czechoslovakian victory

* Hungarian retreat after diplomatic negotiations with the Entente
* Formation and then dissolution of the Slovak Soviet Republic

1919 Luxembourgish rebellion
(January 1919)

Location: Luxembourg

|  French Third Republic
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg |  Comité de Salut Public (Luxembourg) [nl]
Republic of Luxembourg  | French and Luxembourgish monarchist victory

* Luxembourgish republican and pro-Belgian rebellion suppressed (10 January 1919)

Polish-Soviet War
(1919–1921)

Location: Central and Eastern Europe

|  Poland
Belarusian PR
Latvia[i]
Ukrainian People's Republic[j]
Supported by:
France
Hungarian Republic
Romania
Russian Whites
United Kingdom[k]
United States[k] |  Russian SFSR
Byelorussian SSR
Polrewkom
Ukrainian SSR | Polish victory
Bender Uprising
(1919)

Location: Tighina, Kingdom of Romania (present day Bender, Moldova)

|  France
Romania |  Red Guards
Ukrainian SSR | Franco-Romanian victory
Franco-Syrian War
(1920)

Location: Syria

* Alawite Revolt of 1919
* Hananu Revolt
* Battle of Maysalun
* Capture of Damascus (1920)

|  France

* French West Africa

|  Arab Kingdom of Syria

* Arab militias

| French victory

* Establishment of French Mandate of Syria
King Faisal expelled to Mandatory Iraq

Rif War
(1920–1927)

Location: Morocco

|  Spain
France (1925–1926)
Jebala tribes |  Republic of the Rif
Jebala tribes | Franco-Spanish victory

* Dissolution of the Republic of the Rif

Great Syrian Revolt
(1925–1927)

Location: French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

Damascus in flames as the result of the French air raid on October 18, 1925.

* Capture of Salkhad
* Battle of al-Kafr
* Battle of al-Mazraa
* Battle of al-Musayfirah
* 1925 Hama uprising
* Battle of Rashaya
* Battle of al-Mazraa

|  France

* Syria
* Lebanon

| Syrian rebels  | French victory
Kongo-Wara rebellion
(1928–1931)

Location: French Equatorial Africa, French Cameroon

|  France

* French Equatorial Africa
* French Cameroon

Fula people

* * *

Co-belligerents:
Gbaya chiefdoms

| Gbaya people and clans

* * *

Co-belligerents:
Mbum people
Mbai people
Pana people
Yangere people
Mbimou people
Goundi people

| French victory
Yên Bái mutiny
(1930)

Location: Vietnam

|  France

* French Indochina

|  Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng | French victory

* Uprising crushed
VNQDĐ severely damaged by deaths and arrests, jailings and executions by French authorities[32]

Second World War
(1939–1945)

Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, Oceania, North and South America

| Allied Powers

United States
Soviet Union
United Kingdom
China
Free France
Poland
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
India
South Africa
Yugoslavia
Greece
Denmark
Norway
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
Czechoslovakia
Brazil
Mexico

| Axis Powers

Germany
Japan
Italy
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Croatia
Slovakia
Finland
Thailand
Manchukuo
Mengjiang

| Allied victory

* Collapse of the Third Reich
* Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires
* Creation of the United Nations
* Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers
* Beginning of the Cold War

## Vichy France (1940–1944)

[edit]

Conflict  | France & allies  | France's opposition  | Outcome

|
|
|

Franco-Thai War
(1940–1941)

Location: French Indochina

* Battle of Ko Chang

|  Vichy France

* French Indochina

|  Thailand | Inconclusive

* Japanese-mediated ceasefire
* On Japanese decision, disputed territories in French Indochina ceded by France to Thailand

## French Fourth Republic (1946–1958)

[edit]

Conflict  | France & allies  | France's opposition  | Outcome

|
|
|

War in Vietnam
(1945–1946)

Location: Vietnam

|  France
British Empire
Japan Allied captured soldiers.  |  Việt Minh | Operational success

* Restoration of French rule in Indochina
* First Indochina War begins

First Indochina War
(1946–1954)

