List of wars involving Iran

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This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2013)

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This is a list of wars involving the Islamic Republic of Iran and its predecessor states. It is an unfinished historical overview.

Conflict  | Iran (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

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Elam Kingdom

(3200–539 BC)

Elamite invasion of Sumer[1]

(Circa 2600 BC)

| Awan Elam | Sumer

* Ur

| Victory | Deposition of Balulu, end of First Dynasty of Ur and stablish of Elamyte dinasty.
Sumerian invasion of Elam

(Circa 2400 BC)

| Awan Elam

Kish Akshak Umma

| Sumer

* Lagash

| Defeat | Eannatum manage to conquer parts of Elam (destroying Susa) and develop one of the first recorded empires.
Elamite-Sumer skirmishes.[2][3]

(Circa 2400 BC)

| Awan Elam

Marhasi

| Sumer

* Lagash
* Kish

| Stalemate | Elamite's success to expel Sumer's incursions from Iranian Plateau and sack some Sumer city states in Mesopotamia, but governors like Enentarzi expel them from its domains.
Akkadian conquest of Elam[4]

* Sargon campaign
* Rimush campaign
* Manishtushu campaign

(Circa 2300-2200 BC)

| Elam

Marhasi Gutian people Pashime

| Akkadian Empire | Defeat | South-Western Iran is conquered by Sargon of Akkad, his son Rimush defeat the revolts led by Abalgamash, and Manishtushu expands forward Anshan and seizure control of Persian Gulf.
Narum-Sin campaign on Elam

(Circa 2200 BC)

| Elam

Marhasi co-belligerant: Sumer rebels Gutian people

| Akkadian Empire | Ceasefire | Accadian control of Khuzestan is reforced, installing imperial governors to counter the power from native kings like Khita.[5]
First Shar-Kali-Sharri campaign on Elam

(Circa 2100 BC)

| Elam | Akkadian Empire | Defeat | Status quo ante bellum
Kutik-Inshushinak campaign against Gutians[6]

(Circa 2100 BC)

| Akkadian Empire

* Elam

| Gutian people | Victory | Elamyte-Accadians expand territories on the Zagros Mountains.
Elamyte independence war against Akkadians[7][8]

(Circa 2090 BC)

| Elam

co-belligerant: Uruk

| Akkadian Empire

* Eshnunna
* Akkad
* Akshak

Gutian people

| Victory |

* Acadian empire, after the death of Shar-Kali-Sharri, lost control of Elam.
* Elamyte king, Puzur-Inshushinak, conquered Anshan, manage to unite most of Elam into one kingdom, and also expands into parts of central Mesopotamia.
* End of Gutian rule in Mesopotamia

Sumerian invasion of Elam[8][9]

(Circa 2090 BC)

| Elam

Lagash

| Neo-Sumerian Empire

* Ur

co-belligerant

Shimashki dynasty

| Defeat | The King of Sumer and Akkad, Ur-Nammu and his son Shulgi, conquers parts of Elam surrounding Susa. The rest of Elam is conquered by the Shimashki dynasty, after the death of Puzur-Inshushinak.
Sumerian border skirmishes on the north-east[10][11]

(Circa 2000 BC)

| Simurrum

Lullubi co-belligerant Elam

| Neo-Sumerian Empire

* Ur

| Inconclusive | Tribal invasions from Western Iran to Sumer are stopped.
Elamyte conquest of Sumer[12][13]

(Circa 2004/1940 BC)

| Shimashki Elam | Neo-Sumerian Empire

* Ur

| Victory | Elamyte king, Kindattu, capture Sumerian king, Ibbi-Sin. End of the third dynasty of Ur and Elamyte military occupation and rule for 21 years.
Amorite conquest of Sumer[14]

(Circa 1900 BC)

| Shimashki Elam

* Sumer
* Akkad

| Amorites | Defeat | Ishbi-Erra expel the Elamytes from Ur, then gain the title of King of Sumer and expands over Sumer and Akkad.
Revolts against Assyrian domain[15][16]

(722-702 BC)

* part of Assyrian conquest of Aram and Urartu–Assyria War

| Babylonia

Aram (Ancient Syrian cities)

* Hamath
* Arpad
* Damascus
* Qarqar

Philistia

Ancient Levant cities

* Sumur
* Samaria
* Gath
* Ashdod
* Rafah
* Ekron
* Gibbethon

Rebel Syro-Hittite states

* Tabal
* Quwê
* Carchemish

Rebel Mannaea

Medes

Rebel Ellipi

Supported by:

* Elam
* Northern Israel (until 720 BC)
* Ancient Egypt
* Urartu
* Phrygia

| Neo-Assyrian Empire

* Samerina
* Vassalized Mannaea
* Vassalized Syro-Hittite states

Cimmerians

* * *

Kingdom of Judah | Stalemate |

* The Syrian rebel, Yahu-Bihdi, is flayed alive by Assyrians.
* Northern Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) is fully conquered by Assyrians, starting the Assyrian captivity and the Ten Lost Tribes.
* The filistean rebel, Hanunu, is deposed and enslaved in Assur.
* Mitatti's uprising in Mannaea (an Iranian state) against King Iranzu (Assyrian vassal) was suppressed
* Iranzu's son, Aza, rise to the throne of Mannea, against his pro-Urartu brother, Ullusunu (then he's forced to be pro-Assyrians).
* Rusa I of Urartu is defeated and deposed by the Assyrians (but his kingdom maintained independent).
* Kurtî of Atunna is crowned by the Assyrians as a Buffer state against Urartu.
* Pisiri of Carchemish is deposed and its kingdom annexed.
* Assyrians conquers and established provinces on the Iranian Media.
* Assyrian re-stablish control on Ellipi to counter Elamyte sphere of influence.
* The Chaldean rebel, Marduk-apla-iddina II, is exiled to Iranian Elam after being defeated and deposed by Sargon II, who reestablish Assyrian control.

Assyrian conquest of Elam

(655–639 BC)

* Battle of Susa
* part of Campaigns of Esarhaddon

| Elam | Neo-Assyrian Empire | Defeat | Assyrian conquers the Elamyte Domains.
Median Empire
(678–549 BC)
Assyrian invasions of Media (10th – late 7th centuries BC)  | Medes | Assyrian Empire | Defeat | Kingdoms and city-states of western Iran became Assyrian vassals
Median invasion of Assyria (the late 7th century BC)  | Medes

Scythians

Other Iranian peoples

| Assyrian Empire  | Victory | Invasion of the Assyrian Empire by a coalition of Iranian peoples, led by Kashtariti of Media

* End of Assyrian rule in Media
* Formation of an independent Median kingdom
* Median invasion of Assyria repelled

Medo-Babylonian invasion Assyria
(626–609 BC)

* Battle of Nineveh (612 BC)

| Median Kingdom
Babylonia

Persians

| Assyrian Empire | Victory | Alliance between various people of the region against the Assyrian Empire, led by the Median Kingdom and Babylonia

* End of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
* Founding of Neo-Babylonian Empire

Scythian invasion of Media (624–597 BC)  | Median Kingdom  | Scythians  | Victory | War between two groups of Iranian peoples

* Conquest of Media by Scythians
* End of Scythian rule in Media in 597 BC, during reign of Cyaxares

Siege of Harran
(609 BC)  | Medes
Babylonia | Assyria

Egypt

| Victory | The Assyrian insurgency
Battle of Eclipse
(585 BC)  | Medes | Kingdom of Lydia | Undecided | The battle ended due to an eclipse.
Achaemenid Empire
(550–330 BC)
Battle of Hyrba
(552 BC)  |  Persians | Medes Empire | Victory |
Persian Revolt
(552–549 BC)  |  Persians | Median Empire | Victory | By conquering Media, Iran became an empire.
Battle of the Persian border
(551 BC)  |  Persians | Medes Empire | Victory | Persian retreat to Pasargadae
Conquest of Lydia
(547 BC)

* Siege of Sardis (547 BC)

|  Persian Empire | Lydian Empire  | Victory | Lydia annexed by Iran
Cyrus' first eastern campaign (545–540 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Gedrosia | Victory | Persian conquest of Bactria, Arachosia, Sogdia, Saka, Chorasmia, Margiana and other provinces in the east after initial defeat
Conquest of Babylonia
(540–539 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Neo-Babylonian Empire | Victory | Neo-Babylonian Empire annexed by Iran
Cyrus' second eastern Campaign (533 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Gedrosia | Victory | Cyrus the Great crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and collected tribute from the Indus vassalage cities.
Cyrus' Campaign against Massagetae (530/529 BC)  |  Persian Empire

Amyrgians

| Scythians

* Massagetae
* Derbices
* Dahae
* Saka
* Abiae
* Indian allies

| Defeat | Death of Cyrus the Great
Conquest of Egypt
(525 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Kingdom of Egypt | Victory | Egypt annexed by Iran
Persian incursions into Nubia[17]

(526 BC)

|  Persian Empire | Kingdom of Kush | Defeat | Cambyses II fails to expand Achaemenid domains into the south to reach the limits of former Egyptian Empire.[18] Nubians maintains its independence and Persians establish frontier on Elephantine.
Conquest of India (Indus Valley)

(518 BC)

|  Persian Empire | Mahajanapadas

* Gandhara kingdom
* Sindhu Sauvira kingdom

| Victory | Achaemenid military occupation of northwestern regions of India for about two centuries
European Scythian campaign
(513 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Scythians in European Scythia  | Victory | Achaemenid domination of the European Black Sea regions
Greek Revolt

(499 BC–493 BC)

|  Persian Empire | Greeks | Victory | Persia re-establishes control over Greek regions in Asia Minor and Cyprus
Greco-Persian War (First)

(492–490 BC)

|  Persian Empire | Greeks | Undecided | Persia conquers Macedonia and the Cycladic Islands, re-subjugates Thrace,but fails in an attempt to subjugate Athens and Sparta
Greco-Persian War (Second)

(480–479 BC)

|  Persian Empire | Greeks | Defeat | Macedonia, Thrace and Ionia regain independence from Persia
Peloponnesian War
(431–404 BC)  | Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) Supported by:
Achaemenid Empire | Delian League (led by Athens)  | Victory | Dissolution of the Delian League; Spartan hegemony over Athens and its allies
Battle of Cunaxa
(401 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Cyrus the Younger | Victory | Artaxerxes II still in full control of the kingdom
Corinthian War
(395–387 BC)  | Athens
Argos
Corinth
Thebes
Persian Empire
Other allies  | Sparta
Peloponnesian League | Victory

(Peace of Antalcidas

dictated by Iran)

| Ionia ceded back to Achaemenid Iran; Boeotian league dissolved; Union of Argos and Corinth dissolved.
Artaxerxes' II Cadusian Campaign
(385 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Cadusii | Victory | Negotiated peace with rival chiefs
Revolt of the Satraps
(372–362 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Rebel satrapies | Victory | Rebellions crushed
Second conquest of Egypt
(c. 340 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Egypt | Victory | Egypt is conquered for a second time by Iran
Macedonian invasion of Iran
(355–328 BC)  |  Persian Empire |  Macedonia | Defeat | Iran conquered by the army of Alexander the Great
Macedonian Empire (330–312 BC)
Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (327–325 BC)  |  Macedonia

* Hellenic League
* Persian Satraps

| Ancient India

* Pauravas
* Aśvaka
* Mallians
* Guraeans

| Victory | Hellenic conquest of great part of the Indus Valley.

