List of wars involving Iran

This is a list of wars involving the Islamic Republic of Iran and its predecessor states. It is an unfinished historical overview.

## Elamite Civilisation

[edit]

Conflict  | Ancient Iranian State (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

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Elamite invasion of Sumer[1]

(Circa 2600 BC)

| Awan Elam | Sumer

* Ur

| Victory | Deposition of Balulu, end of First Dynasty of Ur and establishment of the Elamyte dynasty.
Sumerian invasion of Elam

(Circa 2400 BC)

| Awan Elam

Kish Akshak Umma

| Sumer

* Lagash

| Defeat | Eannatum manage to conquer parts of Elam (destroying Susa) and develop one of the first recorded empires.
Elamite-Sumer skirmishes.[2][3]

(Circa 2400 BC)

| Awan Elam

Marhasi

| Sumer

* Lagash
* Kish

| Stalemate | Elamite's success to expel Sumer's incursions from Iranian Plateau and sack some Sumer city states in Mesopotamia, but governors like Enentarzi expel them from its domains.
Akkadian conquest of Elam[4]

* Sargon campaign
* Rimush campaign
* Manishtushu campaign

(Circa 2300-2200 BC)

| Elam

Marhasi Gutian people Pashime

| Akkadian Empire | Defeat | South-Western Iran is conquered by Sargon of Akkad, his son Rimush defeat the revolts led by Abalgamash, and Manishtushu expands forward Anshan and seizure control of Persian Gulf.
Narum-Sin campaign on Elam

(Circa 2200 BC)

| Elam

Marhasi co-belligerant: Sumer rebels Gutian people

| Akkadian Empire | Ceasefire | Accadian control of Khuzestan is reinforced, installing imperial governors to counter the power from native kings like Khita.[5]
First Shar-Kali-Sharri campaign on Elam

(Circa 2100 BC)

| Elam | Akkadian Empire | Defeat | Status quo ante bellum
Kutik-Inshushinak campaign against Gutians[6]

(Circa 2100 BC)

| Akkadian Empire

* Elam

| Gutian people | Victory | Elamyte-Accadians expand territories on the Zagros Mountains.
Elamyte independence war against Akkadians[7][8]

(Circa 2090 BC)

| Elam

co-belligerant: Uruk

| Akkadian Empire

* Eshnunna
* Akkad
* Akshak

Gutian people

| Victory |

* Acadian empire, after the death of Shar-Kali-Sharri, lost control of Elam.
* Elamyte king, Puzur-Inshushinak, conquered Anshan, manage to unite most of Elam into one kingdom, and also expands into parts of central Mesopotamia.
* End of Gutian rule in Mesopotamia

Sumerian invasion of Elam[8][9]

(Circa 2090 BC)

| Elam

Lagash

| Neo-Sumerian Empire

* Ur

co-belligerant

Shimashki dynasty

| Defeat | The King of Sumer and Akkad, Ur-Nammu and his son Shulgi, conquers parts of Elam surrounding Susa. The rest of Elam is conquered by the Shimashki dynasty, after the death of Puzur-Inshushinak.
Sumerian border skirmishes on the north-east[10][11]

(Circa 2000 BC)

| Simurrum

Lullubi co-belligerant Elam

| Neo-Sumerian Empire

* Ur

| Inconclusive | Tribal invasions from Western Iran to Sumer are stopped.
Elamyte conquest of Sumer[12][13]

(Circa 2004/1940 BC)

| Shimashki Elam | Neo-Sumerian Empire

* Ur

| Victory | Elamyte king, Kindattu, capture Sumerian king, Ibbi-Sin. End of the third dynasty of Ur and Elamyte military occupation and rule for 21 years.
Amorite conquest of Sumer[14]

(Circa 1900 BC)

| Shimashki Elam

* Sumer
* Akkad

| Amorites | Defeat | Ishbi-Erra expel the Elamytes from Ur, then gain the title of King of Sumer and expand over Sumer and Akkad.
Revolts against Assyrian domain[15][16]

(722–702 BC)

* part of Assyrian conquest of Aram and Urartu–Assyria War

| Babylonia

Aram (Ancient Syrian cities)

* Hamath
* Arpad
* Damascus
* Qarqar

Philistia

Ancient Levant cities

* Sumur
* Samaria
* Gath
* Ashdod
* Rafah
* Ekron
* Gibbethon

Rebel Syro-Hittite states

* Tabal
* Quwê
* Carchemish

Rebel Mannaea

Medes

Rebel Ellipi

Supported by:

* Elam
* Northern Israel (until 720 BC)
* Ancient Egypt
* Urartu
* Phrygia

| Neo-Assyrian Empire

* Samerina
* Vassalized Mannaea
* Vassalized Syro-Hittite states

Cimmerians

* * *

Kingdom of Judah | Stalemate |

* The Syrian rebel, Yahu-Bihdi, is flayed alive by Assyrians.
* Northern Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) is fully conquered by Assyrians, starting the Assyrian captivity and the Ten Lost Tribes.
* The filistean rebel, Hanunu, is deposed and enslaved in Assur.
* Mitatti's uprising in Mannaea (an Iranian state) against King Iranzu (Assyrian vassal) was suppressed
* Iranzu's son, Aza, rise to the throne of Mannea, against his pro-Urartu brother, Ullusunu (then he's forced to be pro-Assyrians).
* Rusa I of Urartu is defeated and deposed by the Assyrians (but his kingdom maintained independent).
* Kurtî of Atunna is crowned by the Assyrians as a Buffer state against Urartu.
* Pisiri of Carchemish is deposed and its kingdom annexed.
* Assyrians conquers and established provinces on the Iranian Media.
* Assyrian re-stablish control on Ellipi to counter Elamyte sphere of influence.
* The Chaldean rebel, Marduk-apla-iddina II, is exiled to Iranian Elam after being defeated and deposed by Sargon II, who reestablish Assyrian control.

Assyrian conquest of Elam

(655–639 BC)

* Battle of Susa
* part of Campaigns of Esarhaddon

| Elam | Neo-Assyrian Empire | Defeat | Assyrian conquers the Elamyte Domains.

## Median State

[edit]

Conflict  | Ancient Iranian State (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

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<span  | Assyrian invasions of Media (10th – late 7th centuries BC)  | Medes | Assyrian Empire | Defeat | Kingdoms and city-states of western Iran became Assyrian vassals
Median invasion of Assyria (the late 7th century BC)  | Medes

Scythians

Other Iranian peoples

| Assyrian Empire  | Victory | Invasion of the Assyrian Empire by a coalition of Iranian peoples, led by Kashtariti of Media

* End of Assyrian rule in Media
* Formation of an independent Median kingdom
* Median invasion of Assyria repelled

Medo-Babylonian invasion Assyria
(626–609 BC)

* Battle of Nineveh (612 BC)

| Median Kingdom
Babylonia

Persians

| Assyrian Empire | Victory | Alliance between various people of the region against the Assyrian Empire, led by the Median Kingdom and Babylonia

* End of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
* Founding of Neo-Babylonian Empire

Scythian invasion of Media (624–597 BC)  | Median Kingdom  | Scythians  | Victory | War between two groups of Iranian peoples

* Conquest of Media by Scythians
* End of Scythian rule in Media in 597 BC, during reign of Cyaxares

Siege of Harran
(609 BC)  | Medes
Babylonia | Assyria

Egypt

| Victory | The Assyrian insurgency
Battle of Eclipse
(585 BC)  | Medes | Kingdom of Lydia | Undecided | The battle ended due to an eclipse.
Medo-Persian conflict

(553–550 BCE)

* Fall of Ecbatana

| Medes Empire |  Persians | Defeat

(Regime change)

| Rise of Cyrus the Great.

## Achaemenid (Classic Persia)

[edit]

Conflict  | Persia (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

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Achaemenid Empire
(550–330 BC)
Battle of Hyrba
(552 BC)  |  Persians | Medes Empire | Victory |
Persian Revolt
(552–549 BC)  |  Persians | Median Empire | Victory | By conquering Media, Iran became an empire.
Battle of the Persian border
(551 BC)  |  Persians | Medes Empire | Victory | Persian retreat to Pasargadae
Conquest of Lydia
(547 BC)

* Battle of Pteria
* Battle of Thymbra
* Siege of Sardis (547 BC)

|  Persian Empire | Lydian Empire  | Victory | Lydia annexed by Iran
Cyrus' first eastern campaign (545–540 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Gedrosia | Victory | Persian conquest of Bactria, Arachosia, Sogdia, Saka, Chorasmia, Margiana and other provinces in the east after initial defeat
Conquest of Babylonia
(540–539 BC)

* Battle of Opis
* Fall of Babylon

|  Persian Empire | Neo-Babylonian Empire | Victory | Neo-Babylonian Empire annexed by Iran.

* End of Babylonian captivity, Ancient Hebrews gets to Return to Zion through Edict of Cyrus on 538 BC. Yehud Medinata is stablished under the rule of the High Priest of Israel.

Cyrus' second eastern Campaign (533 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Gedrosia | Victory | Cyrus the Great crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and collected tribute from the Indus vassalage cities.
Conquest of Egypt
(525 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Kingdom of Egypt | Victory | Egypt annexed by Iran
Persian incursions into Nubia[17]

(526 BC)

|  Persian Empire | Kingdom of Kush | Defeat | Cambyses II fails to expand Achaemenid domains into the south to reach the limits of former Egyptian Empire.[18] Nubians maintains its independence and Persians establish frontier on Elephantine.
Conquest of India (Indus Valley)

(518 – 323 BCE)

|  Persian Empire | Mahajanapadas

* Gandhara kingdom
* Sindhu Sauvira kingdom

| Victory | Achaemenid military occupation of northwestern regions of India for about two centuries
European Scythian campaign
(513 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Scythians in European Scythia  | Victory | Achaemenid domination of the European Black Sea regions
Greek Revolt

(499 BC–493 BC)

|  Persian Empire | Greeks | Victory | Persia re-establishes control over Greek regions in Asia Minor and Cyprus
Greco-Persian War (First)

(492–490 BC)

|  Persian Empire | Greeks | Undecided | Persia conquers Macedonia and the Cycladic Islands, re-subjugates Thrace,but fails in an attempt to subjugate Athens and Sparta
Babylonian revolts (484 BC) |  Persian Empire |

* Babylon
* Sippar
* Borsippa
* Kish
* Dilbat
* Other Babylonian cities

| Victory | Persian punish the rebelled Babylonian cities, reducing the size of their Satrapies and fomenting minority religions.
Greco-Persian War (Second)

(480–479 BC)

|  Persian Empire | Greeks | Defeat | Macedonia, Thrace and Ionia regain independence from Persia

Achaemenid destruction of Athens

Peloponnesian War
(431–404 BC)  | Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta)

Supported by:
Achaemenid Empire

| Delian League (led by Athens)  | Victory | Dissolution of the Delian League; Spartan hegemony over Athens and its allies
Battle of Cunaxa
(401 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Cyrus the Younger | Victory | Artaxerxes II still in full control of the kingdom
Corinthian War
(395–387 BC)  | Athens
Argos
Corinth
Thebes
Persian Empire
Other allies  | Sparta
Peloponnesian League | Victory

(Peace of Antalcidas

dictated by Iran)

| Ionia ceded back to Achaemenid Iran; Boeotian league dissolved; Union of Argos and Corinth dissolved.
Artaxerxes' II Cadusian Campaign
(385 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Cadusii | Victory | Negotiated peace with rival chiefs
Revolt of the Satraps
(372–362 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Rebel satrapies | Victory | Rebellions crushed
Second conquest of Egypt
(c. 340 BC)  |  Persian Empire | Egypt | Victory | Egypt is conquered for a second time by Iran
Abdashtart I's Revolt

(c. 340 BC)

|  Persian Empire | Kingdom of Sidon

* Phoenicians

| Victory | Revolt supressed.
Macedonian invasion of Iran
(355–328 BC)  |  Persian Empire |  Macedonia | Defeat

(Regime change)

| Iran conquered by the army of Alexander the Great

## Hellenistic Era

[edit]

Conflict  | Persianizated State (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

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Macedonian Empire (330–312 BC)
Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (327–325 BC)  |  Macedonia

* Hellenic League
* Persian Satraps

| Ancient India

* Pauravas
* Aśvaka
* Mallians
* Guraeans

| Victory | Hellenic conquest of great part of the Indus Valley.

Iranic confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha.

Wars of the Diadochi

(322–281 BC)

| First War:

* Antipatrid dynasty
* Antigonid dynasty
* Ptolemaic dynasty

Second War:

* Antigonid dynasty
* Antipatrid dynasty
* Ptolemaic dynasty
* Thrace

Third War:

* Antigonid dynasty
* Polyperchon

| First War:

* Perdiccas's faction

Second War:

* Polyperchon's faction
* Epirus

Third War:

* Ptolemaic Egypt
* Antipatrid Macedonia
* Thrace
* Caria

| Defeat | Death of Perdiccas.

Seleucus established himself in Babylon in 312 BC, then conquest Persia.

Seleucid Empire (312-129 BC)
Babylonian War (311–309 BCE)  | Seleucid Empire | Antigonid dynasty | Victory | Seleucid control of Babylonia, Media, and Elam
Seleucid–Mauryan war (305–303 BCE)  | Seleucid Empire | Maurya Empire | Defeat | Treaty of the Indus

* Seleucid Empire's eastern Persian satrapies ceded to Mauryan Empire.
* Seleucus gives the hand of his daughter to Chandragupta, founding a dynastic alliance.

Syrian Wars

(217–145 BC)

* Battle of Raphia
* Battle of Panium
* Battle of the Oenoparus

| Antigonid Macedonia

Seleucid Empire

* Carmanians
* Medes
* Cadusii
* Persians
* Cardaces
* Upper Satrapies
* Dahae

Arabs

| Ptolemaic Egypt

Libyans Gauls

| Stalemate | Coele-Syria intermitently changes of sovereign.
Seleucus' Iranian Campaign

(245–235 BC)

| Seleucid Empire | Upper Satrapies

* Parthia-Hyrcania
* Bactria

| Defeat |

* Arsacids' rise to power, stablishing Andragoras and Arsaces I the Parthian Kingdom and starting Seleucid–Parthian Wars.
* Greco-Bactrian Kingdom of Diodotus I is consolidated.

Antiochus's Bactrian Campaign

(208–206 BCE)

* Battle of the Arius
* Siege of Bactra

| Seleucid Empire | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | Victory | Pirric Victory

* Euthydemus I is recognised as King of Greco-Bactrians (but as a Seleucid vassal), initiating Euthydemid dynasty.

Roman–Seleucid War (192–188 BC)[19] | Seleucid Empire

Supported by:

* Aetolian League
* Galatians
* Athamania[20]
* Cappadocia[21]
* Elis[20]

Co-belligerent:

* Messene

|  Roman Republic

Supported by:

* Achaean League
* Pergamon
* Rhodes
* Macedon
* Thessalian League[22]
* Beotian League[22]
* Acarnanian League
* Issa
* Kos
* Erythrai
* Athens[22]
* Carthage[23]
* Numidia[22]

| Defeat | Peace of Apamea
Campaigns of Artaxias I

(189–165 BCE)

| Seleucid Empire

Atropatene
Kingdom of Cataonia
Kingdom of Pontus

Lesser Armenia

Kingdom of Iberia

| Kingdom of Armenia

Kingdom of Sophene

| Defeat | The regions of Caspiana, Faunitida, Basolropeda, Tmorik, Karenitis, Derksen, Akilisene and Antitaurus are annexed to Armenia.

## Parthian Persia

[edit]

Conflict  | Persia (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

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Parthian Empire
(247 BC–224 AD)
Parni Conquest Parthia

(238 BC)

| Parthian Empire | Seleucid Empire | Victory | • Rise of the Parthian Empire

• The beginning of the Seleucid–Parthian Wars

Seleucid–Parthian Wars
(238 BC–129 BC)  | Parthian Empire

Parni

| Seleucid Empire

Persis Elymais Characene

Scythians

Arabs

| Defeat

(Regime change)

| • Expulsion of the Seleucids from Iran
Parthian–Bactrian War (150 BC)  | Parthian Empire | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | Victory |

* Western Bactria annexed to the Parthian Empire.
* Greek debilitation and arise of Kushan Empire in the zone

Second Parthian-Kushan War

(between c. 130 CE to c. 140 CE)

| Parthian Empire | Kushan Empire | Defeat | Kanishka I repels the invasion
Battle of Ecbatana

(129 BC)

| Parthian Empire | Seleucid Empire | Victory | End of Hellenistic rule in Iran
Nomad invasion of Drangiana[24][25]

(128-115 BC)

| Parthian Empire | Indo-Scythians

* Saka

Yuezhi

| Victory | Parthian reconquers western Bactria and expand into Amu Darya and Arachosia

* The House of Suren gets the Indo-Parthian territories.

Parthian invasion of Armenia

(120–100 BCE?)

| Parthian Empire

Atropatene

|  Kingdom of Armenia | Victory | Parthians add territories
Parthian expedition to Arabia[26]

(119 BC)

| Parthian Empire | Ancient Arabs | Victory | End of Arab raids on Babylonia.
Mithridates II's war with the Seleucids.

