List of wars involving Morocco

Wars involving Morocco

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This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Morocco and the former entities that ruled the modern polity.

Moroccan victory
Moroccan defeat
Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)
Ongoing conflict

## Marinid Sultanate (1244–1465)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Head of State | Moroccan
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Battle of Salé

(1260)

| Marinid Sultanate |  Kingdom of Castile | Victory

* Castile is expelled from Salé.

| Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq | Several killed
3,000 captured and taken as slaves in Seville[1]
Zayyanid Capture of Sijilmasa

(1264)

| Marinid Sultanate | Zayyanid Kingdom | Defeat

* Zayyanid victory.

Battle of Écija

(1275)

| Marinid Sultanate
Emirate of Granada |  Kingdom of Castile | Victory

* Decapitation of Nuño González de Lara.

| Unknown
Battle of Martos

(1275)

| Marinid Sultanate
Emirate of Granada |  Kingdom of Castile | Victory

* Capture and murder of Sancho of Aragon.

| Unknown
Battle of Algeciras

(1278)

| Marinid Sultanate
Emirate of Granada |  Kingdom of Castile
Order of Santa María de España | Victory

* Destruction of the entire Castilian fleet.

| Unknown
Siege of Algeciras

(1278–1279)

| Marinid Sultanate |  Kingdom of Castile | Victory

* Destruction of the entire Castilian fleet.
* Alfonso X of Castile signs a new truce in 1279.

| Unknown
Siege of Tlemcen

(1299–1307)

| Marinid Sultanate | Zayyanid Kingdom | Defeat

* The Marinids abandons the siege.

| Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr | Unknown
Third Siege of Gibraltar

(Feb.–Jun. 1333)

| Marinid Sultanate |  Kingdom of Castile | Victory

* Conquest of Gibraltar by the Marinids.

| Abu al-Hasan Ali | Unknown
Fourth Siege of Gibraltar

(Jun.–Aug. 1333)

| Marinid Sultanate |  Kingdom of Castile | Victory

* The Marinids retain control of Gibraltar.
* Castilian siege lifted.

| Unknown
Siege of Tlemcen

(1335–1337)

| Marinid Sultanate | Zayyanid Kingdom | Victory

* The Marinids annexe the Kingdom of Tlemcen.

| Unknown
Battle of Vega de Pagana

(1339)

| Marinid Sultanate
Emirate of Granada |  Crown of Castile | Defeat

* Death of Abu Malik.

| Unknown
Battle of Río Salado

(1340)

| Marinid Sultanate
Emirate of Granada |  Crown of Castile
Kingdom of Portugal | Defeat

* The Marinid invasion decisively repelled.

| Unknown
Battle of Estepona

(1342)

| Marinid Sultanate |  Crown of Aragon | Defeat

* Rout of the Marinid fleet.

| 4 galleys captured
2 ships destroyed
Siege of Algeciras

(1342–1344)

| Marinid Sultanate
Emirate of Granada |  Crown of Castile
Republic of Genoa
Kingdom of Aragon
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Navarre
Crusaders | Defeat

* Conquest of Algeciras by Castile.

| Unknown
Fifth Siege of Gibraltar

(1349–1350)

| Marinid Sultanate
Emirate of Granada |  Kingdom of Castile | Victory

* Castilian withdrawal.

| Abu Inan Faris | Unknown
Sixth Siege of Gibraltar

(1411)

| Marinid Sultanate |  Emirate of Granada | Defeat

* Granada retains control of Gibraltar.

| Abu Said Uthman III | Unknown
Conquest of Ceuta

(1415)

| Marinid Sultanate |  Kingdom of Portugal | Defeat

* Conquest of Ceuta by Portugal.

| Several thousands killed or taken prisoners

1 cannon captured[2]

Siege of Ceuta

(1419)

| Marinid Sultanate
Emirate of Granada |  Portuguese Empire | Defeat

* Portugal retains control of Ceuta.

| Unknown
Battle of Tangier

(1437)

| Marinid Sultanate |  Portuguese Empire | Victory

* Marinid victory
* Capture of Ferdinand the Holy Prince.

| Abd al-Haqq II | Unknown

## Wattasid Sultanate (1472–1554)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Head of State | Moroccan
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Conquest of Asilah

(1471)

| Wattasid Sultanate |  Portuguese Empire | Defeat

* Conquest of Asilah and Tangier by Portugal.

| Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Sheikh | 2,000 killed
5,000 captured
Conquest of Melilla

(1497)

| Wattasid Sultanate |  Castile–Aragon Union | Defeat

* Conquest of Melilla by Spain.

| Unknown
Battle of Azemmour

(1513)

| Wattasid Sultanate |  Portuguese Empire | Defeat

* Conquest of Azemmour by Portugal.

| Muhammad al-Burtuqali | 1,500 infantry killed
1000 cavalry killed
7 ships destroyed
Battle of Mamora

(1515)

| Wattasid Sultanate |  Portuguese Empire | Victory

* Portugal abandons its fort in Mamora (Mehdya).

| Unknown

## Saadi Sultanate (1510–1659)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Head of State | Moroccan
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Fall of Agadir

(1541)

| Saadi Sultanate |  Portuguese Empire | Victory

* Morocco annexes Agadir.
* Portugal evacuates Azemmour and Safi.

| Mohammed al-Shaykh | Unknown
Campaign of Tlemcen

(1551)

| Saadi Sultanate
Spanish Empire |  Ottoman Empire

* Beylerbeylik of Algiers

Kingdom of Aït Abbas
Zayyanid Kingdom

| Defeat

* Algiers captures Tlemcen.
* The Moulouya River is imposed as the border.

| Unknown
Capture of Fez

(1554)

| Saadi Sultanate |  Ottoman Empire

* Beylerbeylik of Algiers

Kingdom of Kuku
Wattasid Sultanate
Principality of Debdou

| Defeat

* The Ottomans occupy Fez for four months.[3]
* Ali Abu Hassun rules Fez as an Ottoman vassal.

| Unknown
Battle of Tadla

(1554)

| Saadi Sultanate | Wattasid Sultanate | Victory

* The Saadi dynasty becomes the undisputed ruler of Morocco.
* Death of Ali Abu Hassun and end of the Wattasid dynasty.
* Fez is no longer an Ottoman vassal.[4][5]

| Unknown
Campaign of Tlemcen

(1557)

| Saadi Sultanate |  Beylerbeylik of Algiers
Kingdom of Aït Abbas | Defeat

* Assassination of Mohammed al-Shaykh under the commands of Hasan Pasha.

| Unknown
Battle of Wadi al-Laban

(1558)

| Saadi Sultanate |  Beylerbeylik of Algiers | Inconclusive | Abdallah al-Ghalib | Unknown
Siege of Mazagan

(1562)

| Saadi Sultanate |  Portuguese Empire | Defeat

* Portugal retains control of Mazagan (El Jadida).

| Unknown
Rebellion of the Alpujarras

(1568–1571)

|  Muslims of Granada
Support:
Saadi Sultanate
Beylerbeylik of Algiers |  Spanish Empire | Defeat

* Mass expulsion of most Muslims in Granada.
* Resettlement of Granada with Catholic settlers.

| Unknown
Capture of Fez

(1576)

| Saadi Sultanate

* Muhammad Abu Abdallah Forces

| Saadi Sultanate

* Abd al-Malik Forces

Ottoman Empire

* Beylerbeylik of Algiers

| Abd al-Malik Forces Victory

* Ottoman Forces conquer Fez then Marrakesh.[6]
* Abd al-Malik assumes rule over Morocco as an Ottoman vassal.[7]

| Abdallah Mohammed | Unknown
Battle of Alcácer Quibir

(1578)

| Saadi Sultanate |  Portuguese Empire | Victory

* Death of Abd al-Malik, Abdallah Mohammed and Sebastian of Portugal.
* 1580 Portuguese succession crisis.

| Abd al-Malik I | 7,000 dead (Portuguese source)

1,500 dead

(Spanish source)

Battle of Tondibi

(1591)

| Saadi Sultanate | Songhai Empire | Victory

* Collapse of the Songhai Empire.
* Formation of the Pashalik of Timbuktu.

| Ahmad al-Mansur | Unknown
Battle of Jenné

(1599)

| Saadi Sultanate

* Timbuktu

| Mali Empire | Victory

* Collapse of the Mali Empire.

| Unknown
Succession War

(1603–1627)

| Saadi Sultanate

* Marrakesh Forces

| Saadi Sultanate

* Fez Forces

| Marrakesh Forces Victory

* Morocco is reunified under the rule of Abd al-Malik II.