Location: French Indochina

* Battle of Hanoi
* Battle of Cao Bằng
* Operation Papillon
* Operation Léa
* Operation Ceinture
* Battle of Đông Khê
* Battle of Route Coloniale 4
* Battle of Vĩnh Yên
* Battle of Mạo Khê
* Battle of the Day River
* Battle of Hòa Bình
* Operation Lorraine
* Battle of Nà Sản
* Operation Bretagne
* Operation Adolphe
* Battle of Muong Khoua
* Operation Camargue
* Operation Hirondelle
* Operation Brochet
* Operation Mouette
* Operation Castor
* Battle of Dien Bien Phu
* Operation Condor
* Battle of Mang Yang Pass

|  French Union

* France
* French Indochina
* State of Vietnam
* Kingdom of Cambodia
* Kingdom of Laos

Supported by:

* United States

Democratic Republic of Vietnam

* Việt Minh

Supported by:

* China
* Soviet Union

| DR Vietnamese victory[33][34][35][36]

* Division of Vietnam between North Vietnam and South Vietnam in 1954
* Independence of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

Malagasy Uprising
(1947–1948)

Location: Madagascar

|  France |  MDRM | French victory

* Uprising Crushed by French, various participants tried and executed
* Scars on Malagasy society

Korean War
(1950–1953)

Location: Korea

|  South Korea
United States
United Kingdom
Australia
Belgium
Canada
France
Philippines
Colombia
Ethiopia
Greece
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
South Africa
Thailand
Turkey |  North Korea
China
Soviet Union | UN Victory

* Ceasefire armistice
* North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled
* UN invasion of North Korea repelled
* Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled
* Korean Demilitarized Zone established
* Little territorial change at the 38th parallel border

Algerian War
(1954–1962)

Location: French Algeria

* Toussaint Rouge
* Battle of Philippeville
* Battle of Algiers
* Battle of Agounennda
* Operation Jumelles
* Algiers putsch of 1961
* Battle of Bab El Oued

* French Fourth Republic
(1954–1958)
* French Fifth Republic
(1958–1962)

* La Main Rouge
* MPC
* ANPA

* * *

* FAF
(1960–61)
* OAS
(1961–62)

* FLN
* MNA
* PCA

| Algerian victory

* Independence of Algeria from France
* End of the French colonial empire[42]
* Collapse of the Fourth French Republic and establishment of the Fifth French Republic

Bamileke War
(1955–1964)

Location: French Cameroon

| Before 1960
France

* French Equatorial Africa[43]

* * *

After 1960
Cameroon[44]
France

|  UPC | French-Cameroonian victory
Suez Crisis
(1956)

Location: Egypt (from the Gaza Strip to the Suez Canal)

Israel
United Kingdom
France

Egypt

| Coalition military victory
Egyptian political victory

* Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip until March 1957

Ifni War
(1957–1958)

Location: Spanish Sahara, Ifni, Morocco

French wars since 1958 |  Spain
France |  Moroccan Army of Liberation | Franco-Spanish victory

## French Fifth Republic (1958–present)

[edit]

Conflict  | France & allies  | France's opposition  | Outcome

|
|
|

Basque conflict
(1959–2011)

Location: Basque country

|  Spain

France

| Neo-fascist paramilitaries:

* Spanish Basque Battalion (1975–1981)
* Anti-Terrorist Liberation Groups (1983–1987)[l]
* Anti-Communist Apostolic Alliance (1976–1983)
* Spanish Armed Groups (1979–1980)
* Warriors of Christ the King (1968–1980)
* Spanish National Action (unknown)
* ETA Anti-Terrorism (1970s)
* Anti-Marxist Commandos

* * *

Basque National Liberation Movement:

* Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
* Iparretarrak (1972–2000)
* Iraultza (1982–1996)
* Autonomous Anti-Capitalist Commandos (late 1970s–1980s)
* Irrintzi (2005–2009)
* Kale borroka
* Hordago (1980s)
* Euskal Zuzentasuna (1977–1979)

| Victory
Bizerte crisis
(1961)

Location: Bizerte, Tunisia

|  France |  Tunisia | French victory
Sand War
(1963–1964)

Location: Around the oasis towns of Tindouf and Figuig

|  Morocco
Support:
France[45] |  Algeria
Support:
Egypt[46]
Cuba[47] | Military stalemate[48]

* The closing of the border south of Figuig, Morocco/Béni Ounif, Algeria.
* Morocco abandoned its intentions to control Béchar and Tindouf after OAU mediation.
* No territorial changes were made.
* Demilitarized zone established

Dirty War
(1974–1983)

Location: Argentina

|  Argentina

* Argentine Army
* Argentine Navy
* Argentine Air Force
* Argentine Federal Police
* Argentine National Gendarmerie
* Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
* Justicialist Party