(112-109 BC)

| Parthian Empire

Characene

| Seleucid Empire

Elymais

| Victory | Parthian conquers Mesopotamia and reduce Seleucids into Syria
Chinese–Parthian War[27]

(104–102 BC)

| Parthian Empire | Han China | Stalemate | Emperor Wu of Han forced Mithridates II of Parthia to start commercial relations and the sell of Persian horse, but Parthians maintain its Sphere of influence on Fergana Valley.
Armenian–Parthian War
(87–85 BC)

* Part of Military campaigns of Tigranes the Great

| Parthian Empire |  Kingdom of Armenia | Defeat | Osroene and Atrpatakan loyalty to Tigranes the Great
Battle of Carrahe

(53 BC)

| Parthian Empire |  Roman Republic | Victory | • Repelling the danger of the Romans

• Crassus killed

• Roman desire to retaliate for Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire

Liberators' civil war

(43–42 BC)

* Battle of Philippi

| Liberatores

Supported by:

Parthian Empire[28]

| Second Triumvirate

Supported by:

Ptolemaic Egypt

| Defeat | The Second Triumvirate wins the Roman Civil War, then reinstates control over the eastern provinces.
Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC

(40–38 BC)

| Parthian Empire |  Roman Republic | Defeat | Status quo ante bellum
Antony's Parthian War

(36–20 BC)

| Parthian Empire

Atropatene

Hasmonean Kingdom

|  Roman Republic

Kingdom of Armenia

Galatia

Cappadocia

Pontus

Herodian Kingdom of Judea

| Victory | • Antony's was unsuccessful in campaign against Iran

• Ended by formal peace in 20 BC

Gondophares conquest on the East

(20–10 BC)

| Indo-Parthian Kingdom | Indo-Scythians

Indo-Greek Kingdom

| Victory | Gondophares conquers Arachosia, Seistan, Sindh, Punjab, and the Kabul valley.
Pharasmanes I of Iberia invasion of Armenia

(35 AD)

| Parthian Empire

Kingdom of Armenia

|  Kingdom of Iberia | Defeat | Orodes of Armenia is deposed
Kushan invasion of Indo-Parthia

(50s AD)

| Indo-Parthian Kingdom | Kushan Empire | Defeat | Kushans conquer Indo-Parthian territories in northern India.
Iberian–Armenian War

(50–51 AD/51–53 AD)

|  Kingdom of Armenia

Roman Empire (until 51)

* * *

Kingdom of Armenia

Parthian Empire

|  Kingdom of Iberia

* * *

Kingdom of Iberia

Roman Empire

| Victory | The Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 start
Roman–Parthian War of 58–63

(58–63 AD)

| Parthian Empire

Kingdom of Armenia

|  Roman Empire

Roman clients

• Sophene

• Lesser Armenia

• Iberia

• Commagene

• Pontus

| Stalemate | Treaty of Rhandeia

* Minor territorial gains for Roman clients
* Parthians establish the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia

Roman–Parthian Wars
(66 AD–216)  | Parthian Empire
Kingdom of Armenia |  Roman Empire
Pontus | Status quo ante bellum | Borders changed several times.
Trajan's Parthian campaign

(115–117)

| Parthian Empire

co-belligerant:

Jewish/Judean zealots[citation needed]

Babylonians rebels

Armenian rebels

|  Roman Empire

Client Parthian state

| Stalemate |

* Rome gains Parthian territories on the East, but evacuates the Mesopotamia province and Roman Armenia due to revolts.
* Osroes I defeat Roman client Parthamaspates

Roman–Parthian War of 161–166

(161–166)

| Parthian Empire

Pro-Parthian Edessans

|  Roman Empire

Pro-Roman Edessans

| Defeat | Minor Roman territorial gains and Armenia consolidated as a Roman client
Battle of Ctesiphon (198) | Parthian Empire |  Roman Empire | Defeat | Roman sacks Persian capital
Parthian War of Caracalla

(216–217)

| Parthian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory |

* Rome is forced to pay tribute to Parthia

## Sassanid Persia

[edit]

Conflict  | Persia (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

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Sassanid Empire
(224–651)
Battle of Hormozdgan

(224)

|  Sassanids | Parthian Empire | Victory

(Regime change)

| • Fall of the Parthian Empire

• Rise of the Sasanian Empire

Sasanian conquest of Sakastan

(225–226)[29]

|  Sassanids | Indo-Parthian Kingdom | Victory | Consolidation of the Sasanian Empire on eastern Persia
Ardashir I invasion of Armenia

(226–238)

* Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts

|  Sasanian Empire |  Kingdom of Armenia | Defeat | Sassanid withdrawal
First Mesopotamian campaign of Ardashir I

(229–233)

* Sassanid campaign of Severus Alexander

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire

Kingdom of Hatra

| Inconclusive | Both sides get territorial gains.
Second Mesopotamian campaign of Ardashir I

(237–240)

* Siege of Nisibis (237)
* Fall of Hatra

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire

Kingdom of Hatra

| Victory | The Sasanian Empire conquers several cities including Nisibis (237),Carrhae (238) and Hatra (240).
Shapur I campaign on the East

(241–242)

* part of Sasanian–Kushan Wars

|  Sasanian Empire

* Indo-Sasanians

* Western Kushan Empire
* Saka
* Gilaks

| Victory | Persia annex territories as far as "Purushapura" (Peshawar) and the Hindu-Kush or even south of it.

Those includying Sogdiana, Bactria, and Gandhara. Kushans are deposed and replaced by the Kushanshah

Sasanian campaign of Gordian III

(242–244)

* Battle of Resaena
* Battle of Misiche

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire

Germanic and Goth allies

| Victory | The Sasanian Empire conquers Armenia and Mesopotamia
Siege of Nisibis

(252)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory | Persian capture of Nisibis
Battle Of Barbalissos

(253)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory | Shapur's army won against Valerian's army
Siege of Antioch (253) |  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory | Persian capture of Antioch
Siege of Dura-Europos (256) |  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory | Persian capture of Dura-Europos
Battle of Edessa

(260)

* part of Crisis of the Third Century

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire

* Roman Syria

Germanic and Goth allies

| Victory |

* Roman Emperor Valerian was captured.
* Fulvius Macrianus his sons (Quietus and Macrianus Minor) as joint emperors in opposition to Valerian's son Gallienus.
* Odaenathus declares himself King of Palmyra and start the process for the independence of its Kingdom.
* Persian raids Cilicia and Cappadocia.

Siege of Antioch (260) |  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory | Sasanian Empire conquers Antioch
Siege of Caesarea Cappadocia (260)

* part of Crisis of the Third Century

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory | Sasanian Empire conquers Caesarea Cappadocia
Odaenathus' Sasanian Campaign

(261–266)

* Battle of Ctesiphon (263)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire

Palmyrene Kingdom

| Inconclusive | Shapur lost part of his baggages while succeeding to come back to Persia with a great number of prisoners and booty
Sasanian revolts against Barham II

(274–293)

|  Sasanian Empire |

* Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
* Sakastan
* Khuzistan

| Victory | Revolts suppressed
Carus' Sasanian Campaign

(283)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire | Victory | Withdrawal of the Roman forces
Narseh's insurrection

(293)

|  Sasanian Empire

Zoroastrians

| Narseh's forces

Manichaeists

| Narseh's Victory | Bahram III is deposed, Kartir reforms are abolished, Zoroastrian theocracy ends and Sasanian empire is centralised.
Galerius' Sasanian campaigns

(296–298)

* Battle of Carrhae (296)
* Battle of Voskha (298)
* Battle of Satala (298)
* Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts

|  Sasanian Empire |  Roman Empire

Kingdom of Armenia

| Defeat | Persian invasion of Mesopotamia and Armenia success. Then Roman expels Persians from Armenia, capture Narseh's wife, raid Ctesiphon and gains territory on the Peace of Nisibis (299).
Shapur ll's Arab Campaign

(325)

|  Sasanian Empire | Arabs

* Iyad
* Taghlib
* Banu Bakr
* Banu Abdul Qays
* Banu Tamim
* Banu Hanzalah

| Victory |

* The Sasanian Empire establishes suzerainty over all of the Persian Gulf and numerous factions in Arabia
* Wall of the Arabs was constructed to prevent raids by the Arabs

Perso-Roman wars of 337–361

(337–361)

* Battle of Narasara (337)
* Battle of Arest (337)
* Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts

|  Sasanian Empire

Xionites/Kidarites

|  Roman Empire | Indecisive | Status quo ante bellum
Wars of Shapur II with the Chionites and Kushans[30]

(350–358)

* part of Sasanian–Kushan Wars and Sasanian–Kidarite wars

|  Sasanian Empire

* Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

Gupta Empire

| Xionites/Kidarites

Kushan Empire

| Victory |

* Expansion of Sasanian control to the south-east, beyond the Indus River.
* Nomad peoples, led by the chief Grumbates, are forced to serve as mercenaries in the Persian army against Romans.

Sasanian–Kidarite wars

(350–466)

* Sasanian campaigns in Central Asia

|  Sasanian Empire

* Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

* * *

Alchon Huns

* * *

Hepthalites | Kidarites | Victory |

* Expansion of Sasanian control to the north-east, re-occupying Bactria and going further to Transoxiana.
* Start of Gupta–Kidarite conflict, as Kidarites were pushed to North India

Shapur II's invasion of Armenia (350)

* Battle of Voshka
* Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts

|  Sasanian Empire

Caucasian Albania

|  Kingdom of Armenia

Roman Empire

| Defeat | Rise of Arshak II
Shapur II's Armenian campaign (359–361)

* Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts

|  Sasanian Empire |  Kingdom of Armenia

Roman Empire

| Victory | Death of Arshak II
Kidarites invasions of Bactria

(360s)

|  Sasanian Empire

* Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

| Kidarites | Defeat | Kidara I conquers Bactria and get the title of Kushanshah
Julian's Persian expedition

(363)

|  Sasanian Empire

Arab allies

|  Roman Empire

Kingdom of Armenia

| Victory | Sasanian annexation of five regions & fifteen major fortresses from the Roman Empire in addition to the consequent annexation of Armenia
Armeno-Sassanid War of 363–371

* Shapur II's 2nd Armenian campaign (367–371)
* Battle of Bagavan
* Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts

|  Sasanian Empire

Caucasian Albania

|  Roman Empire

Kingdom of Armenia

| Defeat | Persians depose Arshak II of Armenia. Then

Armenia is under Roman suzerainty through Pap of Armenia entronization.

Shapur III's Armenian Campaign (378–386)

* Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts

|  Sasanian Empire |  Kingdom of Armenia

Eastern Roman Empire

| Victory | Peace of Acilisene

* Roman and Persian partition of Armenia
* Eastern Persarmenia of Khosrov IV of Armenia is given to the Sassanids
* Western Armenia of Arshak III is given to the Romans.
* Both empires agreed to protect the Caucasus from nomad invasions.

Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire

(395)

|  Sasanian Empire

co-belligerant
Roman Empire

| Hunnic Empire | Victory | Huns quit
Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422

(421–422)

|  Sasanian Empire

Lakhmid Arabs

|  Eastern Roman Empire | Inconclusive | Status quo ante bellum

* Zoroastrianism is tolerated by Romans and Christianism by Persians.
* Both empires agreed to fight against south nomads (Arabs).

Byzantine–Sasanian War of 440

(440)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Eastern Roman Empire | Indecisive | Status quo ante bellum

* Both empires agreed to battle northern nomads (Scythians).

Vardan's War

(449–451)

* Siege of Aang Castle
* Battle of Khaghkhagh
* Battle of Avarayr
* Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts

|  Sasanian Empire

Pro-Sasanian Armenians

| Christian Armenians | Victory | Following Persian the victory, Yazdegerd jailed some Armenian priests and nobles and appointed a new governor for Armenia but, the Armenians gained religious freedom for their Christian faith.
Sassanian War of Succession[31]

(457–459)

|  Loyals to Hormizd III |  Loyals to Peroz I | Peroz Victory | Peroz deposes his older brother
Albanian's Revolt

(457–459)

|  Sasanian Empire

* Caucasian Albania (pro-Persia)
* Zoroastrians

| Caucasian Albania (independentists)

* Church of Caucasian Albania

Hunnic Empire

| Defeat | Vache II of Albania, of the Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania, success in stablish an independent Kingdom.
Kidarite-Sassanid War (464–466)[32][33] |  Sasanian Empire

Alchon Huns

| Kidarites | Victory | End of Kidarite menace to Persia in Bactria
Vahan's War

(481–484)

* Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts

|  Sasanian Empire

* Zoroastrians

| Sasanian Armenia

* Armenian Christians

co-belligerant: Hephthalite Empire

| Defeat | Treaty of Nvarsak

* Religious freedoom for Christians in Armenia is seizured.

Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars

(484–565)

* Hephthalite–Sasanian War of 484
* Sukhra's Hephthalite campaign
* Battle of Gol-Zarriun (Part of Wars of Khosrow I)

|  Sasanian Empire

* Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

First Turkic Khaganate

| Hephthalite Empire | Victory |

* The Hephthalite Empire breaks into minor kingdoms.
* Sasanians and Turks established a frontier for their zones of influence along the Oxus river

Byzantine–Sassanid Wars
(502–628)  |  Sasanian Empire |  Byzantine Empire | Status quo ante bellum | Borders changed several times.
Anastasian War

(502–506)

|  Sasanian Empire |  Byzantine Empire | Draw | Status quo ante bellum[34]

•Byzantium pays a small amount of money[35]: 77

Aksumite invasion of Himyar

(518–525)

| Himyarite Kingdom

* Jewish Himyarites

Supported by:
Sasanian Empire

| Kingdom of Aksum

* South Arabian Christians

Supported by:
•  Byzantine Empire

| Defeat |

* Aksumite victory and conquest of Yemen
* End of persecution of Christians by Jewish Himyarites
* Byzantines success in establishing an anti-Sasanid bloc in Arabia Felix

Iberian War

(526–532)

* Part of Wars of Khosrow I

|  Sasanian Empire

Lakhmids

Sabirs

|  Byzantine Empire

Iberia

Ghassanids

Huns

Heruli

Aksumites

Kinda

| Inconclusive | *Sasanians retained Iberia

Byzantines retained Lazica

* Treaty of Eternal Peace

Byzantines

Lazic War

(541–562)

* Belisarius' invasion of Mesopotamia in 541
* Mihr-Mihroe's campaign of 554
* Part of Wars of Khosrow I

|  Sasanian Empire |  Byzantine Empire

Goths

Ghassanids

| Disputed | Fifty-Year Peace Treaty
Aksumite–Persian wars
(570–578)

* Battle of Hadhramaut
* Siege of Sanaa (570)
* Sasanian reconquest of Yemen
* Part of Wars of Khosrow I

|  Sasanian Empire

* Himyarite Kingdom

Supported by:

Jewish Himyarites

| Kingdom of Aksum

* Aksum Yemen

Supported by:
Byzantine Empire

South Arabian Christians

| Victory | Ethiopians expelled from the Himyarite Kingdom. (Yemen is annexed by the Sasanian Empire)
Armenian Revolt of 571–572

* Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts

|  Sasanian Empire | Mamikonian

Armenian Christians

| Defeat | Start of War for the Caucasus and end of Persian attempts to assimilate Armenians.
War for the Caucasus

(572–591)

* Part of Wars of Khosrow I

|  Sasanian Empire

Lakhmids

|  Byzantine Empire

Ghassanids

Mamikonians

Huns

| Defeat | • Khosrow II is restored to the Sasanian throne.

• Khosrow II gives the Byzantine Empire most of Persian Armenia and western half of Iberia after the Sasanian civil war of 589–591

• Byzantium stops paying tribute to Sasanian empire[36]

First Perso-Turkic War
(588–589)  |  Sasanian Empire | Hephthalite Empire
Göktürks | Victory | The Sassanids captured Balkh.
Sasanian civil war of 589–591

* Part of War for the Caucasus

|  Sasanian Empire | Supporters of Bahram Chobin

* * *

Dissatisfied Sasanian nobles

supported by:
Byzantine Empire

| Khosrow II Victory | Khosrow II faction's victory
Vistahm Rebellion

(590–596)

|  Sasanian Empire | Parthians led by Vistahm | Victory | Revolt suppressed
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

* Sasanian invasion of Armenia
* Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem
* Shahin's invasion of Asia Minor
* Sasanian conquest of Egypt
* Heraclius' Anatolian campaign
* Heraclius Caucasus campaign

|  Sasanian Empire

* Lakhmids
* Sasanian Iberia
* Asoristan
* Sasanian Egypt

Avars (and Slavic allies)

|  Byzantine Empire

* Ghassanids
* Roman Egypt

Western Turkic Khaganate

| Defeat |

* The Sasanians agree to withdraw from all occupied territories and return the "True Cross".
* Iranian invasion of the Byzantine Empire repelled after initial successes in conquering the Levant, Egypt, and much of Anatolia.
* Beginning of the Sasanian civil war of 628–632

War of the Camel's Udder

(604–611)

|  Sasanian Empire

* Lakhmid kingdom

| Pre-Islamic Arabia

* Banu Bakr
* Banu Ijl
* Banu Yashkur
* Banu Dhuhl
* Banu Qays
* Banu Taym ibn Tha'labah
* Abd al-Qays
* Banu Tamim

| Defeat | Sasanian rule briefly interrumpted until restored by Ruzbi, the frontier governor (marzban) of al-Hira.[37]
Second Perso-Turkic War
(614–616)  |  Sasanian Empire

* Persarmenia

| Western Turkic Khaganate
Hephthalite Empire | Victory | Smbat IV Bagratuni successfully defend Sasanian Central Asia from the Turkic invasion.
Jewish revolt against Heraclius (614–617/625)

* Part of Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

| Jewish rebels
Sasanian Empire |  Byzantine Empire | Status quo ante bellum | Jewish surrender and expulsion after a brief rule by Persians and Jews over parts of the Byzantine Diocese of the East.
Sasanian incursions into Nubia (620s)[38] |  Sasanian Empire

* Sasanian Egypt

* * *

Kingdom of Makuria | Kingdom of Nobatia

Byzantine Empire

* Roman Egypt

| Inconclusive  | Persians are expelled by Byzantines, but Persian incursions destroy Christian Churchs and debilitate Nobatians, causing its decline and further conquest by simultaneous Makurian invasion.
Third Perso-Turkic War
(627–629)

* Part of Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

|  Sasanian Empire

* Principality of Iberia

Supported by:

Eastern Turkic Khaganate

| Western Turkic Khaganate
Supported by:

•  Byzantine Empire

| Defeat | Byzantine control of Georgia
Sasanian civil war of 628–632 | The Parsig faction

The Nimruzi faction

| The Pahlav (Parthian) faction

* * *

Shahrbaraz's army  | Stalemate |

* Yazdegerd III is recognized as king of Iran.
* Weakening of the Sasanian Empire
* The governors of the provinces of Mazun and Yemen gain independence (disintegration of Sasanian rule in the Arabian peninsula).