Iranic confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha.

Wars of the Diadochi

(322–281 BC)

| First War:

* Antipatrid dynasty
* Antigonid dynasty
* Ptolemaic dynasty

Second War:

* Antigonid dynasty
* Antipatrid dynasty
* Ptolemaic dynasty
* Thrace

Third War:

* Antigonid dynasty
* Polyperchon

| First War:

* Perdiccas's faction

Second War:

* Polyperchon's faction
* Epirus

Third War:

* Ptolemaic Egypt
* Antipatrid Macedonia
* Thrace
* Caria

| Defeat | Death of Perdiccas.

Seleucus established himself in Babylon in 312 BC, then conquest Persia.

Seleucid Empire (312-129 BC)
Babylonian War (311–309 BCE)  | Seleucid Empire | Antigonid dynasty | Victory | Seleucid control of Babylonia, Media, and Elam
Seleucid–Mauryan war (305–303 BCE)  | Seleucid Empire | Maurya Empire | Defeat | Treaty of the Indus

* Seleucid Empire's eastern Persian satrapies ceded to Mauryan Empire.
* Seleucus gives the hand of his daughter to Chandragupta, founding a dynastic alliance.

Syrian Wars

(274–168 BC)[19]

| Seleucid Empire | Ptolemaic Egypt | Victory |

* Seleucid annexation of Ptolemeic holdings in Asia Minor, Coele-Syria, Cyprus, and other Ptolemeic holdings outside of Egypt.
* Roman intervention against Seleucids and Macedonia during the Sixth Syrian War.

Antiouchus' Bactrian Campaign

(209–206/5 BC)

* Battle of the Arius
* Siege of Bactra

| Seleucid Empire | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | Victory | Antiochus III recognizes Euthydemus's reign
Roman–Seleucid War (192–188 BC)[20] | Seleucid Empire |  Roman Republic | Defeat | Peace of Apamea
Campaigns of Artaxias I

(189–165 BCE)

| Seleucid Empire

Atropatene
Kingdom of Cataonia
Kingdom of Pontus

Lesser Armenia

Kingdom of Iberia

| Kingdom of Armenia

Kingdom of Sophene

| Defeat | The regions of Caspiana, Faunitida, Basolropeda, Tmorik, Karenitis, Derksen, Akilisene and Antitaurus are annexed to Armenia.
Parthian Empire
(247 BC–224 AD)
Parni Conquest Parthia

(238 BC)

| Parthian Empire | Seleucid Empire | Victory | • Rise of the Parthian Empire

• The beginning of the Seleucid–Parthian Wars

Seleucid–Parthian Wars
(238 BC–129 BC)  | Parthian Empire

Parni

| Seleucid Empire

Persis Elymais Characene

Scythians

Arabs

| Victory | • Expulsion of the Seleucids from Iran
Parthian–Bactrian War (150 BC)  | Parthian Empire | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | Victory |

* Western Bactria annexed to the Parthian Empire.
* Greek debilitation and arise of Kushan Empire in the zone

Second Parthian-Kushan War

(between c. 130 CE to c. 140 CE)

| Parthian Empire | Kushan Empire | Defeat | Kanishka I repels the invasion
Battle of Ecbatana

(129 BC)

| Parthian Empire | Seleucid Empire | Victory | End of Hellenistic rule in Iran
Nomad invasion of Drangiana[21][22]

(128-115 BC)

| Parthian Empire | Indo-Scythians

* Saka

Yuezhi

| Victory | Parthian reconquers western Bactria and expand into Amu Darya and Arachosia

* The House of Suren gets the Indo-Parthian territories.

Parthian invasion of Armenia

(120–100 BCE?)

|  Parthian Empire

Atropatene

|  Kingdom of Armenia | Victory | Parthians add territories
Parthian expedition to Arabia[23]

(119 BC)

| Parthian Empire | Ancient Arabs | Victory | End of Arab raids on Babylonia.
Mithridates II's war with the Seleucids.

(112-109 BC)

| Parthian Empire

Characene

| Seleucid Empire

Elymais

| Victory | Parthian conquers Mesopotamia and reduce Seleucids into Syria
Chinese–Parthian War[24]

(104–102 BC)

| Parthian Empire | Han China | Stalemate | Emperor Wu of Han forced Mithridates II of Parthia to start commercial relations and the sell of Persian horse, but Parthians maintain its Sphere of influence on Fergana Valley.
Armenian–Parthian War
(87–85 BC)  | Parthian Empire |  Kingdom of Armenia | Defeat | Osroene and Atrpatakan loyalty to Tigranes the Great
Battle of Carrahe

(53 BC)

| Parthian Empire |  Roman Republic | Victory | • Repelling the danger of the Romans

• Crassus killed

• Roman desire to retaliate for Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire

Liberators' civil war

(43–42 BC)

* Battle of Philippi

| Liberatores

Supported by:

Parthian Empire[25]

| Second Triumvirate

Supported by:

Ptolemaic Egypt

| Defeat | The Second Triumvirate wins the Roman Civil War, then reinstates control over the eastern provinces.
Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC

(40–38 BC)

| Parthian Empire |  Roman Republic | Defeat | Status quo ante bellum
Antony's Parthian War

(36–20 BC)

| Parthian Empire

Atropatene

Hasmonean Kingdom

|  Roman Republic

Kingdom of Armenia

Galatia

Cappadocia

Pontus

Herodian Kingdom of Judea

| Victory | • Antony's was unsuccessful in campaign against Iran

• Ended by formal peace in 20 BC

Gondophares conquest on the East

(20–10 BC)

| Indo-Parthian Kingdom | Indo-Scythians

Indo-Greek Kingdom

| Victory | Gondophares conquers Arachosia, Seistan, Sindh, Punjab, and the Kabul valley.
Pharasmanes I of Iberia invasion of Armenia

(35 AD)

| Parthian Empire

Kingdom of Armenia

|  Kingdom of Iberia | Defeat | Orodes of Armenia is deposed
Kushan invasion of Indo-Parthia

(50s AD)

| Indo-Parthian Kingdom | Kushan Empire | Defeat | Kushans conquer Indo-Parthian territories in northern India.
Iberian–Armenian War

(50–51 AD/51–53 AD)

|  Kingdom of Armenia

Roman Empire (until 51)

* * *

Kingdom of Armenia

Parthian Empire

|  Kingdom of Iberia

* * *

Kingdom of Iberia

Roman Empire

| Victory | The Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 start
Roman–Parthian War of 58–63

(58–63 AD)

| Parthian Empire

Kingdom of Armenia

|  Roman Empire

Roman clients

• Sophene

• Lesser Armenia

• Iberia

• Commagene

• Pontus

| Stalemate | Treaty of Rhandeia

* Minor territorial gains for Roman clients
* Parthians establish the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia

Roman–Parthian Wars
(66 AD–216)  | Parthian Empire
Kingdom of Armenia |  Roman Empire
Pontus | Status quo ante bellum | Borders changed several times.
Trajan's Parthian campaign

(115–117)

| Parthian Empire

co-belligerant Jewish/Judean zealots[citation needed]

Babylonians rebels Armenian rebels

|  Roman Empire

Client Parthian state

| Stalemate |

* Rome gains Parthian territories on the East, but evacuates the Mesopotamia province and Roman Armenia due to revolts.
* Osroes I defeat Roman client Parthamaspates

Roman–Parthian War of 161–166

(161–166)

| Parthian Empire

Pro-Parthian Edessans

|  Roman Empire

Pro-Roman Edessans

| Defeat | Minor Roman territorial gains and Armenia consolidated as a Roman client
Battle of Ctesiphon (198) | Parthian Empire |  Roman Empire | Defeat | Roman sacks Persian capital
Parthian War of Caracalla

(216–217)

| Parthian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory |

* Rome is forced to pay tribute to Parthia

Sassanid Empire
(224–651)
Battle of Hormozdgan

(224)

|  Sassanids | Parthian Empire | Victory | • Fall of the Parthian Empire

• Rise of the Sasanian Empire

Sasanid conquest of Sakastan

(225–226)[26]

|  Sassanids | Indo-Parthian Kingdom | Victory | Consolidation of the Sasanian Empire on eastern Persia
Ardashir I invasion of Armenia

(226–238)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Kingdom of Armenia | Defeat | Sassanid withdrawal
Mesopotamian campaigns of Ardashir I

(229–241)

* Sassanid campaign of Severus Alexander
* Siege of Nisibis (235)
* Fall of Hatra

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire

Kingdom of Hatra

| Victory | Both sides get territorial gains.
Roman-Sassanid Wars
(232–440)

* Perso-Roman wars of 337–361

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Status quo ante bellum | Borders changed several times.
Shapur I campaign on the East

(241–242)

* part of Sasanian–Kushan Wars

|  Sasanian Empire

* Indo-Sasanians

* Western Kushan Empire
* Saka
* Gilaks

| Victory | Persia annex territories as far as "Purushapura" (Peshawar) and the Hindu-Kush or even south of it.

Those includying Sogdiana, Bactria, and Gandhara. Kushans are deposed and replaced by the Kushanshah

Battle of Resaena

(243)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Defeat | Roman recovers Nisibis and Singara
Battle of Misiche

(244)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire

Goths

Germans

| Victory | Roman cedes Armenia and Mesopotamia
Siege of Nisibis

(252)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory | Persian capture of Nisibis
Battle Of Barbalissos

(253)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory | Shapur's army won against Valerian's army
Siege of Antioch (253) |  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory | Persian capture of Antioch
Siege of Dura-Europos (256) |  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory | Persian capture of Dura-Europos
Battle of Edessa

(260)

* part of Crisis of the Third Century

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire

* Roman Syria

| Victory |

* Roman Emperor Valerian was captured.
* Fulvius Macrianus his sons (Quietus and Macrianus Minor) as joint emperors in opposition to Valerian's son Gallienus.
* Odaenathus declares himself King of Palmyra and start the process for the independence of its Kingdom.
* Persian raids Cilicia and Cappadocia.

Siege of Caesarea Cappadocia (260)

* part of Crisis of the Third Century

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory | Persian capture of Kayseri
Persian invasion of Palmyre and Anatolia

(260–262)

* part of Crisis of the Third Century

|  Sasanian Empire

* * *

Roman Empire (loyals to Gallienus)  | Palmyra

* * *

Roman Empire (loyals to Fulvius Macrianus)

* Roman Syria
* Roman Anatolia

| Stalemate |

* Palmyrene forces expulses Persians invaders from Syria, then stablish an Empire against Roman authorities.
* Romans, loyals to Fulvius Macrianus, reconquers Antioch, the Orontes, Sebaste and Pompeiopolis.
* Romans, loyals to Gallienus, kills the usurpers on the Balkans and re-stablish the order.
* Shapur I evacuates Cilicia and Ancient Syria, then moves to the east to continue the war against Romans and Palmyreen, which invaded Mesopotamia.