Supported by:

* United States[49][50][51]
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Paraguay
* Uruguay
* France

|  ERP

Montoneros
FAP Supported by:
Cuba

| Argentine government victory

* Operativo Independencia
* 1976 Argentine coup d'état
* National Reorganization Process
* Operation was concluded after the Falklands War

Western Sahara War
(1975–1991)

Location: Western Sahara

|  Morocco
Mauritania (1975–1979)
France (1977–78) Operation Lamantin, aid from 1978)
Supported by:
Saudi Arabia
United States |  Western Sahara

* Polisario Front

Algeria
Supported by:
Libya (until 1984)
North Korea (from 1978)

| Inconclusive

* Spanish withdrawal under the Madrid Accords (1976)
* Mauritanian retreat and withdrawal of territorial claims

Angolan Civil War
(1975–2002)

Location: Angola

|  UNITA
FNLA (1975–1978)
South Africa (1975–1991)
Zaire (1975)
Supported By
United States (1975–1991)
Morocco (1970s)
China (1975)
FLEC
Material support:
France |  MPLA
Cuba (1975–1991)
SWAPO (1975–1991)
ANC (1975–1991)
Executive Outcomes (1993–1995)
FLNC (1975–2001)
Namibia (2001–2002)
Material support:
Soviet Union (1975–1991)
Yugoslavia (1975–1991)
North Korea (1980s)
Brazil
Mexico | MPLA Victory
Corsican conflict
(1976–present)

Location: Corsica

|  France | Corsican nationalist paramilitaries

* National Liberation Front of Corsica groups
* National Liberation Front of Corsica (FLNC) (1976-1990)
* FLNC-Canal Habituel (1990-1997)
* FLNC-Canal Historique (1990-1999)
* FLNC-Union of Combatants (1999-Present)
* FLNC-22 October (2002-Present)
* Other Corsican armed groups

| Ongoing

* Multiple failed peace agreements
* Temporary cessation of hostilities from 2014-2022

Shaba I
(1977)

Location: Shaba Province, Zaire

|  France
Zaire
Morocco
Egypt
Belgium
Supported by:
United States
China
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Nigeria |  Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)
Supported by:
Angola
Soviet Union
East Germany | Zairian victory
Chadian–Libyan Conflict
(1978–1987)

Location: Chad

|  Anti-Libyan Chadian factions

* FAT (1978–79)
* FAN (1978–83)
* FANT (1983–87)
* GUNT (1986–87)

France
Zaire
Nigeria
Senegal
Supported by:
Sudan
Egypt
Israel
Iraq
United States

|  Libya

* Islamic Legion

Pro-Libyan Chadian factions

* FROLINAT
* GUNT (1979–86)
* Codos (1983–86)

PLO (1987)
Supported by:
East Germany
Soviet Union

| Chadian-French victory

* Chad gains control of the Aouzou Strip

Shaba II
(1978)

Location: Shaba, Zaire

|  France
Zaire
Belgium
Morocco
United States
Supported by
China |  Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)
Supported by
Angola
Cuba (alleged)
Soviet Union (alleged)  | Zairian victory
Rwandan Civil War
(1990−1994)

Location: Rwanda

|  Rwanda
Zaire (1990)
France |  Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)  | Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) victory
Gulf War
(1990–1991)

Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and
the Persian Gulf

|  Kuwait
United States
United Kingdom
Saudi Arabia
Egypt
France
Syria
Morocco
Oman
Pakistan
Canada
United Arab Emirates
Qatar
Bangladesh
Italy
Australia
Netherlands

other allies

|  Iraq | Coalition victory

* Iraqi forces expelled from Kuwait
* Kuwaiti independence restored
* Destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure

Djiboutian Civil War
(1991–1994)

Location: Northern Djibouti

|  Djibouti
Supported by :
France |  FRUD | Franco-Djiboutian victory

* FRUD peace accord

Bosnian War
(1992–1995)

Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina

|  Bosnia and Herzegovina
Herzeg-Bosnia
Croatia
Support:
NATO |  Republika Srpska
Serbian Krajina
Western Bosnia (from 1993)
Support:
FR Yugoslavia | Croatian and Bosnian victory
Kosovo War
(1998–1999)

Location: Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (then part of Serbia)

|  KLA
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States |  FR Yugoslavia | NATO Victory

* Kumanovo Treaty

War in Afghanistan
(2001–2014)