Muslim conquest of Persia
(633–654)

* Arab conquest of Mesopotamia
* Muslim conquest of Khuzestan
* Arab conquest of Fars
* Muslim conquest of Khorasan
* Muslim conquest of Sistan
* Muslim conquest of Kerman
* Muslim conquest of Northern Persia
* Part of Early Muslim conquests and Military conquests of Umar's era

|  Sasanian Empire

* Caucasian Albania
* Sasanian Armenia
* Arab Christians

Supported by:

* Byzantine Empire[39]
* Principality of Iberia
* Rai dynasty
* Hephthalites
* Nezak Huns
* Göktürks

| Rashidun Caliphate

Kanarang

| Defeat

(Regime change)

* Fall of the Sassanid Empire
* Iran is added to the Caliphate
* Then Muslim conquests of Afghanistan, Muslim invasion of India, Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan, Muslim conquest of Armenia and Arab–Khazar wars

Sasanids attempts to recuperate the Persian throne (657–679)  |  Tang China

* Protectorate General to Pacify the West

Sassanids in exile

| Rashidun Caliphate (until 661)

Umayyad Caliphate (from 661)

• Western Turkic Khaganate

| Defeat | The Tang campaigns against the Western Turks (by Pei Xingjian) success and the Chinese established a "Persian military commandery" (波斯都督府) in the city of Zābol (疾陵城 Jilicheng) in Tokharistan, and Peroz was appointed as Military Commander (都督 Dudu). Then this government, with the capital at Zirang, fell in 673/674.

After that, Narsieh went west with his troops to liberate Iranshahr in 679 and fought against the Arabs in Takharistan for almost thirty years.

* The failure and end of the persian restoration campaign attempt in Siege of Kamarja
* Narsieh's uncle, Bahram, died in 710, and Bahram's son, Khosrow, was mentioned fighting alongside Sogdians and Turks against the Arabs at the siege of Kamarja in 729 in a futile attempt to restore Sasanian rule.[40]

## Medieval Islamic Era

[edit]

Conflict  | Persianate State (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Iranian Intermezzo (821–1090)
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana

(673–751)

* Battle of Talas

|  Abbasid Caliphate

Tibetan Empire Karluk mercenaries

| Principalities of Tokharistan

Sogdian principalities

Khwarazm

Fergana

Türgesh Kaghanate

Second Turkic Khaganate
Tang China

| Victory |

* Islamization of Transoxiana
* End of Chinese dominance and influence in Transoxiana

Second Fitna (Muslim civil war of 680–692)  | Zubayrid Caliphate

* * *

Alids

* * *

Kharijites | Umayyad Caliphate | Defeat | Kharijite faction, the Azariqa, captures Fars and Kirman from the Zubayrids. Ex-Zubayrid loyalists help Umayyad to secured Iraq, and consequently most of its dependencies in Persia. Then, Umayyad victory after Siege of Mecca.
Umayyad campaigns in India

(712–740)

* part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

| Umayyad Caliphate | Gurjara-Pratihara

Guhila dynasty

Maitraka dynasty

Chalukya dynasty

Karkota Empire

| Defeat |

* Arab, and later Turco-Persian Muslim invasions to India, stop for the next 250 years.
* Islamization of modern Pakistan.

Third Fitna

(744–750)

* Abbasid Revolution

|  Abbasid Caliphate

Supported by:

* Some Arabs
* Alids/Shia Muslims (mostly Persians)
* Mawali

* * *

Kharijites | Umayyad Caliphate

Supported by:

* Qays

| Victory |

* Abbasid appropriation of most former Umayyad territory
* Eventual establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba
* End of privileged status for Arabs
* End of official discrimination against non-Arabs

Tabaristan uprising

(781–805)

|  Karenids

Bavandids

Baduspanids

Zarmihrids

|  Abbasid Caliphate

Supported:

Barmakids

| Defeat | Arabs conquered Tabaristan in 758-759.

* The Suppression of the uprising

Abbasid expeditions to East Africa

(804, 827/837)

| 1st phase

Abbasid Caliphate 2nd phase
Persians wālīs of Zanj

| 1st phase

Africans from Zanj

* Mogadishu
* Kilwa

2nd phase
Abbasid Caliphate

| Victory | The Kharaj is imposed on the Africans.

Persian rebels against Mihna get a compromise.

Fourth Fitna (Abbasid civil war of 811–813/819)  | Al-Ma'mun (supported mostly by Persian forces)

* Tahir ibn Husayn

| Al-Amin (supported mostly by Arab forces)

* Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan

| Victory | Defeat and death of al-Amin; al-Ma'mun is recognized as Caliph on 27 September 813. Tahir ibn Husayn rewarded as governor of Khorasan, which marked the beginning of the Tahirids.
Hamza ibn Azarak's Kharijites rebellion in Sistan

(823–828)

| Tahirid dynasty

* Abbasid Caliphate

| Kharijites | Inconclusive | Hamza's death in 828 and the death of Talha shortly after put an end to this series of conflicts.
Mazyar uprising

(839)

| Tahirid dynasty

* Abbasid Caliphate

| Spahbed Mazyar and

Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin's forces

| Defeat | Mazyar was arrested and sent to Baghdad. Tahirid control over Tabaristan was therefore secured.

Mazyar was Crucified next to babak in 840CE[41]

Zaydid revolt of 864  | Tahirid dynasty | Hasan ibn Zayd's forces  | Defeat | Hasan, who assumed the regnal name al-Da‘ī ila’l-ḥaqq ("He who summons to the Truth"), was recognized as emir of Tabaristan.
Caspian expeditions of the Rus'

(864–1041)

|  Abbasid Caliphate

* Alid dynasties of northern Iran
* Samanid Empire
* Shirvanshah
* Buyid dynasty
* Sallarid dynasty

•  Khazars (from 965)

* Burtas

Alans

•  Byzantine Empire (941)

Sarir

Volga Bulgaria

|  Kievan Rus'

Oghuz Turks

* Pechenegs

•  Khazars (until 943)

| Stalemate |

* Occupation of several areas on the outskirts of the Volga and the Dnieper by the Russians. Start of Russian expansionism on the Caucasus.
* The disintegration of the Khazar Empire
* Sack of different areas by the Russians in Iranian territories near Caspian Sea
* The local Muslims defeated the Russians in their attempts to conquest Persian territories.

Battle of al-Baida

(874/875)

| Saffarids | Kharijites | Victory | Ya'qub ibn al-Layth defeated the Kharijite leader Muhammad ibn Wasil
Battle of Dayr al-Aqul | Saffarids |  Abbasid Caliphate | Defeat | Abbasid rule in Iraq is defended.
Samanid conquest of northern Iran

(900–901)

* Battle of Balkh
* Battle of Gorgan (900)

| Samanid Empire

Supported by:

Abbasid Caliphate

| Saffarids

Zaydids

| Victory | Samanids took over the province of Tabaristan, Ismail then appointed his cousin Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah as the governor of Tabaristan.
Sajid invasion of Georgia

(914)

| Sajid dynasty |  Tao-Klarjeti

Kingdom of Kakheti
Kingdom of Abkhazia

| Stalemate | Despite military victories, sajid withdraw from Georgia
Sajid invasion of Armenia

(921)

| Sajid dynasty |  Kingdom of Armenia | Defeat | Armenia success to maintain its independence.
Qarmatian invasion of Iraq (927–928)  |  Abbasid Caliphate

Sajid dynasty

| Qarmatians of Bahrayn

Baqliyya rebels

| Stalemate | End of Qarmatian expansionism

Collapse of the Abbasid Empire

Battle of Iskhabad

(940)

* Part of the Samanid–Ziyarid Wars

| Ziyarid dynasty

Firuzanids

| Samanid Empire | Defeat | Samanid conquest of the territory
Battle of Baghdad (946) | Buyids | Hamdanids | Victory | Buyid Emirate is consolidated in Iraq.
Rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger

(987–989)

| Rebels from Phokas clan

Support from:

Principality of Tao

Buyid Dynasty

* 2,000 Georgians, Armenians until 988

* * *

Rebels from Bardas Skleros

* Arab mercenaries until mid-987

|  Byzantine Empire

* Loyalists to Basil II

Kievan Rus'

| Defeat | Revolt supressed
Saffarid dynasty
(861–1003)
Yaqub's campaigns to the east (861–870)

* part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

| Saffarid dynasty

* Abbasid Caliphate

| Zunbils

Kharijites

Medieval India

* Hindu Shahis
* Buddhist tribal chiefs

| Victory | Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar marched through Bost, Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, Bamyan, Balkh and Herat, conquering them in the name of Islam.
Saffarid-Abbasid War (873–876)

* Battle of Dayr al-Aqul
* Part of Abbasid decline (861–940)

| Saffarid dynasty

Ayyars

|  Abbasid Caliphate

* Tahirid dynasty
* Zaydid

| Defeat |

* In 873, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar ousted the Tahirids from their own capital of Nishapur, and captured its ruler Muhammad ibn Tahir, which led to conflicts with the Abbasid caliphate.
* The Abbasid caliph completely halted Ya`qub's advance and put an end to what was arguably a major threat to the Abbasid Caliphate.[42]

Battle of Mecca (883)

* Part of Abbasid decline (861–940)

| Saffarid dynasty

Abbasid Caliphate

| Tulunids | Victory | The invaders are expelled from the holiest city of Mecca.
Battle of Balkh

(900)

| Saffarid Amirate | Samanid Empire | Defeat | The Saffarids lose much territory to the Samanids in Khorasan, and were left with the control of Fars, Kerman and Sistan, but they also lost these provinces after a civil war.
Saffarid Campaign in the Fars province

(900–904)

| Saffarid Amirate |  Abbasid Caliphate | Victory | Temporarily regained Fars, but the Saffarids withdrew soon afterwards.
Military expedition against Makran

(907 or 908)

| Saffarid Amirate | Ma'danids | Victory | Saffarids able to compel the Ma'danid to give three years of tribute.
Civil war between Tahir and the pretender Al-Layth (909–912)  | Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr | Al-Layth | Stalemate | Sebük-eri, who had managed to win over Tahir's commanders, won an easy victory and captured the brothers. They were sent to the Caliph and imprisoned in Baghdad, though they were treated well for the remainder of their lives.
Buyid-Saffarid War (967–968)  | Saffarid dynasty | Buyid dynasty | Defeat | Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority.

## 1° Turco-Persian Era

[edit]

Conflict  | Persianate State (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Ghaznavid dynasty
(962–1186)
Ghaznavid campaigns in East Persia (999–1004)

* Ghaznavid conquest of Sistan
* Ghaznavid campaign in Khorasan

| Ghaznavid Empire | Saffarid Empire

Samanid Empire

| Victory | North-Eastern Persia annexed by the Afghan-centered Ghaznavid Sultanate (although still under suzerainty to the Abbasid Caliphs), and fall of both Samanids and Saffarids.
March of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni to India (1001–1027)

* Battle of Chach
* part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

| Ghaznavid Empire | Medieval India

* Hindu Shahis

| Victory | The northern parts of India were annexed by Iran. Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted.
Kara-Khanid invasion of Khorasan

(1006–1008)

| Ghaznavid Empire | Kara-Khanid Khanate | Victory | Ghaznavids expels the invaders.
Ghaznavid conquest of Khwarazm

(1017)

| Ghaznavid Empire | Ma'munids | Victory | Ghaznavids expands to Central Asia.
Ghaznavid campaigns in West Persia

(1026–1030)

|  Abbasid Caliphate

* Ghaznavid Empire

| Buyids

Sallarids

Ziyarids

| Victory |

* Makran, Ray, Hamadan, Ishfahan, Tabaristan are conquered by Ghaznavids, who already controlled Sistan, Khorasan and parts of northern Persia.
* Abbasid supremacy over Persia is secured by Ghaznavids.

Ghaznavid–Kakuyid war

(1029–1039)

* Battle of Rey (1038)

| Ghaznavid Empire

Annazids

| Kakuyids

Buyids

| Inconclusive | Conflict suspended due to the death of Ala al-Dawla Muhammad and the Seljuk expansionism.

* Ghaznavid brief conquest of Kakuyid domains into Northwestern Iran
* Avicenna's library destroyed during the war

Battle of Dabusiyya

(1032)

| Ghaznavid Empire | Kara-Khanid Khanate | Stalemate | Indecisive.
Ghaznavid campaigns in India

(10th and 11th centuries)

* March of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni to India
* Sack of Somnath
* Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj
* part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent and Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi conflicts

| Ghaznavid Empire | Medieval India

* Hindu Shahis
* Rajput confederacy
* Jatts
* Chandelas
* Kachchhapaghata dynasty
* Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
* Lodi dynasty of Multan
* Tomara dynasty

| Victory |

* The northern parts of India were annexed by Iranian states.
* Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted.
* Later Islamic empires would appear on the subcontinent.

Seljuq Empire
(1037–1194)

Seljuk-Ghaznavid Wars

* Battle of Nisa (1035)
* Battle of Nishapur (1038)
* Battle of Sarakhs (1038)
* Battle of Dandanqan (1040)
* Battle of Dandanaqan (1040)

|  Seljuk Empire | Ghaznavid Empire | Victory

(Regime change)

| • Fall of the Ghaznavid Empire in Iran.

• Rise of the Seljuk Empire and Turco-Persian tradition.

Siege of Hamadan (1047) |  Seljuk Empire | Kakuyids

Annazids

Buyids

| Victory | Hamedan and Isfahan are conquered by Seljuk empire.
Georgian–Seljuk wars

(1048–1213)

|  Seljuk Empire |  Kingdom of Georgia

* Zakarid Armenia

| Defeat | Initial victory on the Great Turkish Invasion. Then Georgia liberates from being tributary of Seljuk and even invades Iran.
Byzantine–Seljuq wars
(1048–1308)

* Battle of Kapetron
* Battle of Manzikert

|  Seljuk Empire |  Byzantine Empire

Empire of Trebizond
Crusader states

Kingdom of Georgia

| Victory | Most of Anatolia conquered by the Seljuks, starting Turkification of modern Turkey.
Sieges of Baghdad (1055–1059) |  Seljuk Empire

Supported by: Abbasid Caliphate

| Buyid dynasty

Supported by: Fatimid Caliphate

| Victory |
Overthrow of the Qarmatians

(1058–1077)

|  Seljuk Empire

Uyunid Emirate
Abbasid Caliphate

| Qarmatians | Victory | End of Qarmatian rule in eastern Arabia
Seljuk war of succession

(1063)

* Battle of Damghan (1063)

| Alp Arslan forces  | Qutalmish forces  | Victory | Alp Arslan obtains the throne.
Battle of Manzikert
(1071)  |  Seljuk Empire |  Byzantine Empire | Victory | Seljuks enter Anatolia.
Seljuk Civil War

* Battle of Kerj Abu Dulaf (1073)

|  Seljuk Empire

* Malik-Shah I forces

| Kerman Seljuk Sultanate

* Qavurt and his son's forces

| Victory | Malik Shah maintains the throne
Battle of Ain Salm

(1086)

|  Seljuk Empire | Sultanate of Rûm | Victory | Death of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
Nizari–Seljuk conflicts

(1090–1194)

* Seljuk Empire
* Abbasid Caliphate
* Fatimid Caliphate (succeeded by the Ayyubid Sultanate)
* Crusader states

| (Nizari) Ismailis of Persia and Syria

* Order of Assassins

| Stalemate | Nizaris consolidate a state in Daylam, Quhistan, and Jabal Bahra', then controls other scattered areas in Alborz mountains, Zagros mountains, and Khurasan.
First Crusade

(1095–1099)

* Part of Crusades

* Muslims :
* Seljuk Empire
* Abbasid Caliphate
* Fatimid Caliphate

|  |

* Crusaders
* Kingdom of France
* Byzantine Empire
* Armenian Cilicia
* County of Flanders
* Papal States
* Republic of Genoa
* Holy Roman Empire
* County of Sicily
* Duchy of Apulia and Calabria

Defeat |

* The Crusade assists in capturing Nicaea, restoring much of western Anatolia to the Byzantine Empire
* The Crusaders successfully capture Jerusalem and establish the Crusader states

Siege of Mosul (1096) |  Seljuk Empire | Uqaylid dynasty | Victory | Seljuks conquers the territory of the Uqaylid State
Battle of Ghazni (1117) |  Seljuk Empire | Ghaznavid Empire | Victory | Bahram of Ghazna succeeded to the throne as the Seljuk's vassal
First Siege of Baghdad (1136)  |  Seljuk Empire | Abbasid Caliphate | Victory | al-Rashid fled the city for Mosul, where he abdicated the caliphate. His uncle, al-Muqtafi, was raised to the throne instead by Mas'ud, who then retired to the east.
Battle of Qatwan

(1141)

|  Seljuk Empire

Kara-Khanids

Kakuyids

| Qara Khitai (Western Liao)

Karluks

| Defeat | Khwarazm became a vassal state of the Kara-Khitan.
Second Crusade

(1147–1150)

* Part of Zengid–Crusader War and Crusades

* Muslim :
* Seljuk Empire
* Sultanate of Rum
* Emirate of Zengids
* Emirate of Damascus
* Abbasid Caliphate
* Fatimid Caliphate
* Nizari Ismaili state in Syria (the Assassins)