Battle of Ctesiphon (263)

* part of Crisis of the Third Century

|  Sasanian Empire

* * *

Tanukhids |  Roman Empire

Palmyrene Kingdom

| Victory | Persian expels Romans and Palmyrenes from Mesopotamia.
Palmyrene second campaign against Persia

(266)

|  Sasanian Empire

Co-belligerent: Germanic peoples

* Heruli
* Visigoths

| Palmyrene Kingdom

Co-belligerent:  Roman Empire

| Defeat | Persian allows Palmyrene to free trade in the Silk Road that year.
Palmyrene third campaign against Persia

(269)

|  Sasanian Empire

* * *

Tanukhids | Palmyrene Kingdom | Inconclussive |

* Vaballathus assumed the victory title of Persicus Maximus, but there wasn't any significative change.
* Zenobia plans the Palmyrene invasion of Egypt to avoid trade route to the Euphrates in Sasanian Empire

Sasanian revolts against Barham II

(274–293)

|  Sasanian Empire |

* Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
* Sakastan
* Khuzistan

| Victory | Revolts suppressed
Narseh's insurrection

(293)

|  Sasanian Empire

Zoroastrians

| Narseh's forces

Manichaeists

| Defeat | Bahram III is deposed, Kartir reforms are abolished, Zoroastrian theocracy ends and Sasanian empire is centralised.
Battle of Carrhae (296) |  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory | Persian invasion of Mesopotamia and Armenia success
Battle of Satala (298) |  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Defeat | Roman expels Persians from Armenia, capture Narseh's wife, raid Ctesiphon and gains territory on the Peace of Nisibis (299).
Shapur ll's Arab Campaign

(325)

|  Sasanian Empire | Arabs

* Iyad
* Taghlib
* Banu Bakr
* Banu Abdul Qays
* Banu Tamim
* Banu Hanzalah

| Victory |

* The Sasanian Empire establishes suzerainty over all of the Persian Gulf and numerous factions in Arabia
* Wall of the Arabs was constructed to prevent raids by the Arabs

Perso-Roman wars of 337–361

(337–361)

|  Sasanian Empire

Xionites/Kidarites

|  Roman Empire | Indecisive | Status quo ante bellum
Wars of Shapur II with the Chionites and Kushans[27]

(350–358)

* part of Sasanian–Kushan Wars and Sasanian–Kidarite wars

|  Sasanian Empire

* Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

Gupta Empire

| Xionites/Kidarites

Kushan Empire

| Victory |

* Expansion of Sasanian control to the south-east, beyond the Indus River.
* Nomad peoples, led by the chief Grumbates, are forced to serve as mercenaries in the Persian army against Romans.

Sasanian–Kidarite wars

(350–466)

* Sasanian campaigns in Central Asia

|  Sasanian Empire

* Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

* * *

Alchon Huns

* * *

Hepthalites | Kidarites | Victory |

* Expansion of Sasanian control to the north-east, re-occupying Bactria and going further to Transoxiana.
* Start of Gupta–Kidarite conflict, as Kidarites were pushed to North India

Shapur II's 1st Armenian campaign (359–361)  |  Sasanian Empire |  Kingdom of Armenia

Roman Empire

| Victory | Death of Arshak II
Kidarites invasions of Bactria

(360s)

|  Sasanian Empire

* Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

| Kidarites | Defeat | Kidara I conquers Bactria and get the title of Kushanshah
Julian's Persian expedition

(363)

|  Sasanian Empire

Arab allies

|  Roman Empire

Kingdom of Armenia

| Victory | Sasanian annexation of five regions & fifteen major fortresses from the Roman Empire in addition to the consequent annexation of Armenia
Shapur II's 2nd Armenian campaign (367–371)

* Battle of Bagavan

|  Sasanian Empire

Caucasian Albania

|  Roman Empire

Kingdom of Armenia

| Defeat | Persians depose Arshak II of Armenia. Then

Armenia is under Roman suzerainty through Pap of Armenia entronization.

Shapur III's Armenian Campaign (378–386)  |  Sasanian Empire |  Kingdom of Armenia

Eastern Roman Empire

| Victory | Peace of Acilisene

* Roman and Persian partition of Armenia
* Eastern Persarmenia of Khosrov IV of Armenia is gived to Sassanids
* Western Armenia of Arshak III is gived to Romans.
* Both empires agreed to protect Caucasus from nomad invasions.

Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire

(395)

|  Sasanian Empire

co-belligerant
Roman Empire

| Hunnic Empire | Victory | Huns quit
Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422

(421–422)

|  Sasanian Empire

Lakhmid Arabs

|  Eastern Roman Empire | Roman victory | Status quo ante bellum

* Zoroastrianism is tolerated by Romans and Christianism by Persians.
* Both empires agreed to fight against south nomads (Arabs).

Byzantine–Sasanian War of 440

(440)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Eastern Roman Empire | Indecisive | Status quo ante bellum

* Both empires agreed to battle northern nomads (Scythians).

Battle of Avarayr

(451)

|  Sasanian Empire | Christian Armenians | Victory

(Pyrrhic Win)

| Following Persian the victory, Yazdegerd jailed some Armenian priests and nobles and appointed a new governor for Armenia but, the Armenians gained religious freedom for their Christian faith.
Sasanian War of Succession[28]

(457–459)

|  Loyals to Hormizd III |  Loyals to Peroz I | Defeat | Peroz deposes his older brother
Albanian's Revolt

(457–459)

|  Sasanian Empire

* Caucasian Albania (pro-Persia)
* Zoroastrians

| Caucasian Albania (independentists)

* Church of Caucasian Albania

Hunnic Empire

| Defeat | Vache II of Albania, of the Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania, success in stablish an independent Kingdom.
Kidarite-Sassanid War (464–466)[29][30] |  Sasanian Empire

Alchon Huns

| Kidarites | Victory | End of Kidarite menace to Persia in Bactria
Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars

(484–565)

* Hephthalite–Sasanian War of 484
* Sukhra's Hephthalite campaign
* Battle of Gol-Zarriun

|  Sasanian Empire

* Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

First Turkic Khaganate

| Hephthalite Empire | Victory |

* The Hephthalite Empire breaks into minor kingdoms.
* Sasanians and Turks established a frontier for their zones of influence along the Oxus river

Byzantine–Sassanid Wars
(502–628)  |  Sasanian Empire |  Byzantine Empire | Status quo ante bellum | Borders changed several times.
Anastasian War

(502–506)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Byzantine Empire | Draw | Status quo ante bellum[31]

•Byzantium pays a small amount of money[32]: 77

Aksumite invasion of Himyar

(518–525)

| Himyarite Kingdom

* Jewish Himyarites

Supported by:
Sasanian Empire

| Kingdom of Aksum

* South Arabian Christians

Supported by:
•  Byzantine Empire

| Defeat |

* Aksumite victory and conquest of Yemen
* End of persecution of Christians by Jewish Himyarites
* Byzantines success in establishing an anti-Sasanid bloc in Arabia Felix

Iberian War

(526–532)

|  Sasanian Empire

Lakhmids

Sabirs

|  Byzantine Empire

Iberia

Ghassanids

Huns

Heruli

Aksumites

Kinda

| Victory | *Sasanians retained Iberia

Byzantines retained Lazica

* Treaty of Eternal Peace

Byzantines paid tribute of 11,000 lbs (5,000 kg) gold

Lazic War

(541–562)

* Belisarius' invasion of Mesopotamia in 541

|  Sasanian Empire |  Byzantine Empire | Victory | Fifty-Year Peace Treaty
Ethiopian–Persian Wars
(570–578)

* Sasanian reconquest of Yemen

|  Sasanian Empire

* Himyarite Kingdom

Supported by:

Jewish Himyarites

| Kingdom of Aksum

* Aksum Yemen

Supported by:
Byzantine Empire

South Arabian Christians

| Victory | Ethiopians expelled from the Himyarite Kingdom. (Yemen is annexed by the Sasanian Empire)
War for the Caucasus

(572–591)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Byzantine Empire | Defeat | • Khosrow II is restored to the Sasanian throne.

• Khosrow II gives the Byzantine Empire most of Persian Armenia and western half of Iberia after the Sasanian civil war of 589–591

• Byzantium stops paying tribute to Sasanian empire[33]

First Perso-Turkic War
(588–589)  |  Sasanian Empire | Hephthalite Empire
Göktürks | Victory | The Sassanids captured Balkh.
Sasanian civil war of 589–591 |  Sasanian Empire | Supporters of Bahram Chobin

* * *

Dissatisfied Sasanian nobles

supported by:
Byzantine Empire

| Defeat | Khosrow II faction's victory
Vistahm Rebellion

(590–596)

|  Sasanian Empire | Parthians led by Vistahm | Victory | Revolt suppressed
Byzantine–Sassanid War

(602–628)

|  Sasanian Empire

* Lakhmids
* Sasanian Iberia
* Sasanian Egypt

Avars (and Slavic allies)

|  Byzantine Empire

* Ghassanids
* Roman Egypt

Western Turkic Khaganate

| Status quo ante bellum |

* The Sasanians agree to withdraw from all occupied territories and return the "True Cross".
* Iranian invasion of the Byzantine Empire repelled after initial successes in conquering the Levant, Egypt, and much of Anatolia.
* Beginning of the Sasanian civil war of 628–632
* Exhaustion of both empires, leaving them vulnerable to the early Muslim conquests of the Rashidun Caliphate.

Second Perso-Turkic War
(606–608)  |  Sasanian Empire | Western Turkic Khaganate
Hephthalite Empire | Victory | Turkic invasion of Iran repelled
Jewish revolt against Heraclius (614–617/625)  | Jewish rebels
Sasanian Empire |  Byzantine Empire | Status quo ante bellum | Jewish surrender and expulsion after a brief rule by Persians and Jews over parts of the Byzantine Diocese of the East.
Sasanian incursions into Nubia (620s)[34] |  Sasanian Empire

* Sasanian Egypt

* * *

Kingdom of Makuria | Kingdom of Nobatia

Byzantine Empire

* Roman Egypt

| Inconclusive  | Persians are expelled by Byzantines, but Persian incursions destroy Christian Churchs and debilitate Nobatians, causing its decline and further conquest by simultaneous Makurian invasion.
Third Perso-Turkic War
(627–629)  |  Sasanian Empire

* Principality of Iberia

Supported by:

Eastern Turkic Khaganate

| Western Turkic Khaganate
Supported by:

•  Byzantine Empire

•  Tang China

| Defeat | Byzantine control of Georgia
Sasanian civil war of 628–632 | The Parsig faction

The Nimruzi faction

| The Pahlav (Parthian) faction

* * *

Shahrbaraz's army  | Stalemate |

* Yazdegerd III is recognized as king of Iran.
* Weakening of the Sasanian Empire
* The governors of the provinces of Mazun and Yemen gain independence (disintegration of Sasanian rule in the Arabian peninsula).