Location: Afghanistan

* Mission Héraclès
* French forces in Afghanistan
* Operation Anaconda
* Operation Mountain Viper
* Operation Eagle's Summit
* Uzbin Valley ambush
* Battle of Alasay
* Operation Septentrion
* Operation Moshtarak

|  ISAF |  Taliban
al-Qaeda | Taliban victory

* Invasion and occupation of Afghanistan
* Destruction of al-Qaeda and Taliban militant training camps
* Fall of the Taliban government
* Establishment of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under the Karzai administration
* Start of Taliban insurgency
* Drone Strikes in the tribal areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan
* Death of Osama bin Laden
* Death of Mohammed Omar in July 2013
* Over two-thirds of al-Qaeda's operatives killed or captured
* International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) disbanded in December 2014
* Commencement of Resolute Support Mission in December 2014
* United States led withdrawal in August 2021

Insurgency in the Maghreb
(2002–present)

Location: Maghreb, Sahara desert, Sahel

* Operation Barkhane

|  Algeria
Mauritania
Tunisia
Libya
Mali
Niger
Chad
France
Turkey |  al-Qaeda | Ongoing
First Ivorian Civil War
(2002–2007)

Location: Ivory Coast

A Forces nouvelles's member caught by the French Foreign Legion in 2004 after a plundering. |  Ivory Coast
Young Patriots of Abidjan militia
Liberian mercenaries
Supported by:
Russia
Bulgaria
Belarus

* * *

France
UNOIC

| Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire | Victory
Haitian coup d'état
(2004)

Location: Haiti

|  National Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Haiti

* * *

MINUSTAH
United States
Chile
Canada
France

|  Republic of Haiti | Victory
Chadian Civil War
(2005–2010)

Location: Chad

|  Chad
France
NMRD
JEM | Rebels
Janjaweed
Alleged support:
Sudan (until 2010) | Victory
Somali Civil War
(2009–present)

Location: Somalia

* Operation Atalanta
* Operation Linda Nchi
* Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt

|  Somalia
United States
European Union |  Al-Qaeda | Ongoing
Boko Haram insurgency
(2009–present)

Location: Northeast Nigeria

|  Nigeria
Cameroon
Chad
Niger
Turkey
Supported by:
Benin
Canada
China
France
Iran
Israel
Italy
Spain
United Kingdom
United States |  Boko Haram | Ongoing
Second Ivorian Civil War
(2010–2011)

Location: Ivory Coast

|  New Forces
Liberian mercenaries
RDR
UNOCI
France |  Military of Ivory Coast
Liberian mercenaries
Young Patriots of Abidjan
Ivorian Popular Front | Victory
First Libyan Civil War
(2011)

Location: Libya

Part of a group of six, Italian-built, Palmaria self-propelled howitzers of the Gaddafi regime's forces, destroyed by French Rafale airplanes at the west-southern outskirts of Benghazi, Libya, in Opération Harmattan on March 19, 2011.

* Opération Harmattan
* Operation Unified Protector

|  NATO

* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* Denmark
* France
* Greece
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Romania
* Spain
* United Kingdom
* United States

|  Libyan Arab Jamahiriya:

* Armed Forces
* Pro-Gaddafi militia
* Foreign mercenaries

| Victory

* Overthrow of the Gaddafi regime
* Continuation of Libyan Crisis
* Escalation of interfactional violence
* Which led to beginning of Second Libyan Civil War
* Rise of ISIL in Libya

Northern Mali Conflict
(2012–2022)

Location: Northern Mali

* Opération Serval

|  Government of Mali

* Military of Mali

France
Turkey
ECOWAS

|  National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
(MNLA)

* Islamic Movement of Azawad

| Mixed Results

* Operation Serval Success
* France withdrew from Mali in 2022[52]

Central African Republic Civil War
(2012–2021)

Location: Central African Republic

French soldiers as part of Operation Sangaris, authorized in late 2013.