| Abd al-Malik II | Unknown

## Alaouite Sultanate (1668–1912)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Head of State | Moroccan
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Siege of Tangier

(1680)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  Kingdom of England

* Tangier

| Defeat | Ismail Ibn Sharif |
Siege of Mehdya

(1681)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  Spanish Empire | Victory

* Morocco recaptures Mehdya.

| Unknown
Siege of Larache

(1689)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  Spanish Empire | Victory

* Morocco annexes Larache.[8]

| Unknown
Siege of Asilah

(1691)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  Spanish Empire | Victory

* Morocco annexes Asilah.[9]

| Unknown
Battle of Moulouya

(1692)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  Deylik of Algiers | Defeat

* The Moulouya River is imposed as the border.[10]

| 5,000 killed
Siege of Oran

(1693)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  Spanish Empire
Deylik of Algiers | Defeat

* Rout of the Moroccan troops.[11]

| Unknown
Sieges of Ceuta

(1694–1727)

|  Alaouite Sultanate
Support:
Kingdom of England (Until 1707)
Great Britain (From 1707)  |  Spanish Empire | Withdrawal

* Moroccan retreat following the death of Moulay Ismail.
* Spain retains control of Ceuta.

| Unknown
Maghrebi War

(1699–1702)

|  Beylik of Tunis
Alaouite Sultanate
Pashalik of Tripoli (Until 1700)  |  Deylik of Algiers
Pashalik of Tripoli (From 1700)  | Stalemate

* Algiers' ambitions halted
* Morocco fails to expand.
* Fall of the Muradid dynasty in Tunis.
* Civil war in Tripoli.

| 3,050 killed (Battle of Chelif)
Laghouat Expedition

(1708–1713)

|  Alaouite Sultanate | Laghouat
Aïn Madhi
Aïn Séfra
Boussemghoun | Victory

* The oases around Laghouat become tributaries of Morocco.

| Unknown
Larache Expedition

(1765)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  Kingdom of France | Victory

* Rout of the French fleet.
* Signing of a truce and a treaty in 1767.

| Mohammed III | 30 killed
Siege of Mazagan

(1769)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  Kingdom of Portugal | Victory

* Morocco recaptures Mazagan.

| Unknown
Siege of Melilla

(1774–1775)

|  Alaouite Sultanate
Support:
Great Britain |  Kingdom of Spain | Defeat

* Treaty of Aranjuez.
* Morocco recognises Spanish rule of Melilla.
* Spain cedes territories to Morocco.

| 600 dead or wounded
Dutch-Moroccan War

(1775–1777)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  Dutch Republic | Defeat

* Release of all Dutch slaves.
* Freeing of the Dutch Republic from paying tributes and sending gifts to Morocco.

| Several ships destroyed and captured
Capture of the Rif

(1792)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  Deylik of Algiers | Defeat

* Conquest of the eastern Rif region by Algiers.

| Slimane ben Mohammed | Unknown
First Barbary War

(1802–1804)

|  Pashalik of Tripoli
Alaouite Sultanate |  United States
Sweden (1802)
Sicily | Inconclusive

* Peace treaty.

| None
French conquest of Algeria

(1830–1844)

|  Deylik of Algiers
Emirate of Mascara
Support:
Alaouite Sultanate |  France

* French Algeria

| Defeat

* France pacifies resistance forces.
* Franco-Moroccan War.

| Abd al-Rahman ben Hisham | Unknown
Franco-Moroccan War

(1844)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  France

* French Algeria

| Defeat

* Treaty of Tangier.
* Morocco recognises Algeria as part of the French Empire.
* Treaty of Lalla Maghnia.
* France annexes El Bayadh, Chellala, Boussemghoun and Tiout.

| 870 killed
28 cannons lost
Bombardment of Salé

(1851)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  France | Inconclusive

* Moroccan political victory.[12]
* French military victory.[12]

| 24 killed
47 injured
Battle of Tres Forcas

(1856)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  Prussia | Victory

* Prussian withdrawal.
* Adalbert of Prussia and Eduard von Knorr wounded.

| Unknown
Hispano-Moroccan War

(1859–1860)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  Spain | Defeat

* Treaty of Wad Ras.
* Morocco recognises Spanish rule of Ceuta and Melilla.
* Retrocession of Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña.
* Morocco pays war reparations of 20 million duros.