* Crusaders
* Jerusalem
* Tripoli
* Antioch
* Kingdom of France
* Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
* Byzantine Empire
* Kingdom of England
* Kingdom of Sicily
* Papal States

* * *

Western front (Reconquista)

*     * Kingdom of Portugal
* County of Barcelona
* León-Castile
* Kingdom of France
* Republic of Genoa
* Republic of Pisa

* * *

Wendish Crusade

*     * Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
* Jutland-Kingdom of Denmark
* Zealand/Scania-Kingdom of Denmark
* Kingdom of Poland

| Victory |

* Lisbon captured by the Portuguese, Tarragona and Tortosa captured by the Catalans
* Wagria and Polabia captured by the Saxon Crusaders

Second Siege of Baghdad (1157)  |  Seljuk Empire |  Abbasid Caliphate | Defeat | Caliph al-Muqtafi successfully defended his capital against the coalition armies of Seljuq Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan and Qutb ad-Din of Mosul.
Ghurid dynasty
(879–1215)

Battle of Ghazni (1148) | Ghurid dynasty | Ghaznavids | Victory | The Ghurid ruler Sayf al-Din Suri defeated Bahram-Shah and took the city while Bahram-Shah fled to India.
Battle of Ghazni (1151) | Ghurid dynasty | Ghaznavids | Victory | The Ghurid ruler Ala al-Din Husayn defeated Bahram-Shah, captured the city, and destroyed it as revenge for the execution of his brother Quṭb ud-Dīn in 1149.
Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor

(1175–1206)

* First Battle of Tarain
* Second Battle of Tarain
* Battle of Chandawar
* Siege of Bayana
* Siege of Gwalior (1196)
* Battle of Kasahrada (1197)
* Ghurid invasion of Bengal
* Battle of Jhelum (1206)
* Siege of Kalinjar

| Ghurid dynasty | Rajput confederacy

* Chahamanas of Shakambhari
* Gahadavala dynasty

Sena dynasty

Soomra dynasty

Ghaznavids

Qarmatians

Tibetan tribes

| Victory |

* Muhammad of Ghor seizes much of northern India.
* Foundation of Delhi Sultanate
* Islamization of Bangladesh

Ghurid-Qara Khitai conflicts[43]

(1198–1200s)

| Ghurid dynasty | Qara Khitai | Defeat | Qara Khitai raiders plundered successfully the northern part of the Ghurid state.
Ghurid conquest of Khorasan

(1200–1201)

| Ghurid dynasty |  Khwarazmian dynasty | Victory | Ghurid expansion to the north as far as Gorgan and Bastam.
Battle of Andkhud

(1204)

| Ghurid dynasty |  Khwarazmian dynasty

Qara Khitai

Kara-Khanid Khanate

| Defeat | Ghurids lost suzerainty of Khurasan to the Khwarezmian Empire, starting their decline.
Ghurid invasion of Tibet

(1206)

| Ghurid dynasty | Tibetan people (Era of Fragmentation)  | Defeat |

* Tibetan indepencen seizured
* Death of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji

Khwarazmian dynasty
(1077–1231)

Khwarazmian conquest of Persia (1156–1215)[44]

* Battle of Rey (1194)
* Siege of Herat (1202)
* Siege of Gurgānj (1202)
* Battle of Amu Darya (1204)
* Battle of Hezarasp (1204)
* Battle of Andkhud (1204)

|  Khwarazmian Empire

Supported by:

* Abbasid Caliphate
* Qara Khitai (sometimes)

|  Seljuk Empire

* * *

Ghurid dynasty | Victory

(Regime change)

* Seljuks are overthrown with the death of Toghrul III by the Khwarazmian army at the Battle of Rey.[45]
* Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud recognise the Khwarazmian suzerainty over Ghurids. Then Ghurid dynasty comes to an end in 1215.

Irghiz River skirmish

(1209/1219)

|  Khwarazmian Empire |  Mongol Confederation | Stalemate | Inconclussive due to Mongol retreat in order to chase Merkits or Naimans dissidents instead of start a war with Persia.
Khwarazmian–Qara Khitai Wars[46]

(1210–1220)

|  Khwarazmian Empire

Kara-Khanid Khanate

Co-belligerant:

* Mongol Empire (since 1218)

| Qara Khitai

Supported by: Mongol clans

* Naimans

| Inconclussive |

* Syr Darya becomes the de facto frontier between both States.
* Conflict suspended due to the Rise of Genghis Khan and Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai.

Mongol invasion of Persia (1218–1256)

* Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia
* Mongol campaign against the Nizaris
* part of Mongol invasion of Central Asia and the Mongol invasions of India

|  Khwarazmian dynasty

Nizari Ismaili state
Abbasid Caliphate

Co-belligerant:

Jin dynasty

Western Xia

|  Mongol Empire | Defeat

(Regime change)

* Khwarezmia domains added to the Mongol Empire
* Jalal al-Din Mangburni resists in exile until 1231 in India and the Caucasus.
* Mongol invasions of Georgia and Mongol invasions of Anatolia begin.

Georgian-Khwarazmid war (1225–1228)

* Battle of Garni
* Siege of Tbilisi (1226)
* Battle of Bolnisi

|  Khwarazmian dynasty

* Principality of Maragheh

|  Kingdom of Georgia

* Kipchaks
* Alans
* Vainakhs
* Leks

| Victory | Khwarezmian last domains added the Georgian domains
Seljuk-Khwarazmid war

(1230)

* Battle of Yassıçemen

|  Khwarezm Shahs

Seljuk rebels

Empire of Trebizond

| Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm

Ayyubid Sultanate

| Defeat | Khwarezmian last domains partitioned between Seljuks and Mongols
Siege of Jerusalem (1244) |  Ayyubid Sultanate

Khwarazmians

|  Kingdom of Jerusalem | Victory | Muslim capture of Jerusalen

## Mongolian Era

[edit]

Conflict  | Persianate State (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Ilkhanid dynasty

(1256–1335)

Mongol invasions of Anatolia (1241–1335)

* Part of Mongol invasion of West Asia

| Mongol Empire

* Ilkhanate

Principality of Khachen

| Sultanate of Rum

* * *

Anatolian Beyliks | Victory | Mongols adds the Anatolian domains to Persian-centered Ilkhanate.
Georgian Rebellion of 1256

* Part of Mongol invasions of Georgia

| Mongol Empire

* Ilkhanate

|  Georgia | Victory | Rebellion supressed. Georgian vilayats are submitted to Persia-centered Ilkhanate.
Siege of Baghdad (1258) | Mongol Empire

* Ilkhanate
* Georgia[47]
* Armenian Cilicia[47]

Principality of Antioch

|  Abbasid Caliphate | Victory |

* Abbasid territories added to Persian centered Ilkhanate and starts the Mongol invasions of the Levant
* End of the Islamic Golden Age

Mongol-Ayyubid War (1259-1260)

* Siege of Mayyafariqin
* Siege of Aleppo (1260)

| Mongol Empire

* Ilkhanate
* Armenian Cilicia
* Principality of Antioch

Zakarids

Proshyans

Zengids

|  Ayyubid Dinasty | Victory | Mongols adds Aleppo (modern Syria) to the Persian-centered Ilkhanate. Then clashes with the Mamluk Sultanate.
Mongol invasions of the Levant (1260–1323)

* Mongol raids into Palestine
* Part of the Crusades (Lord Edward's crusade and Crusade of the Infants of Aragon)

|  Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire

* Cilician Armenia
* Kingdom of Georgia
* Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
* Antioch-Tripoli

* Yuan Empire
* Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (1259–1264)
* Kingdom of Jerusalem
* Knights Templar
* Knights Hospitaller

|  Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate

Ayyubid remnants

Nizari Ismailis of Syria

Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (after 1264)

Karamanid rebels

Abbasids

| Defeat | Mongols fail to conquer Egypt or get a formal Franco-Mongol alliance.
Toluid Civil War

(1260–1264)

| Kublai Khan and his allies  | Ariq Böke and his allies  | Victory | Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Berke–Hulagu war

(1262)

|  Ilkhanate

Supported by:
Byzantine Empire

|  Golden Horde

Supported by:
Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate

| Inconclusive | Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Kaidu–Kublai war

(1268–1301)

* Battle of Herat (1270)

| Yuan dynasty

Ilkhanate (ally of Kublai)

|  Chagatai Khanate

House of Ögedei

Golden Horde (ally of Kaidu until 1284)

| Inconclusive | Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war

(1314–1318)

| Yuan China

Ilkhanate

|  Chagatai Khanate | Victory | Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Golden Horde-Ilkhanate War

(1318–20)

|  Ilkhanate

* Chobanids

Chagatai Khanate

|  Golden Horde

Rebels:

* Chagatayid
* Qara'unas
* Irinjin of Anatolia
* Qurumushi of Georgia

| Victory | Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Chupanid Rebellion

(1322–1327)

|  Ilkhanate

* Kart dynasty

Supported by:

Chagatai Khanate

| Chobanids

Jalayirids

| Victory | Amir Chupan is executed by Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, who then gets to marry with Baghdad Khatun (daughter of Chupan).
Disintegration of the Ilkhanate

(1335–57)

* Battle of Jaghatu
* Battle of Qara Darra
* Battle of Zava

|  Various factions  |  Various factions  | Collapse of the dynasty

(Regime change)

| Fragmentation ot the Ilkhanate

* Oirats' political power vanishes from Iranian Society.
* Muzaffarid conquers Kirmanshah and all Injuids' domains.
* Rise of the Jalayirid Sultanate as the dominant power.

Jalayirid dynasty

(1335–1432)

Jalayirid conquest of Azerbaiyan

(1356–60)

| Chobanids[48] (until 1357)

Jalayirid Sultanate

|  Golden Horde (until 1358)

* * *

Muzaffarids | Victory |

* Jani Beg conquers Tabriz and kills Malek Ashraf. Then Berdi Beg quits of the region due to Golden Horde's Great Troubles.
* Mubariz al-Din Muhammad briefly takes the region, but then quits.
* Shaykh Uways Jalayir gets to conquer former Chobanid Azerbaiyan

Muzaffarid Civil War

(1363–74)

| Muzaffarids loyals to sha Mahmud

Supported by: Jalayirid Sultanate

| Muzaffarids loyals to Shah Shoja Mozaffari | Stalemate | Jalayirid expands their domains in Iran, but Shah Shoja Mozaffari gets to rule the Muzaffarid state (from Isfahan to Balochistan).
Anti-Jalayirid revolts of 1364–1367[49] | Jalayirid Sultanate | Shirvanshah Kavus' rebels of Shirvan

* * *

Khwaja Murjan's rebels of Baghdad

Supported by:

* Qara Qoyunlu
* Mamluks

| Victory | Both revolts are supressed and the rulers agains recognise the Vassalage to Jalayirids.
Jalayarid conquest of Eastern Iran[50][51]

(1371–74)

| Jalayirid Sultanate | Wali of Astarabad

* * *

Sarbadars | Victory | Jalayirid's rule is consolidated over whole Iran.
Jalayarid wars of Succession[50]

(1374–1384)

| Jalayirid Sultanate

Support against invaders:

* Shirvanshahs[52]
* Qara Qoyunlu (since 1383)[53]

| Jalayarid pretenders:

* Shaikh Ali Jalayir
* Sultan Ahmed Jalayir
* Shaikh Bayazid Jalayir

* * *

Invaders:

* Muzaffarids
* Qara Qoyunlu (until 1383)

| Stalemate | Shaikh Hussain Jalayir maintains his rule over whole Jalayirid domains, but starting the decadence of the Sultanate.

Then, Ahmad Jalayir depose his brother in 1382 and defeat the rest of his brothers.

Golden Horde raid to Iranian Azerbaiyan[54]

(1385)

| Jalayirid Sultanate

Emirate of Hakkâri

|  Golden Horde

Co-Belligerants:

* Timurid dynasty
* Chagatai Khanate

| Defeat | Jalayirid domains are devastated by the raids, being weakened to near collapse.

## 2° Turco-Persian Era

[edit]

Conflict  | Persianate State (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Timurid dynasty
(1370–1507)
Campaigns of Timur
(1380–1402)

* Tokhtamysh–Timur war
* Timurid invasions of Georgia
* Timurid invasions of Simsim

|  Timurid dynasty | Muzaffarids
Jalayirid Sultanate
Tughlaq dynasty

Golden Horde
Kingdom of Georgia
Delhi Sultanate

Mamluks
Ottoman Empire

* Anatolian beyliks
* Black Tatars
* Albanian principalities
* Moravian Serbia
* District of Branković
* Wallachia

Knights Hospitaller

| Victory |

* Rise of the Timurid Empire in Iran
* The Delhi Sultanate became a Timurid vassal.
* Outbreak of the Ottoman Civil War

Battle of Mush (1387)

* Part of Timurid Invasion of Azerbaijan

|  Timurid dynasty |  Qara Qoyunlu | Defeat | Qara Yusuf expel temporarly the Timurids.
Battle of Algami Canal

(1402)

* Part of Timurid Invasion of Iraq

|  Timurid dynasty |  Qara Qoyunlu | Victory | Sultan Ahmed Jalayir and Qara Yusuf both escaped Iraq again and fled towards Egypt
Timurid Civil Wars
(1405–~1501)

* Battle of Sarakhs (1459)
* Siege of Shahrukhiya

|  Various factions |  Various factions | Collapse of the dynasty

(Regime change)

| Rise of the Shi'ite Safavid dynasty
Georgian invasion of Timurid Domains

(1405–1407)

* Qara Qoyunlu raid of Georgia (1407)[55]

|  Timurid dynasty

* * *

Qara Qoyunlu |  Kingdom of Georgia | Defeat | George VII of Georgia succeeded in expanding Georgia's borders temporarily to their former extent (regaining Nakhchivan and Ganja).[56]
Battle of Nakhchivan (1406)

* Part of Timurid Invasion of Azerbaijan

|  Timurid dynasty |  Qara Qoyunlu

Chakhirlu

| Defeat | Invasion repelled and Qara Qoyunly conquest of Whole Azerbaijan.
Battle of Qarabagh

(1469)

|  Timurid dynasty |  Aq Qoyunlu | Defeat | Timurid loses the control of Azerbaiyan and any chance to reconquer Iran or Iraq.
Qara Qoyunlu
(1374–1468)

Battle of Sardrud[57]

(1408)

|  Qara Qoyunlu

Jalayirid Sultanate

|  Timurid dynasty | Victory |

* Miran Shah dies.
* Collapse of Timurid dinasty in Western Iran.
* Ahmad Jalayir captures Baghdad.
* Rise of Qara Yusuf from Iranian Azerbaijan.

Qara Qoyunlu invasion of Northern Iran[58]

(1409)

|  Qara Qoyunlu |  Timurid dynasty | Defeat | Timurids expels invaders from Northern Iran.
Qara Qoyunlu conquest of Mardin[59]

(1409)

|  Qara Qoyunlu |  Timurid dynasty

* Artuqids

| Victory | Mardin is captured by the Qara Qoyunlu.
Qara Qoyunlu–Jalayirid War[58][57]

(1410–1411)

|  Qara Qoyunlu | Jalayirid Sultanate | Victory | Ahmad Jalayir is executed and forced to crown Pirbudag, son of Qara Yusuf, as Shah of Iran (giving legitimacy to the Qara Qoyunlu).
Battle of Chalagan

(1412)

|  Qara Qoyunlu

* Karabakh

|  Kingdom of Georgia

Princedom of Simsim[60][61]

Timurid dynasty

* Shirvanshahs
* Shaki

| Victory |

* Shirvan is conquered by Qara Qoyunly
* Constantine I of Georgia dies.

Qara Qoyunly–Aq Qoyunlu war[58][62]

(1417–1418)

|  Qara Qoyunlu |  Aq Qoyunlu

Supported by:

* Mamluk Sultanate

| Victory | Qara Osman fled to Aleppo.
Timurid-Qara Qoyunlu War

(1420-1434)

|  Qara Qoyunlu |  Timurid dynasty

* Aq Qoyunlu

* * *

Local rebel forces in Azerbaiyan and Kurdistan  | Stalemate | Iskandar is briefly depossed by Shah Rukh and Qara Qoyunlu loses territories, but avoid to be fully re-conquered by Timurids.
Qara Qoyunlu-Georgia War[63]

(1440–1444)

|  Qara Qoyunlu |  Kingdom of Georgia | Stalemate | Tbilisi is sacked, but Jahan Shah returns without territorial gains.
Qara Qoyunlu 2nd conquest of Baghdad[64]

(1445–1447)

* Qara Qoyunlu-Aq Qoyunlu War of 1447

|  Qara Qoyunlu

Supported by:

* Sheikh Hasan rebel forces

| Arab Iraq rebels

Supported by:

* Aq Qoyunlu
* Mamluk Sultanate

| Victory | Jahan Shah depose Alvand Mirza.
Timurid–Qara Qoyunlu War[65]

(1454–1459)

* Babur Mirza's Invasion of Khorasan
* Siege of Samarkand (1454)
* Capture of Herat (1458)
* Battle of Sarakhs (1459)

|  Qara Qoyunlu |  Timurids of Khorasan

* * *

Timurids of Samarkand | Victory |

* Jahan Shah's conquest of Khorasan. Whole Eastern Iran is captured by the Qara Qoyunlu.
* Timurids are expelled to Transoxiana and the vassalage pact of Qara Qoyunlu to them is abolished.