* Opération Sangaris

|  Central African Republic
MINUSCA (since 2014)
MISCA (2013–2014)
MICOPAX (2013)

* * *

France (2013–16)
South Africa (2012–13)
EUFOR RCA (2014–15)

|  FPRC
UPC
MPC
| France ended support for Central African Republic in 2021.[53]
Iraqi Civil War
(2014–2017)

Location: Iraq

* Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)
* Siege of Amirli
* Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)
* Battle of Zumar
* Battle of Suq al Ghazi
* Battle of Ramadi (2014–15)
* Battle of Baiji (2014–15)
* Second Battle of Tikrit (March–April 2015)
* Al-Karmah offensive (2015)

|  Iraq
CJTF–OIR

* United States
* France
* United Kingdom
* Netherlands
* Australia
* Jordan
* Denmark

|  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | Victory
Opération Chammal
(2014–present)

Location: Iraq, Syria, Libya

French Dassault Rafale of Squadron 11F prepares to land on USS Carl Vinson. Carl Vinson is deployed as part of maritime security operations and strike operations in Iraq and Syria. |  France |  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Syria | Ongoing

* French airstrikes on ISIL in Iraq and Syria
* ISIL ground attacks on French special forces repelled

Operation Aspides
(19 February 2024 – present)

Location: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Yemen

European Union

* Belgium
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Italy
* Latvia
* Netherlands
* Sweden

Yemen (SPC)

* Yemeni Navy (SPC faction)
* Houthis

| Ongoing

## See also

[edit]

* Anglo-French Wars
* Franco-Spanish War (disambiguation)
* ISIL-related terror attacks in France
* List of battles involving France (disambiguation)
* List of wars in the Low Countries until 1560
* List of wars in the southern Low Countries (1560–1829)
* Military history of France

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, under Austrian Habsburg rule, also nominally encompassed some other Italian states abolished in 1797, as well as other Habsburg states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
2. ^ An undeclared naval war between the United States and the First French Republic after Congress authorised a trade deal with Great Britain and suspended repaying French loans. Hostilities began in June 1798 and concluded in September 1800. The U.S. was never an official member of the Second Coalition.
3. ^ Modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and German border lands
4. ^ Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, although most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon.
5. ^ From 1854
6. ^ a b From 1855
7. ^ Until 1855
8. ^ Until 1854
9. ^ Battle of Daugavpils
10. ^ After 1920
11. ^ a b Volunteers
12. ^ The Anti-Terrorist Liberation Groups (GAL) was supported by some officials of the Spanish government, most notably José Barrionuevo.