| Mohammed IV | 6,000 killed

Tarfaya Expedition

(1886–1888)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  United Kingdom

* British North West Africa

| Victory

* Treaty of Cape Juby.
* Retrocession of Tarfaya in 1895.

| Hassan I | Unknown
Margallo War

(1893–1894)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  Spain | Defeat

* Treaty of Fez.
* Melilla hinterlands ceded to Spain.
* Morocco pays war reparations of 20 million pesetas and pledges to pacify northern provinces.

| Unknown
Bou Hmara Rebellion

(1902–1909)

|  Alaouite Sultanate | Bou Hmara's Domains | Victory

* Execution of Bou Hmara.

| Abd al-Aziz ben Hassan | Unknown
Al-Raysuni Rebellion

(1903–1908)

|  Alaouite Sultanate | Al-Raysuni's Domains | Compromise

* Pacification of al-Raysuni after appointment as Pasha of Tangier.

| Unknown
Pacification of Mauritania

(1904–1908)

| Emirate of Adar
Support:
Alaouite Sultanate |  France

* French Mauritania

| Defeat

* Assassination of Xavier Coppolani.
* Conquest of Adrar by France.

| Unknown
French conquest of Morocco

(1907–1912)

|  Alaouite Sultanate |  France

* French Algeria

* * *

Spain | Defeat

* Treaty of Fes.
* Morocco becomes a French protectorate.

| Unknown

## Kingdom of Morocco (1956–present)

[edit]

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Head of State | Moroccan
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Ifni War

(1957–1958)

|  Morocco |  Spain

* Spanish West Africa

France

* French Mauritania

| Victory

* No longer tied down in conflicts with the French, committed a significant portion of its resources and manpower to gain independence from Spain.
* Treaty of Angra de Cintra

| Mohammed V | 1,000 killed[13]
Rif Revolt

(1958–1959)

|  Morocco | Riffian insurgents | Victory

* Rebellion suppressed

| ~1,000 killed[14]
Angolan War of Independence

(1961–1974)

|  FNLA
UNITA
Support:
Morocco
Bulgaria
China
North Korea
Romania
Tunisia
United States
Zaire
Zambia |  Portugal

* Portuguese Angola

Support:
Israel
Rhodesia
South Africa

| Victory

* Independence of Angola
* Carnation Revolution in Portugal

| Hassan II | Unknown
Tuareg Rebellion

(1962–1964)

|  Mali
Support:
Morocco
Algeria | Tuareg insurgents | Victory

* Rebellion suppressed

| Unknown
Sand War

(1963)

|  Morocco
Support:
France |  Algeria
Support:
Cuba[15]
Egypt | Stalemate

* The closing of the border south of Figuig
* Demilitarized zone established

| 39 killed, 57 captured

200 killed[16]

October War

(1973)

|  Federation of Arab Republics

* Egypt
* Syria

Morocco
Algeria
Cuba
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Libya
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Tunisia
Support:
North Korea[17][18]

|  Israel | Defeat[19] (Strategic Political Gains)[20]

* Syrian invasion repelled, Egyptian Third Army surrounded; UN ceasefire
* Egypt–Israel peace treaty[21]

| 6 captured
Green March

(1975)

|  Morocco |  Spain

* Spanish Sahara

| Victory

* Madrid Accords
* Spain leaves the territory

| Unknown
Western Sahara War

(1975–1991)

|  Morocco
Mauritania
(Until 1979)
France
(Opération Lamantin, aid from 1978)
Support:
Saudi Arabia
United States |  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

* Polisario Front

Algeria
(Amgala I, aid from 1976)[22]
Support:
Libya
(Until 1984)

| Stalemate

* Spanish withdrawal under the Madrid Accords (1976)
* Mauritanian retreat and withdrawal of territorial claims
* Military Stalemate
* Ceasefire agreed on between the Polisario Front and Morocco (1991)
* Morocco controls 75% of the Western Sahara, the Polisario Front controls 25%

| Unknown

2,155–
2,300 captured

Shaba I

(1977)

|  Zaire
Morocco
Belgium
Egypt
France |  FNLC | Victory

* FNLC expelled from Katanga
* The FNLC withdrew to Angola and possibly to Zambia

| 8 killed
Shaba II

(1978)

|  Zaire
Morocco
Belgium
France
United States |  FNLC | Victory

* Non-aggression pact of 1979
* mutual end of support for other nations' rebel groups

| 1 paratrooper killed
Gulf War

(1990–1991)

|  United States
United Kingdom
Egypt
France
Kuwait
Saudi Arabia
Morocco
Australia
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belgium
Canada
Czechoslovakia
Denmark