Qara Qoyunly-Aq Qoyunlu war (1457–1469)

* Aq Qoyunlu conquest of Amid (1457)
* Qara Qoyunlu invasion of Eastern Anatolia (1466)
* Battle of Chapakchur (1467)
* Aq Qoyunlu conquest of Shiraz[66] (1469)

|  Qara Qoyunlu |  Aq Qoyunlu | Defeat

(Regime Change)

| Death of Jahan Shah, Mirza Yusuf and Rise of Aq Qoyunlu.
Revolt of Azerbaijan[67]

(1459)

|  Qara Qoyunlu | Hasan Ali rebel forces  | Victory | Revolt Supressed
Revolt of Fars and Shiraz[68]

(1464)

|  Qara Qoyunlu | Pir Budaq rebel forces  | Victory | Revolt Supressed

* Mirza Yusuf became governor of Fars province
* Pir Budaq is traslated to Bagdhad.

Revolt of Baghdad[69]

(1466)

|  Qara Qoyunlu | Pir Budaq rebel forces  | Victory | Revolt Supressed

* Pir Budaq is executed.

Aq Qoyunlu
(1378–1508)

Turkoman invasions of Georgia

(1407–1502)

* part of Campaigns of Ismail I

|  Kara Koyunlu (1407–1468)

Aq Qoyunlu (1468–1502)

|  Kingdom of Georgia

Shirvanshah
Safavid Empire (1502)

| Victory | End of invasions against Georgia and consolidation of Safavids in Persia
Siege of Gerger

(1464–1465)

|  Aq Qoyunlu

Pazuki Kurds

|  Mamluk Sultanate | style="background:#AF9" |Victory | Harpoot conquered by Aq Qoyunlu.
Battle of Qarabagh

(1469)

|  Aq Qoyunlu |  Timurids | Victory | Decline of Timurids.
Aq Qoyunlu–Mamluk War (1470–1474) |  Aq Qoyunlu

Dulkadirids

* Pahlevanlu tribe

|  Mamluk Sultanate | Defeat | Decline of Aq Qoyunlu.
Aq Qoyunlu–Ottoman War (1473)

* Battle of Malatya
* Battle of Otlukbeli

|  Aq Qoyunlu

Supported by:

* Karamanids
* Bey of Alaiye
* Republic of Venice
* Kingdom of Cyprus
* Knights Hospitaller

|  Ottoman Empire

Supported by:

Anatolian beyliks

| Defeat | Rise of the Ottoman Empire in West Asia.
Battle of Khoy (1478) |  Sultan Khalil's forces  |  Sultan Yaqub's forces  | Defeat | Sultan Yaqub overthrow Sultan Khalil as Padishah
Revolts against Yaqub[70]

(1478–80)

|  Aq Qoyunlu | Bayandur princes

Safavid order

| Victory | Revolts supressed
Battle of Urfa (1480) |  Aq Qoyunlu |  Mamluk Sultanate

Pechenegs

| Victory | Mamluk invasion is repelled.

## Safavid Persia

[edit]

Conflict  | Iran (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Safavid dynasty
(1501–1736)
Campaigns of Ismail I

(1500–1510)

* Battle of Gulistan[71] (or Cabanı)[72] (1500)
* Siege of Baku[73][74] (1501)
* Battle of Sharur (1501)
* Siege of Tabriz (1501)
* Capture of Erzincan and Erzurum[75] (1502)
* Conquest of Armenia (1502)
* Turkoman invasions of Georgia (1502)
* Perso-Uzbek War (1502–10)
* Conquest of Fars (1503)
* Conquest of Persian Iraq (1503)
* Battle of Hamadan (1503)
* Capture of Kerman (1503)
* Capture of Nakhchivan (1503)
* Conquest of Mazanderan (1504)
* Conquest of Yazd (1503)
* Yazidi uprising (1506–10)
* Conquest of Diyarbakir (1507–08)
* Battle of Baghdad (1508)

|  Safavid Dynasty |

* Shirvanshah
* Aq Qoyunlu
* Uzbeks
* Kazakh Khanate
* Afrasiyab dynasty
* Yazidi rebels
* Khanate of Bukhara

| Victory

(Regime change)

| Safavid Iran is stablished.
Persian-Uzbek Wars
(1502–1598)

* Safavid conquest of Shirvan
* Battle of Marv
* part of Campaigns of Ismail I

|  Safavid Empire | Uzbeks

* Shaybanid Empire
* Khanate of Bukh

Supported by: Kazakh Khanate

| Victory |

* Fall of the Shaybanid Empire
* Persian conquest of Khorasan

Ottoman–Persian wars (1505–1517)

* 1st Trabzon [tr]
* Erzincan‍ [tr]
* 2nd Trabzon [tr]
* Şahkulu rebellion
* Nur Ali Khalifa rebellion
* Chaldiran
* Tabriz
* Urfa‍ [tr]
* Mesopotamia‍ [tr]
* Ovacık
* 2nd Diyarbakır [tr]
* Harput
* Sinjar‍ [tr]
* Kerh [tr]
* Koçhisar
* Mardin‍ [tr]
* Hasankeyf‍ [tr]
* Mosul
* Dvin‍ [ar]

|  Safavid Iran

Supported by:

* Mamluk Sultanate
* Pro-Safavid Kurds
* Qizilbashs

|  Ottoman Empire

Supported by:

* Bohtan
* Principality of Bitlis
* Emirate of Hasankeyf
* Kingdom of Imereti (1517)
* Pro-Ottoman Kurds

| Defeat |

* Eastern Anatolia and Northern Iraq ceded to the Ottomans.
* End of Shia uprisings in the Ottoman Empire

Kurdish-Yazidi uprising against the Safavids
(1506–1510)  |  Safavid Empire |  Yazidis | Victory | Uprising suppressed when the Yazidi leader, Shir Sarim, was defeated in the battle
Portuguese–Safavid wars (1507–1625)

* Portuguese conquest of Hormuz
* Safavid conquest of Bahrain
* Capture of Cambarão
* Anglo-Persian capture of Qeshm

|  Safavid Empire

Imamate of Oman
Supported by:

British East India Company

|  Portuguese Empire

* Kingdom of Ormus

Supported by:

Spanish Empire (since 1580)

| Victory | The Iranian military sought to punish the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf for the Iranians' grievances of Gambron, not only liberating the island of Hormuz but also forcing the Portuguese to withdraw to Mombasa in Kenya.

Britain recognized Iran's sovereignty over the entire Persian Gulf.

Battle of Ghazdewan

(1512)

|  Safavid Empire

Mughal Empire

| Khanate of Bukhara | Defeat | Uzbeks reconquerst of Transoxiana
Ismail I invasion of Georgia

(1516–1522)

* Battle of Teleti

|  Safavid Empire

Samtskhe-Saatabago rebels

|  Kingdom of Georgia

* Samtskhe-Saatabago

| Stalemate | Initial Persian victories, putting vassal governors in Georgia. Then withdrawal after Ottoman intervention
Battle of Jam (1528)  |  Safavid Empire | Uzbeks | Victory | Safavids Empire defeated Uzbeks and reconquered Herat.
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1523
(1532–1555),

* Part of French–Habsburg rivalry and Spanish–Ottoman wars

|  Safavid Empire

Supported by:

* Habsburg monarchy
* Spanish Empire

|  Ottoman Empire

Supported by:

France | Defeat | Ottomans captured Lower Mesopotamia and Baghdad. First partition of the Caucasus between the Ottomans and Persians. Western Armenia and western Georgia falls in Ottoman hands, Eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Dagestan and the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan remain in Persian hands.

A Habsburg–Persian alliance is consolidated in reaction to the Franco-Ottoman alliance.

Georgian-Safavid wars

(1541–1659)

* Tahmasp I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns
* Battle of Garisi
* Battle of Digomi
* Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns
* Battle of Tsitsamuri
* Battle of Aghaiani
* Battle of Martqopi
* Battle of Marabda
* Bakhtrioni uprising

|  Safavid Empire |  Kingdom of Kartli

Kingdom of Kakheti

| Stalemate | Persians subdue Georgian kingdoms as vassals of Safavids, but Georgians got restoration of its autonomy
Uzbek invasion of Khorasan (1578) |  Safavid Empire | Shaybanids | Victory | Uzbeks withdrew from northeastern Iran and Persians refused to pay them tribute.
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578
(1578–1590)  |  Safavid Empire

* Kingdom of Kartli

|  Ottoman Empire

* Crimean Khanate

| Defeat | Treaty of Constantinople (1590)
Khorasan Civil War

(1580)

|  Safavid Government

* Mohammad Khodabanda royalist forces
* Taklu and Turkman local forces

|  Safavid oposition

* Abbas Mirza supporters
* Shamlu and Ustalju rebel coallition

| Defeat | Rise of Abbas the Great.
Siege of Nishapur

(1581)

|  Safavid Government

* Ustajlu local forces

|  Safavid oposition

* Shamlu rebels

| Defeat | Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu (mentor of Abbas Mirza) deposes Morteza Qoli Khan Parnak Turkman and is confirmed as local ruler of Khorasan by Mohammad Khodabanda.
Siege of Torbat

(1582)

|  Safavid Government |  Safavid oposition  | Defeat | Expansion of Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu and Abbas Mirza domains.
Battle of Tirpol

(1583)

|  Safavid Government |  Safavid oposition  | Stalemate | Reconciliation between the two parties.
Qizilbash Civil War

(1585)

|  Safavid Empire

* Shamlu local forces

Supported by:Khanate of Bukhara

| Ustajlu rebels  | Defeat | Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu retires to Herat and Abbas Mirza is captured by Morteza Qoli Khan Parnak Turkman (who became local ruler of Mashhad)
Uzbek–Iranian War of 1588–89 |  Safavid Empire | Khanate of Bukhara | Defeat | Persian loss of Herat and death of Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu.
Battle of Herat

(1598)

|  Safavid Empire |  Shaybanids | Victory | Khorasan returned to Persians
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (First Stage)
(1603–1612)  |  Safavid Empire

* Kingdom of Kartli
* Kingdom of Kakheti

|  Ottoman Empire | Victory | Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612)
Siege of Dimdim
(1609–1610)  |  Safavid Empire |  Emirate of Bradost | Victory | Uprising suppressed
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (Second Stage)

(1612–1618)

|  Safavid Empire

* Kingdom of Kartli
* Kingdom of Kakheti

|  Ottoman Empire | Victory | Treaty of Serav (1618)
Capture of Ormuz

(1622)

|  Safavid Empire

British East India Company

|  Iberian Union

* Portuguese Empire
* Kingdom of Hormuz

| Victory | Ormuz annexed to Persia
Mughal–Safavid War of 1622
(1622–1623)  |  Safavid Empire | Mughal Empire | Victory | Kandahar falls to Persia
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623
(1623–1639)  |  Safavid Empire |  Ottoman Empire | Defeat | Permanent partition of the Caucasus; western Georgia and Western Armenia go to the Ottomans, while Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, eastern and southern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remain under Persian rule. Ottomans decisively gain control of Mesopotamia.
Battle off Hormuz

(1625)

* part of Dutch–Portuguese War

|  English East India Company

Dutch East India Company

Supported by:

Safavid Persia

|  Portuguese Empire

* Estado da Índia

| Draw | End of Portuguese influence on the Persian Gulf
Uzbek invasion of 1626 |  Safavid Empire | Khanate of Bukhara

* Uzbeks

| Victory | Uzbek withdrawal.
Gharib Shah's Revolt

(1629–1630)

* Uzbek invasion of 1630–1631

|  Safavid Empire

aided by Qizilbash

| Mazandaran and Gilan province

aided by Uzbeks

| Victory | Caspian Iran becomes a Khasah (Royal domain) and the local Sultanates are abolished to strengthen the Absolute monarchy.
Khan Ahmad Khan Ardalan revolt

(1630)

|  Safavid Empire | Emirate of Ardalan

Supported by: Ottoman Empire

| Victory | Kurdish Revolt supressed
Sher Khan revolt

(1631)

|  Safavid Empire

* Pashtuns of Durrani

| Pashtuns of Pushang

Supported by: Mughal Empire

| Victory | Afghan Revolt supressed
Dervish Reza's rebellion in Qazvin

(1632)

|  Safavid Empire | Dervish

Supported by:

* Occultists

| Victory | Ban of Esoteric interpretation of the Quran.
Davud Khan's rebellion in Karabakh

(1632)

|  Safavid Empire | Caucasus States

* Georgians
* Circassians
* Armenians

Supported by: Ottoman Empire

| Victory | Revolt supressed
Tahmurts of Kakheti revolts in Georgia

(1632–1648)

|  Safavid Empire | Georgians loyals to Teimuraz I of Kakheti | Victory | Revolts supressed
Capture of Julfar

(1633)

* part of the Omani–Portuguese conflicts

|  Safavid Empire

Portuguese Empire

|  Omani Empire | Defeat | Omanis captured the two forts on Ras Al Khaimah.
Uzbek invasion of 1634 |  Safavid Empire | Khanate of Bukhara

* Uzbeks

Supported by:

Ottoman Empire

| Victory | Uzbek withdrawal and Abd al-Aziz Khan of Bukhara's properties are sacked by Persians.
Qandahar Cession

(1638)

|  Safavid Empire

* Afghan loyalists

Supported by:

* Anti-Mughal rebels

| Ali Mardan Khan rebels

Supported by:

* Mughal Empire

| Defeat | Mughal Shah Jahan annex Qandahar
Mughal–Safavid war of 1649
(1649–1653)  |  Safavid Empire

•  Khanate of Bukhara

| Mughal Empire

Jaipur State

| Victory | Persia recaptured Kandahar
Russo-Persian War of 1651
(1651–1653)  |  Safavid Empire |  Russia | Victory | Russian fortress on the Iranian side of the Terek River destroyed, and its garrison expelled
Bakhtrioni uprising

(1659)

|  Safavid Empire

Turcoman tribes

|  Kingdom of Kakheti aided by Tushetians, Pshavs, Khevsurs | Inconclusive | Kakheti remained under Persian rule
Safavid occupation of Basra

(1697–1701)

|  Safavid Empire |  Ottoman Empire

* Basra Eyalet

Eastern Arabs

| Defeat | Safavids retreats from the Persian Gulf.
Balochi raids

(1699–1710s)

|  Safavid Empire

* Kerman province
* Kandahar Province
* Kingdom of Kartli

| Baloch people

Pashtun tribes

| Inconclusive |

* Death of George XI of Kartli, Kaikhosro of Kartli and Prince Alexander of Kartli.
* Brief rise of Mirwais Hotak and start of Hotaki-Safavid War.

Hotaki-Safavid War

(1716–1722)

* Hootaki conquest of Kerman
* Battle of Gulnabad
* Siege of Isfahan

|  Safavid Empire |  Hotaki dynasty

Supported by:

* Afghans
* Balochis
* Zoroastrians

| Defeat

(Regime change)

| Afghan control of most of Iran

Rise of Nader Shah against Mahmud Hotak and then Ashraf Hotak.

1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain

(1717)

|  Safavid Empire |  Omani Empire

* Al Bin Ali mercenaries

| Defeat | Persian loss of Bahrain
Sack of Shamakhi

(1721)

|  Safavid Empire

* Kingdom of Kartli

| Rebellious Sunni Lezgins | Defeat | The Shia population is massacred and the city, ransacked
Russo-Persian War of 1722
(1722–1723)

* part of Lekianoba

|  Safavid Empire

* Dagestan

* * *

Hotaki dynasty |  Russian Empire
Cossack Hetmanate
Kingdom of Kartli
Melikdoms of Karabakh and Armenian rebels

Co-belligerant:

* Ottoman Empire[76]

| Defeat | Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723): Russians capture Derbent, Baku, and the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad for about a decade.

Treaty of Constantinople (1724): Partition of Iran with the Ottomans, who receives Tiflis, Erevan, Ganja, Khoy, Quschi, Tasuj, Marand and Tabriz. Start of Ottoman-Hotaki War (1722-1727).

Hotaki dynasty's interruption (1722–1729)
Ottoman–Hotaki War (1722–1727)  |  Hotaki dynasty |  Ottoman Empire | Victory | Treaty of Hamedan

* Ottoman recognition of Ashraf Hotak as Shah of Persia, renouncing their attempts to restore the Safavid dynasty to the Iranian throne as an Ottoman vassal.
* Ottoman sovereignty over all the western and northwestern parts of Iran (including most of Tabriz, Hamadan, Kermanshah, Lorestan and most of the southern Caucasus) recognised by Hotakis.

Return of Safavids(Nader)
(1726–1729)

* Khorasan campaign of Nader Shah
* Sabzevar expedition
* Herat campaign of 1729
* Liberation of Isfahan

|  Hotaki dynasty

Sadozai Sultanate of Herat

Supported by:

Ottoman Empire

|  Safavid Dynasty | Defeat

(Regime change)

| End of the Hotaki dynasty
Safavid Restoration (1729–1736)
Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani

(1730)

|  Safavid Empire

Nader's personal domains

Supported by:

English East India Company

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

| Forces Loyal to Sheikh Ahmad Madani

Forces Loyal to Sheikh Jabbara

Forces Loyal to Sheikh Rashid bin Sa'id of Basaidu

Rebelling Arab tribes

Hotak remnants and Afghan raiders

| Victory | Revolt suppressed and reincorporation of Gulf Arabs to the empire
Battle of Zarghan
(1730)  |  Safavid Empire |  Hotaki dynasty | Victory | Afghans expelled from Iran (Persia)
Herat campaign of 1731

(1731)

|  Safavid Empire

Afghan loyalists

| Sadozai Sultanate of Herat

Hotaki dynasty

| Victory | Fall of Sadozai Sultanate of Herat
Ottoman-Safavid war of 1730 (Nader) (1730–1735)

* Western Persia campaign of 1730
* Tahmasp's campaign of 1731
* Nader Shah's Mesopotamian campaign
* Caucasus Campaign (1735)

|  Safavid Empire

• Erivan Khanate

|  Ottoman Empire

•  Crimean Khanate

Lezgins

| Victory | Persian (Nader) reconquest of the entire Caucasus

•Treaty of Constantinople and Treaty of Ganja

Mohammad Khan Baluch's Rebellion

(1733–1734)

* part of Campaigns of Nader Shah

|  Safavid Empire | Forces loyal to Mohammad Khan Baloch | Victory | Southern Persia is re-annexed.