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Including the Polish Legions formed in French-allied Italy in 1797, following the abolition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795.
2. ^ The French Revolutionary Army and Dutch revolutionaries overthrew the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state in its place.
3. ^ Various conquered Italian states, including the Cisalpine Republic from 1797
4. ^ Re-entered the war against Britain as an ally of France after signing the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso.
5. ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of The Hague (1795) with France.
6. ^ "Wars of the Vendee". Archived from the original on 19 January 2024.
7. ^ Including the Army of Condé
8. ^ Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, under Austrian rule, also encompassed many other Italian states, such as the  Duchy of Modena and the  Duchy of Massa. Left the war after signing the Treaty of Campo Formio with France.
9. ^ a b Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
10. ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of Paris with France.
11. ^ And other supporting soldiers as the Polish Legions and some Mamluks in captivity.
12. ^ Left the war signing the treaty of Paris (August 1801).
13. ^ Great Britain until 1800. Left the war signing the treaty of Amiens.
14. ^ Left the war signing the Treaty of Paris (8 October 1801).
15. ^ Including the Mamluks and the Barbary Coast. Left the war signing the Treaty of Paris (1802) with France.
16. ^ Left the war signing the Treaty of Florence with France.
17. ^ Left the war signing the Treaty of Badajoz (1801) with Spain and the Treaty of Madrid (1801) with France.
18. ^ Following the refusal to enter in alliance against the Two Sicilies, France declared war on both Naples and Piedmont-Sardinia the same day, December 6. The Piedmontese Republic was proclaimed on 10 December 1798. The Sardinian king Charles Emmanuel IV fled to Cagliari.
19. ^ Olesen, Jens E. (2008). "Schwedisch-Pommern in der schwedischen Politik nach 1806". In North, Michael; Riemer, Robert. Das Ende des Alten Reiches im Ostseeraum. Wahrnehmungen und Transformationen (in German). Böhlau. pp. 289. ISBN 3-412-20108-1.
20. ^ "Belgian Corps 1832-35 in Portugal's Liberal Wars". 11 June 2006. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
21. ^ "Siege of Rome | Summary | Britannica".
22. ^ Brown 1976, p. 239.
23. ^ Brown 1976, p. 240.
24. ^ Robert Ryal Miller (1961). "The American Legion of Honor in Mexico". Pacific Historical Review. Berkeley, California, United States: University of California Press. 30 (3). ISSN 0030-8684. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
25. ^ "The activities of the officer the Kuban Cossack army N. S. Leontjev in the Italian-Ethiopic war in 1895–1896".
26. ^ Richard, Pankhurst. "Ethiopia's Historic Quest for Medicine, 6". The Pankhurst History Library. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
27. ^ Patman 2009, pp. 27–30
28. ^ "Soviet Appeasement, Collective Security, and the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935 and 1936". libcom.org.
29. ^ Thomas Wilson, Edward (1974). Russia and Black Africa Before World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–58.
30. ^ Haggai, Erlich (1997). Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897. African World Press.
31. ^ a b "Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net.
32. ^ Rettig, pp. 316–317.
33. ^ Lee Lanning, Michael (2008). Inside the VC and the NVA. Texas A&M University Press. p. 119\. ISBN 978-1-60344-059-2.
34. ^ Crozier, Brian (2005). Political Victory: The Elusive Prize Of Military Wars. Transaction. p. 47\. ISBN 978-0-7658-0290-3.
35. ^ Fall 1994, p. 63.
36. ^ Logevall, Fredrik (2012). Embers of War: the fall of an empire and the making of America's Vietnam. Random House. pp. 596–599\. ISBN 978-0-375-75647-4.
37. ^ Alec G. Hargreaves (2005). Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. p. 1\. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. "The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962."
38. ^ "The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962).
39. ^ Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. p. 117\. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. "The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death blow."
40. ^ Yves Beigbeder (2006). Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 35\. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. "The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire."
41. ^ France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative. University of Wales Press. 15 October 2013. p. 111\. ISBN 978-1-78316-585-8. "The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past."
42. ^ [37][38][39][40][41]
43. ^ Teretta 2013, pp. 178–179.
44. ^ "Cameroon - Moving toward independence | history - geography". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
45. ^ Nicole Grimaud (1 January 1984). La politique extérieure de l'Algérie (1962-1978). KARTHALA Editions. p. 198\. ISBN 978-2-86537-111-2. "L'armée française était en 1963 présente en Algérie et au Maroc. Le gouvernement français, officiellement neutre, comme le rappelle le Conseil des ministres du 25 octobre 1963, n'a pas pu empêcher que la coopération très étroite entre l'armée française et l'armée marocaine n'ait eu quelques répercussions sur le terrain. == The French Army was in 1963 present in Algeria and Morocco. The French government, officially neutral, as recalled by the Council of Ministers on October 25, 1963, could not prevent the very close cooperation between the French army and the Moroccan army from having some repercussions on the ground."
46. ^ Ottaway 1970, p. 166.
47. ^ Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 164\. ISBN 978-1-137-00001-9. "In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king."
48. ^ "Within weeks the war ended in stalemate." Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 edited by Alexander Mikaberidze Read here.
49. ^ McSherry, J. Patrice (2011). "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America". In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.). State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 978-0415664578.
50. ^ Greg Grandin (2011). The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War. University of Chicago Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780226306902
51. ^ Walter L. Hixson (2009). The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy. Yale University Press. p. 223. ISBN 0300151314
52. ^ French Soldiers Quit Mali After 9 Years, Billions Spent and Many Lives Lost
53. ^ France suspends military, budgetary support to Central African Republic, 8 June 2021

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Brown, Kenneth L. (1976). People of Sale: Tradition and Change in a Moroccan City, 1830–1930. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-66155-4.
* Croxton, Derek (2013). The Last Christian Peace: The Congress of Westphalia as A Baroque Event. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-33332-2.
* Fall, Bernard B. (1994). Street Without Joy: The French Debacle in Indochina. Stackpole. ISBN 978-0-8117-1700-7 - via Google Books.
* Kendall, Paul Murray (1974). Louis XI. Cardinal.
* Ottaway, David (1970). Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520016552.
* Patman, Robert G. (2009). The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa: The Diplomacy of Intervention and Disengagement. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-10251-3.
* Saenger, Paul (Spring 1977). "Burgundy and the Inalienability of Appanages in the Reign of Louis XI". French Historical Studies. 10 (1): 1–26\. doi:10.2307/286114. JSTOR 286114.
* Teretta, Meredith (2013). Nation of Outlaws, State of Violence: Nationalism, Grassfields Tradition, and State Building in Cameroon. Athens: Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821444726.

* v
* t
* e

Lists of wars involving European countries

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template