Muslim conquest of Persia
(633–654)

* Arab conquest of Mesopotamia
* Muslim conquest of Khuzestan
* Arab conquest of Fars
* Muslim conquest of Khorasan
* Muslim conquest of Sistan
* Muslim conquest of northern Persia
* Muslim conquest of Kerman
* Part of Early Muslim conquests

|  Sasanian Empire

* Caucasian Albania
* Sasanian Armenia
* Arab Christians

Supported by:

* Byzantine Empire[citation needed]
* Principality of Iberia
* Hephthalites

| Rashidun Caliphate

Kanarang

| Defeat |

* Fall of the Sassanid Empire
* Iran is added to the Caliphate
* Then Muslim conquests of Afghanistan, Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan, Muslim conquest of Armenia and Arab–Khazar wars

Sasanids attempts to recuperate the Persian throne (657–679)  |  Tang China

* Protectorate General to Pacify the West

Sassanids in exile

| Rashidun Caliphate (until 661)

Umayyad Caliphate (from 661)

• Western Turkic Khaganate

| Stalemate | The Tang campaigns against the Western Turks (by Pei Xingjian) success and the Chinese established a "Persian military commandery" (波斯都督府) in the city of Zābol (疾陵城 Jilicheng) in Tokharistan, and Peroz was appointed as Military Commander (都督 Dudu). Then this government, with the capital at Zirang, fell in 673/674.

After that, Narsieh went west with his troops to liberate Iranshahr in 679 and fought against the Arabs in Takharistan for almost thirty years.

Iranian Intermezzo (821–1090)
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana

(673–751)

* Battle of Talas

|  Abbasid Caliphate

Tibetan Empire Karluk mercenaries

| Principalities of Tokharistan

Sogdian principalities

Khwarazm

Fergana

Türgesh Kaghanate

Second Turkic Khaganate
Tang China

| Victory |

* Islamization of Transoxiana
* End of Chinese dominance and influence in Transoxiana

Second Fitna (Muslim civil war of 680–692)  | Zubayrid Caliphate

* * *

Alids

* * *

Kharijites | Umayyad Caliphate | Defeat | Kharijite faction, the Azariqa, captures Fars and Kirman from the Zubayrids. Ex-Zubayrid loyalists help Umayyad to secured Iraq, and consequently most of its dependencies in Persia. Then, Umayyad victory after Siege of Mecca.
Umayyad campaigns in India

(712–740)

* part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

| Umayyad Caliphate | Gurjara-Pratihara

Guhila dynasty

Maitraka dynasty

Chalukya dynasty

Karkota Empire

| Defeat |

* Arab, and later Turco-Persian Muslim invasions to India, stop for the next 250 years.
* Islamization of modern Pakistan.

Third Fitna

(744–750)

* Abbasid Revolution

|  Abbasid Caliphate

Supported by:

* Some Arabs
* Alids/Shia Muslims (mostly Persians)
* Mawali

* * *

Kharijites | Umayyad Caliphate

Supported by:

* Qays

| Victory |

* Abbasid appropriation of most former Umayyad territory
* Eventual establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba
* End of privileged status for Arabs
* End of official discrimination against non-Arabs

Tabaristan uprising

(784–804)

|  Karenids

Bavandids

Baduspanids

Zarmihrids

|  Abbasid Caliphate

Supported:

Barmakids

| Stalemate | Arabs finally conquer Tabaristan, but the locals obtain more authonomy after revolt.
Abbasid expeditions to East Africa

(804, 827/837)

| 1st phase

Abbasid Caliphate 2nd phase
Persians wālīs of Zanj

| 1st phase

Africans from Zanj

* Mogadishu
* Kilwa

2nd phase
Abbasid Caliphate

| Victory | The Kharaj is imposed on the Africans.

Persian rebels against Mihna get a compromise.

Fourth Fitna (Abbasid civil war of 811–813/819)  | Al-Ma'mun (supported mostly by Persian forces)

* Tahir ibn Husayn

| Al-Amin (supported mostly by Arab forces)

* Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan

| Victory | Defeat and death of al-Amin; al-Ma'mun is recognized as Caliph on 27 September 813. Tahir ibn Husayn rewarded as governor of Khorasan, which marked the beginning of the Tahirids.
Hamza ibn Azarak's Kharijites rebellion in Sistan

(823–828)

| Tahirid dynasty

* Abbasid Caliphate

| Kharijites | Inconclusive | Hamza's death in 828 and the death of Talha shortly after put an end to this series of conflicts.
Mazyar uprising

(839)

| Tahirid dynasty

* Abbasid Caliphate

| Spahbed Mazyar and

Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin's forces

| Victory | Mutasim Maziar was arrested and sent to Baghdad. Tahirid control over Tabaristan was therefore secured.
Zaydid revolt of 864  | Tahirid dynasty | Hasan ibn Zayd's forces  | Defeat | Hasan, who assumed the regnal name al-Da‘ī ila’l-ḥaqq ("He who summons to the Truth"), was recognized as emir of Tabaristan.
Caspian expeditions of the Rus'

(864–1041)

|  Abbasid Caliphate

* Alid dynasties of northern Iran
* Samanid Empire
* Shirvanshah
* Buyid dynasty
* Sallarid dynasty

•  Khazars (from 965)

* Burtas

Alans

•  Byzantine Empire (941)

Sarir

Volga Bulgaria

|  Kievan Rus'

Oghuz Turks

* Pechenegs

•  Khazars (until 943)

| Stalemate |

* Occupation of several areas on the outskirts of the Volga and the Dnieper by the Russians. Start of Russian expansionism on the Caucasus.
* The disintegration of the Khazar Empire
* Sack of different areas by the Russians in Iranian territories near Caspian Sea
* The local Muslims defeated the Russians in their attempts to conquest Persian territories.

Samanid conquest of northern Iran

(900–901)

* Battle of Gorgan (900)

| Samanid Empire

* Abbasid Caliphate

| Zaydids | Victory | Samanids took over the province of Tabaristan, Ismail then appointed his cousin Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah as the governor of Tabaristan.
Sajid invasion of Georgia

(914)

| Sajid dynasty |  Tao-Klarjeti

Kingdom of Kakheti
Kingdom of Abkhazia

| Stalemate | Despite military victories, sajid withdraw from Georgia
Sajid invasion of Armenia

(921)

| Sajid dynasty |  Kingdom of Armenia | Defeat | Armenia success to maintain its independence.
Qarmatian invasion of Iraq (927–928)  |  Abbasid Caliphate

Sajid dynasty

| Qarmatians of Bahrayn

Baqliyya rebels

| Stalemate | End of Qarmatian expansionism

Collapse of the Abbasid Empire

Battle of Iskhabad

(940)

* Part of the Samanid–Ziyarid Wars

| Ziyarid dynasty

Firuzanids

| Samanid Empire | Defeat | Samanid conquest of the territory
Saffarid dynasty
(861–1003)
Yaqub's campaigns to the east (861–870)

* part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

| Saffarid dynasty

* Abbasid Caliphate

| Zunbils

Kharijites

Medieval India

* Hindu Shahis
* Buddhist tribal chiefs

| Victory | Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar marched through Bost, Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, Bamyan, Balkh and Herat, conquering them in the name of Islam.
Saffarid-Abbasid War (873–876)

* Battle of Dayr al-Aqul
* Part of Abbasid decline (861–940)

| Saffarid dynasty

Ayyars

|  Abbasid Caliphate

* Tahirid dynasty
* Zaydid

| Stalemate |

* In 873, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar ousted the Tahirids from their own capital of Nishapur, and captured its ruler Muhammad ibn Tahir, which led to conflicts with the Abbasid caliphate.
* Saffarid conquest of Khorasan to their own empire in eastern Persia.
* Saffarid invasion to Iraq, then withdrew of Bagdad in 876.

Battle of Mecca (883)

* Part of Abbasid decline (861–940)

| Saffarid dynasty

Abbasid Caliphate

| Tulunids | Victory |
Battle of Balkh

(900)

| Saffarid Amirate | Samanid Empire | Defeat | The Saffarids lose much territory to the Samanids in Khorasan, and were left with the control of Fars, Kerman and Sistan, but they also lost these provinces after a civil war.
Saffarid Campaign in the Fars province

(900–904)

| Saffarid Amirate |  Abbasid Caliphate | Victory | Temporarily regained Fars, but the Saffarids withdrew soon afterwards.
Military expedition against Makran

(907 or 908)

| Saffarid Amirate | Ma'danids | Victory | Saffarids able to compel the Ma'danid to give three years of tribute.
Civil war between Tahir and the pretender Al-Layth (909–912)  | Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr | Al-Layth | Stalemate | Sebük-eri, who had managed to win over Tahir's commanders, won an easy victory and captured the brothers. They were sent to the Caliph and imprisoned in Baghdad, though they were treated well for the remainder of their lives.
Buyid-Saffarid War (967–968)  | Saffarid dynasty | Buyid dynasty | Defeat | Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority.
Ghaznavid dynasty
(962–1186)
March of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni to India (1001–1027)

* Battle of Chach
* part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

| Ghaznavid Empire | Medieval India

* Hindu Shahis

| Victory | The northern parts of India were annexed by Iran. Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted.
Ghaznavid campaigns in India

(10th and 11th centuries)

* March of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni to India
* Sack of Somnath
* Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj
* part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

|  Ghaznavid Empire | Medieval India

* Hindu Shahis
* Rajput confederacy
* Jatts
* Chandelas
* Kachchhapaghata dynasty
* Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
* Lodi dynasty of Multan
* Tomara dynasty

| Victory |

* The northern parts of India were annexed by Iran.
* Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted.
* Later Islamic empires would appear on the subcontinent.