## Transition from Safavid to Qajar

[edit]

Conflict  | Iran (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Afsharid dynasty
(1736–1796)
Afsharid Siege of Kandahar (1737–1738)

* part of Campaigns of Nader Shah

|  Afsharid dynasty |  Hotaki dynasty | Victory | End of the Hotaki dynasty
Afsharid conquest of the Persian Gulf (1738–1747)

* part of Campaigns of Nader Shah

|  Afsharid dynasty | Omani Empire

* Sultanate of Muscat
* Imamate of Oman

Pirates

| Victory | The Persian empire becomes the arbiter of the Persian Gulf until the collapse of the empire.
Afsharid invasion of India
(1738–1739)

* Nader Shah's Sindh expedition
* part of Campaigns of Nader Shah

|  Afsharid dynasty | Mughal Empire

Hyderabad Oudh

| Victory | Persian plundering of India
Afsharid Conquest of Central Asia (1738–1740)

* part of Campaigns of Nader Shah

|  Afsharid dynasty |  Khanate of Bukhara

Khanate of Khiva

| Victory | Conquest of the Central Asian khanates
Afsharid invasion of Daghestan

(1741–1745)

* Withdrawal through Andalal (1741)
* part of Campaigns of Nader Shah

|  Afsharid dynasty |  Lezgins

Avar Khanate (Avars)

Mekhtuly Khanate

Gazikumukh Khanate

Elisu Sultanate

Shaki Khanate

| Victory | The Persian Empire annexes almost all of Dagestan.
Afsharid–Ottoman War War of 1743
(1743–1746)  |  Afsharid dynasty |  Ottoman Empire | Stalemate | Treaty of Kerden, Status quo ante bellum
Moḥammad Taqi Khan Shirazi's Rebellion

(1744)

|  Afsharid dynasty | Persian rebels  | Victory | Revolt supressed
Division of the Afsharid Empire

(1747–1796)

* Civil War between Afsharid and Qajar
* 1st Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1749–51)
* Battle of Kirkhbulakh
* 2nd Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)

|  Afsharid dynasty

Supported by:

* Khorasanies
* Iranian Azerbaijanis
* Iranian Nobility
* Kurds

* * *

Qara Bayat Amirdom

Khozeimeh Amirdom

|  Safavid dinasty

Supported by:

* Kurds
* Arabs
* Turkics
* Jalayrids

Zand dynasty

Supported by:

* Western Iranians

* * *

Qajar dynasty

Supported by:

* Oghuz Turks
* Iranians
* Ulama

* * *

Other war-lords and factions

* * *

Durrani Empire

Supported by:

* Afghans
* Khanate of Kalat

* * *

Georgians

* Kartli-Kakheti
* Imereti

Supported by:

* Russian Empire

| Regime change |

* Adil Shah is deposed by his brother Ebrahim Afshar, who in turn is deposed by Shahrokh Shah (who also defeated Suleiman II's Safavid followers) and it's Ashfarids domains are reduced to Khorasan and Eastern Iran.
* Karim Khan Zand gets the control of Western Iran (after deposing Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari, who conquered Isfahan) in the nominal name of Ismail III's Safavid followers.
* Then Mohammad Khan Qajar defeats Zands and Afsharids, becoming the Shah of Iran after re-unificating most of the realm.
* Ahmad Shah Durrani stablish the Durrani Empire and independizates Afghanistan from the Iranian realm.
* Treaty of Georgievsk between the separatist Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Russian Empire.

|  |  |  |
Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)

* Sack of Tun (1754)
* Sack of Tabas (1754)
* Siege of Mashhad
* Siege of Nishapur

|  Afsharids

Qara Bayat Amirdom

Qajar dynasty

| Durrani Empire

Khanate of Kalat

| Defeat | Afghan dominance in the region
Zand dynasty
(1751–1779)
Campaign against Azad Khan
(1754–1762)  |  Zand dynasty |  Azad Khan Afghan | Victory | Azad Khan's surrender
Bajalan uprising
(1755)  |  Zand dynasty | Bajalan Tribe (Kurds)[77] Bajalan Tribe[78] | Victory | Uprising uppressed
Battle of Astarabad (1759) |  Zand dynasty |  Qajar Dynasty | Victory | Zand captures Astarabad.
Zand-Dutch War

(1765)

|  Zand dynasty |  Dutch colonial empire

* Dutch East India Company

| Victory | Kharg Island reconquered by Persia and destruction of Fort Mosselstein
Ottoman-Persian War of 1775
(1775–1776)  |  Zand dynasty |  Ottoman Empire | Victory | Persia captures Basra.
Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain

(1782–1783)

|  Persia

* Bushehr

|  Sheikhdom of Kuwait

Zubarah

| Defeat | Al Khalifa annexes Bahrain into its sheikhdom.
Siege of Kerman
(1794)

* Part of Qajar–Zand Wars

|  Zand dynasty |  Qajar Dynasty | Defeat

(Regime change)

| Qajars conquer and sack Kerman.

## Qajar Persia

[edit]

Conflict  | Iran (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Qajar dynasty
(1785–1925)
Battle of Krtsanisi
(1795)  |  Qajar Iran |  Kartli-Kakheti
Imereti | Victory | Tbilisi captured and sacked by Iranians. Persian reconquest of the Caucasus and Georgia. Then, for reunificating all Persian provinces, Agha Mohammad is formally crowned Shah in 1796 in the Mughan plain.[79]
Persian Expedition
(1796)  |  Qajar Iran |  Russian Empire | Victory |

* Tactical Russian victory
* Strategic Persian victory
* Russian withdrawal after the death of Catherine II

Russo-Persian War of 1804
(1804–1813),

* Part of Napoleonic Wars and Russian conquest of the Caucasus

|  Qajar Iran

Supported by:

* French Empire[citation needed]
* Ottoman Empire

|  Russian Empire Supported by:

* British Empire

| Defeat | Treaty of Gulistan. Iran irrevocably cedes most of its Caucasus territories (Dagestan, Georgia, and most of the Azerbaijan Republic) to Russia.
Battle of Izki

(1808)

* Part of Saudi invasion of Oman

|  Omani Empire

Qajar Iran[80]

|  Emirate of Diriyah

* Allied Arabian tribes

| Defeat | Samail Fort captured by Saudi forces, who also sacked Muttrah.
Battle of Kafir Qala

(1818)

* Part of Herati-Qajar Wars

|  Qajar Iran |  Durrani Empire | Inconclusive | Both armies retreated
Ottoman–Persian War of 1821
(1821–1823)  |  Qajar Iran |  Ottoman Empire | Victory | Treaty of Erzurum, status quo ante bellum
Russo-Persian War of 1826
(1826–1828)  |  Qajar Iran |  Russian Empire | Defeat | Treaty of Turkmenchay. Iran irrevocably cedes its last Caucasus territories comprising parts of the contemporary nation of Azerbaijan that were not ceded in 1813, as well as all of what is the current Republic of Armenia.
Rawanduz Revolt
(1829–1835)  |  Qajar Iran |  Soran Emirate | Defeat | Qajar lose control of Iranian Kurdistan, which is the current Mukriyan region.
Siege of Herat
(1837–1838)

* Part of Great Game

|  Qajar Iran

Supported by:

Russian Empire

Principality of Qandahar

|  Emirate of Herat

East India Company

Supported by:

British Empire

Aimaq tribesmen

Maimana Khanate

Andkhui Khanate

Sheberghan Khanate

Sar-i Pul Khanate

Bukhara Emirate

Khiva Khanate[81]

| Defeat | Successful Persian siege at Herat; breach eventually repelled; temporary British occupation of Kharg Island; Persian withdrawal from Herat
First British occupation of Bushehr

(1838)

|  Qajar Iran |  British Empire | Victory | British expelled
Battle of Fort Tabarsi

(1848–1849)

|  Qajar Iran | Bábís | Victory | Successful repression
Siege of Herat

(1856)

|  Qajar Iran |  Emirate of Herat

Supported by:

United Kingdom

Afghanistan

| Victory | Successful siege of Herat; continued occupation until Persia's compliance with the Treaty of Paris; installment of Sultan Ahmad Khan as puppet ruler of Herat
Anglo-Persian War
(1856–1857)

* Second British occupation of Bushehr

|  Qajar Iran |  United Kingdom

* East India Company

Afghanistan

| Defeat | Persian force occupies and later withdraws from Herat.

Treaty of Paris (1857) is signed

Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah

(1879–1880)

|  Ottoman Empire

Qajar Iran

Supported by:

Austria-Hungary

* Austro-Hungarian military mission in Persia

| Kurdish tribes | Victory | Successful repression
Tobacco Protest

(1890–1891)

|  Qajar Iran

Limited support: British Empire

| Iranian Protesters:

* Bazaari
* Ulama (Mullah and Marja')

Limited support:

Russian Empire

| Defeat | Tobacco Régie is abolished.
Ottoman incursion into Persia[82]

(1905)

|  Sublime State of Persia |  Ottoman Empire | Inconclusive | Increase of territorial conflicts between both empires.
Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)

* Russian Invasion of Tabriz

|  Qajar Iran

* Shahrbani
* Shahsevan

Supported by:

Russian Empire

* Persian Cossack Brigade

| Iranian constitutionalists

* Parliament

Supported by:

Ottoman Empire Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Iran | Stalemate |

* Constitutional monarchy and Parliament
* Persian Constitution of 1906
* Triumph of Tehran
* Russian occupation of northern Iran until 1917

Ottoman invasion of Persia

(1906)

|  Sublime State of Persia |  Ottoman EmpireKurdish tribes | Defeat | Ottomans (with Kurdish allies) succes to invade Iranian Azerbaijan and Luristan, occupying Behik, Serdasht, Bani, Khanajin, Urmia, Gangachin, Mahabad, Khoy.
Revolt of Salar-al-Daulah

(1911–1913)

|  Qajar Iran | Forces of Salar-al-Daulah  | Victory | Rebellion suppressed
Swedish intervention in Persia

(1911–1916)

* Shiraz expedition

|  Qajar Iran

Sweden[83]

| Anti-Qajar insurgents  | Victory |

* Anti-Qajar rebellions are suppressed.
* The Swedish government quits in 1916 due to its neutrality on World War I. However, Swedes volunteers continued to serve in the Persian Gendarmerie until 1921.

Revolt of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar[84]

(1911)

|  Sublime State of Persia | Forces of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar

Supported by:

Russian Empire

| Victory | The Shah is expelled against from the country.
Persian Campaign
(1914–1918)

* Part of World War I

|  Qajar Iran

* Qashqai tribesmen
* Tangistani tribesmen
* Laristani tribesmen

* * *

Jungle Movement |  Russian Empire

* Armenian volunteer units

British Empire

* British Raj

Assyrian volunteers

* * *

Ottoman Empire

* Shekak tribesmen

German Empire

| Stalemate |

* Occupation of Iran by Anglo-Russian and Ottoman troops
* Ottoman withdrawal after signing of Armistice of Mudros
* Persian famine of 1917–1919

Jungle Movement insurrection on Gilan (1915–1921)

* Part of the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War

|  Qajar Iran

* Persian Cossack Brigade

* * *

Russian Empire (1915–1917)

* White movement (since 1920)

British Empire

| Jungle revolutionaries

* Persian Socialist Soviet Republic

Supported by:
Soviet Russia (since 1920)

* Soviet Caspian Flotilla

| Victory |

* Revolt suppressed
* Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement forces the retreat of Bolsheviks from northern Iran.

Yarahmadzai uprising

(1916–1934)

|  Qajar and Pahlavi Iran

Supported by: British Empire

* British Raj

| Yarahmadzai tribe

Supported by: German Empire (until 1918)

| Victory | Balochistan is pacified and partitioned between Iran and British India.
Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)

* Part of Assyrian genocide

|  Qajar and Pahlavi Iran

Assyrian levies[85] Assyrian volunteers[86]

| Irregular Kurdish militias

Supported by:

Ottoman Empire

| Victory | Revolt suppressed
Mohammad Khiabani's uprising (1920)  |  Qajar Iran

* Persian Cossack Brigade

| Mohammad Khiabani's forces

Azerbaijan rebels

| Victory | Revolt suppressed
Pessian's Khorasan Revolt (1921)[87] |  Qajar Iran

* Irregular Kurdish militias
* Persian Cossack Brigade

|  Autonomous Government of Khorasan

* Khans of Khorasan

| Victory | Revolt suppressed after the death of Mohammad Taqi Pessian
1921 Persian coup d'état (1921)  |  Qajar Iran

* * *

Jangalis

Simko Kurdish rebels  Colonel Pesian's forces

Supported by: Soviet Union

| Persian Cossack Brigade
Supported by:

United Kingdom

| Defeat |

* Power takeover by Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabaee
* Suppression of Colonel Pessian's revolt and dissolution of the Autonomous Government of Khorasan
* Dissolution of the Republic of Gilan
* Continuing conflict with Simko Shikak until 1922
* Deterioration of Persian control over Sheikh Khazal's Emirate of Muhammara until 1925

Sheikh Khazal rebellion (1922–1924)  |  Qajar and Pahlavi Iran |  Sheikhdom of Mohammerah

Bakhtiari tribesmen

Arab separatists

Supported by:

United Kingdom

| Victory |

* Rebellious Arab forces disbanded
* Bakhtiaris defeated
* Khazal arrested
* Sheikhdom of Mohammerah abolished
* Reza Khan re-established full control over the Emirate of Muhammara.

Turkoman Rebellion in Eastern Iran (1924–1926)[88]

(1924–1926)

|  Sublime State of Persia

loyalist Kurdish tribes

* Quchan Kurds

Supported by:

United Kingdom

| Turkmen rebels

rebel Kurdish tribes

* Shadillu Kurds

Supported by:

Soviet Union[89]

| Victory | Rebellion suppressed and Soviet plans to stablish a Turkic protectorate are avoided.

## Pahlavi Iran

[edit]

Conflict  | Iran (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Pahlavi dynasty
(1925–1979)
Simko Shikak revolt (1926) |  Iran

Assyrian volunteers
Assyrian levies

| Irregular Kurdish militias

* Shikak tribesmen
* Herki tribesmen
* Begzadeh tribesmen

| Victory | Revolt suppressed; Simko Shikak fled to Mandatory Iraq
Persian conquest of West Baluchistan[90][91][92][93]

(1928–1935)

* part of Yarahmadzai uprising

|  Iran | West Baluchistan | Victory | Iranian authority on West Bauchistan is reinforced-
Persian tribal uprisings of 1929

(1929–1933)

|  Iran | Rebel tribes

* Qashqai
* Khamseh
* Buyir Ahmadi
* Bakhtiari

| Victory | Iranian government offered amnesties and most rebel leaders surrendered then. The rest gets a peace agreement.
Jafar Sultan revolt (1931)  |  Iran | Jafar Sultan's Kurdish rebels  | Victory | Revolt suppressed
Goharshad Mosque rebellion

(1935)

|  Iran | Bazaaris

Shia clergy

| Victory | Iranian government impose the Kashf-e hijab and other anticlerical reforms against the Shias to Westernize Iran. Further de-Islamization and continuation of claims by the clergy about heretical innovations in the government.
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
(1941)

* Part of World War II

|  Iran

* * *

Nazi Germany (Abwehr)  |  Soviet Union
United Kingdom

* India

Australia

| Defeat | Abdication of Rezā Shāh, Allied occupation of Iran and expulsion of German intelligence in Iran.
Hama Rashid revolt (1941–1944)  |  Iran | Kurdish tribesmen  | Victory | Hama Rashid driven into Iraq
Operation François

(1943)

|  Iran

Supported by:
Soviet Union
United Kingdom

|  Nazi Germany (Abwehr)

Qashqai people

| Victory | The Germans fail to instigate a nomadic rebellion in the Persian Corridor.
Khuzestan revolt[94]

(1943)

|  Iran |  Khuzistan rebels

Supported by: Arab nationalist

| Victory | Revolt suppressed.
Iran Crisis of 1946
(1945–1946)  |  Iran |  Mahabad
Azerbaijan
Supported by:
Soviet Union | Victory | Dissolution of Mahabad and Azerbaijan
Abadan Crisis

(1951–1954)

* Timeline of the Abadan Crisis
* 1953 Iranian coup d'état

|  Iranian State (Majlis)

Supported by:

* Tudeh Party of Iran
* National Front (Iran)

|  United Kingdom

* British military network in Iran

Supported by: United States Iranian opposition:

* House of Pahlavi
* Society of Muslim Warriors

| Stalemate |

* Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry. Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case rejected
* Overthrow of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh.
* Nissho Maru Incident between Japan and United Kingdom.