Italy
Netherlands
New Zealand
Oman
Pakistan
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Senegal
South Korea
Spain
Syria
United Arab Emirates

* other allies

|  Iraq | Victory

* Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah restored
* Kuwaiti independence restored
* Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure

| Unknown
Operation Restore Hope

(1992–1993)

|  UNITAF:
Morocco
Australia
Bangladesh
Belgium
Botswana
Canada
Egypt
Ethiopia
France
Germany
Greece
India
Italy
Kuwait
Malaysia
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Saudi Arabia
Spain
Tunisia
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Zimbabwe | Somali National Alliance | Victory | None
Perejil Island crisis

(2002)

|  Morocco |  Spain | Defeat

* Status quo ante bellum

| Mohammed VI | 6 soldiers captured and released on the same day[23]
Insurgency in the Maghreb

(2002–)

|  Morocco
Algeria
Libya
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Tunisia
Support:
Czech Republic
Denmark
France
Germany
Netherlands
Russia
Sweden
United Kingdom
United States |  Al-Qaeda

* * *

Da'ish | Ongoing

* Islamists capture Northern Mali
* Islamists capture territory in Libya as a result of the Libyan Civil War

| Unknown
Operation Scorched Earth

(2009–2010)

|  Yemen
Saudi Arabia
Morocco
Jordan |  Houthis
Iran | Stalemate

* Houthis consolidate control over Sa'dah[24]
* Ceasefire after rebels accepted the government's truce conditions.

| None
Central African Republic Civil War

(2013–)

|  Central African Republic
Morocco
MICOPAX:

* Angola
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Chad
* DR Congo
* Congo Republic
* Equatorial Guinea
* Gabon
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Uganda

MINUSCA
(From 2014)
Russia
(From 2018)
France
(Until 2021)
South Africa
(2013)
MISCA
(Until 2014)
EUFOR RCA:
(2014–2015)

* Estonia
* Finland
* Georgia
* Italy
* Latvia
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Spain

|  CPC
PRNC
LRA | Ongoing

* As of July 2021 government controls more territory than at any point since the war began in 2012[25]

| None
Intervention In Iraq

(2014–2016)

|  CJTF–OIR:
United States
Morocco
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Jordan
Netherlands
New Zealand
Turkey
United Kingdom

* * *

Iraq |  Da'ish
White Flags | Victory

* Iraqi government forces regain control of all parts of Iraq previously controlled by ISIL.[26]
* Heavy damage dealt to ISIL forces; military defeat in Iraq[27][28]
* Iraq declares military victory against ISIL on 9 December 2017

| Unknown
Intervention in Syria

(2014–2016)

|  CJTF–OIR:
United States
Morocco
Australia
Bahrain
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
Germany
(From 2015)
Italy
Jordan
Netherlands
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
|  Da'ish

* * *

Al-Qaeda
Turkistan Islamic Party

* * *

Syria
Russia
Iran | Victory

* ISIL had lost 25 percent of the territory it possessed in Syria.

| Unknown
Intervention In Yemen

(2015–2019)

|  Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Morocco
Bahrain
Egypt
Jordan
Kuwait
Qatar
(Until 2017)
Senegal
Sudan
Support:
Germany
United Kingdom
(Until 2017)
United States |  Supreme Revolutionary Committee–Supreme Political Council
Houthis
Iran
North Korea | Stalemate

* Military stalemat in 2019.[29]
* Morocco ended their participation in 2019 due to deterioration of Morocco–Saudi Arabia relations[30]

| 10 killed

1 F-16 shot down

Western Saharan clashes

(2020–)

|  Morocco |  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

* Polisario Front

| Ongoing

* Morocco secured the Guerguerat border crossing.