Seljuq Empire
(1037–1194)
Seljuk-Ghaznavid Wars

* Battle of Nisa (1035)
* Battle of Nishapur (1038)
* Battle of Sarakhs (1038)
* Battle of Dandanqan (1040)
* Battle of Dandanaqan (1040)

|  Seljuk Empire | Ghaznavid Empire | Victory | • Fall of the Ghaznavid Empire

• Rise of the Seljuk Empire

Siege of Hamadan (1047) |  Seljuk Empire | Kakuyids

Annazids

Buyids

| Victory | Hamedan and Isfahan are conquered by Seljuk empire.
Georgian–Seljuk wars

(1048–1213)

|  Seljuk Empire |  Kingdom of Georgia

* Zakarid Armenia

| Defeat | Initial victory on the Great Turkish Invasion. Then Georgia liberates from being tributary of Seljuk and even invades Iran.
Byzantine–Seljuq wars
(1048–1308)  |  Seljuk Empire |  Byzantine Empire

Empire of Trebizond
Crusader states

| Victory | Most of Anatolia conquered by the Seljuks
Overthrow of the Qarmatians

(1058–1077)

|  Seljuk Empire

Uyunid Emirate
Abbasid Caliphate

| Qarmatians | Victory | End of Qarmatian rule in eastern Arabia
Seljuk war of succession

(1063)

* Battle of Damghan (1063)

| Alp Arslan forces  | Qutalmish forces  | Victory | Alp Arslan obtains the throne.
Battle of Manzikert
(1071)  |  Seljuk Empire |  Byzantine Empire | Victory | Seljuks enter Anatolia.
Seljuk Civil War

* Battle of Kerj Abu Dulaf (1073)

|  Seljuk Empire

* Malik-Shah I forces

| Kerman Seljuk Sultanate

* Qavurt and his son forces

| Victory | Malik Shah maintains the throne
Battle of Ain Salm

(1086)

|  Seljuk Empire | Sultanate of Rûm | Victory | death of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
Nizari–Seljuk conflicts

(1090–1194)

* Seljuk Empire
* Abbasid Caliphate
* Fatimid Caliphate (succeeded by the Ayyubid Sultanate)
* Crusader states

| (Nizari) Ismailis of Persia and Syria  | Stalemate | Nizaris consolidate a state in Daylam, Quhistan, and Jabal Bahra', then controls other scattered areas in Alborz mountains, Zagros mountains, and Khurasan.
First Crusade

(1095–1099)

* Muslims :
* Seljuk Empire
* Abbasid Caliphate
* Fatimid Caliphate

|  |

* Crusaders
* Kingdom of France
* Byzantine Empire
* Armenian Cilicia
* County of Flanders
* Papal States
* Republic of Genoa
* Holy Roman Empire
* County of Sicily
* Duchy of Apulia and Calabria

Defeat |

* The Crusade assists in capturing Nicaea, restoring much of western Anatolia to the Byzantine Empire
* The Crusaders successfully capture Jerusalem and establish the Crusader states

Siege of Mosul (1096) |  Seljuk Empire | Uqaylid dynasty | Victory | Seljuks conquers the territory of the Uqaylid State
Battle of Ghazni (1117) |  Seljuk Empire | Ghaznavid Empire | Victory | Bahram of Ghazna succeeded to the throne as the Seljuk's vassal
First Siege of Baghdad (1136)  |  Seljuk Empire | Abbasid Caliphate | Victory | al-Rashid fled the city for Mosul, where he abdicated the caliphate. His uncle, al-Muqtafi, was raised to the throne instead by Mas'ud, who then retired to the east.
Battle of Qatwan

(1141)

|  Seljuk Empire

Kara-Khanids

Kakuyids

| Qara Khitai (Western Liao)

Karluks

| Defeat | Khwarazm became a vassal state of the Kara-Khitan.
Second Crusade

(1147–1150)

* Muslim :
* Seljuk Empire
* Sultanate of Rum
* Emirate of Zengids
* Emirate of Damascus
* Abbasid Caliphate
* Fatimid Caliphate
* Nizari Ismaili state in Syria (the Assassins)

* Crusaders
* Jerusalem
* Tripoli
* Antioch
* Kingdom of France
* Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
* Byzantine Empire
* Kingdom of England
* Kingdom of Sicily
* Papal States

* * *

Western front (Reconquista)

*     * Kingdom of Portugal
* County of Barcelona
* León-Castile
* Kingdom of France
* Republic of Genoa
* Republic of Pisa

* * *

Wendish Crusade

*     * Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
* Jutland-Kingdom of Denmark
* Zealand/Scania-Kingdom of Denmark
* Kingdom of Poland

| Victory |

* Lisbon captured by the Portuguese, Tarragona and Tortosa captured by the Catalans
* Wagria and Polabia captured by the Saxon Crusaders

Second Siege of Baghdad (1157)  |  Seljuk Empire |  Abbasid Caliphate | Defeat | Caliph al-Muqtafi successfully defended his capital against the coalition armies of Seljuq Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan and Qutb ad-Din of Mosul.
Ghurid dynasty
(879–1215)
Battle of Ghazni (1148) | Ghurid dynasty | Ghaznavids | Victory | The Ghurid ruler defeated Bahram-Shah and took the city while Bahram-Shah fled to India.
Battle of Ghazni (1151) | Ghurid dynasty | Ghaznavids | Victory | The Ghurid ruler defeated Bahram-Shah, captured the city, and destroyed it as revenge for the execution of his brother Quṭb ud-Dīn in 1149.
Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor

(1175–1206)

* First Battle of Tarain
* Second Battle of Tarain
* Battle of Chandawar
* Siege of Bayana
* Siege of Gwalior (1196)
* Battle of Kasahrada (1197)
* Ghurid invasion of Bengal
* Battle of Jhelum (1206)
* Siege of Kalinjar

| Ghurid dynasty | Rajput confederacy

* Chahamanas of Shakambhari
* Gahadavala dynasty

Sena dynasty

Soomra dynasty

Ghaznavids

Qarmatians

Tibetan tribes

| Victory |

* Muhammad of Ghor seizes much of northern India.
* Foundation of Delhi Sultanate
* Islamization of Bangladesh

Battle of Andkhud

(1204)

| Ghurid dynasty | Khwarazmian Empire

Qara Khitai

Kara-Khanid Khanate

| Defeat | Ghurids lost suzerainty of Khurasan to the Khwarezmian Empire
Ghurid invasion of Tibet

(1206)

| Ghurid dynasty | Tibetan people (Era of Fragmentation)  | Defeat |

* Tibetan indepencen seizured
* Death of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji

Khwarazmian dynasty
(1077–1231)
Mongol invasion of Persia (1218–1256)

* Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia
* Mongol campaign against the Nizaris
* part of Mongol invasion of Central Asia and the Mongol invasions of India

|  Khwarazmian dynasty

Nizari Ismaili state
Abbasid Caliphate

|  Mongol Empire | Defeat |

* Khwarezmia domains added to the Mongol Empire
* Jalal al-Din Mangburni resists in exile until 1231 in India and the Caucasus.
* Mongol invasions of Georgia and Mongol invasions of Anatolia begin.

Georgian-Khwarazmid war (1225–1228)

* Battle of Garni
* Siege of Tbilisi (1226)
* Battle of Bolnisi

|  Khwarazmian dynasty

* Principality of Maragheh

|  Kingdom of Georgia

* Kipchaks
* Alans
* Vainakhs
* Leks

| Victory | Khwarezmian last domains added the Georgian domains
Seljuk-Khwarazmid war

(1230)

* Battle of Yassıçemen

|  Khwarezm Shahs

Seljuk rebels

Empire of Trebizond

| Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm

Ayyubid Sultanate

| Defeat | Khwarezmian last domains partitioned between Seljuks and Mongols
Siege of Jerusalem (1244) |  Ayyubid Sultanate

Khwarazmians

|  Kingdom of Jerusalem | Victory | Muslim capture of Jerusalen
Ilkhanid dynasty

(1256–1335)

Mongol invasions of Anatolia (1241–1335)

* Part of Mongol invasion of West Asia

|  Mongol Empire

* Ilkhanate

Principality of Khachen

|  Sultanate of Rum

* * *

Anatolian Beyliks | Victory | Mongols adds the Anatolian domains to Persian-centered Ilkhanate.
Siege of Baghdad (1258) |  Mongol Empire

* Ilkhanate
* Georgia[35]
* Armenian Cilicia[35]

Principality of Antioch

|  Abbasid Caliphate | Victory |

* Abbasid territories added to Persian centered Ilkhanate and starts the Mongol invasions of the Levant
* End of the Islamic Golden Age

Toluid Civil War

(1260–1264)

| Kublai Khan and his allies  | Ariq Böke and his allies  | Victory | Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Berke–Hulagu war

(1262)

|  Ilkhanate

Supported by:
Byzantine Empire

|  Golden Horde

Supported by:
Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate

| Inconclusive | Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Kaidu–Kublai war

(1268–1301)

| Yuan dynasty

Ilkhanate (ally of Kublai)

|  Chagatai Khanate

House of Ögedei

Golden Horde (ally of Kaidu until 1284)

| Inconclusive | Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Mongol invasions of the Levant (1260–1323)

* Mongol raids into Palestine
* Part of the Crusades (Lord Edward's crusade and Crusade of the Infants of Aragon)

|  Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire

* Cilician Armenia
* Kingdom of Georgia
* Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
* Antioch-Tripoli

* Yuan Empire
* Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (1259–1264)
* Kingdom of Jerusalem
* Knights Templar
* Knights Hospitaller

|  Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate

Ayyubid remnants

Nizari Ismailis of Syria

Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (after 1264)

Karamanid rebels

Abbasids

| Defeat | Mongols fail to conquer Egypt or get a formal Franco-Mongol alliance.
Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war

(1314–1318)

| Yuan dynasty

Ilkhanate

|  Chagatai Khanate | Victory | Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Timurid dynasty
(1370–1507)
Campaigns of Timur
(1380–1402)  |  Timurid dynasty | Muzaffarids
Jalayirid Sultanate
Tughlaq dynasty

Golden Horde
Kingdom of Georgia
Delhi Sultanate
Ottoman Empire
Knights Hospitaller

| Victory |

* Rise of the Timurid Empire in Iran
* The Delhi Sultanate became a Timurid vassal.
* Outbreak of the Ottoman Civil War

Battle of Algami Canal

(1402)

* Part of Timurid Invasion of Iraq

|  Timurid dynasty |  Qara Qoyunlu | Victory | Sultan Ahmed Jalayir and Qara Yusuf both escaped Iraq again and fled towards Egypt
Timurid Civil Wars
(1405–~1501)  |  Various factions |  Various factions | Collapse of the dynasty | Rise of the Shi'ite Safavid dynasty
Battle of Nakhchivan (1406)

* Part of Timurid Invasion of Azerbaijan

|  Timurid dynasty |  Qara Qoyunlu | Defeat | Invasion repelled
Safavid dynasty
(1501–1736)
Persian-Uzbek Wars
(1502–1510)

* Safavid conquest of Shirvan
* Battle of Marv

|  Safavid Empire | Uzbeks | Victory | Fall of the Shaybanid Empire
Turkoman invasions of Georgia |  Kingdom of Georgia

Shirvanshah
Safavid Empire (1502)

|  Kara Koyunlu (1407–1468)

Aq Qoyunlu (1468–1502)

| Victory | End of invasions against Georgia and consolidation of Safavids in Persia
Kurdish-Yazidi uprising against the Safavids
(1506–1510)  |  Safavid Empire |  Yazidis | Victory | Uprising suppressed when the Yazidi leader, Shir Sarim, was defeated in the battle
Portuguese–Safavid wars (1507–1625)  |  Safavid Empire

Imamate of Oman
Supported by:

British East India Company

|  Portuguese Empire

* Kingdom of Ormus

Supported by:

Spanish Empire (since 1580)

| Victory | The Iranian military sought to punish the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf for the Iranians' grievances of Gambron, not only liberating the island of Hormuz but also forcing the Portuguese to withdraw to Mombasa in Kenya.

Britain recognized Iran's sovereignty over the entire Persian Gulf.