First Iraqi–Kurdish War

(1961–1970)

|  KDP

Supported by:

Iran

Israel[95]

United States (alleged)[96]

| Before 1968:

Republic of Iraq

Syria (1963)[97]

* * *

After 1968:

Ba'athist Iraq

| Stalemate |

* Several Iraqi offensives intended to suppress the Kurdish rebellion fail.
* Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970
* Arabization program continued

Dhofar Rebellion
(1963–1976)[98] |  Iran
Oman |  PFLOAG
PFLO | Victory | Defeat of insurgents, modernization of Oman
1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran (1967)  |  Iran | Revolutionary Committee leadership:

* KDP-I

| Victory | Kurdish revolt suppressed:
Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–present)

* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency

|  Pakistan

Forces involved:

*     * Pakistan Armed Forces
* Pakistan Army (until 2008, again from 2024)[99][100][101]
* Pakistan Air Force
* Pakistan Navy
* Special Forces:
* SSG
* SSW
* SSG-N
* Pakistan Marines
* Civil Armed Forces
* Frontier Corps[102]
* Frontier Corps Balochistan (North)
* Frontier Corps Balochistan (South)
* Pakistan Coast Guards
* Pakistan Levies
* Frontier Constabulary
* Pakistan Police
* Balochistan Police
* Counter Terrorism Department
* Balochistan Levies
* Pakistani Intelligence community
* NACTA
* ISI
* MI
* FIA

* * *

Iran[103]

Forces involved:

*     * Iranian Armed Forces
* Artesh (since 1979)
* Ground Forces
* Air Force
* Navy
* Special forces:
* NOHED Brigade
* 3rd Marine Brigade
* IRGC (since 1980)
* Ground Forces
* Aerospace Force
* Navy
* Basij
* Special forces:
* Saberin Takavar Brigade
* 110th Salman Farsi Special Operations Brigade
* Sepah Navy Special Force
* Iranian police
* Border Guard (since 2000)
* Ministry of Intelligence
* Imperial Iranian Army (until 1979)

|  Baloch separatist factions

*     * BLA
* Majeed Brigade
* Fateh Squad
* BLF
* Baloch Raaji Aajoi Sangar [citation needed]
* LeB (inactive)
* BLUF (2009–2010)
* BSO (Azad) (inactive)
* BNA (2022–2023)
* BRA (2006–2022)
* UBA (2013–2022)
* Other Baloch Separatist groups

* * *

Sectarian factions

* Ansar Al-Furqan (since 2013)
* Jaysh al-Adl (since 2012)
* Harakat Ansar (2012–13)
* Hizbul-Furqan (2012–13)[104]
* Jundallah (2003–12)[citation needed]
* Islamic State (since 2014)[105]
* IS-KP (since 2015)[106]
* IS-PP (since 2019)[107][106]
* Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (since 2007)
* Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (1996-2024)[108]
* Sipah-e-Sahaba (1985-2018)[108]

Supported by:

India (to Baloch Nationalists only)
Afghanistan (alleged, denied)

| Ongoing | Ongoing

* Extension of the conflict into Iran[109]
* Operation Azm-e-Istehkam continuous
* Low-level insurgency in intensifies

Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs

(1971)

* Part of Unification of the United Arab Emirates

|  Iran |  Emirate of Sharjah

Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah

| Victory |

* Iran captures Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs, which started a territorial dispute.
* Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah joins the United Arab Emirates.

Second Iraqi–Kurdish War

(1974–1975)

|  KDP

Iran

Soviet Union[110]

Supported by:

Israel[111]

United States[112]

|  Iraq | Defeat |

* Peshmerga fighting ability destroyed
* Iran withdrew its support for KDP

Arvand Conflict
(1974–1975)  |  Iran |  Iraq | Victory |

* 1975 Algiers Agreement
* Iran consolidates control over the Shatt al-Arab/Arvand Rud waterway
* Tensions between Iran and Iraq over the disputed waterway and border escalate into a full-scale war in 1980

## Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)

[edit]

Conflict  | Iran (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Iranian Revolution
(1978–1979)

* Part of the Constitutionalization attempts in Iran and the Cold War

Revolutionary Council

* * *

Islamist Opposition

* Combatant Clergy Association
* Islamic Association of Students
* Islamic Association of Teachers
* Islamic Association of Engineers
* Islamic Association of Physicians
* Islamic Coalition Societies
* Fada'iyan-e Islam
* Mojahedin

* * *

Liberal Democratic Opposition

* Freedom Movement of Iran
* National Front
* JAMA
* Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan
* Confederation of Iranian Students

* * *

Leftist Opposition

* Mojahedin-e-Khalq
* Fadaiyan-e-Khalq
* Tudeh Party
* Sarbedaran
* Peykar
* Movement of Militant Muslims
* Razmandegan
* Worker's Way
* Komalah
* Union of Communist Militants

Imperial State of Iran

* * *

Pro-Shah Groups

* Regency Council[a]
* Rastakhiz Party (until 1 November 1978)
* Imperial Army[b]
* Imperial Guard
* SAVAK
* Shahrbani
* Gendarmerie

| Revolutionaries' victory |

Revolutionaries' victory

* Overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the monarchy
* End of Pahlavi Iran
* Establishment of an Interim Government
* Constitution of the Islamic Republic replaced Persian Constitution of 1906 with referendum
* Ruhollah Khomeini becomes the Supreme Leader
* Iran hostage crisis
* Beginning of the Iran–Iraq War in 1980
* Hijab for all women by law
* 1979 oil crisis
* Massive exile that characterizes a large portion of today's Iranian diaspora
* Islamic revival worldwide[113]
* International sanctions against Iran
* Anti-Americanist regime change
* Iran designated state sponsor of terrorism
* Nojeh coup plot
* Start of the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* The Islamic Republic of Iran cuts all ties with Israel, which would later evolve into the Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Aftermath of the Iranian Revolution
(1979–1983[114])

* Part of the Cold War

Political:

* Islamic Republican Party
* Combatant Clergy Association
* Islamic Coalition Society

Armed groups:

* Armed Forces
* Artesh (Army)
* IRGC

* Revolutionary Committees
* Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization
* Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line
| Political only:

* Freedom Movement
* National Front
* JAMA
* Movement of Militant Muslims
* Nation Party
* Muslim People's Republic Party
* National Democratic Front
* National Resistance Movement of Iran
* Pan-Iranist Party
* Azadegan

Armed groups:

* MEK
* Tudeh Party
* Peykar
* Furqan
* NEQAB
* Union of Iranian Communists
* Union of Communist Militants
* Workers' Way
* Fedaian (majority)
* Fedaian (minority)
* Fedai Guerrillas
* Laborers' Party
* Turkmen People's Cultural and Political Society

* * *

Separatists:

* KDPI
* Komala
* DRFLA
* PFLA
* AFLA

* * *

Iraq

| Islamic Republican Party victory[114] |

Islamic Republican Party victory[114]

* Ruhollah Khomeini consolidates power
* Referendum and establishment of Islamic Republic of Iran
* Iran hostage crisis and resignation of the Provisional Revolutionary Government
* Rebellions in Kordestan, Khuzestan, Khorasan and Baluchistan suppressed
* NEQAB coup d'état failed
* Impeachment and exile of Abolhassan Banisadr
* Crackdown on opposition and political opposition parties banned
* Implementation of the "Iranian Cultural Revolution"
* Hijab for all women by law
* Iran–Iraq War commences (and continues until 1988)
* Armed opposition largely marginalized; low-level insurgency continues

1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
(1979-1996)

* Part of the Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution, Iran-Iraq War, and Kurdish separatism in Iran

Interim Government

* * *

Islamic Republic of Iran (1980−83)

KDP-I
Komala
IPFG
OIPFG (Minority)[115][116]
Sipay Rizgari

* * *

Supported by: Iraq[117]

| Iranian victory |

Iranian victory

* Iranian forces mostly diverted to the Iran–Iraq War front since late 1980
* Pockets of KDPI resistance remained until 1996[116]

1979 Khuzestan insurgency
(1979)

* Part of the Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution and Arab separatism in Khuzestan

Interim Government
Islamic Republic of Iran (From 6 November)

DRFLA
APCO
PFLA
AFLA
Supported by:
Iraq[118]

| Iranian victory |

Iranian victory

* Uprising quelled
* DRFLA siege of Iranian embassy in 1980

Iran–Iraq War
(1980–1988)

* Part of the Cold War, the aftermath of the Iranian revolution, the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

|  Iran

* * *

KDP
PUK
ISCI
Islamic Dawa Party
Hezbollah[119]
Shia volunteers[c]

|  Iraq

* * *

DRFLA[126][127]
MEK
NCRI
PDKI[128]
Salvation Force[129]
Arab volunteers [d]

| Inconclusive[e] |

Inconclusive[f]

* Status quo ante bellum[g]

KDPI–Komala conflict
(1984−1991)  |  Iran |  KDP-I

* * *

Komala | Victory | Both armed forces debilitate and Iran maintain control of Iranian Kurdistan.
KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) |  Iran |  KDP-I | Victory | KDPI announces unilateral cease-fire in 1996.
Arab civil unrest and insurgency on Khuzestan

(1999−2020)

* Part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

|  Iran |

* ASMLA[138]
* NLMA
* Ansar Al-Furqan[139]

Supported by:

* Iraq (until 2003)
* Saudi Arabia

| Victory | Revolts suppressed
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)

* United States invasion of Afghanistan
* 2001 uprising in Herat
* Part of War on terror

|  United States

United Kingdom
Northern Alliance
Canada
Italy
Germany
Australia
New Zealand
Iran (until 2002)

|  Taliban

* Haqqani Network

Al-Qaeda

* 055 Brigade

Foreign fighters  | Defeat | Taliban victory

* Taliban control over Afghanistan increases compared to pre-intervention territory
* Iran quits the coalition and forms the Axis of Resistance after the Axis of evil speech, ending its collaboration with the US coalition.

Third Balochistan Conflict
(2004–present)[140] |  Pakistan

Forces involved:

*     * Pakistan Armed Forces
* Pakistan Army (until 2008, again from 2024)[99][100][101]
* Pakistan Air Force
* Pakistan Navy
* Special Forces:
* SSG
* SSW
* SSG-N
* Pakistan Marines
* Civil Armed Forces
* Frontier Corps[102]
* Frontier Corps Balochistan (North)
* Frontier Corps Balochistan (South)
* Pakistan Coast Guards
* Pakistan Levies
* Frontier Constabulary
* Pakistan Police
* Balochistan Police
* Counter Terrorism Department
* Balochistan Levies
* Pakistani Intelligence community
* NACTA
* ISI
* MI
* FIA

* * *

Iran[103]

Forces involved:

*     * Iranian Armed Forces
* Artesh (since 1979)
* Ground Forces
* Air Force
* Navy
* Special forces:
* NOHED Brigade
* 3rd Marine Brigade
* IRGC (since 1980)
* Ground Forces
* Aerospace Force
* Navy
* Basij
* Special forces:
* Saberin Takavar Brigade
* 110th Salman Farsi Special Operations Brigade
* Sepah Navy Special Force
* Iranian police
* Border Guard (since 2000)
* Ministry of Intelligence
* Imperial Iranian Army (until 1979)

|  Baloch separatist factions

*     * BLA
* Majeed Brigade
* Fateh Squad
* BLF
* Baloch Raaji Aajoi Sangar [citation needed]
* LeB (inactive)
* BLUF (2009–2010)
* BSO (Azad) (inactive)
* BNA (2022–2023)
* BRA (2006–2022)
* UBA (2013–2022)
* Other Baloch Separatist groups

* * *

Sectarian factions

* Ansar Al-Furqan (since 2013)
* Jaysh al-Adl (since 2012)
* Harakat Ansar (2012–13)
* Hizbul-Furqan (2012–13)[104]
* Jundallah (2003–12)[citation needed]
* Islamic State (since 2014)[105]
* IS-KP (since 2015)[106]
* IS-PP (since 2019)[107][106]
* Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (since 2007)
* Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (1996–2024)[108]
* Sipah-e-Sahaba (1985–2018)[108]

| Ongoing[141][142] |

* Extension of the conflict into Iran[143]
* Operation Azm-e-Istehkam continuous in Pakistan

Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
(2004–present)  |  Iran

* Iranian Armed Forces
* Artesh (since 1979)
* Ground Forces
* Air Force
* Navy
* Special forces:
* NOHED Brigade
* 3rd Marine Brigade
* IRGC (since 1980)
* Ground Forces
* Aerospace Force
* Navy
* Basij
* Special forces:
* Saberin Takavar Brigade
* 110th Salman Farsi Special Operations Brigade
* Sepah Navy Special Force
* Iranian police
* Border Guard (since 2000)
* Ministry of Intelligence
* Imperial Iranian Army (until 1979)

* Current:
* Jaish ul-Adl (2013–present)
* Ansar Al-Furqan (2013–present)
* BLA[98]
* BLF[98]

* Former:
* Jundallah (2004–2011)
* Harakat Ansar (2012–2013)

| Ongoing | Ongoing insurgency
Iran–PJAK Conflict
(2004–present)  |  Iran
Turkey |  PJAK | Ongoing | PJAK withdraws from Iranian territory
Afghanistan–Iran border skirmishes

(2007–2023)

* 2009 Afghanistan–Iran clash
* 2021 Afghanistan–Iran clashes
* 2023 Afghanistan–Iran clash
* part of Afghan conflict

|  Iran |  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Afghanistan | Stalemate | Status quo ante bellum
Syrian Civil War
(2013–2024)

* Iranian intervention in Syria
* Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war
* Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war
* Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon
* Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war
* part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Hezbollah–Israel conflict and War against the Islamic State

|  Iran
Ba'athist Syria (2011–2024)
Hezbollah
Russia |  Free Syrian Army
Islamic Front
Supported By:
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
Qatar

* * *

al-Nusra Front
Islamic State

* * *

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

* * *

Israel | Defeat |

* Islamic State in Syria defeated near the end of 2017.
* Assad regime falls and Iranian forces withdraw after 2024 Syrian opposition offensives.
* Beginning of resistance by SSNP and allies against Israel after the occupation of Quneitra Governorate.

War in Iraq
(2013–2017)

* Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
* part of War against the Islamic State

|  Iraq
Peshmerga
Iran
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Badr Organization
Hezbollah
Kata'ib Hezbollah
Kata'ib al-Imam Ali

* Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam

United States

|  Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant

* * *

Naqshbandi Army[citation needed] | Victory | Iraqi government and allied victory against ISIL

Iran played a significant role in this victory. End of ISIL territorial control in Iraq; ongoing ISIL insurgency

Western Iran clashes (2016–present)

* Part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

|  Iran |  PDKI

PJAK

Komala

PAK

Khebat

| Ongoing | Restart of armed resistance against the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, eastern Kurdistan has not yet become a Kurdish state.
Islamic State insurgency in Iraq

(2017–present)

* Part of Iraqi conflict

|  Iraq

* Pro-Government Tribes (ar)[144]

Rojava (cross-border cooperation since May 2018)[145]

Supported by:

CJTF-OIR (until 2021)

* United States
* United Kingdom
* France

* * *

Iran[146]

Russia[citation needed]

* * *

Kurdistan Region

* Peshmerga

Supported by:

Netherlands[147]

|  Islamic State

White Flags

| Ongoing |

* Continue of the conflict against Islamic State
* 2019–2021 Iraqi protests against Iranian influence
* Clashes between US and Iran and allies due to

Gaza war

(2023–present)

* 2023 Israel–Lebanon border clashes
* 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria
* 2024 Iran–Israel conflict
* Red Sea crisis
* Part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) and Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

|  Hamas
Iran (until 2025)
Supported by:

Axis of Resistance:

* Ba'athist Syria (until 2024)[citation needed]
* Houthis[148]
* Hezbollah[149][150]
* Islamic Resistance in Iraq[151]
* Badr Organization[149]
* True Promise Corps[149]

|  Israel
Supported by:

* United States[152]
* United Kingdom[152]
* France[153]

Only intelligence support:

* Saudi Arabia[154][155]
* United Arab Emirates[154][155]

| Ongoing |

* Iranian proxy groups initiate offensives against US military bases. Hamas is severely weakened.[156]
* Entire leadership of Hezbollah wiped off and the organization is severely contained with a lot of their arms and military assets destroyed or dismantled.[157]
* Economic and military loss to Houthi with both their ports and airport destroyed.
* The pro-Iranian government of Syria is overthrown and is replaced by Ahmad al-Sharaa who is in talks with joining the Abraham Accords.[158]

Iran–Israel war

(2025)

*     * United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites
* part of Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)

|  Iran
Houthi movement[159][160]
Supported by:

* Hamas[161]
* Hezbollah[161]
* Islamic Resistance in Iraq[162][163]

|  Israel
United States[164] Supported by:

* France[165]
* Iranian opposition[166][167]

Only defensive support:

* Jordan[168]
* Saudi Arabia[169]
* Qatar[170]
* Iraq[171]

| Ceasefire |

* Ceasefire was mediated by the United States and Qatar.
* Suspension of 2025 United States–Iran negotiations.
* Houthis increase it's hostility to Israel[172] and USA.[173]
* Iranian opposition to the Ayatollah Ali Khameini increase,[174][175] also against Zionist and American agressions.[176][177][178]
* Iran nuclear sites destroyed which was one of the main objective of Israel.[179]

### Minor conflicts, proxy wars, military incidents and alleged interventions

[edit]

Conflict  | Iran (and allies)  | Opponents  | Results  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

(11 February 1979–present)

* 1987 Mecca incident
* Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain
* Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon
* 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
* Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war
* 2015 Mina stampede
* 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution
* 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran
* part of the post–Cold War era, Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Iran–Turkey proxy conflict, and Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict

Iran

Proxies:[204]

* Hezbollah Al-Hejaz[180]
* Syrian Popular Resistance (since 2024)[181]
* OIRAP[182](1979–1988)[183]
* Liwa Fatemiyoun[184]
* Houthis[185]
* Syria (until 2024)[186][187]
* Popular Mobilization Forces[188][189][190]
* Al-Ashtar Brigades[191]
* Al-Mukhtar Brigades[192]
* Hezbollah[193][194]
* Hamas[195][196]
* Hüseynçilər[197]
* Muslim Brotherhood[198][199]
* Liwa Zainebiyoun[200][201]
* IMN[202]
* Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan[203]

Saudi Arabia

Proxies:

* FSA (until 2017)[205][187]
* Syria (since 2024)
* KDPI[206][207]
* Jaish ul-Adl[208]
* PJAK[209]
* Komala[209]
* LNA[210][211][212]
* ANR[213]
* ASMLA[214]
* PNA[215]
* PAK[216]
* Yemen[217]
* JRTN (from 2006)[218][219][220]
* LF[221][222]
* MEK[223][224][215][225]
* Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan

| Ongoing |

Ongoing

Assadist–Saddamist conflict

(22 July 1979–2024)