| At least 2 soldiers killed[31][32]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Mrini, Driss; Alaoui, Ismaïl (1997). Salé: Cité Millénaire (in French). Editions Eclat, Rabat. pp. 45–46.
2. ^ Chase, p. 109
3. ^ Mercier, Ernest (1891). Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1930) (in French). Ernest Leroux.
4. ^ "The great Muslim empires: Ottomans, Saffavids and Mughals", Discovering Islam, Routledge, pp. 85–109, 2002-11-01, doi:10.4324/9780203406304-9, ISBN 978-0-203-40630-4, retrieved 2021-05-04
5. ^ Spear, Thomas (2011-12-08), "Ogot, Bethwell Allan", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49688, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1, retrieved 2021-05-04
6. ^ Charles, Eunice A.; Lipschutz, Mark R.; Rasmussen, R. Kent (1979). "Dictionary of African Historical Biography". ASA Review of Books. 5: 97. doi:10.2307/532419. ISSN 0364-1686. JSTOR 532419.
7. ^ Barletta, Vincent (2010). Death in Babylon. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226037394.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-03736-3.
8. ^ Pereyra, M. L. (November 1927). "Les Livres de Virginal de la Bibliotheque du Conservatoire de Paris (IIIe)". Revue de musicologie. 8 (24): 205–213. doi:10.2307/926215. ISSN 0035-1601. JSTOR 926215.
9. ^ Ogot, Bethwell (1998). International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa, p. 176
10. ^ Galibert, Léon (1843). Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne: depuis les premiers établissements des carthaginois (in French). Furne.
11. ^ Hamet, Ismaël (1857-1932) Auteur du texte (1923). Histoire du Maghreb : cours professé à l'Institut des hautes études marocaines / Ismaël Hamet,...`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
12. ^ a b Brown, Chester. Chester Brown : conversations. ISBN 978-1-62103-969-3. OCLC 841518502.
13. ^ Jung, Dietrich; Schlichte, Klaus; Siegelberg, Jens; Bach, Jonathan P.G. (2018-04-24), "Evaluating War Since 1945", Warfare Since the Second World War, Routledge, pp. 73–168, doi:10.4324/9781351289726-4, ISBN 978-1-351-28972-6, retrieved 2021-03-14
14. ^ Mouline, Nabil (December 2016). "Qui sera l'État ? Le soulèvement du Rif reconsidéré (1958-1959)". Le carnet du Centre Jacques Berque (in French). Retrieved 2022-03-20.
15. ^ Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 164\. ISBN 978-1-137-00001-9. "In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; ; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king."
16. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007. Internet Archive. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3319-3.
17. ^ Smith, Terence (1973-10-18). "Hundreds of Tanks Clash in a Struggle for Suez Area". The New York Times. "North Korea has decided to give military assistance to Egypt and Syria, its press agency [...] said today."
18. ^ Smith, Hedrick (1973-10-19). "Flow of Soviet Jews Is Undimished". The New York Times. "[...] Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea had met with the Egyptian and Syrian ambassadors in Pyonyang to inform them of his Government's decision 'to give material assistance including military aid to Syria and Egypt.' [...] [This] lends credence to the [US] Defence Department's report that North Korean pilots were flying missions for Cairo."
19. ^ References:
* Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward
* Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Doubleday and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450
* Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983
* Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498
* Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2 ISBN 0-313-31302-4
* Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177
* Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society[permanent dead link‍] Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.
20. ^ Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
21. ^ Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
22. ^ "Argelia acusa la derrota de Angola". ABC (in Spanish): 41. 1976-02-07. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
23. ^ "Spanish troops recapture Parsley island". the Guardian. 2002-07-18. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
24. ^ Zimmerman, Katherine L. Yemen's Pivotal Moment. Critical Threats Project of the American Enterprise Institute, 2014.
25. ^ "Central African Republic Control Map & Timeline - July 2021". Retrieved 2022-03-21.
26. ^ George, Susannah; Abdul-Zahra • •, Qassim (5 February 2018). "US Declares Victory Over ISIS, Starts Iraq Drawdown". NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
27. ^ "ISIS Lost 40 Percent of Its Territory in Iraq, Syria: Coalition". NBC News. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
28. ^ "Iraq holds victory parade after defeating Islamic State". Reuters. 2017-12-10. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
29. ^ "Yemeni Separatists Relinquish Control of Buildings in Aden". The New York Times. Reuters. 17 August 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-08-17. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
30. ^ Aljazeera (8 February 2019). "Morocco suspends participation in Saudi-led war in Yemen". news24. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
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32. ^ "Algeria and Morocco: The Conflict on Europe's Doorstep". 2 November 2021.

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Lists of wars involving African countries

Sovereign states|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

States with limited
recognition

* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* Somaliland

Dependencies and
other territories

* Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)
* Madeira (Portugal)
* Mayotte / Réunion (France)
* Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)

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