Battle of Chaldiran
(1514)  |  Safavid Empire |  Ottoman Empire | Defeat | End of Shia uprisings in the Ottoman Empire
Ismail I invasion of Georgia

(1516–1522)

* Battle of Teleti

|  Safavid Empire

Samtskhe-Saatabago rebels

|  Kingdom of Georgia

* Samtskhe-Saatabago

| Stalemate | Initial Persian victories, putting vassal governors in Georgia. Then withdrawal after Ottoman intervention
Battle of Jam (1528)  |  Safavid Empire | Uzbeks | Victory | Safavids Empire defeated Uzbeks and reconquered Herat.
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1523
(1532–1555),

* Part of French–Habsburg rivalry

|  Safavid Empire

Supported by:

Habsburg monarchy[citation needed] |  Ottoman Empire

Supported by:

France | Defeat | Ottomans captured Lower Mesopotamia and Baghdad. First partition of the Caucasus between the Ottomans and Persians. Western Armenia and western Georgia falls in Ottoman hands, Eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Dagestan and the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan remain in Persian hands
Georgian-Safavid wars

(1556–1659)

* Battle of Garisi
* Battle of Digomi
* Battle of Tsitsamuri
* Battle of Aghaiani
* Battle of Martqopi
* Battle of Marabda
* Bakhtrioni uprising

|  Safavid Empire |  Kingdom of Kartli

Kingdom of Kakheti

| Stalemate | Persians subdue Georgian kingdoms as vassals of Safavids, but Georgians got restoration of its autonomy
Uzbek invasion of Khorasan (1578) |  Safavid Empire | Shaybanids | Victory | Uzbeks withdrew from northeastern Iran and Persians refused to pay them tribute.
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578
(1578–1590)  |  Safavid Empire

* Kingdom of Kartli

|  Ottoman Empire

* Crimean Khanate

| Defeat | Treaty of Constantinople (1590)
Battle of Herat

(1598)

|  Safavid Empire |  Shaybanids | Victory | Khorasan returned to Persians
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (First Stage)
(1603–1612)  |  Safavid Empire |  Ottoman Empire | Victory | Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612)
Siege of Dimdim
(1609–1610)  |  Safavid Empire |  Emirate of Bradost | Victory | Uprising suppressed
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (Second Stage)

(1612–1618)

|  Safavid Empire |  Ottoman Empire | Victory | Treaty of Serav (1618)
Capture of Ormuz

(1622)

|  Safavid Empire

British East India Company

|  Iberian Union

* Portuguese Empire
* Kingdom of Hormuz

| Victory | Ormuz annexed to Persia
Mughal–Safavid War of 1622
(1622–1623)  |  Safavid Empire |  Mughal Empire | Victory | Kandahar falls to Persia
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623
(1623–1639)  |  Safavid Empire |  Ottoman Empire | Defeat | Permanent partition of the Caucasus; western Georgia and Western Armenia go to the Ottomans, while Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, eastern and southern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remain under Persian rule. Ottomans decisively gain control of Mesopotamia.
Battle off Hormuz

(1625)

* part of Dutch–Portuguese War

|  English East India Company

Dutch East India Company

Supported by:

Safavid Persia

|  Portuguese Empire

* Estado da Índia

| Draw | End of Portuguese influence on the Persian Gulf
Capture of Julfar

(1633)

* part of the Omani–Portuguese conflicts

|  Safavid Empire

Portuguese Empire

|  Omani Empire | Defeat | Omanis captured the two forts on Ras Al Khaimah.
Mughal–Safavid war of 1649
(1649–1653)  |  Safavid Empire

•  Khanate of Bukhara

|  Mughal Empire

Jaipur State

| Victory | Persia recaptured Kandahar
Russo-Persian War of 1651
(1651–1653)  |  Safavid Empire |  Russia | Victory | Russian fortress on the Iranian side of the Terek River destroyed, and its garrison expelled
Bakhtrioni uprising

(1659)

|  Safavid Empire

Turcoman tribes

|  Kingdom of Kakheti aided by Tushetians, Pshavs, Khevsurs | Inconclusive | Kakheti remained under Persian rule
1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain

(1717)

|  Safavid Empire |  Omani Empire

* Al Bin Ali mercenaries

| Defeat | Persian loss of Bahrain
Sack of Shamakhi

(1721)

|  Safavid Empire | Rebellious Sunni Lezgins | Defeat | The Shia population is massacred and the city, ransacked
Russo-Persian War of 1722
(1722–1723)  |  Safavid Empire |  Russian Empire
Cossack Hetmanate
Kingdom of Kartli
Melikdoms of Karabakh and Armenian rebels  | Defeat | Russians capture Derbent, Baku, and the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad for about a decade.

Partition of Iran with the Ottomans in Treaty of Constantinople (1724).

Siege of Isfahan
(1722)  |  Safavid Empire |  Hotaki dynasty | Defeat

(Regime change)

| Afghan control of most of Iran

Rise of Nader Shah against Mahmud Hotak.

Hotaki dynasty (1722–1729)
Ottoman–Hotaki War 1724–1727  |  Hotaki dynasty |  Ottoman Empire | Victory | Treaty of Hamedan

* Ottoman recognition of Ashraf Hotak as Shah of Persia
* Ottoman sovereignty over all the western and northwestern parts of Iran (including most of Tabriz, Hamadan, Kermanshah, Lorestan and most of the southern Caucasus)

Return of Safavids(Nader)
(1726–1729)

* Khorasan campaign of Nader Shah
* Herat campaign of 1729
* Liberation of Isfahan

|  Hotaki dynasty

Sadozai Sultanate of Herat

Supported by:

Ottoman Empire

|  Safavid Dynasty | Defeat

(Regime change)

| End of the Hotaki dynasty
Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani

(1730)

|  Safavid Empire

Nader's personal domains

Supported by:

English East India Company

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

| Forces Loyal to Sheikh Ahmad Madani

Forces Loyal to Sheikh Jabbara

Forces Loyal to Sheikh Rashid bin Sa'id of Basaidu

Rebelling Arab tribes

Hotak remnants and Afghan raiders

| Victory | Revolt suppressed and reincorporation of Gulf Arabs to the empire
Battle of Zarghan
(1730)  |  Safavid Empire |  Hotaki dynasty | Victory | Afghans expelled from Iran (Persia)
Herat campaign of 1731

(1731)

|  Safavid Empire

Afghan loyalists

| Sadozai Sultanate of Herat

Hotaki dynasty

| Victory | Fall of Sadozai Sultanate of Herat
Ottoman-Safavid war of 1730 (Nader) (1730–1735)

* Western Persia campaign of 1730
* Tahmasp's campaign of 1731
* Nader Shah's Mesopotamian campaign
* Caucasus Campaign (1735)

|  Safavid Empire

• Erivan Khanate

|  Ottoman Empire

•  Crimean Khanate

Lezgins

| Victory | Persian (Nader) reconquest of the entire Caucasus

•Treaty of Constantinople

Mohammad Khan Baluch's Rebellion

(1733–1734)

* part of Campaigns of Nader Shah

|  Safavid Empire | Forces loyal to Mohammad Khan Baloch | Victory | Southern Persia is re-annexed.
Afsharid dynasty
(1736–1796)
Nader Siege of Kandahar (1737–1738)

* part of Campaigns of Nader Shah

|  Afsharid dynasty |  Hotaki dynasty | Victory | End of the Hotaki dynasty
Nader conquest of the Persian Gulf (1738–1747)

* part of Campaigns of Nader Shah

|  Afsharid dynasty | Omani Empire

* Sultanate of Muscat
* Imamate of Oman

Pirates

| Victory | The Persian empire becomes the arbiter of the Persian Gulf until the collapse of the empire.
Nader invasion of India
(1738–1739)

* part of Campaigns of Nader Shah

|  Afsharid dynasty |  Mughal Empire

Hyderabad Oudh

| Victory | Persian plundering of India
Nader Conquest of Central Asia (1738–1740)

* part of Campaigns of Nader Shah

|  Afsharid dynasty |  Khanate of Bukhara

Khanate of Khiva

| Victory | Conquest of the Central Asian khanates
Nader invasion of Daghestan

(1741–1745)

* part of Campaigns of Nader Shah

|  Afsharid dynasty |  Lezgins

Avar Khanate (Avars)

Mekhtuly Khanate

Gazikumukh Khanate

Elisu Sultanate

Shaki Khanate

| Victory | The Persian Empire annexes almost all of Dagestan.
Afsharid–Ottoman War War of 1743
(1743–1746)  |  Afsharid dynasty |  Ottoman Empire | Stalemate | Treaty of Kerden, Status quo ante bellum
Civil War between Afsharid and Qajar
(1747–1796)  |  Afsharid dynasty |  Qajar dynasty | Regime change | Mohammad Khan Qajar became the Shah of Iran.
Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55) |  Afsharids

Qara Bayat Amirdom

Qajar dynasty

Khozeimeh Amirdom

| Durrani Empire

Khanate of Kalat

| Defeat | Afghan dominance in the region
Zand dynasty
(1751–1779)
Campaign against Azad Khan
(1754–1762)  |  Zand dynasty |  Azad Khan Afghan | Victory | Azad Khan's surrender
Bajalan uprising
(1755)  |  Zand dynasty | Bajalan Tribe (Kurds)[36]Bajalan Tribe[37] | Victory | Uprising uppressed
Ottoman-Persian War of 1775
(1755–1776)  |  Zand dynasty |  Ottoman Empire | Victory | Persia captures Basra.
Persian-Dutch War (1765)  |  Zand dynasty |  Dutch colonial empire

* Dutch East India Company

| Victory | Kharg Island reconquered by Persia and destruction of Fort Mosselstein
Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain

(1782–1783)

|  Persia

* Bushehr

|  Sheikhdom of Kuwait

Zubarah

| Defeat | Al Khalifa annexes Bahrain into its sheikhdom.
Siege of Kerman
(1794)  |  Zand dynasty |  Qajar Dynasty | Defeat | Qajars conquer and sack Kerman.
Qajar dynasty
(1785–1925)
Battle of Krtsanisi
(1795)  |  Qajar Iran |  Kartli-Kakheti
Imereti | Victory | Tbilisi captured and sacked by Iranians. Persian reconquest of the Caucasus and Georgia.
Persian Expedition
(1796)  |  Qajar Iran |  Russian Empire | Victory |

* Tactical Russian victory
* Strategic Persian victory
* Russian withdrawal after the death of Catherine II

Russo-Persian War of 1804
(1804–1813),

* Part of Napoleonic Wars and Russian conquest of the Caucasus

|  Qajar Iran

Supported by:

* French Empire[citation needed]
* Ottoman Empire

|  Russian Empire Supported by:

* British Empire

| Defeat | Treaty of Gulistan. Iran irrevocably cedes most of its Caucasus territories (Dagestan, Georgia, and most of the Azerbaijan Republic) to Russia.
Battle of Kafir Qala

(1818)

* Part of Herati-Qajar Wars

|  Qajar Iran | Durrani Empire | Inconclusive | Both armies retreated
Ottoman–Persian War of 1821
(1821–1823)  |  Qajar Iran |  Ottoman Empire | Victory | Treaty of Erzurum, status quo ante bellum
Russo-Persian War of 1826
(1826–1828)  |  Qajar Iran |  Russian Empire | Defeat | Treaty of Turkmenchay. Iran irrevocably cedes its last Caucasus territories comprising parts of the contemporary nation of Azerbaijan that were not ceded in 1813, as well as all of what is the current Republic of Armenia.
Siege of Herat
(1837–1838)