* part of the Arab Cold War (until 1990), Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (until 1990), Iraq–Syria relations, and Shia–Sunni conflict (until 1990)

Assadists

* Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
* Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
* Assadists in Iraq
* Al-Awda (alleged)
* Assadists in other Arab states

* Ba'athist Syria (until 2024)
* Syrian Popular Resistance (from 2024)

Supported by:

*     * Iran
* Hezbollah
* Iraq (from 2004)
* Popular Mobilization Forces
* Badr Organization
* ISCI
* Iraqi Shia militias
* Dawa
* Kurdistan Region/Peshmerga
* KDP
* PUK
* Libya (until 1987)
* North Korea
* Soviet Union[226][227] (until 1991)
* Russia (from 2000s)
* PLO (factions)
* SSNP
* DFLP
* Houthis (until 2023)[228]
* South Yemen[229][230][231] (until 1990)

Saddamists

* Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
* Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
* Saddamists in Syria[232]
* Saddamists in other Arab states

* Ba'athist Iraq (until 2003)
* JRTN (from 2006)

Supported by:

*     * MEK[233] (until 2003)
* United States (until 1990)
* United Kingdom (until 1990)
* West Germany[234][50][235] (until 1990)
* Italy[58] (until 1990)
* Egypt[236] (until 1990)
* Saudi Arabia (until 1990)
* Kuwait (until 1990)
* Jordan
* France
* Libya (from 1990s, limited legal support[237])
* Soviet Union (until 1991)
* North Yemen (until 1990)
* Lebanese Forces (from 1980) [238]
* Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
* Free Syrian Army
* PLO (factions)

Inconclusive

Inconclusive

* Saddamists ousted from power in Iraq in 2003
* Assadists ousted from power in Syria in 2024

Qatif conflict

(1979–present)

* part of the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Anti-Shia discrimination in Saudi Arabia, Arab Spring and the Shia-Sunni conflict

Iran-backed Shia militants (1980s–1990s)[239]

* Organization for the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula (1979–91)[239]
* Hezbollah Al-Hejaz (1987–present; mostly inactive since 1990s)[240]

Saudi Shia civilians

Saudi Arabian Government

* Saudi Arabian National Guard
* Presidency of State Security
* Saudi Police

| Ongoing low-intensity conflict |

Ongoing low-intensity conflict

* Violence ceased

Multinational Force in Lebanon

(1982–1984)

* Part of Lebanese Civil War

| Islamic Jihad Organization

Iran Syria Progressive Socialist Party Amal Movement

United States
France
Italy
United Kingdom

| Stalemate | Syrian Allied victory[241]

* Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into Syrian- or Israeli- supported militias[242]
* Multinational forces evacuated after the US embassy and US Marine barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization
* Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization
* Humanitarian crisis in southern Lebanon
* Civil war continues until 1990
* President Hafez al-Assad continues his occupation of Lebanon until his son and later president Bashar al-Assad orders a withdrawal from the country

Tanker War

(1981−1988)

* Action of June 5, 1984
* Operation Earnest Will
* Operation Prime Chance
* Operation Praying Mantis
* part of Iran–Iraq War

Iran
Supported by:
Pakistan[243][244]

Iraq
Supported by:
United States
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait

| Defeat |

Iraqi coalition victory[245]

Iran–Israel proxy conflicts (1985[246]−present)

* Hezbollah–Israel conflict
* Karine A affair
* Francop Affair
* 2009 Sudan airstrikes
* Victoria Affair
* 2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip
* Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war
* Operation Full Disclosure
* Operation Northern Shield
* 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq
* 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis
* 2022 Erbil missile attacks
* 2023 Iran drone attacks
* 2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings
* part of the post–Cold War era, the Arab–Israeli conflict, the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, and the Iran–Turkey proxy conflict

Iran

Proxies:

* Hezbollah[247]
* Hamas[248][249] (2006–2011; 2017–present)
* Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (2013–present)[250][251]
* Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)[252][253]
* Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP–GC)[254] (2013–present)
* Sabireen Movement (until 2019)[255]
* Houthis[256]
* / Popular Mobilization Units[257][better source needed]
* National Defence Forces[258][259] (until 2024)
* Islamic Resistance in Iraq
* Liwa Fatemiyoun[260]
* Husseiniyoun[261]
* Liwa Zainebiyoun
* Al-Ashtar Brigades[262]

Support:

* Syria (until 2024)

Israel

Proxies:

* South Lebanon Army (until 2000)
* Fursan al-Joulan (2013–19)[263][264][265]
* Popular Forces of Palestine[266] (2024–)

Support:

* United States
* United Kingdom (Operation Iron Shield only)[152]
* France (Operation Iron Shield only)[153]

Ongoing

Ongoing

* Iran reinforces Syria and Hezbollah
* Israel tries to prevent weapon transfers to Hezbollah
* 2006 Lebanon War ends in military stalemate and Israeli withdrawal
* Beginning of the ongoing Gaza–Israel conflict in June 2006
* Israel tries to stop the Iranian nuclear program[267]
* Iran grows major spheres of influence in the Middle East[268]
* Formation of the Arab–Israeli alliance
* Iran provides munitions to Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) in the Gaza Strip
* Escalation to a direct conflict between the two countries in 2024 and 2025

1991 Iraqi uprisings

* Part of the aftermath of the Gulf War

Shia and leftist elements of opposition:

* SCIRI/Badr Brigades
* Dawa
* Communist Party
* Pro-Syrian Ba'athists
* Army deserters/defectors

* * *

Kurdish rebels:
Peshmerga:

* KDP
* PUK
* IMK
* CPK
* Jash deserters/defectors
* PDKI

* * *

Diplomatic Support:
United States[269]
Military Support
Iran[270]

Ba'athist Iraq

* Ba'ath Party
* Iraqi Army
* Republican Guard
* Special Republican Guard
* Popular Army
* General Security
* Intelligence Service
* Special Security

* * *

Support:
MEK

Iraqi government military victory

Iraqi government military victory

* Establishment of Kurdistan Region, facilitated by the imposition of the Iraqi no-fly zones by United States, United Kingdom and France

Iraqi Kurdish gets Kurdistan Region

Tajikistani Civil War

(1992– 1997)

* part of the post-Soviet conflicts and spillover of the Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)

* United Tajik Opposition
* Islamic Renaissance Party
* Tajik Democratic Party
* Party of People's Unity
* Rastokhez Popular Movement
* Lali Badakhshan

Afghanistan (until 1996)

*     * Jamiat-e Islami (until 1996)[271]

Supported by:

* al-Qaeda[272]
* Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
* Taliban
* Iran (alleged, denied by Iran)[273][274][275][276]

* / Tajikistan
* Popular Front of Tajikistan[277]
* Communist Party of Tajikistan
* Socialist Party of Tajikistan

/ Russia
Uzbekistan
/ Kazakhstan
/ Kyrgyzstan Supported by:
Belarus[278] (weapons supplies)
UNMOT

*     * Austria
* Bangladesh
* Bulgaria
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Ghana
* Hungary
* Indonesia
* Jordan
* Nepal
* Nigeria
* Poland
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* Uruguay

Armistice

Armistice

Iraqi insurgency

(2003-2011

* part of the Iraq War

|  United States
United Kingdom

MNF–I
(2003–09)

* United States (2003–09)
* United Kingdom (2003–09)
* Australia (2003–09)
* Romania (2003–09)
* Azerbaijan (2003–08)
* Kuwait (2003–08)
* Estonia (2003–09)
* El Salvador (2003–09)
* Bulgaria (2003–08)
* Moldova (2003–08)
* Albania (2003–08)
* Ukraine (2003–08)
* Denmark (2003–08)
* Czech Republic (2003–08)
* South Korea (2003–08)
* Singapore (2003–08)
* Croatia (2003–08)
* Bosnia and Herzegovina (2003–08)
* Republic of Macedonia (2003–08)
* Latvia (2003–08)
* Poland (2003–08)
* Kazakhstan (2003–08)
* Mongolia (2003–08)
* Georgia (2003–08)
* Tonga (2004–08)
* Japan (2004–08)
* Armenia (2005–08)
* Slovakia (2003–07)
* Lithuania (2003–07)
* Italy (2003–06)
* Norway (2003–06)
* Hungary (2003–05)
* Netherlands (2003–05)
* Portugal (2003–05)
* New Zealand (2003–04)
* Thailand (2003–04)
* Philippines (2003–04)
* Honduras (2003–04)
* Dominican Republic (2003–04)
* Spain (2003–04)
* Nicaragua (2003–04)
* Iceland (2003–unknown)

New Iraqi government

* Iraqi Armed Forces
* Iraqi Police
* Iraqi Kurdistan
* Peshmerga

Sons of Iraq
Badr Organization Supported by:
Iran[279][280]

* Artesh
* Quds Force

NATO

* NATO Training Mission – Iraq

Israel[281][282][283]
United Nations

* United Nations Security Council
* United Nations Secretariat
* United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq

* Ba'ath Party loyalists
* Fedayeen Saddam (2003 Only)
* Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation (from 2007)
* Naqshbandi Army (from 2006)
* Supported by:
* Syria[284]

* * *

* Sunni insurgents
* Al-Qaeda
* Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–06)
* Islamic State of Iraq[285] (from 2006)
* Islamic Army in Iraq
* Ansar al-Sunnah (2003–07)
* Iraqi Islamic Resistance Army
* other smaller groups
* Several Sunni Tribes

* * *

* Shia insurgents
* Mahdi Army (2003–2008)
* Special Groups
* Kata'ib Hezbollah
* Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
* Promised Day Brigades (from 2008)
* other smaller groups
* Several Shia Tribes
* Supported by:
* Iran[279][286]
* Iranian Army
* Quds Force

Inconclusive

Inconclusive

* 2003–2006 insurgency phase deteriorates into 2006–2008 civil war
* 20,000+ additional American soldiers deployed to Iraq to quell violence in troop surge of 2007
* Coalition failure to defeat Iraqi insurgency[287][288][289][290]
* End of American military presence in Iraq with 2007–2011 withdrawal
* Continued Iraqi conflict

Houthi insurgency

(2004–2014)

* part of the Yemeni crisis and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Houthi Movement
Yemen (pro-Saleh forces)
Alleged support by:
Iran[291][292]
North Korea[293][294][295]
Libya (until 2011)[296]

Yemen

* Security Forces
* Sunni tribes[297]
* Al-Islah militias

Saudi Arabia
Supported by:
Jordan[298]
Morocco[299]

* * *

al-Qaeda

* Ansar al-Sharia[300]

Houthi victory

Houthi victory

* Conflict escalates into a full-scale civil war with the Yemeni government and foreign intervention[301]
* Houthi rebels take over Sa'dah[302] and establish an independent administration in Sa'dah Governorate and parts of 'Amran, Al Jawf and Hajjah.[303]
* Houthis take control of Sanaa[304][305]
* Yemeni government under President Hadi relocated from Sanaa to Aden

2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel

(2004)

Navy of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution
Iranian Border Guard Command

British Royal Navy

| Victory | Victory

* British naval personnel arrested
* 3 patrol boats seized

2005 Ahvaz unrest (2005)

* part of Arab separatism in Khuzestan

Iranian Government

Iranian Arabs

| Victory | Unrest quelled
U.S. raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil

(2007)

* part of Iraq War

|  Iran

Iraqi Kurdistan

|  United States | Defeat |

* Iranian diplomats captured by the US
* Iranian retaliatory raids against the US

2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel

(2007)

Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
Border Guard Command

Royal Navy

| Victory |

* Two British boats seized
* 15 Royal Navy personnel captured

Insurgency in Bahrain (2011–present)

* part of 2011 Bahraini uprising and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Bahraini opposition Supported by:
Iran

Bahrain Supported by:
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates

Ongoing

Ongoing

Iran–Turkey proxy conflict

(2011–present)

* Kurdish Hezbollah insurgency
* 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
* Operation Claw-Sword
* 2021 Shia militia attacks on Turkey
* part of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Iran

Proxies

* Kurdistan Workers' Party
* PUK
* Kurdish Hezbollah
* Sinjar Alliance
* Hezbollah
* Popular Mobilization Forces
* Islamic Resistance in Iraq
* Houthi movement
* Husayniyun
* Libyan House of Representatives (sometimes)
* Muslim Brotherhood (sometimes)[306]
* Hamas (Axis of Resistance)

Support

* Armenia
* Russia
* Syria (until 2024)
* Iraq (sometimes)
* Rojava (sometimes)[307]
* India (sometimes)

Turkey

Proxies

* Syrian National Army
* Government of National Accord
* Libyan House of Representatives (sometimes)[308][309]
* Presidential Leadership Council
* GAMOH
* AMDT
* JAMAH
* Iraqi Turkmen Front
* National Council of Resistance of Iran
* KDP
* KDPI (1993–1995)
* Komala (1993–1995)
* Muslim Brotherhood (sometimes)
* Hamas (sometimes)

Support

* Azerbaijan
* Libya
* Palestinian Authority
* Qatar
* Syria (since 2024)
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Israel (sometimes)
* Lebanon (sometimes)
* Pakistan (sometimes)
* Saudi Arabia (sometimes)
* NATO
* OTS
* GCC (sometimes)

Ongoing

Ongoing

2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran |  United Kingdom

* Embassy at Tehran

Iran

| Anti-Western civilian protesters  | Stalemate | Defense of the Embassy is reinforced and Iranian government condemns the attacks.
2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute

(2011–2012)

Iran

United States
United Kingdom
France
Australia

| Stalemate |

* Iran threatens to close the Strait of Hormuz
* Multi-national flotilla established in Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea off coast of Iran
* EU sanctions enforced, banning the export of oil from Iran to the EU countries and freezing Iranian assets

2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident

(2016)

Iran

United States

| Inconclusive |

Sailors released unharmed 15 hours later after negotiations

2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict

(2017)

* part of the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict and the War in Iraq (2013–2017)

Iraq
Supported by:
Iran[310]

|  Kurdistan Regional Government

* * *

PKK[311]
PDKI[312]
PAK[313]

* * *

White Flags (alleged)[314] |

Iraqi victory

Iraqi victory

* Iraqi government forces defeat the Peshmerga and capture 20% of the territory controlled by the Kurdistan Region including the city of Kirkuk, along with the surrounding oil fields and border crossings.[315]

2018 attack on the Iranian Embassy in London |  Iran United Kingdom | The Mahdi Servants Union | Victory | Attackants were arrested
2022 Iran–Greece naval incident |  Iran

Supported by:

Russia

|  Greece

Supported by:

European Union

United States

| Inconclusive | The Greek seizure was lifted.

## See also

[edit]

* History of Iran
* Swedish intervention in Persia
* Military history of Iran
* Iranian expansionism
* Cyrus in Babylon and the Jewish connection
* List of massacres in Iran
* Greco-Persian Wars
* Roman–Persian Wars
* Parthian army
* Military of the Sasanian Empire
* List of Sasanian revolts and civil wars
* Göktürk–Persian wars
* Hephthalite–Persian Wars
* Aksumite–Persian wars
* Military of Safavid Iran
* Persian–Uzbek wars
* Ottoman–Persian Wars
* Military of Afsharid Iran
* Mughal–Persian Wars
* Russo-Persian Wars
* Persian Corridor (a.k.a. Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran)
* Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution (1979–1982/83)
* The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution
* Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Hybrid warfare against Iran
* Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
* Cyberwarfare and Iran
* List of Iranian assassinations
* Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
* Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war
* Iran-United States conflict
* Iranian influence operations in the UK

## Notes

[edit]

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1. ^ Regency Council was practically dissolved on 22 January 1979, when its head resigned to meet Ruhollah Khomeini.
2. ^ Imperial Iranian Army revoked their allegiance to the throne and declared neutrality on 11 February 1979.
3. ^ from:
* Afghanistan[120][121]
* Abuzar Brigade
* Iraq[122]
* Badr Organization
* Lebanon[123]
* Hezbollah
* Pakistan[124]
* Tehreek-e-Jafaria (Pakistan)
* Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan
* Kuwait[125]
* Bahrain[125]
* India[125]
4. ^ from:
* Egypt
* Jordan[130][131][132]
* Morocco
* North Yemen[133]
* Sudan[134][135]
* Tunisia
5. ^ Iraq claimed victory following a successful 1988 counter-offensive aimed at expelling Iranian forces from Iraq which compelled Iran to submit to a ceasefire the same year, and also due to the country becoming the dominant power in the Middle East as a result of the conflict. Iran also claimed victory for expelling Iraqi forces from Iran following 1982 offensives, despite failing in its later-goal to overthrow the Iraqi government and also despite suffering higher military and economic losses than Iraq.[136][137]
6. ^ Iraq claimed victory following a successful 1988 counter-offensive aimed at expelling Iranian forces from Iraq which compelled Iran to submit to a ceasefire the same year, and also due to the country becoming the dominant power in the Middle East as a result of the conflict. Iran also claimed victory for expelling Iraqi forces from Iran following 1982 offensives, despite failing in its later-goal to overthrow the Iraqi government and also despite suffering higher military and economic losses than Iraq.[136][137]
7. ^ After the war concluded, Iraq continued to maintain control over the entire Shatt al-Arab and other Iranian territories it had occupied along the border, covering an area of 9,600 km2. It was not until 16 August 1990 that Iraq agreed to return these occupied territories to Iran and to divide sovereignty over the Shatt al-Arab. This restored the border to the terms established by the 1975 Algiers Agreement.

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*[PFLA]: People's Front for Liberation of Arabistan
*[AFLA]: Arab Front for the Liberation of Al-Ahwaz
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