* Part of Great Game

|  Qajar Iran

Supported by:

Russian Empire

Principality of Qandahar

|  Emirate of Herat

East India Company

Supported by:

British Empire

Aimaq tribesmen

Maimana Khanate

Andkhui Khanate

Sheberghan Khanate

Sar-i Pul Khanate

Bukhara Emirate

Khiva Khanate[38]

| Defeat | Successful Persian siege at Herat; breach eventually repelled; temporary British occupation of Kharg Island; Persian withdrawal from Herat
Battle of Fort Tabarsi

(1848–1849)

|  Qajar Iran | Bábís | Victory | Successful repression
Siege of Herat

(1856)

|  Qajar Iran |  Emirate of Herat

Supported by:

United Kingdom

Afghanistan

| Victory | Successful siege of Herat; continued occupation until Persia's compliance with the Treaty of Paris; installment of Sultan Ahmad Khan as puppet ruler of Herat
Anglo-Persian War
(1856–1857)  |  Qajar Iran |  United Kingdom

* East India Company

Afghanistan

| Defeat | Persian force occupies and later withdraws from Herat.
Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah

(1879–1880)

|  Ottoman Empire

Qajar Iran

Supported by:

Austria-Hungary

* Austro-Hungarian military mission in Persia

| Kurdish tribes | Victory | Successful repression
Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)  |  Qajar Iran

* Shahrbani
* Shahsevan

Supported by:

Russian Empire

* Persian Cossack Brigade

| Iranian constitutionalists

Supported by:

Ottoman Empire Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Iran | Stalemate |

* Constitutional monarchy and Parliament
* Persian Constitution of 1906
* Triumph of Tehran
* Russian occupation of northern Iran until 1917

Revolt of Salar-al-Daulah

(1911–1913)

|  Qajar Iran | Forces of Salar-al-Daulah  | Victory | Rebellion suppressed
Swedish intervention in Persia

(1911–1916)

* Shiraz expedition

|  Qajar Iran

Sweden[39]

| Anti-Qajar insurgents  | Victory |

* Anti-Qajar rebellions are suppressed.
* The Swedish government quits in 1916 due to its neutrality on World War I. However, Swedes volunteers continued to serve in the Persian Gendarmerie until 1921.

Persian Campaign
(1914–1918)

* Part of World War I

|  Qajar Iran

* Qashqai tribesmen
* Tangistani tribesmen
* Laristani tribesmen

* * *

Jungle Movement |  Russian Empire

* Armenian volunteer units

British Empire

* British Raj

Assyrian volunteers

* * *

Ottoman Empire

* Shekak tribesmen

German Empire

| Stalemate |

* Occupation of Iran by Anglo-Russian and Ottoman troops
* Ottoman withdrawal after signing of Armistice of Mudros
* Persian famine of 1917–1919

Jungle Movement insurrection on Gilan (1915–1921)

* Part of the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War

|  Qajar Iran

* Persian Cossack Brigade

* * *

Russian Empire (1915–1917)

* White movement (since 1920)

British Empire

| Jungle revolutionaries

* Persian Socialist Soviet Republic

Supported by:
Soviet Russia (since 1920)

* Soviet Caspian Flotilla

| Victory |

* Revolt suppressed
* Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement forces the retreat of Bolsheviks from northern Iran.

Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)

* Part of Assyrian genocide

|  Qajar and Pahlavi Iran

Assyrian levies[40] Assyrian volunteers[41]

| Irregular Kurdish militias

Supported by: Ottoman Empire

| Victory | Revolt suppressed
Mohammad Khiabani's uprising (1920)  |  Qajar Iran

* Persian Cossack Brigade

| Mohammad Khiabani's forces

Azerbaijan rebels

| Victory | Revolt suppressed
Pessian's revolt (1921)  |  Qajar Iran

* Irregular Kurdish militias
* Persian Cossack Brigade

| Autonomous Government of Khorasan

* Khans of Khorasan

| Victory | Revolt suppressed after the death of Mohammad Taqi Pessian
1921 Persian coup d'état (1921)  |  Qajar Iran | Persian Cossack Brigade
Supported by:

United Kingdom

| Defeat |

* Power takeover by Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabaee
* Suppression of Colonel Pessian's revolt and dissolution of the Autonomous Government of Khorasan
* Dissolution of the Republic of Gilan
* Continuing conflict with Simko Shikak until 1922
* Deterioration of Persian control over Sheikh Khazal's Emirate of Muhammara until 1925

Sheikh Khazal rebellion (1924)  |  Qajar and Pahlavi Iran |  Sheikhdom of Mohammerah

Bakhtiari tribesmen

Arab separatists

Supported by:

United Kingdom

| Victory |

* Rebellious Arab forces disbanded
* Bakhtiaris defeated
* Khazal arrested
* Sheikhdom of Mohammerah abolished
* Reza Khan re-established full control over the Emirate of Muhammara.

Pahlavi dynasty
(1925–1979)
Simko Shikak revolt (1926) |  Iran

Assyrian volunteers
Assyrian levies

| Irregular Kurdish militias | Victory | Revolt suppressed; Simko Shikak fled to Mandatory Iraq
Jafar Sultan revolt (1931)  |  Iran | Jafar Sultan's Kurdish rebels  | Victory | Revolt suppressed
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
(1941)

* Part of World War II

|  Iran |  Soviet Union
United Kingdom

* India

| Defeat | Abdication of Rezā Shāh, Allied occupation of Iran
Hama Rashid revolt (1941–1944)  |  Iran | Kurdish tribesmen  | Victory | Hama Rashid driven into Iraq
Iran Crisis of 1946
(1945–1946)  |  Iran |  Mahabad
Azerbaijan
Supported by:
Soviet Union | Victory | Dissolution of Mahabad and Azerbaijan
First Iraqi–Kurdish War

(1961–1970)

|  KDP

Supported by:

Iran

Israel[42]

United States (alleged)[43]

| Before 1968:

Republic of Iraq

Syria (1963)[44]

* * *

After 1968:

Ba'athist Iraq

| Stalemate |

* Several Iraqi offensives intended to suppress the Kurdish rebellion fail.
* Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970
* Arabization program continued

Dhofar Rebellion
(1963–1976)[45] |  Iran
Oman |  PFLOAG
PFLO | Victory | Defeat of insurgents, modernization of Oman
1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran (1967)  |  Iran | Revolutionary Committee leadership:

* KDP-I

| Victory | Kurdish revolt suppressed:
Insurgency in Balochistan (1973–present)

* 1970s operation in Balochistan
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency

|  Iran[45]

Pakistan

| Baloch separatist groups

Taliban-aligned groups

Supported by:

* India
* Afghanistan

| Ongoing | Insurgency mostly repressed
Second Iraqi–Kurdish War

(1974–1975)

|  KDP

Iran

Soviet Union[46]

Supported by:

Israel[47]

United States[48]

|  Iraq | Defeat |

* Peshmerga fighting ability destroyed
* Iran withdrew its support for KDP

Arvand Conflict
(1974–1975)  |  Iran |  Iraq | Victory |

* 1975 Algiers Agreement
* Iran consolidates control over the Shatt al-Arab/Arvand Rud waterway
* Tensions between Iran and Iraq over the disputed waterway and border escalate into a full-scale war in 1980

Islamic Republic of Iran
(since 1979)
Iranian Revolution and Consolidation
(1979–1983)  |  Iran |  Imperial State | Islamic Republic victory | Rival political factions and separatist movements crushed

Tens of thousands of political executions in the aftermath (7,900 from 1981 to 1985, 3,800 to 33,000 in 1988, unknown in 1986–1987 or 1979–1980)

1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran (1979)  |  Iran |  KDP-I

Komala

IPFG

* OIPFG (Minority)

Supported by:

Iraq

| Victory | Iranian victory, but pockets of KDPI resistance remained until 1996.
1979 Khuzestan insurgency (1979)  |  Iran |  DRFLA

APCO

PFLA

AFLA
Supported by:
Iraq

| Victory |

* Uprising quelled
* Iranian Embassy siege in 1980

Qatif conflict (1979–present)

* part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

|  Iran

Shia militants

* Organization for the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula
* Hezbollah Al-Hejaz

|  Saudi Arabia | Ongoing | Mostly repressed from 1983 to 2011 by Saudi government. Sunni government executes many Shia rebels.
Iran–Iraq War
(1980–1988)  |  Iran
KDP
PUK
Badr Brigades |  Iraq
MEK
PDKI | Stalemate | Both Iraq and Iran accepted UNSC Resolution 598.

Return to status quo, observed by UNIIMOG

Multinational Force in Lebanon
(1982–1984)

* Part of Lebanese Civil War

| Islamic Jihad Organization
Iran
Syria
Progressive Socialist Party
Amal Movement |  United Kingdom

France
United States
Italy

| Stalemate | Syrian Allied victory[49]

* Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into Syrian- or Israeli- supported militias[50]
* Multinational forces evacuated after the US embassy and US Marine barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization
* Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization
* Humanitarian crisis in southern Lebanon
* Civil war continues until 1990
* President Hafez al-Assad continues his occupation of Lebanon until his son and later president Bashar al-Assad orders a withdrawal from the country

Tanker War

(1984−1988)

* Action of June 5, 1984
* Operation Earnest Will
* Operation Prime Chance
* Operation Praying Mantis
* part of Iran–Iraq War and Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

|  Iran
Supported by:

Pakistan[51][52]

|  Iraq

Supported by:

United States

Saudi Arabia

Kuwait

| Ceasefire | UNSC Resolution 598
KDPI–Komala conflict

(1984−1991)

|  Iran |  KDP-I

* * *

Komala | Victory | Both armed forces debilitate and Iran maintain control of Iranian Kurdistan.
Iran–Israel proxy conflict (1985−present)

* Hezbollah–Israel conflict
* Karine A affair
* Francop Affair
* 2009 Sudan airstrikes
* Victoria Affair
* 2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip
* Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war
* Operation Full Disclosure
* Operation Northern Shield
* 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq
* 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis
* 2022 Erbil missile attacks
* 2023 Iran drone attacks

|  Iran
Supported by:

* Hamas
* Hezbollah
* Houthi movement
* Lebanon
* Syria
* Iraq (from 2006)
* Sudan (until 2015)

|  Israel
Supported by:

* United States
* Persian opposition

| Ongoing | Iran-Israel conflicts continues

* Tactical victories from Israel
* Strategic stalemate

KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) |  Iran |  KDP-I | Victory | KDPI announces unilateral cease-fire in 1996.
1991 Iraqi uprisings | Shia and leftist elements of opposition:'

* SCIRI/Badr Brigades
* Dawa
* Communist Party
* Pro-Syrian Ba'athists
* Army and militia deserters/defectors 
-

Kurdish and Assyrian rebels:

Peshmerga:

* KDP
* PUK
* Kurdish mujahideen
* CPK
* PDKI

Assyrian Democratic Movement

Support:

United States[53]

Iran[54]

Syria

|  Government

* Ba'ath Party
* Iraqi Army
* Republican Guard
* Special Republican Guard
* Popular Army
* General Security
* Intelligence Service
* Special Security

Support:

MEK

| Victory | Ba'thist government victory

Kurdish gets Kurdistan Region

Tajikistani Civil War

(1992– 1997)

* part of Post-Soviet conflicts

* United Tajik Opposition
* Islamic Renaissance Party
* Tajik Democratic Party
* Party of People's Unity
* Rastokhez Popular Movement
* Lali Badakhshan

Afghanistan (until 1996)

*     * Jamiat-e Islami (until 1996)[55]

Supported by:

* al-Qaeda[56]
* Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
* Iran (alleged, denied by Iran)[57][58][59][60]

* Tajikistan
* Popular Front of Tajikistan[61]
* Communist Party of Tajikistan
* Socialist Party of Tajikistan

Russia
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Supported by:

* Belarus[62] (weapons supplies)

| Ceasefire | Inter-Tajik Dialogue and the United Nations success to put an end to the conflict

* Joint commission for national reconciliation and prisoner exchanges

Arab civil unrest and insurgency on Khuzestan

(1999−2020)

* Part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

|  Iran |

* ASMLA[63]
* NLMA
* Ansar Al-Furqan[64]

Supported by:

* Iraq (until 2003)
* Saudi Arabia

| Victory | Revolts suppressed
2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict

(2000–2006)

* Part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Hezbollah–Israel conflict

|  Hezbollah

Supported by:
Iran
Syria

|  Israel | Defeat | Israel maintains the territories
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)

* United States invasion of Afghanistan
* 2001 uprising in Herat
* part of War on terror

|  United States

United Kingdom

Northern Alliance
Canada
Italy
Germany
Australia
New Zealand
Iran (until 2002)

|  Taliban
Al-Qaeda

* 055 Brigade

Foreign fighters  | Victory |

* Fall of the Taliban government in Afghanistan
* Then Iran quits the coallition and form the Axis of Resistance after Axis of evil speachment, ending his collaboration with the US coallition.

Iraqi insurgency

(2003–2011)

|  New Iraqi government

Supported by:

Iran[65][66]

NATO

* NATO Training Mission – Iraq

Israel[67][68]

United Nations

* United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq

United States

United Kingdom

MNF–I (2003–09)

* * *

Shia insurgents

* Mahdi Army
* Special Groups
* Kata'ib Hezbollah
* Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
* Badr Brigades
* Others

|  Ba'ath loyalists

* Fedayeen Saddam (2003 Only)
* SCJL
* JRTN

* * *

Sunni insurgents

* Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–06)
* Islamic State of Iraq[69] (from 2006)
* Islamic Army of Iraq
* Ansar al-Sunnah (2003–07)
* Others
* Iraqi Islamic Resistance Army (not to be confused with Iraqi Hamas)

| Inconclusive |

* End of American military presence in Iraq with 2007–2011 withdrawal
* Continued Iraqi conflict in the War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* Stronger Iranian influence in Iraq[70][dubious - discuss][71][72][73]

Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
(2004–present)  |  Iran | Jundallah (Iran) (2004–2011)
Jaish ul-Adl (2013–present)
Ansar Al-Furqan (2013–present)  | Ongoing | Capture of Abdolmalek Rigi

Dissolution of Jundallah

Iran–PJAK Conflict
(2004–present)  |  Iran
Turkey |  PJAK | Ongoing | PJAK withdraws from Iranian territory
Houthi insurgency

(2004–2014)

* part of Yemeni crisis and Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

|  Houthi Movement

Yemen (pro-Saleh forces)

Supported by:

Iran[74][75]

North Korea[76][77][78]

Libya (until 2011)[79]

|  Yemen

* Sunni tribes[80]
* Al-Islah militias

Saudi Arabia

Supported by:

Jordan[81]

Morocco[82]

United States[83][84]

* * *

Ansar al-Sharia

* al-Qaeda[85]

| Victory | Houthis take control of Sanaa, Sa'dah and establish an independent administration that is allied to Iran.
2006 Lebanon War
(2006)

* part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict

|  Iran
Hezbollah

Lebanon

|  Israel | Stalemate |

* U.N brokered ceasefire through UNSCR 1701
* Israeli strategic and military failure[86][87][88][89]

Afghanistan–Iran border skirmishes

(2007–2023)

* 2009 Afghanistan–Iran clash
* 2021 Afghanistan–Iran clashes
* 2023 Afghanistan–Iran clash
* part of Afghan conflict

|  Iran |  Afghanistan | Stalemate | Status quo ante bellum
Gaza War (2008–2009)

* 2009 Sudan airstrikes
* part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict

|  Gaza Strip

Supported by:
Iran

|  Israel | Defeat | Israel tactical victory
Syrian Civil War
(2011–present)

* Iranian intervention in Syria
* Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war
* Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war
* Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon
* Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war
* part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Hezbollah–Israel conflict and War against the Islamic State

|  Syria
Hezbollah
Iran
Russia |  Free Syrian Army

United States

Turkey

Saudi Arabia

Israel

* * *

Islamic Front
al-Nusra Front
Islamic State

* * *

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria | Ongoing |

* Rebel and Islamist uprisings quelled in much of Syria
* Most of Syria now controlled by Syrian Government, which is supported by Iran Islamic State in Syria defeated near the end of 2017

Insurgency in Bahrain (2011–present)

* part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

* Al-Ashtar Brigades
* Waad Allah Brigades
* al-Mukhtar Brigades
* God's Revenge Companies
* Popular Resistance Brigades
* February 14 Youth Coalition
* Saraya al Karar
* Asa’ib al-Muqawama al-Bahrainia
* Imam al-Mahdi Brigades
* al-Haydariyah Brigades

Supported by:

Iran

* Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

|  Bahrain
Supported by:
Saudi Arabia | Ongoing | Ongoing insurgency by militant groups, supported by Iran, to topple government of Bahrain
War in Iraq
(2014–2017)

* Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
* part of War against the Islamic State

|  Iraq
Peshmerga
Iran
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Badr Organization
Hezbollah
Kata'ib Hezbollah

Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam

United States

|  Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant

* * *

Naqshbandi Army[citation needed] | Victory | Iraqi government and allied victory against ISIL

US played a significant role in this victory. End of ISIL territorial control in Iraq; ongoing ISIL insurgency

2014 Gaza War

(2014)

|  Gaza Strip

Supported by:
Iran

|  Israel | Inconclusive | Both sides claim victory.[90]
Yemeni Civil War
(2014–present)

* part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

| Supreme Political Council

* Houthi movement
* Iran
*   * Iraq
* North Korea
* Syrian mercenaries

| Cabinet of Yemen
Saudi-led coalition

* Saudi Arabia
* United Arab Emirates
* Senegal
* Jordan
* Egypt
* Sudan (2015–19)
* Morocco (2015–19)
* Qatar (2015–17)

* * *

Al-Qaeda | Ongoing |

* Houthis seize Yemen's capital city, Sanaa
* Saudi-led coalition forces intervene in Yemen to restore the Hadi/Alimi-led government
* Former President Ali Abdullah Saleh is killed
* Continued clashes between Southern Transitional Council and Hadi/Alimi-led government

Islamic State–Taliban conflict

(2015–present)

* part of War against the Islamic State

|  Afghanistan

* Taliban
* Haqqani network[91]

Al-Qaeda[92]

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (pro-Taliban & anti-IS factions)[93]

* * *

Supported by:

United States (limited)[94][95][96][97]

Iran (alleged)[98][99]

Russia (alleged)[100]

Pakistan (alleged)[citation needed]

|  Islamic State

* Khorasan Province
* IS central command[citation needed]

Mullah Dadullah Front[citation needed] (until 2016)

Fidai Mahaz[101]

* * *

Supported by:

High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (HCIEA)[102] (until 2021)[103][104]

| Ongoing | Continued IS-KP guerilla warfare and insurgent attacks
Western Iran clashes (2016–present)

* part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

|  Iran |  PDKI

PJAK

Komala

PAK

Khebat

Supported by:

Saudi Arabia[citation needed]

| Ongoing | Restart of armed resistance against the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, eastern Kurdistan has not yet become a Kurdish state.
2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict

(2017)

|  Iraq

Supported by:

Iran[105]

|  Kurdistan Regional Government

* * *

PKK[106]
PDKI[107]

* * *

White Flags (alleged)[108] | Victory | Iraqi Government captures 20% of the territory controlled by the Kurdistan Region including the city of Kirkuk, along with the surrounding oil fields and border crossings
Islamic State insurgency in Iraq

(2017–present)

* part of Iraqi conflict

|  Iraq

* Pro-Government Tribes (ar)[109]

Rojava (cross-border cooperation since May 2018)[110]

Supported by:

CJTF-OIR (until 2021)

* United States
* United Kingdom
* France

* * *

Iran[111]

Russia[citation needed]

* * *

Kurdistan Region

* Peshmerga

Supported by:

Netherlands[112]

|  Islamic State

White Flags

| Ongoing |

* Continue of the conflict against Islamic State
* 2019–2021 Iraqi protests against Iranian influence
* Clashes between US and Iran and allies due to

Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)

* Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* part of Russo-Ukrainian War and Second Cold War

|  Russia

* Donetsk People's Republic
* Luhansk People's Republic

Belarus Supported by: Axis of Upheaval

* Iran[113][114]

|  Ukraine

Supported by: Military aid to Ukraine

* NATO

| Ongoing | No conclusive

* Iranian troops from the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps on Russian annexed Crimea.[115]

2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings

(2023)

|  Hamas
PIJ

Supported by:
Hezbollah
Iran

|  Israel | Ceasefire | Inconclusive
Israel–Hamas war

(2023–present)

* 2023 Israel–Lebanon border clashes
* 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria
* part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict

|  Hamas
Supported by:

* Iran
* Syria
* Hezbollah
* Houthi movement
* Islamic Resistance in Iraq

|  Israel
Supported by:

* United States
* Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
* Free Syrian Army

| Ongoing | Iranian proxy groups initiate offensives against US military bases.
2024 Iran–Israel conflict

(2024)

|  Iran
Supported by:

* Syria
* Hezbollah
* Houthi movement
* Islamic Resistance in Iraq

|  Israel
Supported by:

* United States
* United Kingdom
* France

| Status quo ante bellum | Status quo ante bellum

## See also

[edit]

* History of Iran
* Swedish intervention in Persia
* Military history of Iran
* Iranian expansionism
* Cyrus in Babylon and the Jewish connection
* List of massacres in Iran
* Greco-Persian Wars
* Roman–Persian Wars
* Parthian army
* Military of the Sasanian Empire
* List of Sasanian revolts and civil wars
* Göktürk–Persian wars
* Hephthalite–Persian Wars
* Aksumite–Persian wars
* Military of Safavid Iran
* Persian–Uzbek wars
* Ottoman–Persian Wars
* Military of Afsharid Iran
* Mughal–Persian Wars
* Russo-Persian Wars
* Persian Corridor (a.k.a. Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran)
* Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution (1979–1982/83)
* The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution
* Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Hybrid warfare against Iran
* Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
* Cyberwarfare and Iran
* List of Iranian assassinations
* Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
* Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war
* Iran-United States conflict

## Notes

[edit]

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